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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vasculature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasculature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vasculature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasculature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nuclei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="جسر (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varolio_k%C3%B6rp%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Varolio körpüsü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Varolio körpüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8" title="পনস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পনস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мост (анатомия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мост (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_(mozak)" title="Most (mozak) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Most (mozak)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protuber%C3%A0ncia_anular" title="Protuberància anular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protuberància anular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varol%C5%AFv_most" title="Varolův most – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varolův most" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1_(%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Γέφυρα (εγκέφαλος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέφυρα (εγκέφαλος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_troncoencef%C3%A1lico" title="Puente troncoencefálico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puente troncoencefálico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerba_ponto" title="Cerba ponto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerba ponto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzefaloaren_enborreko_zubi" title="Entzefaloaren enborreko zubi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzefaloaren enborreko zubi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="پل مغز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_(syst%C3%A8me_nerveux)" title="Pont (système nerveux) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont (système nerveux)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protuberancia_anular" title="Protuberancia anular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protuberancia anular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%87%8C" title="다리뇌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다리뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Վարոլյան կամուրջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարոլյան կամուրջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_di_Varolio" title="Ponte di Varolio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ponte di Varolio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="פונס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="თავის ტვინის ხიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავის ტვინის ხიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ми көпірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми көпірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smadze%C5%86u_tilts" title="Smadzeņu tilts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smadzeņu tilts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltas_(smegenys)" title="Tiltas (smegenys) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiltas (smegenys)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="დუდიშ ტვინიშ ხინჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუდიშ ტვინიშ ხინჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_(hersenen)" title="Pons (hersenen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pons (hersenen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B_(%E8%84%B3)" title="橋 (脳) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="橋 (脳)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miya_ko%E2%80%98prigi" title="Miya ko‘prigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miya ko‘prigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_(m%C3%B3zg)" title="Most (mózg) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Most (mózg)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_(sistema_nervoso)" title="Ponte (sistema nervoso) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponte (sistema nervoso)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntea_lui_Varolio" title="Puntea lui Varolio – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Puntea lui Varolio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Варолиев мост – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варолиев мост" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varolov_most" title="Varolov most – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Varolov most" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Варолијев мост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Варолијев мост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivosilta" title="Aivosilta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivosilta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rnbryggan" title="Hjärnbryggan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärnbryggan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="พอนส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอนส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Міст (мозок) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міст (мозок)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%AD%DB%95_%D9%83%DB%86%DB%8B%D8%B1%DB%88%D9%83%D9%89" title="مېڭە كۆۋرۈكى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېڭە كۆۋرۈكى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_n%C3%A3o" title="Cầu não – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E8%85%A6" title="橋腦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="橋腦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E8%85%A6" title="橋腦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="橋腦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192570#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the brainstem in humans and other bipeds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pons_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pons (disambiguation)">Pons (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Pons</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_bulbar_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brain_bulbar_region.svg/250px-Brain_bulbar_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brain_bulbar_region.svg/375px-Brain_bulbar_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brain_bulbar_region.svg/500px-Brain_bulbar_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pons in the brainstem</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray679.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/250px-Gray679.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gray679.png 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_anatomical_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms for anatomical location">Anteroinferior view</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> and pons</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">Brain stem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontine_arteries" title="Pontine arteries">Pontine arteries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transverse and lateral pontine veins</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011149">D011149</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=547">547</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_733">birnlex_733</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.03.010%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.03.010</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5921">5921</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma67943">67943</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192570" class="extiw" title="d:Q192570">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pons</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pons</i></span>, "bridge") is part of the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> that in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, lies inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, superior to the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> and anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. </p><p>The pons is also called the <b>pons Varolii</b> ("bridge of Varolius"), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Varolio" title="Costanzo Varolio">Costanzo Varolio</a> (1543–75).