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<span>Flag variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flag_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flag variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flag_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Civil flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Government flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vertical flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Military flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag-flying_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag-flying_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flag-flying days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-flying_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Principality of Reuss-Greiz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>German Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_the_Frankfurt_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_the_Frankfurt_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_the_Frankfurt_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Weimar Republic (1918–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany_and_World_War_II_(1933–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany_and_World_War_II_(1933–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany_and_World_War_II_(1933–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II_(1945–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II_(1945–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>After World War II (1945–1949)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II_(1945–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divided_Germany_(1949–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divided_Germany_(1949–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Divided Germany (1949–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divided_Germany_(1949–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Proposed designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>1990–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%85_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B" title="የጀርመን ሰንደቅ ዓላማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጀርመን ሰንደቅ ዓላማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="علم ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_d%27Alemanya" title="Bandera d'Alemanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bandera d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_d%27Alema%C3%B1a" title="Bandera d'Alemaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera d'Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Almaniya bayrağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="آلمان بایراغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان بایراغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C3%A9r_Jerman" title="Kobér Jerman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kobér Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Сцяг Германіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяг Германіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сьцяг Нямеччыны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцяг Нямеччыны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национално знаме на Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национално знаме на Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaggn_vo_Deitschland" title="Flaggn vo Deitschland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Flaggn vo Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Njema%C4%8Dke" title="Zastava Njemačke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zastava Njemačke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banniel_Alamagn" title="Banniel Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banniel Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_d%27Alemanya" title="Bandera d'Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandera d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_vlajka" title="Německá vlajka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá vlajka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baner_yr_Almaen" title="Baner yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baner yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_flag" title="Tysklands flag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysklands flag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Deutschlands" title="Flagge Deutschlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa_lipp" title="Saksamaa lipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa lipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σημαία της Γερμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία της Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Alemania" title="Bandera de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago_de_Germanio" title="Flago de Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flago de Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_bandera" title="Alemaniako bandera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako bandera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرچم آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_de_l%27Allemagne" title="Drapeau de l'Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau de l'Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Bandeira de Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%9C" title="જર્મનીનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મનીનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="독일의 국기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 국기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Գերմանիայի դրոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիայի դրոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="जर्मनी का ध्वज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी का ध्वज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Njema%C4%8Dke" title="Zastava Njemačke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zastava Njemačke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagayway_ti_Alemania" title="Wagayway ti Alemania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wagayway ti Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জার্মানির ফিরালহান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানির ফিরালহান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Jerman" title="Bendera Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ni_%C3%9E%C3%BDskalands" title="Fáni Þýskalands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fáni Þýskalands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_della_Germania" title="Bandiera della Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera della Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="דגל גרמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಧ್ವಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಧ್ವಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის დროშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის დროშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaya_Almanyay%C3%AA" title="Alaya Almanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alaya Almanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_karogs" title="Vācijas karogs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas karogs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4ndel_vun_D%C3%A4itschland" title="Fändel vun Däitschland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fändel vun Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_v%C4%97liava" title="Vokietijos vėliava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_la_Germania" title="Bandera de la Germania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bandera de la Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g_z%C3%A1szlaja" title="Németország zászlaja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Знаме на Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаме на Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95" title="ജർമ്മൻ പതാക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ പതാക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="जर्मनीचा ध्वज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनीचा ध्वज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიაშ შილა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ შილა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="علم المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Jerman" title="Bendera Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bendera Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Германы төрийн далбаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германы төрийн далбаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlagge_van_Duutslaand" title="Vlagge van Duutslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vlagge van Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="ドイツの国旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツの国旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_flagg" title="Tysklands flagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysklands flagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_flagget" title="Det tyske flagget – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det tyske flagget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_bayrog%CA%BBi" title="Germaniya bayrogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya bayrogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦਾ ਝੰਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦਾ ਝੰਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagg_vun_D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Flagg vun Düütschland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Flagg vun Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Niemiec" title="Flaga Niemiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Niemiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σημαία τη Γερμανίας – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Σημαία τη Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_da_Alemanha" title="Bandeira da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_bayra%C7%B5%C4%B1" title="Germaniya bayraǵı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya bayraǵı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapelul_Germaniei" title="Drapelul Germaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drapelul Germaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Флаг Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_o_Germany" title="Banner o Germany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Banner o Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamuri_i_Gjermanis%C3%AB" title="Flamuri i Gjermanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flamuri i Gjermanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannera_tudisca" title="Bannera tudisca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bannera tudisca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flag of Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Nemecka" title="Vlajka Nemecka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlajka Nemecka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana_Mjymc%C5%AFw" title="Fana Mjymcůw – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fana Mjymcůw" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">Flag of the German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">Flag of Nazi Germany</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany" title="Flag of East Germany">Flag of East Germany</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Federal Republic of Germany</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/255px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/383px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/510px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_flag" title="Civil flag">Civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">state flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110100.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flag, civil ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FIAV_110100.svg/23px-FIAV_110100.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FIAV_110100.svg/35px-FIAV_110100.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FIAV_110100.svg/46px-FIAV_110100.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole 90°"><img alt="Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole 90°" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/21px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/32px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/42px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">3:5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">3 July 1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919-07-03</span>)</span> (original 2:3 ratio)<br />23 May 1949<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949-05-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A horizontal <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">tricolour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">gold</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background: #DEDEE2; color:inherit;"><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdienstflagge und Dienstflagge der Landstreitkräfte der Bundeswehr</i></span></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Germany_%28state%29.svg/175px-Flag_of_Germany_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Germany_%28state%29.svg/264px-Flag_of_Germany_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Germany_%28state%29.svg/350px-Flag_of_Germany_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">State flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="State ensign">ensign</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_011010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag and ensign, war flag"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FIAV_011010.svg/23px-FIAV_011010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FIAV_011010.svg/35px-FIAV_011010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FIAV_011010.svg/46px-FIAV_011010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Mirror.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side"><img alt="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/21px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/32px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/42px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first"><img alt="Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg/21px-IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg/32px-IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg/42px-IFIS_Vertical_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">3:5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">7 June 1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">The civil flag with <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">the coat of arms</a> at the centre.</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background: #DEDEE2; color:inherit;"><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr</i></span></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg/175px-Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg/264px-Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg/350px-Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">Naval ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000001.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/23px-FIAV_000001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/35px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/46px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Mirror.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side"><img alt="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/21px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/32px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/42px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">3:5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 1956</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A swallowtail of the civil flag with the coat of arms at the centre.</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(unoff).