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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medulla_oblongata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medulla oblongata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medulla_oblongata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontomedullary_junction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontomedullary_junction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pontomedullary junction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontomedullary_junction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cranial_nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cranial_nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cranial nerves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cranial_nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brainstem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="جذع الدماغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جذع الدماغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="بئیین ساپی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئیین ساپی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মস্তিষ্ককাণ্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্তিষ্ককাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀླད་གཞུང་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླད་གཞུང་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdano_stablo" title="Moždano stablo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moždano stablo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kef_empenn" title="Kef empenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kef empenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronc_de_l%27enc%C3%A8fal" title="Tronc de l'encèfal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tronc de l'encèfal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozkov%C3%BD_kmen" title="Mozkový kmen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mozkový kmen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernestamme" title="Hjernestamme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjernestamme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnstamm" title="Hirnstamm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirnstamm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajut%C3%BCvi" title="Ajutüvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajutüvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εγκεφαλικό στέλεχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκεφαλικό στέλεχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronco_del_enc%C3%A9falo" title="Tronco del encéfalo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tronco del encéfalo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerba_trunko" title="Cerba trunko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerba trunko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbor_entzefaliko" title="Enbor entzefaliko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enbor entzefaliko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="ساقه مغز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساقه مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronc_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9bral" title="Tronc cérébral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tronc cérébral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoc_na_hinchinne" title="Stoc na hinchinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stoc na hinchinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronco_do_enc%C3%A9falo" title="Tronco do encéfalo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tronco do encéfalo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%A4%84%EA%B8%B0" title="뇌줄기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌줄기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_otak" title="Batang otak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batang otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronco_encefalico" title="Tronco encefalico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tronco encefalico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="גזע המוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזע המוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_utek" title="Batang utek – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Batang utek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ми бағаны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми бағаны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tij_s%C3%A8vo" title="Tij sèvo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tij sèvo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qed%C3%AA_demax" title="Qedê demax – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qedê demax" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smadze%C5%86u_stumbrs" title="Smadzeņu stumbrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smadzeņu stumbrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvos_smegen%C5%B3_kamienas" title="Galvos smegenų kamienas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galvos smegenų kamienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyt%C3%B6rzs" title="Agytörzs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agytörzs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_otak" title="Batang otak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batang otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ဦးနှောက်မြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဦးနှောက်မြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenstam" title="Hersenstam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenstam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E5%B9%B9" title="脳幹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳幹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernestamme" title="Hjernestamme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjernestamme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernestamme" title="Hjernestamme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjernestamme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miya_so%CA%BBg%CA%BBoni" title="Miya soʻgʻoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miya soʻgʻoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie%C5%84_m%C3%B3zgu" title="Pień mózgu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pień mózgu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronco_cerebral" title="Tronco cerebral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tronco cerebral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunchi_cerebral" title="Trunchi cerebral – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trunchi cerebral" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мозговой ствол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мозговой ствол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem" title="Brain stem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brain stem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozgov%C3%BD_kme%C5%88" title="Mozgový kmeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mozgový kmeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgansko_deblo" title="Možgansko deblo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Možgansko deblo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="لاسکی مێشک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاسکی مێشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdano_stablo" title="Moždano stablo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Moždano stablo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivorunko" title="Aivorunko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivorunko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyinsap%C4%B1" title="Beyinsapı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyinsapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Стовбур головного мозку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стовбур головного мозку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%AD%DB%95_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain_stem&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">Brain stem</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brainstem%22">"Brainstem"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Brainstem%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Brainstem%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Brainstem%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Brainstem%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Brainstem%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Brainstem</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1311_Brain_Stem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg/250px-1311_Brain_Stem.