<sup id="cite_ref-Gray1862_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray1862-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region of the brainstem includes <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural pathways">neural pathways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">tracts</a> that conduct signals from the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pons in humans measures about 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the part of the brainstem situated between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnatamby-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horizontal <i>medullopontine sulcus</i> demarcates the boundary between the pons and medulla oblongata on the ventral aspect of the brainstem, and the roots of cranial nerves VI/VII/VIII emerge from the brainstem along this groove.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The junction of pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum forms the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">cerebellopontine angle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>superior pontine sulcus</i> separates the pons from the midbrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posteriorly, the pons curves on either side into a <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">middle cerebellar peduncle</a>.<b><sup id="cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnatamby-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Transverse_plane" title="Transverse plane">cross-section</a> of the pons divides it into a ventral and a dorsal area. The ventral pons is known as the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">basilar part</a>, and the dorsal pons is known as the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">pontine tegmentum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman2023_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ventral aspect of the pons faces the <a href="/wiki/Clivus_(anatomy)" title="Clivus (anatomy)">clivus</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_cistern" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontine cistern">pontine cistern</a> intervening between the two structures. The ventral surface of the pons features a midline <a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">basilar sulcus</a> along which the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_artery" title="Basilar artery">basilar artery</a> may or may not course. There is a bulge to either side of the basilar sulcus, created by the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">pontine nuclei</a> that are interweaved amid the descending fibres within the substance of the pons. The <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_artery" title="Superior cerebellar artery">superior cerebellar artery</a> winds around the upper margin of the pons.<b><sup id="cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnatamby-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasculature">Vasculature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vasculature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the pons is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_arteries" title="Pontine arteries">pontine arteries</a>, which arise from the basilar artery. A smaller portion of the pons is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Anterior inferior cerebellar artery">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_cerebellar_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries">posterior inferior cerebellar arteries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metencephalon" title="Metencephalon">metencephalon</a> develops from the <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a> and gives rise to two structures: the pons and the cerebellum.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alar_plate" title="Alar plate">alar plate</a> produces sensory <a href="/wiki/Neuroblast" title="Neuroblast">neuroblasts</a>, which will give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">special visceral afferent</a> (SVA) column; the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a>, which form the <a href="/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special somatic afferent">special somatic afferent</a> (SSA) fibers of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear nerve</a>, the spinal and principal <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei" title="Trigeminal nerve nuclei">trigeminal nerve nuclei</a>, which form the <a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">general somatic afferent column</a> (GSA) of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">pontine nuclei</a> which relays to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basal_plate_(neural_tube)" title="Basal plate (neural tube)">Basal plate</a> neuroblasts give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">abducens nucleus</a>, which forms the <a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">general somatic efferent fibers</a> (GSE); the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei, which form the <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">special visceral efferent</a> (SVE) column, and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivatory nucleus">superior salivatory nucleus</a>, which forms the <a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">general visceral efferent fibers</a> (GVE) of the <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial nerve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclei">Nuclei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg/330px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg/500px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg/960px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of lower pons, axons shown in blue, grey matter in light grey. Anterior is down and posterior is up</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve nuclei">cranial nerve nuclei</a> are present in the pons: </p> <ul><li>mid-pons: the <a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve"> principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve</a> (V)</li> <li>mid-pons: the <a href="/wiki/Motor_nucleus_for_the_trigeminal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve">motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve</a> (V)</li> <li>lower down in the pons: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">abducens nucleus</a> (VI)</li> <li>lower down in the pons: <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Facial nerve nucleus">facial nerve nucleus</a> (VII)</li> <li>lower down in the pons: <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear</a> nuclei (<a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear nuclei</a>) (VIII)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Functions of these four cranial nerves (V-VIII) include regulation of respiration, control of involuntary actions, sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, and taste, and in facial sensations such as touch and pain, as well as motor roles in eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, and the secretion of saliva and tears.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pons contains <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the pons is the <a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">pneumotaxic center</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">subparabrachial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">medial parabrachial</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a>. This center regulates the change from inhalation to exhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pons is implicated in <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>, and may also play a role in generating dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_pontine_myelinolysis" title="Central pontine myelinolysis">Central pontine myelinolysis</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating disease</a> that causes difficulty with sense of balance, walking, sense of touch, swallowing and speaking. In a clinical setting, it is often associated with transplant or rapid correction of blood sodium. Undiagnosed, it can lead to death or <a href="/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">locked-in syndrome</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pons first evolved as an offshoot of the medullary <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a> possess a pons, it has been argued that it must have evolved as a region distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> by the time the first <a href="/wiki/Agnathans" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnathans">agnathans</a> appeared, 525 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pons.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Location and topography of pons (animation)"><img alt="Location and topography of pons (animation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pons.gif/120px-Pons.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pons.gif/250px-Pons.