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Germany_%28unoff%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Germany_%28unoff%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Germany_%28unoff%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Germany_%28unoff%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Germany_%28unoff%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Germany_%28unoff%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design is an acceptable variant"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FIAV_variant.svg/23px-FIAV_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FIAV_variant.svg/36px-FIAV_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FIAV_variant.svg/46px-FIAV_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Common unofficial flag variant with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">coat of arms of Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flagge Deutschlands</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">tricolour</a> consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Germany" title="National colours of Germany">national colours of Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">gold</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schwarz-Rot-Gold</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag was first sighted in 1848 in the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. The flag was also used by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire from 1848 to 1849</a>. It was officially adopted as the national flag of the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> (during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>) from 1919 to 1933, and has been in use since its reintroduction in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> in 1949. </p><p>Since the mid-19th century, Germany has two competing traditions of national colours, black-red-gold and black-white-red. Black-red-gold were the colours of the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">1848 Revolutions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> of 1919–1933 and the Federal Republic (since 1949). They were also <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany" title="Flag of East Germany">adopted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (1949–1990). </p><p>The colours <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">black-white-red</a> appeared for the first time in 1867 in the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>. This nation state for Prussia and other north and central German states was expanded to the south German states in 1870–71, under the name <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. It kept these colours until the revolution of 1918–19. Thereafter, black-white-red became a symbol of the political right. The Nazis (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Worker's Party</a>) re-established these colours along with the party's own <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">swastika flag</a> in 1933. After World War II, black-white-red was still used by some conservative groups or by groups of the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>, as it is not forbidden, unlike specific <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbols</a> such as the aforementioned swastika. </p><p>Black-red-gold is the official flag of the Federal Republic of Germany. As an official symbol of the constitutional order, it is protected against <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>. According to §90a of the German penal code, the consequences are a fine or imprisonment up to three years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German association with the colours <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">gold</a> surfaced in the radical 1840s, when the black-red-gold flag was used to symbolise the movement against the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a>, which was established in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon's</a> defeat. </p><p>There are many theories in circulation regarding the origins of the colour scheme used in the 1848 flag. It has been proposed that the colours were those of the Jena Students' League (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jenaer Burschenschaft</i></span>), one of the radically minded <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaften</a></span></span> banned by <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a></span></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a>. The colours are mentioned in their canonical order in the seventh verse of <a href="/wiki/August_Daniel_von_Binzer" title="August Daniel von Binzer">August Daniel von Binzer</a>'s student song <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wir_hatten_gebauet_ein_stattliches_Haus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus">Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft</a></i></span> ("On the Dissolution of the Jena Students' League") quoted by <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a></span></span> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture" title="Academic Festival Overture">Academic Festival Overture</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another claim goes back to the uniforms (mainly black with red facings and gold buttons) of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a>, which were mostly worn by university students and were formed during the struggle against the occupying forces of Napoleon. Whatever the true explanation, those colours soon came to be regarded as the national colours of Germany during that brief period. Especially after their reintroduction during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar period">Weimar period</a>, they became synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">liberalism</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The colours also appear in the mediaeval <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsadler" title="Reichsadler">Reichsadler</a></i></span>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag_variants">Flag variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flag variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Germany">Flags of Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_flag">Civil flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/220px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/330px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/440px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The German Unity Flag is a national memorial to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> that was raised on 3 October 1990. It flies in front of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (seat of the <a href="/wiki/German_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="German parliament">German parliament</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The German <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesflagge</i></span> (English: <span lang="en">Federal flag</span>), containing only the black-red-gold tricolour, was introduced as part of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">(West) German constitution</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-constitutionDE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitutionDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the creation of separate government and military flags in later years, the plain tricolour is now used as the German <a href="/wiki/Civil_flag" title="Civil flag">civil flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil ensign</a>. This flag is also used by non-federal authorities to show their connection to the federal government, e.g. the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> use the German national flag together with <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_German_states" title="Flags of German states">their own flag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_flag">Government flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/State_flag_of_Germany.jpg/220px-State_flag_of_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/State_flag_of_Germany.jpg/330px-State_flag_of_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/State_flag_of_Germany.jpg/440px-State_flag_of_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdienstflagge</i></span> at the <a href="/wiki/German_Embassy,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="German Embassy, Canberra">German Embassy, Canberra</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Government flag">government flag</a> of Germany is officially known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dienstflagge der Bundesbehörden</i></span> (state flag of the federal authorities) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdienstflagge</i></span> for short. It was introduced in 1950. It is the civil flag <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesschild</i></span> ("Federal Shield"), which overlaps with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1950_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1950-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesschild</i></span> is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">coat of arms of Germany</a>, whose main differences are the illustration of the eagle and the shape of the shield: the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesschild</i></span> is rounded at the base, whereas the standard coat of arms is pointed. </p><p>The government flag may only be used by federal government authorities and its use by others is an offence, punishable with a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, public use of flags similar to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdienstflagge</i></span> (e.g. using the actual coat of arms instead of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesschild</i></span>) is tolerated, and such flags are sometimes seen at international sporting events. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_flags">Vertical flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vertical flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(Hanging).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag can be hoisted vertically only"><img alt="Flag can be hoisted vertically only" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg/21px-IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg/32px-IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg/42px-IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> Civil banner</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(Hanging_state_flag).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging_state_flag%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging_state_flag%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging_state_flag%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging_state_flag%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging_state_flag%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging_state_flag%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag can be hoisted vertically only"><img alt="Flag can be hoisted vertically only" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg/21px-IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg/32px-IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg/42px-IFIS_Vertical_exclusive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> Government banner</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the normal horizontal format, many public buildings in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> use <a href="/wiki/Vertical_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical flag">vertical flags</a>. Most town halls fly their town flag together with the national flag (and usually the flag of the state they are in and the flag of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) in this way; many town flags in Germany exist only in vertical form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The proportions of these vertical flags are not specified. In 1996, a layout for the vertical version of the government flag was established, that coincidentally matched the pattern of the "conventional" black-red-gold flag of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Principality of Reuss-Gera</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fürstentum Reuß-Gera</i></span>) from 1806 to 1918: the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesschild</i></span> is displayed in the centre of the flag, overlapping with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When hung like a banner or draped, the black band should be on the left, as illustrated. When flown from a vertical flagpole, the black band must face the staff.<sup id="cite_ref-hangingflag_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hangingflag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only type of vertical flag that can be flown under the Federal Government Decree is a banner. Flags in vertical format, vertical flags with outrigger and hanging flags are not permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_flags">Military flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the German armed forces (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i></span>) are a federal authority, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdienstflagge</i></span> is also used as the German <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a> on land. In 1956, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr</i></span> (Flag of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a>) was introduced: the government flag ending in <a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_(flag)" title="Swallowtail (flag)">swallowtail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navyflag_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyflag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This naval flag is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_flag#Jacks" title="Maritime flag">navy jack</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg/330px-Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg/495px-Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg/660px-Flag_of_Germany_-_dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Specifications for the flag of Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Article 22 of the German constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a>, states: </p> <blockquote><p>The federal flag shall be black, red and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-constitutionDE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitutionDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following specifications set by the West German government in 1950, the flag displays three bars of equal width and has a width–length ratio of 3:5;<sup id="cite_ref-flag1950_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1950-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tricolour used during the Weimar Republic had a ratio of 2:3.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1921_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the adoption of the flag there were no exact colour specifications other than <i>"Black-Red-Gold</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOTWcolor_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOTWcolor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However on 2 June 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">federal cabinet</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate design">corporate design</a> for the German government which defined the specifications of the official colours as:<sup id="cite_ref-govt_design_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt_design-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Colour scheme </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:100px;">Black </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:100px;">Red </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:100px;">Gold </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/RAL_(color_space_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAL (color space system)">RAL</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#000000; width:20px;"> </td> <td>9005<br /><i>Jet black</i> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#FF0000; width:20px;"> </td> <td>3020<br /><i>Traffic red</i> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#FFCC00; width:20px;"> </td> <td>1021<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a> yellow</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a> </td> <td>0, 0, 0 </td> <td>5.0PB 3.0/12 </td> <td>6.0R 4.5/14 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> </td> <td>0.0.0.100 </td> <td>0.100.100.0 </td> <td>0.12.100.5 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a> (approximation) </td> <td>Black </td> <td>485 </td> <td>7405<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Web_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Web color">Hexadecimal</a> </td> <td>#000000 </td> <td>#FF0000 </td> <td>#FFCC00<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Decimal <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> </td> <td>0,0,0 </td> <td>255,0,0 </td> <td>255,204,0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The value given here is an alternative to the following more-complicated combination: Yellow (765 g), Red 032 (26 g), Black (11 g), Transp. White (198 g)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recommended RGB values for online use.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_West_Germany;_Flag_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%931996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_West_Germany%3B_Flag_of_Germany_%281990%E2%80%931996%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_West_Germany%3B_Flag_of_Germany_%281990%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_West_Germany%3B_Flag_of_Germany_%281990%E2%80%931996%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_West_Germany%3B_Flag_of_Germany_%281990%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_West_Germany%3B_Flag_of_Germany_%281990%E2%80%931996%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_West_Germany%3B_Flag_of_Germany_%281990%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> A version of the German flag where the golden band is of a metallic golden colour. This version was sometimes used in official publications before the introduction of the federal government's corporate design in 1999.</figcaption></figure> <p>The flag is <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a> in English as, <i>"Tierced in fess sable, gules and or."