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aria-controls="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authorship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerome's_work_of_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerome's_work_of_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jerome's work of translation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jerome's_work_of_translation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jerome's work of translation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jerome's_work_of_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prologues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prologues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prologues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prologues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_the_Vetus_Latina_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_the_Vetus_Latina_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relation with the <i>Vetus Latina</i> Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_the_Vetus_Latina_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Trent_and_position_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Trent_and_position_of_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Council of Trent and position of the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Trent_and_position_of_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Western_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Western_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence on Western Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_Western_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on Western Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Western_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_upon_the_English_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_upon_the_English_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Influence upon the English language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_upon_the_English_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Critical value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Manuscripts and editions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manuscripts_and_editions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manuscripts and editions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_early_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_early_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Manuscripts and early editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_early_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carolingian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolingian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Carolingian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carolingian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printed_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Printed editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixtine_and_Clementine_Vulgates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixtine_and_Clementine_Vulgates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixtine_and_Clementine_Vulgates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_critical_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_critical_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Modern critical editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_critical_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxford_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Oxford New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedictine_(Rome)_Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedictine_(Rome)_Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Benedictine (Rome) Old Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedictine_(Rome)_Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuttgart_Vulgate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuttgart_Vulgate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Stuttgart Vulgate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuttgart_Vulgate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nova_Vulgata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_Vulgata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span><i>Nova Vulgata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_Vulgata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Online versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Related articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Selected manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulgate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="فولغاتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولغاتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulqata" title="Vulqata – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vulqata" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вульгата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вульгата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вульгата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вульгата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вулгата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулгата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgat" title="Vulgat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vulgat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgata" title="Bulgata – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulgata" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Fwlgat" title="Y Fwlgat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Fwlgat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βουλγάτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουλγάτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgato" title="Vulgato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vulgato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="ولگاته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولگاته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vulgate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgata" title="Fulgata – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fulgata" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%ED%83%80" title="불가타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불가타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1" title="Վուլգաթա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վուլգաթա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%98%D7%94" title="וולגטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולגטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Vulgata" title="Biblia Vulgata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biblia Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulg%C4%81ta" title="Vulgāta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vulgāta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgata" title="Volgata – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volgata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="الفولجاتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفولجاتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Вулгат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вулгат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgaat" title="Vulgaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulgaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BF" title="ウルガタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルガタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ولگاتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولگاتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulgata" title="Wulgata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wulgata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_vulgata" title="Biblia vulgata – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biblia vulgata" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вулгата – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вулгата" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вульгата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вульгата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vulgate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulg%C3%A1ta" title="Vulgáta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vulgáta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вулгата – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вулгата" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95" title="วัลเกต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัลเกต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вульгата – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вульгата" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ولگاتا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولگاتا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vul%27gat" title="Vul'gat – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vul'gat" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vulgata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%AC" title="武加大译本 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="武加大译本" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%AC" title="聖經拉丁通用本 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖經拉丁通用本" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%AC" title="武加大译本 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="武加大译本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131175#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="View the 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Translation of the Bible by Jerome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Catholic Vulgate" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Vulgate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Catholic Vulgate (disambiguation)">Catholic Vulgate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#F8F9FA"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;background-color:#F8F9FA"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:maroon"><span style="color:white;">Vulgate</span></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F8F9FA;width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cod._Sangallensis_63_(277).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cod._Sangallensis_63_%28277%29.jpg/152px-Cod._Sangallensis_63_%28277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cod._Sangallensis_63_%28277%29.jpg/228px-Cod._Sangallensis_63_%28277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cod._Sangallensis_63_%28277%29.jpg/304px-Cod._Sangallensis_63_%28277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4466" data-file-height="5412" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F8F9FA;width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg/132px-CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg/198px-CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg/264px-CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2052" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two Vulgate manuscripts from the 8th and 9th centuries AD: <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sangallensis_63" title="Codex Sangallensis 63">Codex Sangallensis 63</a> (left).</div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Vulgate</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a late-4th-century <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latin" title="Bible translations into Latin">Latin translation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. It is largely the work of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> who, in 382, had been commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> to revise the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Roman Church</a>. Later, of his own initiative, Jerome extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">books of the Bible</a>. </p><p>The Vulgate became progressively adopted as the Bible text within the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a>. Over succeeding centuries, it eventually eclipsed the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vetus Latina</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 13th century it had taken over from the former version the designation <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">versio vulgata</i></span> (the "version commonly used"<sup id="cite_ref-LewisShort_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisShort-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vulgata</i></span> for short.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vulgate also contains some <i>Vetus Latina</i> translations that Jerome did not work on.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> affirmed the Vulgate as its official <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Bible at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563), though there was no authoritative edition of the book at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vulgate did eventually receive an official edition to be <a href="/wiki/Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">promulgated</a> among the Catholic Church as the <a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a> (1590), then as the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a> (1592), and then as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i> (1979). The Vulgate is still currently used in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. The Clementine edition of the Vulgate became the standard Bible text of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the Catholic Church, and remained so until 1979 when the <i>Nova Vulgata</i> was promulgated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Vulgate</i> has been used to designate the Latin Bible only since the 16th century. An example of the use of this word in this sense at the time is the title of the 1538 edition of the Latin Bible by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>: <i>Biblia utriusque testamenti juxta vulgatam translationem</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the majority of the Vulgate's translation is traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, the Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely Jerome's work.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerome's translation of the four Gospels are revisions of <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i> translations he did while having the Greek as reference.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_2016_41_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_2016_41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin translations of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> are revisions to the <i>Vetus Latina</i>, considered as being made by <a href="/wiki/Pelagian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagian">Pelagian</a> circles or by <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_the_Syrian" title="Rufinus the Syrian">Rufinus the Syrian</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus of Aquileia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scherbenske_2013_183_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherbenske_2013_183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several unrevised books of the <i>Vetus Latina</i> Old Testament also commonly became included in the Vulgate. These are: <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Ecclesiasticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_2005_286–342-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having separately translated the book of <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> from the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a> Septuagint</i>, Jerome translated all of the books of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Bible">Jewish Bible</a>—the Hebrew book of Psalms included—from Hebrew himself. He also translated the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> versions, the <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_the_Book_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to the Book of Esther">additions to the Book of Esther</a> from the <i>Common Septuagint</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_the_Book_of_Daniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to the Book of Daniel">additions to the Book of Daniel</a> from the Greek of <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:034_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:034-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vulgate is "a composite collection which cannot be identified with only Jerome's work," because the Vulgate contains <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i> which are independent from Jerome's work.