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg/375px-1311_Brain_Stem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg/500px-1311_Brain_Stem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="685" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagittal section of a human brain.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Parts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>truncus encephali</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001933">D001933</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2052">2052</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=236">236</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1565">birnlex_1565</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.03.009%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.03.009</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5856">5856</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma79876">79876</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228" class="extiw" title="d:Q182228">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3D Medical Animation Still Shot Showing Different Parts of Mid-Brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg/261px-3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg/392px-3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg/522px-3D_Medical_Animation_Mid-Brain_Different_Parts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A 3D medical animation still shot showing different parts of the midbrain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>brainstem</b> (or <b>brain stem</b>) is the posterior stalk-like part of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> that connects the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> the brainstem is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The midbrain is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Tentorial_notch" title="Tentorial notch">tentorial notch</a>, and sometimes the diencephalon is included in the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brainstem is very small, making up around only 2.6 percent of the brain's total weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the critical roles of regulating <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> function, helping to control <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breathing_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing rate">breathing rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provides the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a>. Ten pairs of cranial nerves come from the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other roles include the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and the body's <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycle" title="Sleep cycle">sleep cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also of prime importance in the conveyance of motor and sensory pathways from the rest of the brain to the body, and from the body back to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pathways include the <a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">corticospinal tract</a> (motor function), the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fine_touch#Fine_touch_and_crude_touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine touch">fine touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor#Modalities" title="Cutaneous receptor">vibration sensation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">spinothalamic tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, temperature, itch, and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system#Fine_touch_and_crude_touch" title="Somatosensory system">crude touch</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parts of the brainstem are the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; the diencephalon is sometimes considered part of the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brainstem extends from just above the <a href="/wiki/Tentorial_notch" title="Tentorial notch">tentorial notch</a> superiorly to the <a href="/wiki/First_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="First cervical vertebra">first cervical vertebra</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">foramen magnum</a> inferiorly.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnatamby-2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midbrain">Midbrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Midbrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">Midbrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png/310px-Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png/465px-Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png/620px-Brainstem_and_thalamus_ja_ja_135.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the position of the colliculi. Superior shown in green and inferior in orange.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midbrain-axial-showing-tectum-and-tegmentum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Midbrain-axial-showing-tectum-and-tegmentum.jpg/220px-Midbrain-axial-showing-tectum-and-tegmentum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Midbrain-axial-showing-tectum-and-tegmentum.jpg/330px-Midbrain-axial-showing-tectum-and-tegmentum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Midbrain-axial-showing-tectum-and-tegmentum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>View of the midbrain showing covering tectum and tegmental floor</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> is further subdivided into three parts: <a href="/wiki/Tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectum">tectum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tegmentum" title="Tegmentum">tegmentum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectum">tectum</a> forms the ceiling. The tectum comprises the paired structure of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculi</a> and is the dorsal covering of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">cerebral aqueduct</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. Its inferior brachium (arm-like process) reaches to the <a href="/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus" title="Medial geniculate nucleus">medial geniculate nucleus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a> is positioned above the inferior colliculus, and marks the rostral midbrain. It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral geniculate body">lateral geniculate body</a> of the diencephalon. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tegmentum" title="Tegmentum">tegmentum</a> which forms the floor of the midbrain, is ventral to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">cerebral aqueduct</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neural_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tract">tracts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a> are contained here. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a> (VTA) is composed of paired <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle" title="Cerebral peduncle">cerebral peduncles</a>. These transmit axons of <a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">upper motor neurons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midbrain_nuclei">Midbrain nuclei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Midbrain nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The midbrain consists of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">Periaqueductal gray</a>: The area of <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">cerebral aqueduct</a> contains various neurons involved in the <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> desensitization pathway. Neurons synapse here. When stimulated by a signal, the synaptic connections activate neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">nucleus raphe magnus</a>; the pathway then projects down into the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior grey column">posterior grey column</a> of the spinal cord which prevents pain sensation transmission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor nerve</a> nucleus: This is the third <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nerve nucleus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear nerve</a> nucleus: This is the fourth cranial nerve.