</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour">Colour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a> rarely distinguishes between gold and yellow; in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, they are both <i><a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a></i>. For the German flag, such a distinction is made: the colour used in the flag is called gold, not yellow. </p><p>When the black–red–gold tricolour was adopted by the Weimar Republic as its flag, it was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>, who referred to the colours with spiteful nicknames such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwarz–Rot–Gelb</i></span> (black–red–yellow) or even <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwarz–Rot–Senf</i></span> (black–red–mustard).<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyhaupt2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyhaupt2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Nazis came to power in 1933, the black–white–red colours of pre-1918 Imperial Germany were swiftly reintroduced, and their propaganda machine continued to discredit the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwarz–Rot–Gold</i></span>, using the same derogatory terms as previously used by the monarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-court1959_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court1959-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 December 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Federal Court of Justice</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesgerichtshof</i></span>) stated that the usage of "black–red–yellow" and the like had "through years of Nazi agitation, attained the significance of a malicious slander against the democratic symbols of the state" and was now an offence.<sup id="cite_ref-court1959_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court1959-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As summarised by heraldist Arnold Rabbow in 1968, "the German colours are black–red–yellow but they are called black–red–gold."<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbow1968_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbow1968-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag-flying_days">Flag-flying days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flag-flying days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Flag-flying_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag-flying day">flag-flying days</a> in Germany. Following federal <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> on 22 March 2005, the flag must be flown from public buildings on the following dates. Only 1 May and 3 October are public holidays. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg/170px-MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg/255px-MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg/340px-MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtweinhaus</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> with banners displayed in mourning (note the black ribbons atop each staff) after the death of former German president <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Reason </th></tr> <tr> <td>27 January </td> <td>Commemoration Day for the Victims of National Socialism<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus</i></span> </td> <td>Anniversary of the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> (1945), observed by the United Nations as <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a> (half-staff) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day#Germany" title="International Workers' Day">Day of Labour</a><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tag der Arbeit</i></span> </td> <td>Established for German labour unions to demonstrate for the promotion of workers' welfare </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Europatag</i></span> </td> <td>Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (1950) </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 May </td> <td>Constitution Day<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundgesetztag</i></span> </td> <td>Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">German Basic Law</a> (1949) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 June </td> <td>Anniversary of 17 June 1953<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jahrestag des 17. Juni 1953</i></span> </td> <td>Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 July </td> <td>Anniversary of 20 July 1944<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jahrestag des 20. Juli 1944</i></span> </td> <td>Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/20_July_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="20 July Plot">20 July Plot</a>, the failed assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a> (1944) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Unity_Day" title="German Unity Day">Day of German Unity</a><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tag der Deutschen Einheit</i></span> </td> <td>Anniversary of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> (1990) </td></tr> <tr> <td>The 2nd Sunday before <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkstrauertag" title="Volkstrauertag">People's Mourning Day</a><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkstrauertag</i></span> </td> <td>In memory of all killed during wartime (half-staff) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Source: Federal Government of Germany<sup id="cite_ref-flagday_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Election days for the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> are also flag days in some states, in addition to other state-specific flag days. The public display of flags to mark other events, such as the election of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">president</a> or the death of a prominent politician (whereupon flags would be at half-staff), can be declared at the discretion of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Federal Ministry of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flagday_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When flags are required to be flown at half-staff, vertical flags are not lowered. A black mourning ribbon is instead attached, either atop the staff (if hung from a pole) or to each end of the flag's supporting cross-beams (if flown like a banner).<sup id="cite_ref-flagprotocol_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagprotocol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Flags of the Holy Roman Empire">Flags of the Holy Roman Empire</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Banners of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_(Nimbierter_Adler).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg/150px-Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg/225px-Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg/300px-Heiliges_R%C3%B6misches_Reich_-_Reichssturmfahne_vor_1433_%28Nimbierter_Adler%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">14th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1430-1806).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/150px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/225px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/300px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">15th–19th century</div></div></div></div></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (800/962 – 1806, known as the <i>Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</i> after 1512) did not have a national flag, but black and gold were used as colours of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and featured in the imperial banner: a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">black eagle</a> on a golden background. After the late 13th or early 14th century, the claws and beak of the eagle were coloured red. From the early 15th century, a <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> was used.<sup id="cite_ref-HRE_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRE-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(1200-1350).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281200-1350%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281200-1350%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281200-1350%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281200-1350%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281200-1350%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281200-1350%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_001000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War flag"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/23px-FIAV_001000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/35px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/46px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">War flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (13th–14th century)</figcaption></figure><p>The colours red and white were also significant during this period. When the Holy Roman Empire took part in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, a <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a> was flown alongside the black-gold imperial banner. This flag, known as the "Saint George Flag", was a white cross on a red background: the reverse of the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a> used as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">flag of England</a>, and similar to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Denmark" title="Flag of Denmark">flag of Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HRE_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRE-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"></p><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Early <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic flags</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg/100px-Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg/150px-Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg/200px-Hanse_L%C3%BCbeck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanse_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hanse_Hamburg.svg/100px-Hanse_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hanse_Hamburg.svg/150px-Hanse_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hanse_Hamburg.svg/200px-Hanse_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></div></div></div></div></div><p>Red and white were also colours of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> (13th–17th century). Hanseatic trading ships were identifiable by their red-white pennants, and most Hanseatic cities adopted red and white as their city colours (see <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic flags</a>). Red and white still feature as the colours of many former Hanseatic cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz">Principality of Reuss-Greiz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Principality of Reuss-Greiz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg/200px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg/300px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg/400px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>After <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_XI,_Prince_Reuss_of_Greiz" title="Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz">Prince Heinrich XI</a> began his rule over the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss elder line</a> in 1778, the first-ever black-red-gold tricolour flag was adopted within a German sovereign state.</figcaption></figure><p>When <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_XI,_Prince_Reuss_of_Greiz" title="Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz">Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz</a> was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> to rule the then-new <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Principality of Reuss-Greiz</a> on 12 May 1778, the flag adopted by the <i>Fürstentum Reuß-Greiz</i> was the first-ever appearance of the black-red-gold tricolour in its modern arrangement in any <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">within what today</a> comprises Germany – the Reuss elder line that ruled the principality used a flag whose proportions were close to a "nearly square"-shape 4:5 <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_vexillology#Flag_elements" title="Glossary of vexillology">hoist/fly</a> ratio, instead of the modern German flag's 3:5 figure. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1804, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>. In response to this, Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg dynasty</a> declared his personal domain to be the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and became Francis I of Austria. Taking the colours of the banner of the Holy Roman Emperor, the flag of the Austrian Empire was black and gold. Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, with Napoleon forcing the empire's dissolution in 1806. After this point, these colours continued to be used as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">flag of Austria</a> until 1918. </p><p>With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, many of its dukes and princes joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, a confederation of Napoleonic client states. These states preferred to use their own flags. The confederation had no flag of its own; instead it used the blue-white-red <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">flag of France</a> and the Imperial Standard of its protector, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-confR_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black, red, and gold, which became popular after their use in the uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a>, a volunteer unit of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>. This unit had uniforms in black with red facings and gold buttons. The colour choice had pragmatic origins, even though black-red-gold were the former colours used by the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbow2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the colours represented: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Out of the blackness (black) of servitude through bloody (red) battles to the golden (gold) light of freedom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Members of the corps were required to supply their own clothing: in order to present a uniform appearance it was easiest to dye all clothes black. Gold-coloured buttons were widely available, and <a href="/wiki/Pennon" title="Pennon">pennons</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancers</a> in the unit were red and black. As the members of this unit came from all over Germany and included a modest but well known number of university students and academics, the Lützow Free Corps and their colours gained considerable exposure among the German people.