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuinian</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandect#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pandect">pandects</a></i> contain:<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Revision of Vetus Latina</i> by Jerome: the <a href="/wiki/Four_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Gospels">Gospels</a>, corrected with reference to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscript">Greek manuscripts</a> which Jerome considered the best available.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Translation from the Hebrew</i> by Jerome: all the books from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew canon</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Translation from the <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexaplar Septuagint</a></i> by Jerome: his <a href="/wiki/Latin_Psalters#Versio_Gallicana" title="Latin Psalters">Gallican version</a> of the Book of Psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Translation from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></i> by Jerome: the book of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> and the book of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Translation from the Greek of <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a></i> by Jerome: the three additions to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>: the <a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Story of Susanna</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Story of Bel and the Dragon</a>. Jerome marked these additions with an <a href="/wiki/Obelus" title="Obelus">obelus</a> before them to distinguish them from the rest of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He says that because those parts "are spread throughout the whole world, [we] have appended by banishing and placing them after the spit (or "obelus"), so we will not be seen among the unlearned to have cut off a large part of the scroll."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Translation from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Common Septuagint</a></i> by Jerome: the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a>. Jerome gathered all these additions together at the end of the Book of Esther, marking them with an obelus.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Revision of Vetus Latina</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pelagian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagian">Pelagian</a> groups or by <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_the_Syrian" title="Rufinus the Syrian">Rufinus the Syrian</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufinus of Aquileia">Rufinus of Aquileia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Apocalypse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scherbenske_2013_183_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherbenske_2013_183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised:</i> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_2005_286–342-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bible" title="Paris Bible">Paris Bibles</a> remove the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a>, but add:<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised</i>: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Manasses">Prayer of Manasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Ezra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Book of Baruch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a>. The Book of Baruch and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> were first excluded by Jerome as non-canonical, but sporadically re-admitted into the Vulgate tradition from the <i>Additions to the Book of Jeremiah</i> of the <i>Vetus Latina</i> from the 9th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_2005_286–342-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Independent translation, distinct from the Vetus Latina</i> (probably of the 3rd century): <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Ezra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another text which is considered as part of the Vulgate is: </p> <ul><li><i>Translation from the Hebrew</i> by Jerome: the books of the Hebrew Bible, including a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Psalters#Versio_juxta_Hebraicum" title="Latin Psalters">translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:034_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:034-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This translation of the Psalms was kept in Spanish manuscripts of the Vulgate long after the <a href="/wiki/Gallican_psalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallican psalter">Gallican psalter</a> had supplanted it elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completion dates given by experts for this translation of the Psalms range from between 390 and 398.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jerome's_work_of_translation"><span id="Jerome.27s_work_of_translation"></span>Jerome's work of translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jerome's work of translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg/200px-Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg/300px-Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg/400px-Domenico_Ghirlandaio_-_St_Jerome_in_his_study.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Jerome in His Study</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jerome did not embark on the work with the intention of creating a new version of the whole Bible, but the changing nature of his program can be tracked in his voluminous correspondence. He had been commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Damasus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Damasus I">Damasus I</a> in 382 to revise the <i>Vetus Latina</i> text of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Gospels">four Gospels</a> from the best Greek texts. By the time of Damasus' death in 384, Jerome had completed this task, together with a more cursory revision from the Greek Common Septuagint of the <i>Vetus Latina</i> text of the Psalms in the Roman Psalter, a version which he later disowned and is now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How much of the rest of the New Testament he then revised is difficult to judge,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but none of his work survived in the Vulgate text of these books. The revised text of the New Testament outside the Gospels is the work of other scholars. <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus of Aquileia</a> has been suggested, as has <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_the_Syrian" title="Rufinus the Syrian">Rufinus the Syrian</a> (an associate of <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a>) and Pelagius himself, though without specific evidence for any of them;<sup id="cite_ref-Scherbenske_2013_183_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherbenske_2013_183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelagian groups have also been suggested as the revisers.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unknown reviser worked more thoroughly than Jerome had done, consistently using older Greek manuscript sources of <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">Alexandrian text-type</a>. They had published a complete revised New Testament text by 410 at the latest, when Pelagius quoted from it in his commentary on the letters of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_2016_41_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_2016_41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jerome's Vulgate, the Hebrew Book of <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> is translated as the single book of "Ezra". Jerome defends this in his Prologue to Ezra, although he had noted formerly in his Prologue to the Book of Kings that some Greeks and Latins had proposed that this book should be split in two. Jerome argues that the two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint and <i>Vetus Latina</i>, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Esdras A</a> and Esdras B, represented "variant examples" of a single Hebrew original. Hence, he does not translate Esdras A separately even though up until then it had been universally found in Greek and Vetus Latina Old Testaments, preceding Esdras B, the combined text of Ezra–Nehemiah.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vulgate is usually credited as being the first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> rather than from the Greek Septuagint. Jerome's extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> material written in Greek, as well as his use of the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquiline</a> and Theodotiontic columns of the Hexapla, along with the somewhat <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrastic style</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he translated, makes it difficult to determine exactly how direct the conversion of Hebrew to Latin was.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, a contemporary of Jerome, states in Book XVII ch. 43 of his <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i> that "in our own day the priest Jerome, a great scholar and master of all three tongues, has made a translation into Latin, not from Greek but directly from the original Hebrew."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Augustine still maintained that the Septuagint, alongside the Hebrew, witnessed the inspired text of Scripture and consequently pressed Jerome for complete copies of his Hexaplar Latin translation of the Old Testament, a request that Jerome ducked with the excuse that the originals had been lost "through someone's dishonesty".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prologues">Prologues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prologues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prologues written by Jerome to some of his translations of parts of the Bible are to the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Kingdoms" title="Books of the Kingdoms">Kings</a> (1–2 Kings and 1–2 Samuel) which is also called the <i><a href="/wiki/Galeatum_principium" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeatum principium">Galeatum principium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bombaxo.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bombaxo.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these are prologues to Chronicles,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ezra,<sup id="cite_ref-Jerome's_Prologue_to_Ezra_–_biblica_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerome's_Prologue_to_Ezra_–_biblica-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobit,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judith,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esther,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Job,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallican Psalms">Gallican Psalms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Song of Songs,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaiah,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeremiah,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ezekiel,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the minor prophets,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final prologue is to the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and is better known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Primum quaeritur</i></span>; this prologue is considered not to have been written by Jerome.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scherbenske_2013_183_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherbenske_2013_183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related to these are Jerome's <i>Notes on the Rest of Esther</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his <i>Prologue to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Psalters#Versio_juxta_Hebraicum" title="Latin Psalters">Hebrew Psalms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A theme of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> prologues is Jerome's preference for the <i>Hebraica veritas</i> (i.e., Hebrew truth) over the Septuagint, a preference which he defended from his detractors. After Jerome had translated some parts of the Septuagint into Latin, he came to consider the text of the Septuagint as being faulty in itself, i.e. Jerome thought mistakes in the Septuagint text were not all mistakes made by <a href="/wiki/Copyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyists">copyists</a>, but that some mistakes were part of the original text itself as it was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint#Jewish_legend" title="Septuagint">Seventy translators</a>. Jerome believed that the Hebrew text more clearly prefigured <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a> than the Greek of the Septuagint, since he believed some quotes of the Old Testament in the New Testament were not present in the Septuagint, but existed in the Hebrew version; Jerome gave some of those quotes in his prologue to the Pentateuch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Galeatum principium</i> (a.k.a. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Prologus Galeatus</i></span>), Jerome described an Old Testament canon of 22 books, which he found represented in the 22-letter <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Language">Hebrew</a> alphabet. Alternatively, he numbered the books as 24, which he identifies with the 24 elders in the Book of Revelation casting their crowns before the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bombaxo.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bombaxo.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the prologue to Ezra, he sets the "twenty-four elders" of the Hebrew Bible against the "Seventy interpreters" of the Septuagint.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerome's_Prologue_to_Ezra_–_biblica_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerome's_Prologue_to_Ezra_–_biblica-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, many medieval Vulgate manuscripts included <a href="/wiki/Jerome%27s_first_epistle_to_Paulinus" title="Jerome's first epistle to Paulinus">Jerome's epistle number 53, to Paulinus bishop of Nola</a>, as a general prologue to the whole Bible. Notably, this letter was printed at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>. Jerome's letter promotes the study of each of the books of the Old and New Testaments listed by name (and excluding any mention of the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>); and its dissemination had the effect of propagating the belief that the whole Vulgate text was Jerome's work. </p><p>The prologue to the Pauline Epistles in the Vulgate defends the Pauline authorship of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, directly contrary to Jerome's own views—a key argument in demonstrating that Jerome did not write it. The author of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Primum quaeritur</i></span> is unknown, but it is first quoted by Pelagius in his commentary on the Pauline letters written before 410. As this work also quotes from the Vulgate revision of these letters, it has been proposed that Pelagius or one of his associates may have been responsible for the revision of the Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels. At any rate, it is reasonable to identify the author of the preface with the unknown reviser of the New Testament outside the gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-Scherbenske_2013_183_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherbenske_2013_183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some manuscripts of the Pauline epistles contain short <a href="/wiki/Marcionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcionite">Marcionite</a> prologues to each of the epistles indicating where they were written, with notes about where the recipients dwelt. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>, citing De Bruyne, argued that these notes were written by <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> or one of his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many early Vulgate manuscripts contain a set of <a href="/wiki/Monarchian_Prologues" title="Monarchian Prologues">Priscillianist prologues to the gospels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_the_Vetus_Latina_Bible"><span class="anchor" id="Relation_with_the_Old_Latin_Bible"></span>Relation with the <i>Vetus Latina</i> Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relation with the Vetus Latina Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></div> <p>The Latin biblical texts in use before Jerome's Vulgate are usually referred to collectively as the <i>Vetus Latina</i>, or "Vetus Latina Bible". "Vetus Latina" means that they are older than the Vulgate and written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Language">Latin</a>, not that they are written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a>. Jerome himself uses the term "Latin Vulgate" for the <i>Vetus Latina</i> text, so intending to denote this version as the common Latin rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Vulgate" title="Greek Vulgate">Greek Vulgate</a> or Common Septuagint (which Jerome otherwise terms the "Seventy interpreters"). This remained the usual use of the term "Latin Vulgate" in the West for centuries. On occasion Jerome applies the term "Septuagint" (<i>Septuaginta</i>) to refer to the Hexaplar Septuagint, where he wishes to distinguish this from the <i>Vulgata</i> or Common Septuagint. The earliest known use of the term <i>Vulgata</i> to describe the "new" Latin translation was made by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ISBE_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBE-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translations in the <i>Vetus Latina</i> had accumulated piecemeal over a century or more. They were not translated by a single person or institution, nor uniformly edited. The individual books varied in quality of translation and style, and different manuscripts and quotations witness wide variations in readings. Some books appear to have been translated several times. The book of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Psalters" title="Latin Psalters">Psalms</a>, in particular, had circulated for over a century in an earlier Latin version (the Cyprianic Version), before it was superseded by the Vetus Latina version in the 4th century. Jerome, in his preface to the Vulgate gospels, commented that there were "as many [translations] as there are manuscripts"; subsequently repeating the witticism in his preface to the Book of Joshua. The base text for Jerome's revision of the gospels was a Vetus Latina text similar to the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Veronensis" title="Codex Veronensis">Codex Veronensis</a>, with the text of the Gospel of John conforming more to that in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Corbiensis" title="Codex Corbiensis">Codex Corbiensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerome's work on the Gospels was a revision of the <i>Vetus Latina</i> versions, and not a new translation. "High priest" is rendered <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">princeps sacerdotum</i></span> in Vulgate Matthew; as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">summus sacerdos</i></span> in Vulgate Mark; and as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pontifex</i></span> in Vulgate John. The <i>Vetus Latina</i> gospels had been translated from Greek originals of the <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western text-type</a>. Comparison of Jerome's Gospel texts with those in Vetus Latina witnesses, suggests that his revision was concerned with substantially redacting their expanded "Western" phraseology in accordance with the Greek texts of better early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">Alexandrian</a> witnesses. One major change Jerome introduced was to re-order the Latin Gospels. Most Vetus Latina gospel books followed the "Western" order of Matthew, John, Luke, Mark; Jerome adopted the "Greek" order of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. His revisions became progressively less frequent and less consistent in the gospels presumably done later.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places Jerome adopted readings that did not correspond to a straightforward rendering either of the Vetus Latina or the Greek text, so reflecting a particular doctrinal interpretation; as in his rewording <i>panem nostrum</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Epiousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiousios">supersubstantialem</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:11" title="Matthew 6:11">Matthew 6:11</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unknown reviser of the rest of the New Testament shows marked differences from Jerome, both in editorial practice and in their sources. Where Jerome sought to correct the Vetus Latina text with reference to the best recent Greek manuscripts, with a preference for those conforming to the Byzantine text-type, the Greek text underlying the revision of the rest of the New Testament demonstrates the Alexandrian text-type found in the great <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> of the mid-4th century, most similar to the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>. The reviser's changes generally conform very closely to this Greek text, even in matters of word order—to the extent that the resulting text may be only barely intelligible as Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_2016_41_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_2016_41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Gospels, the most widely used and copied part of the Christian Bible is the Book of Psalms. Consequently, Damasus also commissioned Jerome to revise the psalter in use in Rome, to agree better with the Greek of the Common Septuagint. Jerome said he had done this cursorily when in Rome, but he later disowned this version, maintaining that copyists had reintroduced erroneous readings. Until the 20th century, it was commonly assumed that the surviving Roman Psalter represented Jerome's first attempted revision, but more recent scholarship—following de Bruyne—rejects this identification. The Roman Psalter is indeed one of at least five revised versions of the mid-4th century Vetus Latina Psalter, but compared to the other four, the revisions in the Roman Psalter are in clumsy Latin, and fail to follow Jerome's known translational principles, especially in respect of correcting harmonised readings. Nevertheless, it is clear from Jerome's correspondence (especially in his defence of the Gallican Psalter in the long and detailed Epistle 106)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he was familiar with the Roman Psalter text, and consequently it is assumed that this revision represents the Roman text as Jerome had found it.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Ecclesiasticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">1 and 2 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch (with the Letter of Jeremiah)</a> are included in the Vulgate, and are purely <i>Vetus Latina</i> translations which Jerome did not touch.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuttgart_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuttgart-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century the <i>Vetus Latina</i> texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by <a href="/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodulf of Orleans">Theodulf of Orleans</a> and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandect#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pandect">pandect</a></i> bibles from that date onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_2005_286–342-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1300, when the booksellers of Paris began to produce commercial single volume Vulgate bibles in large numbers, these commonly included both Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah as the <i>Book of Baruch</i>. Also beginning in the 9th century, Vulgate manuscripts are found that split Jerome's combined translation from the Hebrew of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> into separate books called 1 Ezra and 2 Ezra. Bogaert argues that this practice arose from an intention to conform the Vulgate text to the authoritative canon lists of the 5th/6th century, where 'two books of Ezra' were commonly cited.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, many late medieval Vulgate bible manuscripts introduced a Latin version, originating from before Jerome and distinct from that in the <i>Vetus Latina</i>, of the Greek Esdras A, now commonly termed <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Ezra</a>; and also a Latin version of an Ezra Apocalypse, commonly termed <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Ezra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Council_of_Trent_and_position_of_the_Catholic_Church">Council of Trent and position of the Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Council of Trent and position of the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> <p><br /> Schools </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><br /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Vulgate was given an official capacity by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563) as the touchstone of the biblical canon concerning which parts of books are canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vulgate was declared to "be held as authentic" by the Catholic Church by the Council of Trent.<sup id="cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-researcher.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Trent cited long usage in support of the Vulgate's <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterial authority</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Moreover, this sacred and holy Synod,—considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic,—ordains and declares, that the said old and vulgate edition, which, by the lengthened usage of so many years, has been approved of in the Church, be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever.<sup id="cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-researcher.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The qualifier "Latin editions, now in circulation" and the use of "authentic" (not "inerrant") show the limits of this statement.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the council listed the books included in the canon, it qualified the books as being "entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and as they are contained in the Vetus Latina vulgate edition". The fourth session of the Council specified 72 canonical books in the Bible: 45 in the Old Testament, 27 in the New Testament with Lamentations not being counted as separate from Jeremiah.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 June 1927, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> clarified this decree, allowing that the <a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a> was open to dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, in the 20th century, Pope Pius XII declared the Vulgate as "free from error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals" in his <a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Divino_Afflante_Spiritu" class="mw-redirect" title="Divino Afflante Spiritu">Divino Afflante Spiritu</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hence this special authority or as they say, authenticity of the Vulgate was not affirmed by the Council particularly for critical reasons, but rather because of its legitimate use in the Churches throughout so many centuries; by which use indeed the same is shown, in the sense in which the Church has understood and understands it, to be free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals; so that, as the Church herself testifies and affirms, it may be quoted safely and without fear of error in disputations, in lectures and in preaching [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-w2.vatican.va_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w2.vatican.va-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pope Pius XII</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a> is with respect to faith and morals, as it says in the above quote: "free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals", and the inerrancy is not in a <a href="/wiki/Philological" class="mw-redirect" title="Philological">philological</a> sense: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] and so its authenticity is not specified primarily as critical, but rather as juridical.<sup id="cite_ref-w2.vatican.va_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w2.vatican.va-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Catholic Church has produced three official editions of the Vulgate: the <a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i> (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Western_Christianity">Influence on Western Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence on Western Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg/209px-Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg/314px-Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg/419px-Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>First page of the first volume of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Jerome%27s_epistle_to_Paulinus_(Gutenberg_Bible_preface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome's epistle to Paulinus (Gutenberg Bible preface)">epistle of Jerome to Paulinus</a> from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.</figcaption></figure> <p>For over a thousand years (c. AD 400–1530), the Vulgate was the most commonly used edition of the most influential text in Western European society. Indeed, for most <a href="/wiki/Western_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christians">Western Christians</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, it was the only version of the Bible ever encountered, only truly being eclipsed in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-prince_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about 1455, <a href="/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Latin" title="List of editiones principes in Latin">the first Vulgate published</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Moveable_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Moveable type">moveable type</a> process was produced in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> by a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> and banker <a href="/wiki/John_Fust" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fust">John Fust</a> (or Faust).<sup id="cite_ref-skeen_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skeen-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bibbig_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibbig-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wattbib_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wattbib-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, a manuscript of the Vulgate was selling for approximately 500<a href="/wiki/Guilders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilders"> guilders</a>. Gutenberg's works appear to have been a commercial failure, and Fust sued for recovery of his 2026 guilder investment and was awarded complete possession of the Gutenberg plant. Arguably, the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> could not have been possible without the diaspora of biblical knowledge that was permitted by the development of moveable type.