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a>: This is a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">lower motor neurons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantia nigra pars compacta">Substantia nigra pars compacta</a>: This is a concentration of neurons in the ventral portion of the midbrain that uses <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> and is involved in both motor function and emotion. Its dysfunction is implicated in <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>: This is a large area in the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> that is involved in various important functions of the midbrain. In particular, it contains lower motor neurons, is involved in the pain desensitization pathway, is involved in the arousal and consciousness systems, and contains the <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a>, which is involved in intensive <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a> modulation and in <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> reflexes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a>: Directly anterior to the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>, this is a pathway by which many tracts project up to the cortex and down to the spinal cord.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nucleus</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_cell_groups#Cell_group_A10" title="Dopaminergic cell groups">group A10 cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hegarty_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegarty-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">Rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a>: A <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> nucleus located adjacent to the ventral tegmental area.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus"><img alt="Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg/120px-Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg/180px-Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg/240px-Midbrain_-_superior_colliculus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus"><img alt="Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg/120px-Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg/180px-Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg/240px-Midbrain_-_inferior_colliculus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pons">Pons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">Pons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The pons lies between the midbrain and the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>. It is separated from the midbrain by the <a href="/wiki/Superior_pontine_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior pontine sulcus">superior pontine sulcus</a>, and from the medulla by the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pontine_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pontine sulcus">inferior pontine sulcus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains tracts that carry signals from the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> to the medulla and to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and also tracts that carry sensory signals to the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>. The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncles" title="Cerebellar peduncles">cerebellar peduncles</a>. The pons houses the respiratory <a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">pneumotaxic center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">apneustic center</a> that make up the pontine respiratory group in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_center" title="Respiratory center">respiratory center</a>. The pons co-ordinates activities of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellar hemispheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> are parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">hindbrain</a> that form much of the brainstem. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pons_-_Middle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V)"><img alt="Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pons_-_Middle.svg/120px-Pons_-_Middle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pons_-_Middle.svg/180px-Pons_-_Middle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pons_-_Middle.svg/240px-Pons_-_Middle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pons_-_Inferior.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu)"><img alt="Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pons_-_Inferior.svg/120px-Pons_-_Inferior.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pons_-_Inferior.svg/180px-Pons_-_Inferior.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pons_-_Inferior.svg/240px-Pons_-_Inferior.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medulla_oblongata">Medulla oblongata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medulla oblongata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla oblongata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, often just referred to as the medulla, is the lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord. Its upper part is continuous with the pons.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1121">: 1121 </span></sup> The medulla contains the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_centre" title="Cardiovascular centre">cardiac</a>, dorsal and ventral <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory group">respiratory groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_center" title="Vasomotor center">vasomotor</a> centres, dealing with <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>. Another important medullary structure is the <a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">area postrema</a> whose functions include the control of <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the rostral (superior) medulla"><img alt="Cross-section of the rostral (superior) medulla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg/120px-Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg/180px-Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg/240px-Medulla_-_Rostral_level_cross_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the rostral (superior) medulla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the middle medulla"><img alt="Cross-section of the middle medulla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg/120px-Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg/180px-Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg/240px-Medulla_-_Middle_level_cross_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the middle medulla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of the inferior medulla"><img alt="Cross-section of the inferior medulla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg/120px-Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg/180px-Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg/240px-Medulla_-_Inferior_level_cross_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of the inferior medulla</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pontomedullary_junction">Pontomedullary junction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pontomedullary junction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pons meets the medulla at the pontomedullary junction.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercier_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region is supplied by the joining of the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_artery" title="Basilar artery">basilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Posterior inferior cerebellar artery">posterior inferior cerebellar artery</a> also joins from which a large number of perforating arteries arise. Lateral spinal arteries also emerge to supply the posterior surface of the medulla oblongata.