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbow2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Confederation">German Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg/220px-Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg/330px-Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg/440px-Flag_of_Urburschenschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>The flag adopted by the Jena Urburschenschaft</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1815–16 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, a loose union of all remaining German states after the Napoleonic Wars. The Confederation was created as a replacement for the now-extinct Holy Roman Empire, with <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I of Austria</a>—the last Holy Roman Emperor—as its president. The confederation did not have a flag of its own, although the black-red-gold tricolour is sometimes mistakenly attributed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-GermConf_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermConf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning from the war, veterans of the Lützow Free Corps founded the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Urburschenschaft" title="Urburschenschaft">Urburschenschaft</a></i></span> fraternity in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> in June 1815. The Jena <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urburschenschaft</i></span> eventually adopted a flag with three equal horizontal bands of red, black, and red, with gold trim and a golden oak branch across the black band, following the colours of the uniforms of the Free Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbow2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous gymnast and student union (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaften</a></i></span></i>) founder <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a> proposed a black-red-gold banner for the Burschen. Some members interpreted the colours as a rebirth of the Imperial black-yellow colours embellished with the red of liberty or the blood of war. More radical students exclaimed that the colours stood for the black night of slavery, the bloody struggle for liberty, and the golden dawn of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a memoir, Anton Probsthan of Mecklenburg, who served in the Lützow Free Corps, claimed his relative Fraulein Nitschke of Jena presented the Burschenschaft with a flag at the time of its foundation, and for this purpose chose the black-red-and-gold colours of the defunct secret society <i>Vandalia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg/200px-Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg/300px-Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg/400px-Hambacher_Fest_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a> (May 1832), contemporary lithograph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG/220px-Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG/330px-Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG/440px-Hambach_Fest_4_Fahne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The 1832 <i>Ur-Fahne</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the students who served in the Lützow Free Corps came from various German states, the idea of a unified German state began to gain momentum within the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urburschenschaft</i></span> and similar Burschenschaft that were subsequently formed throughout the Confederation. On 18 October 1817, the fourth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, hundreds of fraternity members and academics from across the Confederation states met in <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>), calling for a free and unified German nation. </p><p>The gold-red-black flag of the Jena <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urburschenschaft</i></span> featured prominently at this <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartburg festival">Wartburg festival</a>. Therefore, the colours black, red, and gold eventually became symbolic of this desire for a unified German state. The Ministerial Council of the German Confederation, in its determination to maintain the status quo,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a> of 1819 that banned all student organisations, officially putting an end to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Burschenschaften</i></span>. </p><p>In May 1832, around 30,000 people demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a> for freedom, unity, and civil rights. The colours black, red, and gold had become a well established symbol for the liberal, democratic and republican movement within the German states since the Wartburg Festival, and flags in these colours were flown en masse at the Hambach Festival. While contemporary illustrations showed prominent use of a gold-red-black tricolour (an upside-down version of the modern German flag), surviving flags from the event were in black-red-gold. Such an example is the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ur-Fahne</i></span>, the flag flown from <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Castle" title="Hambach Castle">Hambach Castle</a> during the festival: a black-red-gold tricolour where the red band contains the inscription <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutschlands Wiedergeburt</i></span> (Germany's rebirth). This flag is now on permanent display at the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_the_Frankfurt_Parliament">Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_(war).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000001.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/23px-FIAV_000001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/35px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/46px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> War ensign of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsflotte" title="Reichsflotte">Reichsflotte</a> (1848–1852)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_Germania_(painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/170px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/255px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/340px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(St._Paul%27s_Church,_Frankfurt_am_Main)" title="Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main)">Germania</a></i>. The painting hung inside the <i>Paulskirche</i> above where the Frankfurt Parliament assembled</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">Springtime of the Peoples</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, revolutionaries took to the streets, many flying the tricolour. The Confederation's Bundestag, alarmed by the events, hasted to adopt the tricolour (9 March 1848). Liberals took power and made the Bundestag call for general elections for a German parliament, the national assembly. This <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> declared the black-red-gold as the official colours of Germany and passed a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_law_regarding_the_introduction_of_a_German_war_and_civil_ensign" title="Imperial law regarding the introduction of a German war and civil ensign">law</a> stating its civil ensign was the black-red-yellow tricolour.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1848_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1848-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a naval war ensign used these colours. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse,_Berlin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/200px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/300px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/400px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Revolutionaries in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Palace" title="Berlin Palace">Berlin Palace</a> in the background (March 1848)</figcaption></figure><p> In May 1849, the larger states actively fought the revolution and the Frankfurt parliament. In late 1850, the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> was definitely restored under Austrian-Prussian leadership. The tricolour remained official but was no longer used before 1863 at a conference of the German governments. Afterwards, the most pressing issue was whether or not to include Austria in any future German nation, as Austria's status as a multi-ethnic empire complicated the dream of a united Greater Germany—the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland">grossdeutsch</a></i></span> solution. Alternatively, there was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland">kleindeutsch</a></i></span> (Lesser German) solution for a Germany that encompassed only German lands and excluded Austria. The Prussian–Austrian duality within the Confederation eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> in 1866. During the war, the southern states allied with Austria adopted the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, and the 8th German Army Corps also wore black-red-gold armbands.<sup id="cite_ref-GermConf_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GermConf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and its predominately north German allies defeated Austria and made way for the realisation of the Lesser German solution a few years later. </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)"><span id="North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_.281867.E2.80.931918.29"></span>North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">Flag of the German Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">North German Confederation and the German Empire</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/383px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/510px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">State flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="State ensign">state ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_010110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag, state and civil ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FIAV_010110.svg/23px-FIAV_010110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FIAV_010110.svg/35px-FIAV_010110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FIAV_010110.svg/46px-FIAV_010110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3 (3:5 in 1933–1935)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>1867<span class="noprint">; 157 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1867</span>)</span> (first 2:3 ratio)</li> <li>1933<span class="noprint">; 91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1933</span>)</span> (second 3:5 ratio)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relinquished</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919</span>)</span> (first 2:3 ratio)</li> <li>1935<span class="noprint">; 89 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935</span>)</span> (second 3:5 ratio)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A horizontal tricolour of black, white, and red</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the dissolution of the German Confederation, Prussia formed its unofficial successor, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>, in 1866 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">Confederation Treaty</a> in August 1866 and then the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Constitution" title="North German Constitution">Constitution of 1867</a>. This national state consisted of Prussia, the largest member state, and 21 other north German states. </p><p>The question regarding what flag should be adopted by the new confederation was first raised by the shipping sector and its desire to have an internationally recognisable identity. Virtually all international shipping that belonged to the confederation originated from either Prussia or the three Hanseatic city-states of <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. Based on this, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Soetbeer" title="Adolf Soetbeer">Adolf Soetbeer</a>, secretary of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, suggested in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bremer Handelsblatt</i></span> on 22 September 1866 that any planned flag should combine the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Prussia" title="Flag of Prussia">colours of Prussia</a> (black and white) with the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic colours</a> (red and white). In the following year, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Constitution" title="North German Constitution">constitution of the North German Confederation</a> was enacted, where a horizontal black-white-red tricolour was declared to be both the civil and war ensign.<sup id="cite_ref-NDBconst_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDBconst-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I of Prussia</a> was satisfied with the colour choice: the red and white were also taken to represent the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Imperial elector state</a> that was a predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbow2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of gold from the flag also made it clear that this German state did not include the "black and gold" monarchy of Austria. In the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the remaining southern German states allied with the North German Confederation, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. A new constitution of 1871 gave the federal state the new name of German Empire and the Prussian king the title of Emperor. The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> retained black, white, and red as its national colours.<sup id="cite_ref-GEconst_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEconst-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ordinance of 1892 dealt with the official use of the colours. </p><p>The black-white-red tricolour remained the flag of Germany until the end of the German Empire in 1918, in the final days of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>A visually near-identical flag was used as the national flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a>, adopted upon the country's independence in 1958 and used until 1984, when the nation was overthrown and re-established as <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)"><span id="Weimar_Republic_.281918.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Weimar Republic (1918–1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic (1918–1933)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(3-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>2:3 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_100000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil flag"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg/23px-FIAV_100000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg/35px-FIAV_100000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg/46px-FIAV_100000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_flag_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931933).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281919%E2%80%931933%29.svg/220px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281919%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281919%E2%80%931933%29.svg/330px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281919%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281919%E2%80%931933%29.svg/440px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281919%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Merchant flag of the Weimar Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the declaration of the German republic in 1918 and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">revolutionary period</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> was founded in August 1919. To form a continuity between the anti-autocratic movement of the 19th century and the new democratic republic, the old black-red-gold tricolour was designated as the national German flag in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-WRconst_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRconst-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the tiny German principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz</a> – where the use and layout of the <i>schwarz-rot-gold</i> design had originated some 140 years earlier, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck-Pyrmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">its republican successor</a> had upheld the 1778-established tradition, and had always continued to use the German colours of <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a> (gold) in their flag. As a civil ensign, the black-white-red tricolour was retained, albeit with the new tricolour in the top left corner. </p><p>This change was not welcomed by many people in Germany, who saw this new flag as a symbol of humiliation following Germany's defeat in the First World War. In the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i></span>, the old colours continued to be used in various forms. Many conservatives wanted the old colours to return, while monarchists and the far right were far more vocal with their objections, referring to the new flag with various derogatory names (<i>see <a href="#Colour">Colour</a> above</i>). As a compromise, the old black-white-red flag was reintroduced in 1922 to represent German diplomatic missions abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1921_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbols of Imperial Germany became symbols of monarchist and nationalist protest and were often used by monarchist and nationalist organisations (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten</a></i>). This included the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a></i></span> (war flag of the Reich), which has been revived in the present for similar use. Many nationalist political parties during the Weimar period—such as the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (see poster) and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> (Nazi Party)—used the imperial colours, a practice that has continued today with the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a>. </p><p>On 24 February 1924, the organisation <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></i></span> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> by the member parties of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar Coalition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. This organisation was formed to protect the fragile democracy of the Weimar Republic, which was under constant pressure by both the far right and far left. Through this organisation, the black-red-gold flag became not only a symbol of German democracy, but also of resistance to political extremism. This was summarised by the organisation's first chairman, <a href="/wiki/Otto_H%C3%B6rsing" title="Otto Hörsing">Otto Hörsing</a>, who described their task as a "struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Soviet star</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-rbanner_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbanner-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of the increasingly violent conflicts between the communists and Nazis, the growing polarisation of the German population and a multitude of other factors, mainly the drastic economic sinking, extreme hyperinflation and corruption of the republic, the Weimar Republic collapsed in 1933 with the Nazi seizure of power (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a></i></span>) and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">German chancellor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany_and_World_War_II_(1933–1945)"><span id="Nazi_Germany_and_World_War_II_.281933.