<sup id="cite_ref-bibbig_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibbig-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from its use in prayer, liturgy, and private study, the Vulgate served as inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">ecclesiastical art and architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, countless paintings, and popular <a href="/wiki/Mystery_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery plays">mystery plays</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div> <p>The fifth volume of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Walton_(bishop)" title="Brian Walton (bishop)">Walton's London Polyglot</a> of 1657 included several versions of the New Testament: in Greek, Latin (a Vulgate version and the version by <a href="/wiki/Arius_Montanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arius Montanus">Arius Montanus</a>), Syriac, Ethiopic, and Arabic. It also included a version of the Gospels in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vulgate Latin is used regularly in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> of 1651; in the <i>Leviathan</i> Hobbes "has a worrying tendency to treat the Vulgate as if it were the original".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the publication of <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>'s <i>Divino afflante Spiritu</i>, the Vulgate was the source text used for many translations of the Bible into vernacular languages. In English, the interlinear translation of the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Bible_translations" title="Old English Bible translations">Old English Bible translations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">translation</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confraternity_Bible" title="Confraternity Bible">Confraternity Bible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Knox%27s_Translation_of_the_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Knox's Translation of the Vulgate">translation</a> were all made from the Vulgate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_upon_the_English_language">Influence upon the English language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence upon the English language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vulgate had significant cultural influence on literature for centuries, and thus the development of the English language, especially in matters of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-prince_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Latin words were taken from the Vulgate into English nearly unchanged in meaning or spelling: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/creation" class="extiw" title="wikt:creation">creatio</a></i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:1, Heb 9:11), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salvation" class="extiw" title="wikt:salvation">salvatio</a></i> (e.g. Is 37:32, Eph 2:5), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/justification" class="extiw" title="wikt:justification">justificatio</a></i> (e.g. Rom 4:25, Heb 9:1), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/testament" class="extiw" title="wikt:testament">testamentum</a></i> (e.g. Mt 26:28), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanctification" class="extiw" title="wikt:sanctification">sanctificatio</a></i> (1 Ptr 1:2, 1 Cor 1:30), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regeneration" class="extiw" title="wikt:regeneration">regeneratio</a></i> (Mt 19:28), and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapture" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapture">raptura</a></i> (from a noun form of the verb <i>rapere</i> in 1 Thes 4:17). The word "<a href="/wiki/Publican" title="Publican">publican</a>" comes from the Latin <i>publicanus</i> (e.g., Mt 10:3), and the phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:far_be_it#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:far be it">far be it</a>" is a translation of the Latin expression <i>absit.</i> (e.g., Mt 16:22 in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apostle" class="extiw" title="wikt:apostle">apostolus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecclesial" class="extiw" title="wikt:ecclesial">ecclesia</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evangelical" class="extiw" title="wikt:evangelical">evangelium</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paschal" class="extiw" title="wikt:paschal">Pascha</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angel" class="extiw" title="wikt:angel">angelus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_value">Critical value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Critical value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In translating the 38 books of the Hebrew Bible (<a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> being counted as one book), Jerome was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin, but it is possible to determine that the oldest surviving complete manuscripts of the Masoretic Text which date from nearly 600 years after Jerome, nevertheless transmit a consonantal Hebrew text very close to that used by Jerome.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon81_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon81-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_editions">Manuscripts and editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vulgate exists in many forms. The <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a></i> is the oldest surviving complete manuscript from the 8th century. The <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> is a notable printed edition of the Vulgate by Johann Gutenberg in 1455. The <a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a> (1590) is the first official Bible of the Catholic Church. The <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a> (1592) is a standardized edition of the medieval Vulgate, and the second official Bible of the Catholic Church. The <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Vulgate" title="Stuttgart Vulgate">Stuttgart Vulgate</a> is a 1969 critical edition of the Vulgate. The <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i> is the third and latest official Bible of the Catholic Church; it was published in 1979, and is a translation from modern critical editions of original language texts of the Bible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_and_early_editions">Manuscripts and early editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and early editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_manuscripts" title="Vulgate manuscripts">Vulgate manuscripts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark,_chapter_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark%2C_chapter_1.jpg/220px-Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark%2C_chapter_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark%2C_chapter_1.jpg/330px-Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark%2C_chapter_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark%2C_chapter_1.jpg/440px-Codex_Amiatinus_-_Gospel_of_Mark%2C_chapter_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a></i> containing the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_manuscripts" title="Vulgate manuscripts">manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate</a> survive today. Dating from the 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a> is the earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of the complete Vulgate Bible. The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Fuldensis" title="Codex Fuldensis">Codex Fuldensis</a>, dating from around 545, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> are harmonised into a continuous narrative derived from the <i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carolingian_period">Carolingian period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Carolingian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin-Bibel" class="extiw" title="de:Alkuin-Bibel">de:Alkuin-Bibel</a></div> <p>"The two best-known revisions of the Latin Scriptures in the early medieval period were made in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian period">Carolingian period</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 730</span>–840) and <a href="/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodulf of Orleans">Theodulf of Orleans</a> (750/760–821)."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcuin of York oversaw efforts to make a Latin Bible, an exemplar of which was presented to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in 801. Alcuin's edition contained the Vulgate version. It appears Alcuin concentrated only on correcting errors of grammar, <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and punctuation. "Even though Alcuin's revision of the Latin Bible was neither the first nor the last of the Carolingian period, it managed to prevail over the other versions and to become the most influential edition for centuries to come." The success of this Bible has been attributed to the fact that this Bible may have been "prescribed as the official version at the emperor's request." However, <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_Fischer" title="Bonifatius Fischer">Bonifatius Fischer</a> believes its success was rather due to the productivity of the scribes of <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> where Alcuin was abbot, at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Martin,_Tours" title="Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours">monastery of Saint Martin</a>; Fischer believes the emperor only favored the editorial work of Alcuin by encouraging work on the Bible in general.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Although, in contrast to Alcuin, Theodulf [of Orleans] clearly developed an editorial programme, his work on the Bible was far less influential than that of hs slightly older contemporary. Nevertheless, several manuscripts containing his version have come down to us." Theodulf added to his edition of the Bible the Book of Baruch, which Alcuin's edition did not contain; it is this version of the Book of Baruch which later became part of the Vulgate. In his editorial activity, on at least one manuscript of the Theodulf Bible (S Paris, BNF lat. 9398), Theodulf marked variant readings along with their sources in the margin of the manuscripts. Those marginal notes of variant readings along with their sources "seem to foreshadow the thirteenth-century <i><a href="/wiki/Correctories" class="mw-redirect" title="Correctories">correctoria</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 9th century the <i>Vetus Latina</i> texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by Theodulf of Orleans and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandect#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pandect">pandect</a></i> bibles from that date onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_2005_286–342-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore of Sevilla">Isidore of Sevilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">Stephen Harding</a> also worked on editions of the Latin Bible. Isidore's edition as well as the edition of Cassiodorus "ha[ve] not come down to us."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 9th century, due to the success of Alcuin's edition, the Vulgate had replaced the <i>Vetus Latina</i> as the most available edition of the Latin Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bible" title="Paris Bible">Paris Bible</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> assembled lists of <i>correctoria</i>—approved readings—where variants had been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_editions">Printed editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Printed editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the advent of printing greatly reduced the potential of human error and increased the consistency and uniformity of the text, the earliest editions of the Vulgate merely reproduced the manuscripts that were readily available to publishers. Of the hundreds of early editions, the most notable today is the Mazarin edition published by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gutenberg">Johann Gutenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Fust" title="Johann Fust">Johann Fust</a> in 1455, famous for its beauty and antiquity. In 1504, the first Vulgate with variant readings was published in Paris. One of the texts of the <a href="/wiki/Complutensian_Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Complutensian Polyglot">Complutensian Polyglot</a> was an edition of the Vulgate made from ancient manuscripts and corrected to agree with the Greek. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> published an edition corrected to agree better with the Greek and Hebrew in 1516. Other corrected editions were published by <a href="/wiki/Santes_Pagnino" title="Santes Pagnino">Xanthus Pagninus</a> in 1518, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cardinal_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cardinal Cajetan">Cardinal Cajetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Steuco" title="Agostino Steuco">Augustinus Steuchius</a> in 1529, Abbot <a href="/wiki/Isidoro_Chiari" title="Isidoro Chiari">Isidorus Clarius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, 1542) and others. In 1528, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robertus Stephanus</a> published the first of a series of critical editions, which formed the basis of the later Sistine and Clementine editions. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_Vulgate" title="Leuven Vulgate">John Henten's critical edition of the Bible</a> followed in 1547.<sup id="cite_ref-ISBE_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBE-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1550, Stephanus fled to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, where he issued his final critical edition of the Vulgate in 1555. This was the first complete Bible with full <a href="/wiki/Bible_verses" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible verses">chapter and verse divisions</a> and became the standard biblical reference text for late-16th century <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> theology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixtine_and_Clementine_Vulgates">Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png/190px-Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png/286px-Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png/381px-Frontispiece_of_the_Sixtine_Vulgate_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="3916" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the original Sixtine Vulgate</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_(1592).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281592%29.jpg/190px-Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281592%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281592%29.jpg/285px-Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281592%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281592%29.jpg/381px-Frontispiece_of_the_Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281592%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the original 1592 Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, when the Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">strove to counter Protestantism</a> and refute its doctrines, the Vulgate was declared at the Council of Trent to "be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever."<sup id="cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-researcher.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the council expressed the wish that the Vulgate be printed <i>quam emendatissime</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("with fewest possible faults").