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercier_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>From the front</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2RAFA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Slide2RAFA.JPG/220px-Slide2RAFA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Slide2RAFA.JPG/330px-Slide2RAFA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Slide2RAFA.JPG/440px-Slide2RAFA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadaveric</a> brainstem from the front, with major parts labelled</figcaption></figure> <p>In the medial part of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">anterior median fissure</a>. Moving laterally on each side are the <a href="/wiki/Medullary_pyramids_(brainstem)" title="Medullary pyramids (brainstem)">medullary pyramids</a>. The pyramids contain the fibers of the <a href="/wiki/Corticospinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticospinal">corticospinal</a> tract (also called the pyramidal tract), or the upper motor neuronal axons as they head inferiorly to synapse on lower motor neuronal cell bodies within the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior grey column">anterior grey column</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">anterolateral sulcus</a> is lateral to the pyramids. Emerging from the anterolateral sulci are the CN XII (<a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">hypoglossal nerve</a>) rootlets. Lateral to these rootlets and the anterolateral sulci are the <a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">olives</a>. The olives are swellings in the medulla containing underlying inferior nucleary nuclei<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (containing various nuclei and afferent fibers). Lateral (and dorsal) to the olives are the rootlets for <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">CN</a> IX (<a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopharyngeal">glossopharyngeal</a>), CN X (<a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">vagus</a>) and CN XI (<a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve" title="Accessory nerve">accessory nerve</a>). The pyramids end at the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pontine</a> <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> junction, noted most obviously by the large <a href="/wiki/Basal_pons" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal pons">basal pons</a>. From this junction, CN VI (<a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">abducens nerve</a>), CN VII (<a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial nerve</a>) and CN VIII (<a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear nerve</a>) emerge. At the level of the midpons, CN V (the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>) emerges. Cranial nerve III (the <a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">oculomotor nerve</a>) emerges ventrally from the midbrain, while the CN IV (the <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">trochlear nerve</a>) emerges out from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. </p><p>Between the two pyramids can be seen a <a href="/wiki/Decussation" title="Decussation">decussation</a> of fibers which marks the transition from the medulla to the spinal cord. The medulla is above the decussation and the spinal cord below. </p> <dl><dt>From behind</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide4RAFA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Slide4RAFA.JPG/220px-Slide4RAFA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Slide4RAFA.JPG/330px-Slide4RAFA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Slide4RAFA.JPG/440px-Slide4RAFA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadaveric</a> brainstem from behind, with major parts labelled</figcaption></figure> <p>The most medial part of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">posterior median sulcus</a>. Moving laterally on each side is the <a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">gracile fasciculus</a>, and lateral to that is the <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">cuneate fasciculus</a>. Superior to each of these, and directly inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Obex" title="Obex">obex</a>, are the gracile and cuneate tubercles, respectively. Underlying these are their respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Central_canal" title="Central canal">central canal</a>. The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the gracile fasciculus from the cuneate fasciculus. Lateral to the cuneate fasciculus is the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_funiculus" title="Lateral funiculus">lateral funiculus</a>. </p><p>Superior to the obex is the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>. In the floor of the fourth ventricle, various nuclei can be visualized by the small bumps that they make in the overlying tissue. In the midline and directly superior to the obex is the <a href="/wiki/Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">vagal trigone</a> and superior to that it the <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">hypoglossal trigone</a>. Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves. Superior to these trigones are fibers running laterally in both directions. These fibers are known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Striae_medullares" class="mw-redirect" title="Striae medullares">striae medullares</a>. Continuing in a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Directional_terms" title="Anatomical terms of location">rostral</a> direction, the large bumps are called the facial colliculi. Each <a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">facial colliculus</a>, contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. Lateral to all these bumps previously discussed is an indented line, or <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcus (anatomy)">sulcus</a> that runs rostrally, and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">sulcus limitans</a>. This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons. Lateral to the sulcus limitans is the area of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>, which is involved in special sensation. Moving rostrally, the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles are found connecting the midbrain to the cerebellum. Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves. This marks the end of the pons as the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> is directly rostral and marks the caudal midbrain. Middle cerebellar peduncle is located inferior and lateral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, connecting pons to the cerebellum. Likewise, inferior cerebellar peduncle is found connecting the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png/220px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png/330px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png/440px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The brainstem receives blood via the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>, shown here.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_artery" title="Basilar artery">basilar arteries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 740">: 740 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human brainstem emerges from two of the three <a href="/wiki/Brain_vesicle" title="Brain vesicle">primary brain vesicles</a> formed of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a> is the second of the three primary vesicles, and does not further differentiate into a <a href="/wiki/Brain_vesicle" title="Brain vesicle">secondary brain vesicle</a>. This will become the midbrain. The third primary vesicle, the <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a> (hindbrain) will further differentiate into two secondary vesicles, the <a href="/wiki/Metencephalon" title="Metencephalon">metencephalon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Myelencephalon" title="Myelencephalon">myelencephalon</a>. The metencephalon will become the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and the pons. The more caudal myelencephalon will become the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brainstem plays important functions in <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wake</a> functions and <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> / concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three main functions of the brainstem: </p> <ol><li>The brainstem plays a role in conduction. That is, all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and include the <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">spinothalamic tract</a> for pain and temperature sensation and the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway</a> (DCML) including the <a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">gracile fasciculus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">cuneate fasciculus</a> for touch, <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, and pressure sensation. The facial sensations have similar pathways and will travel in the spinothalamic tract and the DCML. Descending tracts are the axons of upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior horn of spinal cord">ventral horn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior horn of spinal cord">posterior horn</a>. In addition, there are upper motor neurons that originate in the brainstem's vestibular, red, tectal, and reticular nuclei, which also descend and synapse in the spinal cord.