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg/250px-SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg/375px-SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg/500px-SS_Bremen_incident_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting anti-Nazi demonstrators attacking <i>Bremen</i> docked in New York Harbor, United States on 26 July 1935.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>3:5 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flags and ensigns"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/23px-FIAV_110110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/35px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/46px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">National flag of Germany (1933–1935)</a>, co-official with the Nazi party swastika flag. It used a slightly different aspect ratio than the previous flag of the German Empire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>3:5 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flags and ensigns"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/23px-FIAV_110110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/35px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/46px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> National flag and naval jack of Germany (1935–1945). An alternate centre-disc version used by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> was the co-official party flag along with the tricolour national flag (1933–1935).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/220px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/330px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/440px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">War flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> adopted in 1935, with some minor changes in 1938, used by the army and navy until 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Nazi_Germany"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">Flag of Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags#Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)" title="List of German flags">List of German flags § Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was appointed chancellor on 30 January 1933 the black-red-gold flag was banned; a ruling on 12 March established two legal flags: the reintroduced black-white-red imperial tricolour national flag and the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1933_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1933-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historicalFlags_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicalFlags-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September 1935, one year after the death of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Reich President</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and Hitler's elevation to the position of <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i>, the dual flag arrangement was ended, with the exclusive use of the Nazi flag as the national flag of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. One reason may have been the "<a href="/wiki/SS_Bremen_(1928)" title="SS Bremen (1928)"><i>Bremen</i></a> incident" of 26 July 1935, in which a group of demonstrators in New York City boarded the ocean liner SS <i>Bremen</i>, tore the Nazi Party flag from the <a href="/wiki/Jackstaff" title="Jackstaff">jackstaff</a>, and tossed it into the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. When the German ambassador protested, US officials responded that the German national flag had not been harmed, only a political party symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new flag law <sup id="cite_ref-flag1935_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1935-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> claimed the old black-white-red flag, while honoured, was the symbol of a bygone era and under threat of being used by "reactionaries".<sup id="cite_ref-time-magazine-1935-nazi-rally_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-magazine-1935-nazi-rally-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design of the Nazi flag was introduced by Hitler as the party flag in mid-1920, roughly a year before (29 July 1921) he became his political party's leader: a flag with a red background, a white disk and a black <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> in the middle. In <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, Hitler explained the process by which the Nazi flag design was created: It was necessary to use the same colours as Imperial Germany, because in Hitler's opinion they were "revered colours expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honour to the German nation." The most important requirement was that "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." Nazi propaganda clarified the symbolism of the flag: the red colour stood for the social, white for the movement's national thinking and the swastika for the victory of Aryan humanity and the victory of productive humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An off-centred disk version of the swastika flag was used as the civil ensign on German-registered civilian ships and was used as the jack on <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></span> (the name of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a>, 1933–1945) warships.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flags for use on sea had a <a href="/wiki/Through_and_through" title="Through and through">through and through</a> image, so the reverse side had a "left-facing" swastika; the national flag was right-facing on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1933 to at least 1938, the Nazis sometimes "sanctified" swastika flags by touching them with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blutfahne" title="Blutfahne">Blutfahne</a></i></span> (blood flag), the swastika flag used by Nazi paramilitaries during the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in 1923. This ceremony took place at every <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a>. It is unknown whether this tradition was continued after the last Nuremberg rally in 1938. </p><p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the first law enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> abolished all Nazi symbols and repealed all relevant laws.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possession of swastika flags is <a href="/wiki/Swastika#Post–World_War_II_stigmatisation" title="Swastika">forbidden in several countries</a> since then, with the importation or display of them forbidden <a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a" title="Strafgesetzbuch section 86a">particularly in Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II_(1945–1949)"><span id="After_World_War_II_.281945.E2.80.931949.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="After_World_War_II"></span> After World War II (1945–1949)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: After World War II (1945–1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the country was <a href="/wiki/Allied-administered_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied-administered Germany">placed under Allied administration</a>. Although there was neither a national German government nor a German flag, German ships were required by international law to have a national ensign of some kind. As a provisional civil ensign of Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Council</a> designated the <a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">international signal pennant Charlie</a> representing the letter C ending in a <a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_(flag)" title="Swallowtail (flag)">swallowtail</a>, known as the C-Pennant (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">C-Doppelstander</i></span>). The Council ruled that "no ceremony shall be accorded this flag which shall not be <a href="/wiki/Flag_dipping" title="Flag dipping">dipped</a> in salute to warships or merchant ships of any nationality".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan#U.S._occupation" title="Flag of Japan">Japanese civil ensign</a> used immediately following World War II was the signal pennant for the letter E ending in a swallowtail, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands#Flag" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryūkyūan civil ensign</a> was a swallowtailed letter D signal pennant. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_flag_of_Germany_(1946%E2%80%931949).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/220px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/330px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/440px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>2:3 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000100.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/23px-FIAV_000100.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/35px-FIAV_000100.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/46px-FIAV_000100.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> The C-Pennant (1946–1949)</figcaption></figure> <p>West of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>, the German states were reorganised along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">zones of occupation</a>, and new state governments were established. Within the American zone, the northern halves of the former states of <a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a> were merged to form <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> in 1946. As its flag, Württemberg-Baden adopted the black-red-gold tricolour.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of these colours was not based on the historical use of the tricolour, but the simple addition of gold to Württemberg's colours of red and black.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, Baden's colours were red and yellow, so the colour choice could be mistaken for a combination of the two flags. In 1952, Württemberg-Baden became part of the modern German state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, whose flag is black and gold. </p><p>Two other states that were created after the war, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (French zone) and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (British zone), chose to use the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, defaced with the state's coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two states were formed from parts of other states, and no colour combinations from these previous states were accepted as a new state flag. This led to the use of the black-red-gold for two reasons: the colours did not relate particularly to any one of the previous states, and using the old flag from the Weimar Republic was intended to be a symbol of the new democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divided_Germany_(1949–1990)"><span id="Divided_Germany_.281949.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Divided Germany (1949–1990)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Divided Germany (1949–1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany" title="Flag of East Germany">Flag of East Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/200px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/300px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/400px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>3:5 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flags and ensigns"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/23px-FIAV_110110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/35px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/46px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany after reunification</a> (1949–present), also flag of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (1949–59)</figcaption></figure> <p>With relations deteriorating between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the three western Allies met in March 1948 to merge their zones of occupation and allow the formation of what became the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. Meanwhile, the eastern Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. During the preparation of the new constitution for West Germany, discussions regarding its national symbols took place in August 1948 during a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Herrenchiemsee" title="Herrenchiemsee">Herrenchiemsee</a>. Although there were objections to the creation of a national flag before reunification with the east, it was decided to proceed. This decision was primarily motivated by the proposed constitution by the eastern <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> in November 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where black-red-gold were suggested as the colours for a future German republic.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_designs">Proposed designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Proposed designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_flag_of_Germany_(Robert_Lehr).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design by Robert Lehr (1948)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Robert_Lehr%29.svg/120px-Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Robert_Lehr%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Robert_Lehr%29.svg/180px-Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Robert_Lehr%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Robert_Lehr%29.svg/240px-Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Robert_Lehr%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Design by Robert Lehr (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_flag_of_Germany_(Paul_Wentzcke).svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Republican Tricolour" by Paul Wentzcke (1948)"><img alt="Flag was proposed but never officially adopted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Paul_Wentzcke%29.svg/120px-Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Paul_Wentzcke%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Paul_Wentzcke%29.svg/180px-Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Paul_Wentzcke%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Paul_Wentzcke%29.svg/240px-Proposed_flag_of_Germany_%28Paul_Wentzcke%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Republican Tricolour" by Paul Wentzcke (1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_De_Redslob.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Draft by Edwin Redslob (1948)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_De_Redslob.svg/120px-Flag_De_Redslob.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_De_Redslob.svg/180px-Flag_De_Redslob.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_De_Redslob.svg/240px-Flag_De_Redslob.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Draft by Edwin Redslob (1948)</div> </li> </ul><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:283px;max-width:283px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg/150px-German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg/225px-German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg/300px-German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg/125px-Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg/188px-Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg/250px-Proposed_German_National_Flag_1948.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_proposal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design was proposed in the past, but never officially adopted"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FIAV_proposal.svg/23px-FIAV_proposal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FIAV_proposal.svg/36px-FIAV_proposal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FIAV_proposal.svg/46px-FIAV_proposal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wirmer_Flag" title="Wirmer Flag">The left flag</a> is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Josef_Wirmer" title="Josef Wirmer">Josef Wirmer</a>'s "Resistance" design (1944), created by his brother Ernst. <a href="/wiki/Wirmer_Flag#Proposed_national_flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Wirmer Flag">The right flag</a> was proposed by conservative parties as a flag for West Germany (1948).</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>3:5 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flags and ensigns"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/23px-FIAV_110110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/35px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/46px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (1959–90)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg/200px-Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg/300px-Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg/400px-Flag_of_East_Germany_with_cut_out_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>3:5 <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flags and ensigns"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/23px-FIAV_110110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/35px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/46px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Following the reunification of Germany and the fall of the Berlin Wall, many Germans cut out the emblem of East Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Olympic_flag_(1959-1968).