<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1590, the <a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a> was issued, under Sixtus V, as being the official Bible recommended by the Council of Trent.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 August 1590, Sixtus V died. After his death, "many claimed that the text of the Sixtine Vulgate was too error-ridden for general use."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 September of the same year, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> stopped all further sales of the Sixtine Vulgate and bought and destroyed as many copies as possible by burning them. The reason invoked for this action was printing inaccuracies in Sixtus V's edition of the Vulgate. However, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a>, an American biblical scholar, believes that the printing inaccuracies may have been a pretext and that the attack against this edition had been instigated by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, "whom Sixtus had offended by <a href="/wiki/Disputationes_de_Controversiis#Almost_in_the_Index" title="Disputationes de Controversiis">putting one of Bellarmine's books on the 'Index'</a> ".<sup id="cite_ref-:24_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year he became pope (1592), Clement VIII recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sistine edition was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a> (1592–1605). This new edition was published in 1592 and is called today the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a><sup id="cite_ref-:23_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The misprints of this edition were partly eliminated in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition."<sup id="cite_ref-:23_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clementine Vulgate is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical reforms of Pope Paul VI">liturgical reforms</a> following <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>. Roger Gryson, in the preface to the 4th edition of the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Vulgate" title="Stuttgart Vulgate">Stuttgart Vulgate</a> (1994), asserts that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandect#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pandect">pandecta</a></i> of the first millennium."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historical scholar Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, states that the Clementine Vulgate substantially represents the Vulgate which Jerome produced in the fourth century, although "it stands in need of close examination and much correction to make it [completely] agree with the translation of St. Jerome".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_critical_editions">Modern critical editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern critical editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most other later editions were limited to the New Testament and did not present a full critical apparatus, most notably <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lachmann" title="Karl Lachmann">Karl Lachmann</a>'s editions of 1842 and 1850 based primarily on the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleck's edition<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 1840, and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Constantin von Tischendorf</a>'s edition of 1864. In 1906 <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Nestle" title="Eberhard Nestle">Eberhard Nestle</a> published <i>Novum Testamentum Latine</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which presented the Clementine Vulgate text with a critical apparatus comparing it to the editions of Sixtus V (1590), Lachman (1842), Tischendorf (1854), and Wordsworth and White (1889), as well as the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis. </p><p>To make a text available representative of the earliest copies of the Vulgate and summarise the most common variants between the various manuscripts, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> scholars at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Vulgate" title="Oxford Vulgate">edit the New Testament</a> in 1878 (completed in 1954), while the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictines</a> of Rome began <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Vulgate" title="Benedictine Vulgate">an edition of the Old Testament</a> in 1907 (completed in 1995). The Oxford Anglican scholars's findings were condensed into <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Vulgate" title="Stuttgart Vulgate">an edition of both the Old and New Testaments, first published at Stuttgart in 1969</a>, created with the participation of members from both projects. These books are the standard editions of the Vulgate used by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxford_New_Testament"><span class="anchor" id="Oxford_Vulgate"></span><span class="anchor" id="Wordsworth_and_White_(Oxford)_New_Testament"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford_Vulgate_New_Testament"></span> Oxford New Testament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Oxford New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Vulgate" title="Oxford Vulgate">Oxford Vulgate</a></div> <p>As a result of the inaccuracy of existing editions of the Vulgate, in 1878, the delegates of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> accepted a proposal from classicist <a href="/wiki/John_Wordsworth" title="John Wordsworth">John Wordsworth</a> to produce a critical edition of the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was eventually published as <i>Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi</i> in three volumes between 1889 and 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The edition, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Vulgate" title="Oxford Vulgate">Oxford Vulgate</a>, relies primarily on the texts of the Codex Amiatinus, Codex Fuldensis (Codex Harleianus in the Gospels), <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sangermanensis_I" title="Codex Sangermanensis I">Codex Sangermanensis</a>, Codex Mediolanensis (in the Gospels), and Codex Reginensis (in Paul).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also consistently cites readings in the so-called DELQR group of manuscripts, named after the <i><a href="/wiki/Siglum" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglum">sigla</a></i> it uses for them: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Armagh" title="Book of Armagh">Book of Armagh</a> (D), <a href="/wiki/Breton_Gospel_Book_(British_Library,_MS_Egerton_609)" title="Breton Gospel Book (British Library, MS Egerton 609)">Egerton Gospels</a> (E), <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Gospels" title="Lichfield Gospels">Lichfield Gospels</a> (L), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> (Q), and Rushworth Gospels (R).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benedictine_(Rome)_Old_Testament"><span id="Benedictine_.28Rome.29_Old_Testament"></span>Benedictine (Rome) Old Testament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Benedictine (Rome) Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Vulgate" title="Benedictine Vulgate">Benedictine Vulgate</a></div> <p>In 1907, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks to prepare a critical edition of Jerome's Vulgate, entitled <i>Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text was originally planned as the basis for a revised complete official Bible for the Catholic Church to replace the Clementine edition.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first volume, the Pentateuch, was completed in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Pentateuch, the primary sources for the text are the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a>, the Codex Turonensis (the <a href="/wiki/Ashburnham_Pentateuch" title="Ashburnham Pentateuch">Ashburnham Pentateuch</a>), and the Ottobonianus Octateuch.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of the Old Testament (except the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>) the primary sources for the text are the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Cava_Bible" title="La Cava Bible">Codex Cavensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Codex Amiatinus and the Vulgate texts of Alcuin and Theodulf, the Benedictine Vulgate reunited the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah into a single book, reversing the decisions of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate. </p><p>In 1933, Pope Pius XI established the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Abbey_of_St_Jerome-in-the-City" title="Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City">Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City</a> to complete the work. By the 1970s, as a result of liturgical changes that had spurred the Vatican to produce a new translation of the Latin Bible, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_edition_of_the_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine edition of the Vulgate">Benedictine edition</a> was no longer required for official purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-scripturarum_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripturarum-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the abbey was suppressed in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five monks were nonetheless allowed to complete the final two volumes of the Old Testament, which were published under the abbey's name in 1987 and 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stuttgart_Vulgate"><span class="anchor" id="Stuttgart_edition"></span><span class="anchor" id="Weber-Gryson_(Stuttgart)_edition"></span>Stuttgart Vulgate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stuttgart Vulgate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Vulgate" title="Stuttgart Vulgate">Stuttgart Vulgate</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg/153px-Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg/229px-Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg/306px-Concordance_of_Stuttgart_Latin_Vulgate_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3770" /></a><figcaption>Concordance to the Vulgate Bible for the Stuttgart Vulgate</figcaption></figure><p>Based on the editions of Oxford and Rome, but with an independent examination of the manuscript evidence and extending their lists of primary witnesses for some books, the Württembergische Bibelanstalt, later the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft" title="Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft">Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft</a> (German Bible Society), based in Stuttgart, first published a critical edition of the complete Vulgate in 1969. The work has continued to be updated, with a fifth edition appearing in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuttgart5_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuttgart5-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was originally directed by Robert Weber, OSB (a monk of the same Benedictine abbey responsible for the Benedictine edition), with collaborators <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_Fischer" title="Bonifatius Fischer">Bonifatius Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gribomont" title="Jean Gribomont">Jean Gribomont</a>, Hedley Frederick Davis Sparks (also responsible for the completion of the Oxford edition), and Walter Thiele. Roger Gryson has been responsible for the most recent editions. It is thus marketed by its publisher as the "Weber-Gryson" edition, but is also frequently referred to as the Stuttgart edition.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Weber-Gryson includes of Jerome's prologues and the <a href="/wiki/Eusebian_Canons" title="Eusebian Canons">Eusebian Canons</a>. </p><p>It contains two Psalters, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gallican_psalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallican psalter">Gallicanum</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Juxta_Hebraicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Juxta Hebraicum">juxta Hebraicum</a></i>, which are printed on facing pages to allow easy comparison and contrast between the two versions. It has an expanded <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, containing Psalm 151 and the Epistle to the Laodiceans in addition to 3 and 4 Ezra and the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Manasses">Prayer of Manasses</a>. In addition, its modern prefaces in Latin, German, French, and English are a source of valuable information about the history of the Vulgate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nova_Vulgata"><i>Nova Vulgata</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nova Vulgata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i> (<i>Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio</i>), also called the Neo-Vulgate, is the official Latin edition of the Bible published by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> for use in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Roman_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman rite">Roman rite</a>. It is not a critical edition of the historical Vulgate, but a revision of the text intended to accord with modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts and produce a style closer to Classical Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the <i>Nova Vulgata</i> was promulgated as "typical" (standard) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scripturarum2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripturarum2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_versions"><span class="anchor" id="Electronic_versions"></span>Online versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Online versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title "Vulgate" is currently applied to three distinct online texts which can be found from various sources on the Internet. The text being used can be ascertained from the spelling of <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>'s name in Genesis 3:20:<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Heva</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><b>Hava</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_edition_of_the_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate">Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate</a></li> <li><b>Eva</b>: the <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_articles">Related articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Related articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latin" title="Bible translations into Latin">Bible translations into Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Pauperum" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblia Pauperum">Biblia Pauperum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Vulgate" title="Books of the Vulgate">Books of the Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cavallera" title="Ferdinand Cavallera">Ferdinand Cavallera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_of_Rome" title="Paula of Rome">Paula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eustochium" title="Eustochium">Eustochium</a>, Catholic saints, important collaborators of Jerome<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSee_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSee-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nancy_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nancy-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Psalters" title="Latin Psalters">Latin Psalters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_manuscripts">Selected manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Selected manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Complutensis_I" title="Codex Complutensis I">Codex Complutensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Fuldensis" title="Codex Fuldensis">Codex Fuldensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sangallensis_1395" title="Codex Sangallensis 1395">Codex Sangallensis 1395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New Testament Latin manuscripts">List of New Testament Latin manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate_manuscripts" title="Vulgate manuscripts">Vulgate manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Biblia Vulgata</i></span> ("Bible in common language"; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈbɪbli.a<span class="wrap"> </span>wʊlˈɡaːta]</a></span>), sometimes referred to as the <b>Latin Vulgate</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some, following P. Nautin (1986) and perhaps E. Burstein (1971), suggest that Jerome may have been almost wholly dependent on Greek material for his interpretation of the Hebrew. A. Kamesar (1993), on the other hand, sees evidence that in some cases Jerome's knowledge of Hebrew exceeds that of his exegetes, implying a direct understanding of the Hebrew text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literally "in the most correct manner possible"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetuslatina.org/">"vetuslatina.org"</a>. <i>www.vetuslatina.