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location and topography of pons (animation)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray701.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Axial section of the pons, at its upper part"><img alt="Axial section of the pons, at its upper part" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/120px-Gray701.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/250px-Gray701.png 1.5x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axial section of the pons, at its upper part</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray719.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hind- and mid-brains; posterolateral view"><img alt="Hind- and mid-brains; posterolateral view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gray719.png/120px-Gray719.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gray719.png/250px-Gray719.png 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hind- and mid-brains; posterolateral view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray720.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Median sagittal section of brain"><img alt="Median sagittal section of brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray720.png/120px-Gray720.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray720.png/180px-Gray720.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray720.png/240px-Gray720.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Median sagittal section of brain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuclei of the pons and brainstem"><img alt="Nuclei of the pons and brainstem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg/106px-Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg/159px-Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg/213px-Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuclei of the pons and brainstem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2cuc.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cerebrum. Deep dissection. Inferior dissection."><img alt="Cerebrum. Deep dissection. Inferior dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Slide2cuc.JPG/120px-Slide2cuc.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Slide2cuc.JPG/180px-Slide2cuc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Slide2cuc.JPG/240px-Slide2cuc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cerebrum. Deep dissection. Inferior dissection.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gray1862-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray1862_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGray1862" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Henry (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btSyie_UtxAC&pg=PA514"><i>Anatomy, descriptive and surgical</i></a>. Blanchard and Lea. pp. 514–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy%2C+descriptive+and+surgical&rft.pages=514-&rft.pub=Blanchard+and+Lea&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtSyie_UtxAC%26pg%3DPA514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_Kenneth_S.2007_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2007" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth S. (2007). <i>Anatomy & physiology the unity of form and function</i>. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+physiology+the+unity+of+form+and+function&rft.place=Dubuque%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman2023-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman2023_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman2023_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahmanTadi2024" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Masum; Tadi, Prasanna (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560589/">"Neuroanatomy, Pons"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. StatPearls Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Neuroanatomy%2C+Pons&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Masum&rft.au=Tadi%2C+Prasanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK560589%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinnatamby-2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinnatamby-2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinnatamby2011" class="citation book cs1">Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). <i>Last's Anatomy</i> (12th ed.). p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3752-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3752-0"><bdi>978-0-7295-3752-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last%27s+Anatomy&rft.pages=478&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7295-3752-0&rft.aulast=Sinnatamby&rft.aufirst=Chummy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sulcus+bulbopontis">"sulcus bulbopontis"</a>. <i>TheFreeDictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=sulcus+bulbopontis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fsulcus%2Bbulbopontis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cerebellopontile+angle">"cerebellopontile angle"</a>. <i>TheFreeDictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=cerebellopontile+angle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fcerebellopontile%2Bangle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1985" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, M (1985). <i>Core text of neuroanatomy</i> (3rd ed.). Williams & Wilkins. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0683014552" title="Special:BookSources/0683014552"><bdi>0683014552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Core+text+of+neuroanatomy&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0683014552&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch" class="citation web cs1">Koch, Christof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dream-states/">"Dream States: A Peek into Consciousness"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. Scientific American<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Dream+States%3A+A+Peek+into+Consciousness&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Christof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fdream-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritchard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPritchard">Pritchard and Alloway <i>Medical Neuroscience</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refButler">Butler and Hodos <i>Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refPritchard" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, TE & Alloway, D (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7Y80PcFHtsC"><i>Medical neuroscience</i></a>. Hayes Barton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59377-200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59377-200-0"><bdi>978-1-59377-200-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+neuroscience&rft.pub=Hayes+Barton+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-59377-200-0&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+TE&rft.au=Alloway%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7Y80PcFHtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refButler" class="citation book cs1">Butler, AB & Hodos, W (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nO6ggvV1PUC&q=%22Comparative+vertebrate+neuroanatomy:+evolution+and+adaptation%22."><i>Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-21005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-21005-4"><bdi>978-0-471-21005-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+vertebrate+neuroanatomy%3A+evolution+and+adaptation&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-21005-4&rft.au=Butler%2C+AB&rft.au=Hodos%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nO6ggvV1PUC%26q%3D%2522Comparative%2Bvertebrate%2Bneuroanatomy%3A%2Bevolution%2Band%2Badaptation%2522.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External 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title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">Peripheral nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">Sensory nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">Motor nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">Autonomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">Sympathetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">Parasympathetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">Enteric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_pons147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pons" title="Template talk:Pons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface148" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li>Trigeminal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br />reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pons</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>46 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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