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/German_Olympic_flag_%281959-1968%29.svg/200px-German_Olympic_flag_%281959-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/German_Olympic_flag_%281959-1968%29.svg/300px-German_Olympic_flag_%281959-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/German_Olympic_flag_%281959-1968%29.svg/400px-German_Olympic_flag_%281959-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="United Team of Germany">United Team of Germany</a>, as used from the 1960 to 1968 Olympics</figcaption></figure> <p>While there were other suggestions for the new flag for West Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-proposals_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposals-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the final choice was between two designs, both using black-red-gold. The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> proposed the re-introduction of the old Weimar flag, while the conservative parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">CDU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">CSU</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> proposed a suggestion by Josef Wirmer, a member of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Parlamentarischer_Rat" title="Parlamentarischer Rat">Parlamentarischer Rat</a></i></span> (parliamentary council) and future advisor of chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>. Wirmer suggested a variant of the 1944 "Resistance" flag (using the black-red-gold scheme in a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross</a> pattern) designed by his brother and <a href="/wiki/July_20_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="July 20 Plot">20 July</a> co-conspirator Josef.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal1944_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal1944-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tricolour was ultimately selected, largely to illustrate the continuity between the Weimar Republic and this new German state. With the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">(West) German constitution</a> on 23 May 1949, the black-red-gold tricolour was readopted as the flag for the Federal Republic of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-constitutionDE_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitutionDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the inhabitants of the French-administered <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> voted to join West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its establishment as a separate French protectorate in 1947, the Saar had a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saarland" title="Flag of Saarland">white Nordic cross on a blue and red background</a> as its flag.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To demonstrate the commitment of the Saar to be a part of West Germany, a new flag was selected on 9 July 1956: the black-red-gold tricolour defaced with the new <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saarland" title="Coat of arms of Saarland">coat of arms</a>, also proposed on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This flag came into force on 1 January 1957, upon the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> as a state of West Germany. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg/168px-National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg/253px-National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg/337px-National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">Reichsflagge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the use of black-red-gold had been suggested in the Soviet zone in 1946, the Second People's Congress in 1948 decided to adopt the old black-white-red tricolour as a national flag for East Germany. This choice was based on the use of these colours by the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-proposals_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposals-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a German anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> organisation that operated in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the last two years of the war. In 1949, following a suggestion from <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ebert, Jr.">Friedrich Ebert, Jr.</a>, the black-red-gold tricolour was instead selected as the flag of the German Democratic Republic upon the formation of this state on 7 October 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-DDRconst_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDRconst-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1949 to 1959, the flags of both West and East Germany were identical. On 1 October 1959, the East German government changed its flag with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of East Germany">its coat of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DDR1959_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDR1959-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In West Germany, these changes were seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the two Germanies. Displaying this flag in West Germany and West Berlin—where it became known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spalterflagge</i></span> (divider-flag)—was seen as a breach of the constitution and subsequently banned until the late 1960s. </p><p> From 1956 to 1964, West and East Germany attended the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> as a single team, known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="United Team of Germany">United Team of Germany</a>. After the East German national flag was changed in 1959, neither country accepted the flag of the other. As a compromise, a new flag was used by the United Team of Germany from 1960 to 1964, featuring the black-red-gold tricolour <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> with white <a href="/wiki/Olympic_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic rings">Olympic rings</a> in the red stripe. In 1968 the teams from the two German states entered separately, but both used the same German Olympic flag. From 1972 to 1988, the separate West and East German teams used their respective national flags.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–present"><span id="1990.E2.80.93present"></span>1990–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1990–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400,_Berlin,_deutsche_Vereinigung,_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400%2C_Berlin%2C_deutsche_Vereinigung%2C_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400%2C_Berlin%2C_deutsche_Vereinigung%2C_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400%2C_Berlin%2C_deutsche_Vereinigung%2C_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400%2C_Berlin%2C_deutsche_Vereinigung%2C_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400%2C_Berlin%2C_deutsche_Vereinigung%2C_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1003-400%2C_Berlin%2C_deutsche_Vereinigung%2C_vor_dem_Reichstag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Flag of unified Germany raised at midnight of 3 October 1990 in front of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in November 1989, many East Germans removed the coat of arms from their flags to imply the plain black-red-gold tricolour symbolic of a united Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread act of removing the coat of arms from the East German flag implied the plain black-red-gold tricolour as symbol for a united and democratic Germany. Finally, on 3 October 1990, as the area of the German Democratic Republic was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany, the black-red-gold tricolour became the flag of a <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified Germany</a>. In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesstiftung_zur_Aufarbeitung_der_SED-Diktatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur">Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship</a> was formed. The duty of this organisation, directly responsible to the federal government, is to examine the consequences of the former East German regime. As its logo, the foundation used an East German flag with the Communist coat of arms cut out.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fangschnur_Fahnenbegleitung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fangschnur_Fahnenbegleitung.png/216px-Fangschnur_Fahnenbegleitung.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fangschnur_Fahnenbegleitung.png/324px-Fangschnur_Fahnenbegleitung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Fangschnur_Fahnenbegleitung.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Flag delegation of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> 2008</figcaption></figure><p> The old black-white-red tricolour of the German Empire is still used by <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchists</a> and those members of German royalty who long for the peaceful reintroduction of a German democratic monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-pro-monarchy_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-monarchy-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of the old flag is almost completely overshadowed by its prevalent use by the far right, however; since the aforementioned ban on all <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbolism</a> (e.g. the swastika), the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a>'s</i> (SS) double <a href="/wiki/Sig_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sig rune">sig rune</a>, etc.) is still in effect within today's Germany, the far right have been forced to forgo any Nazi flags and instead use the old imperial flag, which the Nazis themselves banned in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-flag1935_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag1935-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg/220px-World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg/330px-World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg/440px-World_Cup_2006_German_fans_at_Bochum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>German football fans during a match against Ecuador in the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>. Some flags seen here contain the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">federal coat of arms</a> but <a href="#Government_flag">should not be confused</a> with the <i>Bundesdienstflagge</i>, which displays the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesschild</i></span> and may only be used by government authorities.</figcaption></figure><p>In Germany, the use of the flag and other national symbols has been relatively low for most of the time since World War II – a reaction against the widespread use of flags by the Nazi Party and against nationalistic fervour in general.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>, which took place in Germany and in which the <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany national team</a> made a deep run into the knockout rounds (being eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual winners <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a>), public use of the national flag increased drastically.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explosion in the flag's occurrence in day-to-day life was initially greeted by many Germans with a mixture of surprise and apprehension.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2006_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2006-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decades-old fear that German flag-waving and national pride was inextricably associated with its Nazi past was dismissed by the end of the tournament by Germans and non-Germans alike.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many Germans regarded showing their flag as part of support for their own team in the tournament, most flags disappeared after the end of a tournament, sometimes due to administrative decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-faz2008_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz2008-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of Germany's World Cup victory in <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014</a>, usage of the German flag had been increasing sporadically.<sup id="cite_ref-Spon2016_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spon2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following period the display of the German flag colours, even outside stadiums, was regularly limited to the period of major sporting events. </p><p>With the rise of nationalist currents, however, (<a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">Pegida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a>, etc.) and their showing of the German flag as a symbol of their nationalism, the flag again became more widespread but remained somewhat contentious in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-Spon2016_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spon2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream society remains hesitant to use the colours.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeit2018_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeit2018-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Prussia" title="Flag of Prussia">Flag of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_German_states" title="Flags of German states">Flags of German states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags" title="List of German flags">List of German flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Germany" title="National colours of Germany">National colours of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Aus der Schwärze der Knechtschaft durch blutige Schlachten ans goldene Licht der Freiheit.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/flaggano_1996/FlaggAnO_1996.pdf">"Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen"</a> [Order concerning the German flags] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). 13 November 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905072631/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/flaggano_1996/FlaggAnO_1996.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>Die Bundesflagge besteht aus drei gleich breiten Querstreifen, oben schwarz, in der Mitte rot, unten goldfarben</q> [The federal flag consists of three horizontal stripes of equal breadth, black at the top, red in the middle, and gold-coloured at the bottom.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anordnung+%C3%BCber+die+deutschen+Flaggen&rft.date=1996-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fflaggano_1996%2FFlaggAnO_1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingeb.org/Lieder/wirhatte.html">"Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft / Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus free midi mp3 download Strand Hotel Sechelt bed breakfast"</a>. <i>ingeb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428065848/http://ingeb.org/Lieder/wirhatte.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ingeb.org&rft.atitle=Zur+Aufl%C3%B6sung+der+Jenaer+Burschenschaft+%2F+Wir+hatten+gebauet+ein+stattliches+Haus+free+midi+mp3+download+Strand+Hotel+Sechelt+bed+breakfast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingeb.org%2FLieder%2Fwirhatte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourists2011" class="citation web cs1">Tourists, The German (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629012856/http://www.everythingaboutgermany.com/Germany-Flag.html">"The Flag of Germany"</a>. <i>Germany Tourism and Travel by Everything about Germany</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everythingaboutgermany.com/germany-country-information/the-flag-of-germany/">the original</a> on 29 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Germany+Tourism+and+Travel+by+Everything+about+Germany&rft.atitle=The+Flag+of+Germany&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Tourists&rft.aufirst=The+German&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverythingaboutgermany.com%2Fgermany-country-information%2Fthe-flag-of-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitutionDE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitutionDE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitutionDE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitutionDE_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (23 May 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1949/grundgesetz.html">German version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116153917/http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1949/grundgesetz.html">Archived</a> 16 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041054/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/parliament/function/legal/germanbasiclaw.pdf">English version (December 2000) (PDF)</a>. See Article 22. Retrieved on 24 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227112926/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/parliament/function/legal/germanbasiclaw.