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vetuslatina.org&rft.atitle=vetuslatina.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetuslatina.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisShort-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LewisShort_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._LewisShort" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Thomas_Lewis" title="Charlton Thomas Lewis">T. Lewis, Charlton</a>; Short, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=vulgo2">"A Latin Dictionary | vulgo"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A+Latin+Dictionary+%7C+vulgo&rft.aulast=T.+Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dvulgo2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroydEvansLampeGreenslade1963" class="citation book cs1">Ackroyd, Peter R.; Evans, C. F.; Lampe, Geoffrey William Hugo; Greenslade, Stanley Lawrence (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnG2067meU0C"><i>The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09973-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09973-8"><bdi>978-0-521-09973-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+the+Beginnings+to+Jerome&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09973-8&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+C.+F.&rft.au=Lampe%2C+Geoffrey+William+Hugo&rft.au=Greenslade%2C+Stanley+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnG2067meU0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vulgate">"Vulgate | Description, Definition, Bible, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 14 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Vulgate+%7C+Description%2C+Definition%2C+Bible%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FVulgate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1977). <i>The Early Versions of the New Testament</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Versions+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:032_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanellis2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate" [Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate]. <i>Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible</i> [<i>Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible</i>] (in French). Abbeville: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>. pp. 216–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12618-2"><bdi>978-2-204-12618-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%3A+Du+travail+de+J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+%C3%A0+la+Vulgate&rft.btitle=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+%3A+Pr%C3%A9faces+aux+livres+de+la+Bible&rft.place=Abbeville&rft.pages=216-7&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-204-12618-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaterHenry_Julian_White1926" class="citation book cs1">Plater, William Edward; Henry Julian White (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BwFAQAAIAAJ"><i>A grammar of the Vulgate, being an introduction to the study of the latinity of the Vulgate Bible</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Vulgate%2C+being+an+introduction+to+the+study+of+the+latinity+of+the+Vulgate+Bible&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Plater&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.au=Henry+Julian+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BwFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanellis2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). <i>Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible</i> [<i>Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible</i>] (in French). 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A. G. (2016). <i>The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts</i>. 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(2013). <i>Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canonizing+Paul%3A+Ancient+Editorial+Practice+and+the+Corpus+Paulinum&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Scherbenske&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2016" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). <i>The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts</i>. 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Abbeville: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12618-2"><bdi>978-2-204-12618-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%3A+Du+travail+de+J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+%C3%A0+la+Vulgate&rft.btitle=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+%3A+Pr%C3%A9faces+aux+livres+de+la+Bible&rft.place=Abbeville&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-204-12618-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogaert_2005_286–342-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogaert_2005_286–342_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2005). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=224">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Judith+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204113212/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=225">"Jerome's Prologue to Esther – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=225">the original</a> on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Esther+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208003644/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=228">"Jerome's Prologue to Job – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=228">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Job+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204000922/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=229">"Jerome's Prologue to Psalms (LXX) – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=229">the original</a> on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Psalms+%28LXX%29+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203235652/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=231">"Jerome's Prologue to the Books of Solomon – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=231">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+the+Books+of+Solomon+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208000012/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=232">"Jerome's Prologue to Isaiah – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=232">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Isaiah+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002043/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233">"Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233">the original</a> on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Jeremiah+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231092906/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=234">"Jerome's Prologue to Ezekiel – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=234">the original</a> on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Ezekiel+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605173410/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=236">"Jerome's Prologue to the Twelve Prophets – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=236">the original</a> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+the+Twelve+Prophets+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110154542/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=237">"Jerome's Prologue to the Gospels – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=237">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+the+Gospels+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=238">"Vulgate Prologue to Paul's Letters – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Vulgate+Prologue+to+Paul%27s+Letters+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014942/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=226">"Jerome's Notes to the Additions to Esther – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=226">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Notes+to+the+Additions+to+Esther+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001713/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=230">"Jerome's Prologue to Psalms (Hebrew) – biblicalia"</a>. <i>www.bombaxo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=230">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bombaxo.com&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Psalms+%28Hebrew%29+%E2%80%93+biblicalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanellis2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Révision et retourn à l'<i>Hebraica veritas</i>" [Introduction: Revision and return to <i>Hebraica veritas</i>]. <i>Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible</i> [<i>Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible</i>] (in French). Abbeville: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>. pp. 99–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-12618-2"><bdi>978-2-204-12618-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%3A+R%C3%A9vision+et+retourn+%C3%A0+lHebraica+veritas&rft.btitle=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+%3A+Pr%C3%A9faces+aux+livres+de+la+Bible&rft.place=Abbeville&rft.pages=99-109&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-204-12618-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/origin_nt.v.i.html"><i>Origin of the New Testament - APPENDIX I (to § 2 of Part I, pp. 59 f.) The Marcionite Prologues to the Pauline Epistles</i></a>, Adolf von Harnack, 1914. Moreover, Harnack noted: "We have indeed long known that <a href="/wiki/Marcionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcionite">Marcionite</a> readings found their way into the ecclesiastical text of the Pauline epistles, but now for seven years we have known that Churches actually accepted the Marcionite prefaces to the Pauline epistles! De Bruyne has made one of the finest discoveries of later days in proving that those prefaces, which we read first in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Fuldensis" title="Codex Fuldensis">Codex Fuldensis</a> and then in numbers of later manuscripts, are Marcionite, and that the Churches had not noticed the cloven hoof."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBE-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBE_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBE_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/vulgate1.html">"Latin Vulgate (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia)"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i>. 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Latin+Vulgate+%28International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%29&rft.date=1915&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fvulgate1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuron2014" class="citation book cs1">Buron, Philip (2014). <i>The text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research; 2nd edn</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+text+of+the+New+Testament+in+Contemporary+Research%3B+2nd+edn&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Buron&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2016" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). <i>The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 32, 34, 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+New+Testament%3B+a+Guide+to+its+Early+History%2C+Texts+and+Manuscripts&rft.pages=32%2C+34%2C+195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2016" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). <i>The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+New+Testament%3B+a+Guide+to+its+Early+History%2C+Texts+and+Manuscripts&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoins2014" class="citation book cs1">Goins, Scott (2014). "Jerome's Psalters". In Brown, William. P. (ed.). <i>Oxford Handbook of the Psalms</i>. OUP. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Psalters&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Psalms&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Goins&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2017" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Oliver (2017). "Tracing Fortunatianus's Psalter". In Dorfbauer, Lukas J. (ed.). <i>Fortunatianus ridivivus</i>. <a href="/wiki/CSEL" class="mw-redirect" title="CSEL">CSEL</a>. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tracing+Fortunatianus%27s+Psalter&rft.btitle=Fortunatianus+ridivivus&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=CSEL&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuttgart-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuttgart_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem</i>. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (5 ed.). Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft" title="Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft">Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft</a>. 2007. p. XXXIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblia+Sacra+iuxta+vulgatam+versionem&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=XXXIII&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bibelgesellschaft&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin". <i>Revue Bénédictine</i>. <b>110</b> (1–2): 5–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100750">10.1484/J.RB.5.100750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine&rft.atitle=Les+livres+d%27Esdras+et+leur+num%C3%A9rotation+dans+l%27histoire+du+canon+de+la+Bible+latin&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-26&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100750&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutcliffe1948" class="citation journal cs1">Sutcliffe, Edmund F. (1948). "The Council of Trent on the <i>authentia</i> of the Vulgate". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. o.s. <b>49</b> (193–194): 35–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XLIX.193-194.35">10.1093/jts/os-XLIX.193-194.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Trent+on+the+authentia+of+the+Vulgate&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=193%E2%80%93194&rft.pages=35-42&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XLIX.193-194.35&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Edmund+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bible-researcher.com-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, The Fourth Session</a>, 1546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkin" class="citation news cs1">Akin, Jimmy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/is-the-vulgate-the-catholic-churchs-official-bible">"Is the Vulgate the Catholic Church's Official Bible?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Is+the+Vulgate+the+Catholic+Church%27s+Official+Bible%3F&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fjimmy-akin%2Fis-the-vulgate-the-catholic-churchs-official-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">Fourth Session, April 8 1546</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patristica.net/denzinger/#n2100">"Denzinger – English translation, older numbering"</a>. <i>patristica.