</li> <li>The cranial nerves III-XII emerge from the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cranial nerves supply the face, head, and viscera. (The first two pairs of cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum).</li> <li>The brainstem has integrative functions being involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a very serious and often life-threatening problem.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cranial_nerves">Cranial nerves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cranial nerves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg/220px-Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg/330px-Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg/440px-Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>A cross-section of the brainstem showing the multiple <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">nuclei</a> of the ten pairs of <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a> that emerge from it</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a></div> <p>Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves either target or are sourced from the brainstem nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 725">: 725 </span></sup> The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) are located in the midbrain. The nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) are located in the pons. The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) are located in the medulla. The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Vilensky_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilensky-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances, pupil abnormalities, changes in sensation, muscle weakness, hearing problems, vertigo, swallowing and speech difficulty, voice change, and co-ordination problems. Localizing neurological lesions in the brainstem may be very precise, although it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem anatomical structures and how to test them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_stroke_syndrome" title="Brainstem stroke syndrome">Brainstem stroke syndrome</a> can cause a range of impairments including <a href="/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">locked-in syndrome</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duret_haemorrhages" title="Duret haemorrhages">Duret haemorrhages</a> are areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons due to a downward traumatic displacement of the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 842">: 842 </span></sup> </p><p>Cysts known as <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(medicine)" title="Syrinx (medicine)">syrinxes</a> can affect the brainstem, in a condition, called <a href="/wiki/Syringobulbia" title="Syringobulbia">syringobulbia</a>. These fluid-filled cavities can be congenital, acquired or the result of a tumor. </p><p>Criteria for claiming <a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">brainstem death</a> in the UK have developed in order to make the decision of when to stop ventilation of somebody who could not otherwise sustain life. These determining factors are that the patient is irreversibly unconscious and incapable of breathing unaided. All other possible causes must be ruled out that might otherwise indicate a temporary condition. The state of irreversible brain damage has to be unequivocal. There are brainstem reflexes that are checked for by two senior doctors so that <a href="/wiki/Imaging_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging technology">imaging technology</a> is unnecessary. The absence of the <a href="/wiki/Cough_reflex" title="Cough reflex">cough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">gag reflexes</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Corneal_reflex" title="Corneal reflex">corneal reflex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo%E2%80%93ocular_reflex" title="Vestibulo–ocular reflex">vestibulo–ocular reflex</a> need to be established; the pupils of the eyes must be fixed and dilated; there must be an absence of motor response to stimulation and an absence of breathing marked by concentrations of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. All of these tests must be repeated after a certain time before death can be declared.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_frontal_(coronal)_section_description.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain."><img alt="The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description.JPG/120px-Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description.JPG/180px-Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description.JPG/240px-Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description.JPG 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brainstem.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="3D visualization of the brainstem in an average human brain"><img alt="3D visualization of the brainstem in an average human brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Human_brainstem.gif/120px-Human_brainstem.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Human_brainstem.gif/180px-Human_brainstem.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Human_brainstem.gif/240px-Human_brainstem.gif 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D visualization of the brainstem in an average human brain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triune_brain" title="Triune brain">Triune brain</a> – reptilian brain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Singh-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Vishram (2014). <i>Textbook of Anatomy Head, Neck, and Brain ; Volume III</i> (2nd ed.). Elsevier India. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131237274" title="Special:BookSources/9788131237274"><bdi>9788131237274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Anatomy+Head%2C+Neck%2C+and+Brain+%3B+Volume+III&rft.pages=363&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788131237274&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vishram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainesMihailoff2018" class="citation book cs1">Haines, D; Mihailoff, G (2018). <i>Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications</i> (5th ed.). Elsevier. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323396325" title="Special:BookSources/9780323396325"><bdi>9780323396325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Neuroscience+for+Basic+and+Clinical+Applications&rft.pages=152&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780323396325&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mihailoff%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haines1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainesMihailoff2018" class="citation book cs1">Haines, D; Mihailoff, G (2018). <i>Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications</i> (5th ed.). Elsevier. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323396325" title="Special:BookSources/9780323396325"><bdi>9780323396325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Neuroscience+for+Basic+and+Clinical+Applications&rft.pages=195&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780323396325&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mihailoff%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/brainstem">"Brainstem | Definition, Structure, & Function"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2009). <i>Fundamentals of human neuropsychology</i>: 6th ed., New York: Worth Publishers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinnatamby-2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnatamby2011" class="citation book cs1">Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). <i>Last's Anatomy</i> (12th ed.). 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"Major Structures and Functions of the Brain". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234157/"><i>Discovering the Brain</i></a>. 