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag1950-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flag1950_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flag1950_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Government_of_Germany1950" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Federal Government of Germany (7 July 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1950/deutsche-flaggen_ao.html">"Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen"</a> [Arrangement of the German Flag]. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021202248/http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1950/deutsche-flaggen_ao.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Anordnung+%C3%BCber+die+deutschen+Flaggen&rft.date=1950-07-07&rft.au=Federal+Government+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fbrd%2F1950%2Fdeutsche-flaggen_ao.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Government_of_Germany1968" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Federal Government of Germany (24 May 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/owig_1968/__124.html">"§ 124 OWiG: Benutzen von Wappen oder Dienstflaggen"</a> [Administrative Offences Act § 124: Use of crest or official flags] (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623203849/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/owig_1968/__124.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+124+OWiG%3A+Benutzen+von+Wappen+oder+Dienstflaggen&rft.date=1968-05-24&rft.au=Federal+Government+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesrecht.juris.de%2Fowig_1968%2F__124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag1996-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag1996_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Government_of_Germany1996" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Federal Government of Germany (13 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/flaggano_1996/BJNR172900996.html">"Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen"</a> [Arrangement of the German Flag]. <i>Gesetze im Internet</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613050933/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/flaggano_1996/BJNR172900996.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gesetze+im+Internet&rft.atitle=Anordnung+%C3%BCber+die+deutschen+Flaggen&rft.date=1996-11-13&rft.au=Federal+Government+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesrecht.juris.de%2Fflaggano_1996%2FBJNR172900996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hangingflag-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hangingflag_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/de_hoist.html">"Flag hoisting formats and terminology (Germany, Austria, and adjacent countries)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. 26 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209123942/https://www.fotw.info/flags/de_hoist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Flag+hoisting+formats+and+terminology+%28Germany%2C+Austria%2C+and+adjacent+countries%29&rft.date=2001-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fde_hoist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.protokoll-inland.de/Webs/PI/EN/flag-displays/general-information/types/types-node.html">"Kinds of flags"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015233956/https://www.protokoll-inland.de/Webs/PI/EN/flag-displays/general-information/types/types-node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kinds+of+flags&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.protokoll-inland.de%2FWebs%2FPI%2FEN%2Fflag-displays%2Fgeneral-information%2Ftypes%2Ftypes-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navyflag-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-navyflag_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Government_of_Germany1956" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Federal Government of Germany (25 May 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bpr_sflaggenano/BJNR004470956.html">"Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr"</a>. <i>Gesetze im Internet</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102102/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bpr_sflaggenano/BJNR004470956.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gesetze+im+Internet&rft.atitle=Anordnung+des+Bundespr%C3%A4sidenten+%C3%BCber+die+Dienstflagge+der+Seestreitkr%C3%A4fte+der+Bundeswehr&rft.date=1956-05-25&rft.au=Federal+Government+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fbpr_sflaggenano%2FBJNR004470956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag1921-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flag1921_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flag1921_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_German_Reich1921" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the German Reich (11 April 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/1921/flaggen1921_vo.html">"Verordnung über die deutschen Flaggen"</a> [Regulation on the German Flags]. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615104015/http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/1921/flaggen1921_vo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Verordnung+%C3%BCber+die+deutschen+Flaggen&rft.date=1921-04-11&rft.au=Government+of+the+German+Reich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fwr%2F1921%2Fflaggen1921_vo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOTWcolor-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOTWcolor_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_color.html">"Colors of the Flag (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. 5 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033237/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de_color.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Colors+of+the+Flag+%28Germany%29&rft.date=1998-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde_color.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de.html#his">"Historical Use of the Current Flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201234/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de.html#his">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Historical+Use+of+the+Current+Flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde.html%23his&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govt_design-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-govt_design_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Government_of_Germany2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Federal Government of Germany (17 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233554/http://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/index_de.html?Content=basiselemente%2Ffarben%2Fprimaerfarben_de.html">"Primärfarben"</a>. <i>Corporate Design Documentation</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/index_de.html?Content=basiselemente/farben/primaerfarben_de.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Design+Documentation&rft.atitle=Prim%C3%A4rfarben&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.au=Federal+Government+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstyleguide.bundesregierung.de%2Findex_de.html%3FContent%3Dbasiselemente%2Ffarben%2Fprimaerfarben_de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/sg-de/hidden/suche/farben-318376">"Styleguide der Bundesregierung"</a>. <i>Bundesregierung</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615221640/https://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/sg-de/hidden/suche/farben-318376">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesregierung&rft.atitle=Styleguide+der+Bundesregierung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstyleguide.bundesregierung.de%2Fsg-de%2Fhidden%2Fsuche%2Ffarben-318376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreyhaupt2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dreyhaupt2000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyhaupt2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dreyhaupt, Rüdiger F. (2000). "Flags of the Weimar Republic". <i>Der Flaggenkurier</i> (in German). <b>11</b>: 3–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Flaggenkurier&rft.atitle=Flags+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dreyhaupt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-court1959-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-court1959_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-court1959_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Federal Court of Justice of Germany (16 November 1959). 3 StR 45/59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabbow1968-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabbow1968_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbow1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabbow, Arnold (1968). "Schwarz–Rot–Gold oder Schwarz–Rot–Gelb?". <i>Neue Heraldische Mitteilungen / Kleeblatt-Jahrbuch</i> (in German). <b>6+7</b>. Hanover: 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Heraldische+Mitteilungen+%2F+Kleeblatt-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Schwarz%E2%80%93Rot%E2%80%93Gold+oder+Schwarz%E2%80%93Rot%E2%80%93Gelb%3F&rft.volume=6%2B7&rft.pages=30-32&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Rabbow&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flagday-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flagday_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flagday_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Government_of_Germany2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Federal Government of Germany (22 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216020447/http://www.bund.de/nn_58840/Microsites/Protokoll/Beflaggung/Beflaggungserlass-der-Bundesregierung/Beflaggungserlass-knoten.html__nnn%3Dtrue">"Beflaggungserlass der Bundesregierung"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Standardartikel/DE/Ministerium/Protokoll/beflaggungserlass.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beflaggungserlass+der+Bundesregierung&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft.au=Federal+Government+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.bund.de%2FSharedDocs%2FStandardartikel%2FDE%2FMinisterium%2FProtokoll%2Fbeflaggungserlass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flagprotocol-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flagprotocol_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_law.html#pro">"Flag Protocol (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. 6 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101025611/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_law.html#pro">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Flag+Protocol+%28Germany%29&rft.date=2002-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde_law.html%23pro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRE-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRE_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRE_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_roman.html">"Holy Roman Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604053116/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_roman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Holy+Roman+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde_roman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-confR-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-confR_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-rh806.html">"Unidentified 'Rhine Republic' Flag 1806 (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316000806/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de-rh806.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Unidentified+%27Rhine+Republic%27+Flag+1806+%28Germany%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde-rh806.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabbow2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbow2007_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbow2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabbow, Arnold (2007). "Schwarz-Rot-Gold: Einheit in Freiheit" [Black-Red-Gold. Unity in Freedom]. <i>Der Flaggenkurier [The Flag Courier]</i> (in German). <b>25</b>: 41–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Flaggenkurier+%5BThe+Flag+Courier%5D&rft.atitle=Schwarz-Rot-Gold%3A+Einheit+in+Freiheit&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rabbow&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Scheidler, Karl Hermann (5 August 1865) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Illustrierte Zeitung</i></span>, Leipzig, 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GermConf-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GermConf_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GermConf_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de1848.html">"German Confederation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010056/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de1848.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=German+Confederation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde1848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a>, <i>History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century</i>, English translation 1917. Volume 3, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Treitschke, <i>History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century</i>, English translation 1917. Volume 3 Appendixes, p. 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33361">"Austria: The Age of Metternich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online</i>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060328145216/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33361">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria%3A+The+Age+of+Metternich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-33361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040819212751/http://www.hambacher-schloss.de/html_en/The_exhibition/The_Hambach_Festival.htm">"The Hambach Festival"</a>. <i>Official website of <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Castle" title="Hambach Castle">Hambach Castle</a></i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hambacher-schloss.de/html_en/The_exhibition/The_Hambach_Festival.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+Hambach+Castle&rft.atitle=The+Hambach+Festival&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hambacher-schloss.de%2Fhtml_en%2FThe_exhibition%2FThe_Hambach_Festival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag1848-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag1848_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankfurt_Parliament1848" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frankfurt Parliament (12 November 1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/1848/reichsflaggen1848_ges.html">"Gesetz betreffend die Einführung einer deutschen Kriegs- und Handelsflagge"</a> [Act concerning the introduction of a German navy and merchant flag]. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019050120/http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/1848/reichsflaggen1848_ges.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Gesetz+betreffend+die+Einf%C3%BChrung+einer+deutschen+Kriegs-+und+Handelsflagge&rft.date=1848-11-12&rft.au=Frankfurt+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fnzjh%2F1848%2Freichsflaggen1848_ges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDBconst-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NDBconst_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/ndbd/verfndbd.html">"Constitution of the North German Confederation"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). 27 June 1867. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028010740/http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/ndbd/verfndbd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+North+German+Confederation&rft.date=1867-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fnzjh%2Fndbd%2Fverfndbd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GEconst-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GEconst_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ksr/verfksr.html">"Constitution of the German Empire"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). 16 April 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045814/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ksr/verfksr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+German+Empire&rft.date=1871-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fksr%2Fverfksr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRconst-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRconst_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html">"Constitution of the Weimar Republic"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). 