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>2198 [...] "This decree [of January 13, 1897] was passed to check the audacity of private teachers who attributed to themselves the right either of rejecting entirely the authenticity of the Johannine comma, or at least of calling it into question by their own final judgment. But it was not meant at all to prevent Catholic writers from investigating the subject more fully and, after weighing the arguments accurately on both sides, with that and temperance which the gravity of the subject requires, from inclining toward an opinion in opposition to its authenticity, provided they professed that they were ready to abide by the judgment of the Church, to which the duty was delegated by Jesus Christ not only of interpreting Holy Scripture but also of guarding it faithfully."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=patristica.net&rft.atitle=Denzinger+%E2%80%93+English+translation%2C+older+numbering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatristica.net%2Fdenzinger%2F%23n2100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w2.vatican.va-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w2.vatican.va_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w2.vatican.va_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_30091943_divino-afflante-spiritu.html">"Divino Afflante Spiritu, Pope Pius XII, #21 (in English version)"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Colombo, Ceylon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Typography&rft.place=Colombo%2C+Ceylon&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Skeen&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F57463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibbig-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibbig_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibbig_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._C._Bigmore,_C._W._H._Wyman2014" class="citation book cs1">E. 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108074322" title="Special:BookSources/9781108074322"><bdi>9781108074322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+of+Printing&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781108074322&rft.au=E.+C.+Bigmore%2C+C.+W.+H.+Wyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYHsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wattbib-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wattbib_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1824" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Robert (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkVhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA452"><i>Bibliotheca Britannica; or a General Index to British and Foreign Literature</i></a>. Edinburgh and London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman, Hurst & Co.</a> p. 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Britannica%3B+or+a+General+Index+to+British+and+Foreign+Literature&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkVhAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniell2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniell, David (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinenglishit0000dani"><i>The Bible in English: its history and influence</i></a></span>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleinenglishit0000dani/page/510">510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09930-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09930-4"><bdi>0-300-09930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+English%3A+its+history+and+influence&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-09930-4&rft.aulast=Daniell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibleinenglishit0000dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDaniell2003">Daniell 2003</a>, p. 478)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michelle P. Brown, <i>The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality and the Scribe, Volume 1</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Smith, <i>Introduction to Biblical Studies</i>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#16:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Mt 16:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon81-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon81_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_George_Kenyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic George Kenyon">Kenyon, Frederic G.</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MN41613ucmf_0#page/n117/mode/2up"><i>Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts</i></a> (4th ed.). London. p. 81<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Bible+and+the+Ancient+Manuscripts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Frederic+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMN41613ucmf_0%23page%2Fn117%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinde2011" class="citation book cs1">Linde, Cornelia (2011). "II.2 Medieval Editions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ"><i>How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century</i></a>. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907570226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907570226"><bdi>978-0907570226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.2+Medieval+Editions&rft.btitle=How+to+correct+the+Sacra+scriptura%3F+Textual+criticism+of+the+Latin+Bible+between+the+twelfth+and+fifteenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Medium+%C3%86vum+Monographs+29&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Medieval+Languages+and+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0907570226&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxjGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinde2011" class="citation book cs1">Linde, Cornelia (2011). "II.2 Medieval Editions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ"><i>How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century</i></a>. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907570226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907570226"><bdi>978-0907570226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.2+Medieval+Editions&rft.btitle=How+to+correct+the+Sacra+scriptura%3F+Textual+criticism+of+the+Latin+Bible+between+the+twelfth+and+fifteenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Medium+%C3%86vum+Monographs+29&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Medieval+Languages+and+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0907570226&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxjGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinde2011" class="citation book cs1">Linde, Cornelia (2011). "II.2 Medieval Editions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ"><i>How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century</i></a>. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 41–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907570226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907570226"><bdi>978-0907570226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.2+Medieval+Editions&rft.btitle=How+to+correct+the+Sacra+scriptura%3F+Textual+criticism+of+the+Latin+Bible+between+the+twelfth+and+fifteenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Medium+%C3%86vum+Monographs+29&rft.pages=41-2&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Medieval+Languages+and+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0907570226&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxjGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinde2011" class="citation book cs1">Linde, Cornelia (2011). "II.2 Medieval Editions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ"><i>How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century</i></a>. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 39, 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907570226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907570226"><bdi>978-0907570226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.2+Medieval+Editions&rft.btitle=How+to+correct+the+Sacra+scriptura%3F+Textual+criticism+of+the+Latin+Bible+between+the+twelfth+and+fifteenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Medium+%C3%86vum+Monographs+29&rft.pages=39%2C+250&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Medieval+Languages+and+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0907570226&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxjGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinde2011" class="citation book cs1">Linde, Cornelia (2011). "II.2 Medieval Editions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ"><i>How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century</i></a>. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907570226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907570226"><bdi>978-0907570226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.2+Medieval+Editions&rft.btitle=How+to+correct+the+Sacra+scriptura%3F+Textual+criticism+of+the+Latin+Bible+between+the+twelfth+and+fifteenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Medium+%C3%86vum+Monographs+29&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Medieval+Languages+and+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0907570226&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxjGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinde2011" class="citation book cs1">Linde, Cornelia (2011). "II.2 Medieval Editions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ"><i>How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century</i></a>. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 42–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907570226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907570226"><bdi>978-0907570226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.2+Medieval+Editions&rft.btitle=How+to+correct+the+Sacra+scriptura%3F+Textual+criticism+of+the+Latin+Bible+between+the+twelfth+and+fifteenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Medium+%C3%86vum+Monographs+29&rft.pages=42-47&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Medieval+Languages+and+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0907570226&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxjGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1879" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berger, Samuel (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/labibleauseizim00berggoog#page/n129/mode/2up"><i>La Bible au seizième siècle: Étude sur les origines de la critique biblique</i></a> (in French). Paris. p. 147 ff<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Bible+au+seizi%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle%3A+%C3%89tude+sur+les+origines+de+la+critique+biblique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=147+ff&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flabibleauseizim00berggoog%23page%2Fn129%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrivener1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener" title="Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener">Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose</a> (1894). "Chapter III. Latin versions". In Miller, Edward (ed.). <a href="/wiki/A_Plain_Introduction_to_the_Criticism_of_the_New_Testament" title="A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament"><i>A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament</i></a>. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons" title="George Bell & Sons">George Bell & Sons</a>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III.+Latin+versions&rft.btitle=A+Plain+Introduction+to+the+Criticism+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Scrivener&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Henry+Ambrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/V/vulgate.html">"Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli"><i>The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation</i></a>. Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300066678" title="Special:BookSources/9780300066678"><bdi>9780300066678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catalog+of+Exhibition+%5BItem+1.14%5D&rft.btitle=The+reformation+of+the+Bible%2C+the+Bible+of+the+Reformation&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780300066678&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformationofbib0000peli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1977). <i>The Early Versions of the New Testament</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 348–349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Versions+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=348-349&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrivenerEdward_Miller1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener" title="Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener">Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose</a>; Edward Miller (1894). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Plain_Introduction_to_the_Criticism_of_the_New_Testament" title="A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament">A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament</a></i>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons" title="George Bell & Sons">George Bell & Sons</a>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Plain+Introduction+to+the+Criticism+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Scrivener&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Henry+Ambrose&rft.au=Edward+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">Hastings, James</a> (2004) [1898]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&q=Bull+Aeternus+ille&pg=PA881">"Vulgate"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Vol. 4, part 2 (Shimrath – Zuzim). Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 881. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1410217295" title="Special:BookSources/978-1410217295"><bdi>978-1410217295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vulgate&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=881&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1410217295&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyk1CKgPRKtAC%26q%3DBull%2BAeternus%2Bille%26pg%3DPA881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1977). <i>The Early Versions of the New Testament</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Versions+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan</a> (1996). "1 : Sacred Philology; Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli"><i>The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation</i></a>. Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 14, 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300066678" title="Special:BookSources/9780300066678"><bdi>9780300066678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+%3A+Sacred+Philology%3B+Catalog+of+Exhibition+%5BItem+1.14%5D&rft.btitle=The+reformation+of+the+Bible%2C+the+Bible+of+the+Reformation&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=14%2C+98&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780300066678&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformationofbib0000peli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberGryson2007" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Robert; Gryson, Roger, eds. (2007). "Praefatio". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5"><i>Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem</i></a></span>. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. IX, XVIII, XXVIII, XXXVII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05303-9"><bdi>978-3-438-05303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Praefatio&rft.btitle=Biblia+sacra+%3A+iuxta+Vulgatam+versionem&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=IX%2C+XVIII%2C+XXVIII%2C+XXXVII&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bibelgesellschaft&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-438-05303-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gasquet, F.A. 