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Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-695-3"><bdi>978-0-87893-695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=5th.&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-695-3&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Simplified Brain Behavior Relationships</i>, Alexandria, Virginia, US: Brain Injury Association of Virginia, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simplified+Brain+Behavior+Relationships&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia%2C+US&rft.pub=Brain+Injury+Association+of+Virginia&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/NeuroLectPDFs/CranialN-Lect.pdf">"Lecture 6: Cranial Nerves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418031405/http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/NeuroLectPDFs/CranialN-Lect.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+6%3A+Cranial+Nerves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvanat.cvm.umn.edu%2FNeuroLectPDFs%2FCranialN-Lect.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vilensky-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vilensky_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilenskyRobertsonSuarez-Quian2015" class="citation book cs1">Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). <i>The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of 'On Olympus Towering Top'<span></span></i>. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-49201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-49201-7"><bdi>978-1-118-49201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clinical+Anatomy+of+the+Cranial+Nerves%3A+The+Nerves+of+%27On+Olympus+Towering+Top%27&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-49201-7&rft.aulast=Vilensky&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Suarez-Quian%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrainstem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black's Medical Dictionary 39th edition 1999</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">Hindbrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">Pons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">Midbrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">Forebrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">Diencephalon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">Peripheral nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">Sensory nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">Motor nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">Autonomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">Sympathetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">Parasympathetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">Enteric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_medulla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medulla" title="Template:Medulla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medulla" title="Template talk:Medulla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_medulla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">Dorsal respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">Inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Hypoglossal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">Ventral respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)" title="Arcuate nucleus (medulla)">Arcuate nucleus of medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_ventromedial_medulla" title="Rostral ventromedial medulla">Rostral ventromedial medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botzinger_complex" title="Botzinger complex">Botzinger complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">Pre-Bötzinger complex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sensory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">Sensory decussation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Descending tracts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(brainstem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (brainstem)">Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">Area postrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">Vagal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">Hypoglossal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Gigantocellular reticular nucleus">Gigantocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Parvocellular reticular nucleus">Parvocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_reticular_nucleus" title="Ventral reticular nucleus">Ventral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus" title="Paramedian reticular nucleus">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_obscurus" title="Nucleus raphe obscurus">Obscurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus" title="Nucleus raphe pallidus">Pallidus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pons" title="Template talk:Pons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li>Trigeminal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br />reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesencephalon" title="Template talk:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Tectum</a><br />(Dorsal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Corpora quadrigemina">Corpora quadrigemina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus#Input_and_output_connections_of_IC" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior brachium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus#Structure" title="Superior colliculus">Superior brachium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">Pretectal area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">Cerebral aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle" title="Cerebral peduncle">Peduncle</a><br />(Ventral)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tegmentum" title="Midbrain tegmentum">Tegmentum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lemnisci <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending MLF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Descending MLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Mesencephalic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">Oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Trochlear nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">Rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">Periaqueductal gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus">Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">Parabrachial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_nucleus" title="Interpeduncular nucleus">Interpeduncular nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_reticular_formation" title="Midbrain reticular formation">Midbrain reticular formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Dorsal tegmental nucleus">Dorsal tegmental nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">dorsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulotegmental_nucleus" title="Reticulotegmental nucleus">Reticulotegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_crus" title="Cerebral crus">Cerebral crus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal tracts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontopontine_fibers" title="Frontopontine fibers">Frontopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporopontine_fibers" title="Temporopontine fibers">Temporopontine fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pars_compacta" title="Pars compacta">Pars compacta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_reticulata" title="Pars reticulata">Pars reticulata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_fossa" title="Interpeduncular fossa">Interpeduncular fossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4072520-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016367">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tronc cérébral"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944267g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tronc cérébral"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944267g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283698905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.03.009">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&oldid=1259694225">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&oldid=1259694225</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brainstem" title="Category:Brainstem">Brainstem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurophysiology" title="Category:Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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