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Berlin: Reimer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novum+Testamentum+graece+et+latine&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Reimer&rft.date=1842%2F1850&rft.aulast=Lachmann&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span> (Google Books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxc-AAAAcAAJ">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVgPAAAAQAAJ">Volume 2</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R7rgfv_Fp0C&q=%22vulgatae+editionis%22&pg=PP7">"Novum Testamentum Vulgatae editionis juxta textum Clementis VIII.: Romanum ex Typogr. Apost. Vatic. A.1592. accurate expressum. Cum variantibus in margine lectionibus antiquissimi et praestantissimi codicis olim monasterii Montis Amiatae in Etruria, nunc bibliothecae Florentinae Laurentianae Mediceae saec. VI. p. Chr. scripti. Praemissa est commentatio de codice Amiatino et versione latina vulgata"</a>. Sumtibus et Typis C. Tauchnitii. 26 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Houghton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198744733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198744733"><bdi>978-0198744733</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scripturarum+Thesarurus%2C+Apostolic+Constitution%2C+25+April+1979%2C+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=Vatican%3A+The+Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_19790425_scripturarum-thesaurus_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2012" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Taylor (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taylormarshall.com/2012/03/which-latin-vulgate-should-you-purchase.html">"Which Latin Vulgate Should You Purchase?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Marshall" title="Taylor Marshall">Taylor Marshall</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taylor+Marshall&rft.atitle=Which+Latin+Vulgate+Should+You+Purchase%3F&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaylormarshall.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fwhich-latin-vulgate-should-you-purchase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2016" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&q=noun+as+eva&pg=PA132"><i>The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198744733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198744733"><bdi>978-0198744733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+New+Testament%3A+A+Guide+to+Its+Early+History%2C+Texts%2C+and+Manuscripts&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0198744733&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCXQqCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnoun%2Bas%2Beva%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=2945"><i>Woman's Work in Bible Study and Translation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Zahm" title="John Augustine Zahm">Zahm, John Augustine</a> ("A.H. Johns") (1912), in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_World" title="The Catholic World">The Catholic World</a></i>, New York, Vol. 95/June 1912 (bibliographic details see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIAuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224">here</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2tPCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">here</a>), via CatholicCulture.org. Accessed 4 Sept 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSee-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSee_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/01/26/st--paula--roman-matron-.html">"St. Paula, Roman Matron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Paula%2C+Roman+Matron&rft.pub=Vatican+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fsaints%2F01%2F26%2Fst--paula--roman-matron-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nancy-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nancy_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardesty1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hardesty, Nancy (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/paula-a-portrait-of-4th-century-piety">"Paula: A Portrait of 4th Century Piety"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_History" title="Christian History">Christian History</a></i> (17, "Women In The Early Church"). Worcester, PA: <a href="/wiki/Christian_History_Institute" title="Christian History Institute">Christian History Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+History&rft.atitle=Paula%3A+A+Portrait+of+4th+Century+Piety&rft.issue=17%2C+%22Women+In+The+Early+Church%22&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fpaula-a-portrait-of-4th-century-piety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1893" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Samuel (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul00berggoog#page/n12/mode/2up"><i>Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age</i></a>. Paris: Librarie Hachette et C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Vulgate+pendant+les+premiers+si%C3%A8cles+du+Moyen+Age&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librarie+Hachette+et+C.&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoiredelavul00berggoog%23page%2Fn12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraguet1946" class="citation book cs1">Draguet, R. (1946). "Le Maître louvainiste, [Jean] Driedo, inspirateur du décret de Trente sur la Vulgate". <i>Festschrift volume, </i>Miscellenea historica in honorem Alberti de Meyer<i><span></span></i>. Louvain: Bibliothèque universitaire. pp. 836–854.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Ma%C3%AEtre+louvainiste%2C+%5BJean%5D+Driedo%2C+inspirateur+du+d%C3%A9cret+de+Trente+sur+la+Vulgate&rft.btitle=Festschrift+volume%2C+Miscellenea+historica+in+honorem+Alberti+de+Meyer&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pages=836-854&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+universitaire&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Draguet&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGameson1994" class="citation book cs1">Gameson, Richard, ed. (1994). <i>The Early Medieval Bible</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Bible&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2023" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, H. A. G., ed. (2023). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Latin Bible</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Latin+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampe1969" class="citation book cs1">Lampe, G. W. M., ed. (1969). <i>The Cambridge History of the Bible</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, Bernhard (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulgata-dialog.ch/ojs/index.php/vidbor/issue/view/98">"Handbook of the Vulgate Bible and its reception"</a>. <i>Vulgata in Dialogue</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2504-5156">2504-5156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vulgata+in+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Handbook+of+the+Vulgate+Bible+and+its+reception&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2504-5156&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvulgata-dialog.ch%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fvidbor%2Fissue%2Fview%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1995" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Richard (1995). <i>The Text of the Old Testament in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Old+Testament+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1931" class="citation book cs1">Turner, C. H. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MN41398ucmf_6#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Oldest Manuscript of the Vulgate Gospels</i></a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oldest+Manuscript+of+the+Vulgate+Gospels&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMN41398ucmf_6%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Liere2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Liere, Frans (2014). <i>Introduction to the Medieval Bible</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Medieval+Bible&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Van+Liere&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmeuller1938" class="citation web cs1">Steinmeuller, John E. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7470">"The History of the Latin Vulgate"</a>. <i>CatholicCulture</i>. Homiletic & Pastoral Review. pp. 252–257<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatholicCulture&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Latin+Vulgate&rft.pages=252-257&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Steinmeuller&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D7470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14345165">"Why Did Jerome Translate Tobit and Judith?"</a>. <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>108</b> (3): 356–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816015000231">10.1017/S0017816015000231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164400348">164400348</a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Jerome+Translate+Tobit+and+Judith%3F&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-75&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816015000231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164400348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14345165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vulgate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vulgate">Vulgate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Clementine Vulgate</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicbible.online">The Clementine Vulgate</a>, fully searchable and possible to compare with both the Douay Rheims and Knox Bibles side by side.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredbible.org/vulgate1822/">Clementine Vulgate 1822, including Apocrypha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredbible.org/vulgate1861/">Clementine Vulgate 1861, including Apocrypha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/">The Clementine Vulgate, searchable</a>. Michael Tweedale, <i>et alii</i>. Other installable modules include Weber's Stuttgart Vulgate. Missing 3 and 4 Esdras, and Manasses.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zulu-ebooks.com/download/5-sachliteratur/820-biblia-sacra-vulgata">Vulgata, Hieronymiana versio</a> (Jerome's version), Latin text complete as ebook (public domain)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vulgatenewtesta00jerogoog#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Vulgate New Testament, with the Douay Version of 1582. In Parallel Columns</i></a> (London 1872).</li></ul> <p><b>Oxford Vulgate</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworthWhite1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wordsworth" title="John Wordsworth">Wordsworth, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Julian_White" title="Henry Julian White">White, Henry Julian</a>, eds. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nouumtestamentum01whit"><i>Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/The_Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clarendon Press">The Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouum+Testamentum+Domini+nostri+Jesu+Christi+latine%2C+secundum+editionem+Sancti+Hieronymi&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnouumtestamentum01whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworthWhite1941" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, John; White, Henry Julian, eds. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nouumtestamentum02whit"><i>Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/The_Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clarendon Press">The Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouum+Testamentum+Domini+nostri+Jesu+Christi+latine%2C+secundum+editionem+Sancti+Hieronymi&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnouumtestamentum02whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworthWhite1954" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, John; White, Henry Julian, eds. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nouumtestamentum03whit"><i>Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi</i></a>. Vol. 3. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/The_Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clarendon Press">The Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouum+Testamentum+Domini+nostri+Jesu+Christi+latine%2C+secundum+editionem+Sancti+Hieronymi&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnouumtestamentum03whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulgate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Stuttgart Vulgate</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/biblia-sacra-vulgata/read-the-bible-text/">Weber-Gryson (Stuttgart) edition</a>, official online text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinvulgate.com">Latin Vulgate with Parallel English Douay-Rheims and King James Version</a>, Stuttgart edition, but missing 3 and 4 Esdras, Manasses, Psalm 151, and Laodiceans.</li></ul> <p><b>Nova Vulgata</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html">Nova Vulgata</a>, from the Vatican website</li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous translations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/">Biblical Prefaces</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans_(Wikisource_translation)" class="extiw" title="s:Epistle to the Laodiceans (Wikisource translation)">Vulgate text of Laodiceans</a> including a parallel English translation</li></ul> <p><b>Works about the Vulgate</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052112/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts">Eight examples of the Vulgate, 13th – 15th centuries, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fourthcentury.com/jerome-translations-of-scripture/">Timeline of Jerome's translations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Vulgate%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vulgate%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vulgate%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Vulgate%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Vulgate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4121">Works by Vulgate</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" 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class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_Scripture" title="Catholic theology of Scripture">Post-Vatican II theology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_(1593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg/60px-Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg/90px-Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg/120px-Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (382)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a> (397 & 419)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prologus_Galeatus" title="Prologus Galeatus">Prologus Galeatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus" title="Providentissimus Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentabili_sane_exitu" title="Lamentabili sane exitu">Lamentabili sane exitu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dei_verbum" title="Dei verbum">Dei verbum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Biblica_(journal)" title="Biblica (journal)">Biblica</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Elenchus_of_Biblica" title="Elenchus of Biblica">Elenchus of Biblica</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute_Library" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute Library">Pontifical Biblical Institute Library</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Annuus" title="Liber Annuus">Liber Annuus</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Association" title="Catholic Biblical Association">Catholic Biblical Association</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Quarterly" title="Catholic Biblical Quarterly">Catholic Biblical Quarterly</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></b> · <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this 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papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131175#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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