11 August 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127054556/http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.date=1919-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fwr%2Fwrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbanner-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rbanner_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_government_of_Rhineland-Palatinate2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">State government of Rhineland-Palatinate (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528045244/http://www.landtag.rlp.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/623/623604fe-6922-3211-33e2-dcbf983c6eac,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111">"Symbol für Freiheit, Einheit und Demokratie"</a> [Symbol for Freedom, Unity and Democracy] (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landtag.rlp.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/623/623604fe-6922-3211-33e2-dcbf983c6eac,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111">the original</a> on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symbol+f%C3%BCr+Freiheit%2C+Einheit+und+Demokratie&rft.date=2007&rft.au=State+government+of+Rhineland-Palatinate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtag.rlp.de%2Ficc%2FInternet-DE%2Fmed%2F623%2F623604fe-6922-3211-33e2-dcbf983c6eac%2C11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag1933-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag1933_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hindenburg,_Paul1933" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg, Paul</a> (12 March 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/flaggen.html">"Erlaß des Reichspräsidenten über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenhissung"</a> [Decree of the President for the provisional regulation of raising flags]. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024195036/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/flaggen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Erla%C3%9F+des+Reichspr%C3%A4sidenten+%C3%BCber+die+vorl%C3%A4ufige+Regelung+der+Flaggenhissung&rft.date=1933-03-12&rft.au=von+Hindenburg%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fns%2Fflaggen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historicalFlags-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historicalFlags_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornax" class="citation web cs1">Fornax. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loeser.us/flags/germany_note_1.html">"The German Swastika Flag 1933–1945"</a>. <i>Historical flags of our ancestors</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208193101/http://loeser.us/flags/germany_note_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+flags+of+our+ancestors&rft.atitle=The+German+Swastika+Flag+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Fornax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loeser.us%2Fflags%2Fgermany_note_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Leigh Davis: Flags & standards of the Third Reich, Macdonald & Jane's, London 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04879-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-04879-9">0-356-04879-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag1935-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flag1935_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flag1935_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_German_Reich1935" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the German Reich (15 September 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1935/flaggen1935_ges.html">"Reichsflaggengesetz"</a> [Reich Flag Act]. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127054521/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1935/flaggen1935_ges.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Reichsflaggengesetz&rft.date=1935-09-15&rft.au=Government+of+the+German+Reich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fns%2F1935%2Fflaggen1935_ges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104135248/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,749071-2,00.html">"Germany: Little Man, Big Doings"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 23 September 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-magazine-1935-nazi-rally-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time-magazine-1935-nazi-rally_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, quoted in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span> (17 September 1935) (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/pimpfhitler.htm">"The Life of the Fuehrer"</a>. <i>research.calvin.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164332/https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/pimpfhitler.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.calvin.edu&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+the+Fuehrer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.calvin.edu%2Fgerman-propaganda-archive%2Fpimpfhitler.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_German_Reich1933" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the German Reich (20 December 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1933/flaggen-kauffahrteischiffe_vo.html">"Verordnung über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenführung auf Kauffahrteischiffen"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024190746/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1933/flaggen-kauffahrteischiffe_vo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Verordnung+%C3%BCber+die+vorl%C3%A4ufige+Regelung+der+Flaggenf%C3%BChrung+auf+Kauffahrteischiffen&rft.date=1933-12-20&rft.au=Government+of+the+German+Reich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fns%2F1933%2Fflaggen-kauffahrteischiffe_vo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loeser.us/flags/germany_note_1.html">"Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – The German Swastika Flag"</a>. <i>loeser.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208193101/http://loeser.us/flags/germany_note_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loeser.us&rft.atitle=Historical+Flags+of+Our+Ancestors+%E2%80%93+The+German+Swastika+Flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loeser.us%2Fflags%2Fgermany_note_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllied_Control_Council1945" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> (30 August 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu/?doc=16808&lang=2">"Law N° 1 from the Control Council for Germany: Repealing of Nazi Laws"</a>. <i>European Navigator</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090843/https://www.ena.lu/?doc=16808&lang=2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Navigator&rft.atitle=Law+N%C2%B0+1+from+the+Control+Council+for+Germany%3A+Repealing+of+Nazi+Laws&rft.date=1945-08-30&rft.au=Allied+Control+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ena.lu%2F%3Fdoc%3D16808%26lang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllied_Control_Council1946" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> (30 November 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312195426/https://www.fotw.info/flags/de1945.html#law">"Law No. 39 of the Allied Control Commission"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/de1945.html#law">the original</a> on 12 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Law+No.+39+of+the+Allied+Control+Commission&rft.date=1946-11-30&rft.au=Allied+Control+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fde1945.html%23law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 1 #3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/de/bw/wuerttemberg-baden/wuertt-b46-index.htm">"Constitution of Württemberg-Baden"</a>. <i>Verfassungen der Welt</i>. 30 November 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233239/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/bw/wuerttemberg-baden/wuertt-b46-index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verfassungen+der+Welt&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden&rft.date=1946-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungen.de%2Fde%2Fbw%2Fwuerttemberg-baden%2Fwuertt-b46-index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 45 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312195401/https://www.fotw.info/flags/de-wb947.html">"Württemberg-Baden 1947–1952 (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/de-wb947.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden+1947%E2%80%931952+%28Germany%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fde-wb947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> Contains quotation from discussion of the constitution committee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215024706/http://verfassungen.de/de/rlp/rlp47-index.htm">"Constitution of Rhineland-Palatinate"</a>. <i>Verfassungen der Welt</i> (in German). 18 May 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://verfassungen.de/de/rlp/rlp47-index.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verfassungen+der+Welt&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Rhineland-Palatinate&rft.date=1947-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fverfassungen.de%2Fde%2Frlp%2Frlp47-index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311105823/http://verfassungen.de/de/nds/niedersachsen51.htm">"Preliminary constitution of Lower Saxony"</a>. <i>Verfassungen der Welt</i> (in German). 13 April 1951. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://verfassungen.de/de/nds/niedersachsen51.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verfassungen+der+Welt&rft.atitle=Preliminary+constitution+of+Lower+Saxony&rft.date=1951-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fverfassungen.de%2Fde%2Fnds%2Fniedersachsen51.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 1 #2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-rp.html">"Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310234406/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/de-rp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Rhineland-Palatinate+%28Germany%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde-rp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-ni.html">"Lower Saxony (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316010814/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de-ni.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Lower+Saxony+%28Germany%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde-ni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedel1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friedel, Alois (1968). <i>Deutsche Staatssymbole</i> [<i>German state symbols</i>] (in German). Athenäum-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7610-5115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7610-5115-3"><bdi>978-3-7610-5115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Staatssymbole&rft.pub=Athen%C3%A4um-Verlag&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-7610-5115-3&rft.aulast=Friedel&rft.aufirst=Alois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1946/sed-verfassungsentwurf-ddr.html">"SED-proposed constitution of the German Democratic Republic"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). 14 November 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126134018/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1946/sed-verfassungsentwurf-ddr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=SED-proposed+constitution+of+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.date=1946-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fddr%2F1946%2Fsed-verfassungsentwurf-ddr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proposals-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proposals_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proposals_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de!1949.html">"Proposals 1944–1949 (Germany)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101031657/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de!1949.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Proposals+1944%E2%80%931949+%28Germany%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fde%211949.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proposal1944-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proposal1944_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbow1983" class="citation journal cs1">Rabbow, Arnold (May–August 1983). "A Flag Against Hitler. The 1944 National Flag Proposal of the German Resistance Movement". <i>Flag Bulletin</i>. <b>100</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flag+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+Flag+Against+Hitler.+The+1944+National+Flag+Proposal+of+the+German+Resistance+Movement&rft.volume=100&rft.date=1983-05%2F1983-08&rft.aulast=Rabbow&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311132612/http://www.ena.lu/saar-referendum-23-october-1955-022100041.html">"The Saar referendum"</a>. <i>European Navigator</i>. 23 October 1955. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu/saar-referendum-23-october-1955-022100041.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Navigator&rft.atitle=The+Saar+referendum&rft.date=1955-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ena.lu%2Fsaar-referendum-23-october-1955-022100041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/de/saar/saarland47-index.htm">"Constitution of the Saarland"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). 15 December 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Saarland&rft.date=1947-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fde%2Fsaar%2Fsaarland47-index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Government of the Saarland (9 July 1956) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesetz Nr. 508 über die Flagge des Saarlandes</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesetz Nr. 509 über das Wappen des Saarlandes</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDRconst-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DDRconst_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr1949.html">"Constitution of the German Democratic Republic"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). 7 October 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130042244/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr1949.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.date=1949-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fddr%2Fverfddr1949.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> See Article 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDR1959-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DDR1959_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic1959" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the German Democratic Republic (1 October 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1959/ddr-staatswappen-staatsflagge-aender_ges.html">"Gesetz zur Änderung des Gesetzes über das Staatswappen und die Staatsflagge der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik"</a>. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113012908/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1959/ddr-staatswappen-staatsflagge-aender_ges.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=Gesetz+zur+%C3%84nderung+des+Gesetzes+%C3%BCber+das+Staatswappen+und+die+Staatsflagge+der+Deutschen+Demokratischen+Republik&rft.date=1959-10-01&rft.au=Government+of+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fddr%2F1959%2Fddr-staatswappen-staatsflagge-aender_ges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuibernau2013" class="citation book cs1">Guibernau, Montserrat (26 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oz_nkP8m8a0C&q=Montserrat+Guibernau+Belonging%3A+Solidarity+and+Division+in+Modern+Societies"><i>Belonging: Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies</i></a>. Polity Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745655079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745655079"><bdi>978-0745655079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belonging%3A+Solidarity+and+Division+in+Modern+Societies&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0745655079&rft.aulast=Guibernau&rft.aufirst=Montserrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOz_nkP8m8a0C%26q%3DMontserrat%2BGuibernau%2BBelonging%253A%2BSolidarity%2Band%2BDivision%2Bin%2BModern%2BSocieties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiftung-aufarbeitung.de/downloads/pdf/english.pdf">Information pamphlet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227143044/http://www.stiftung-aufarbeitung.de/downloads/pdf/english.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship. Retrieved on 9 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pro-monarchy-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pro-monarchy_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promonarchie.de/">Home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804022948/http://www.promonarchie.de/">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of monarchist organisation <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span>. See German section for more detailed text. Retrieved on 24 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer,_Michael2006" class="citation web cs1">Sontheimer, Michael (29 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,424373,00.html">"Dr. Strangelove: How Germans Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215134020/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,424373,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Dr.+Strangelove%3A+How+Germans+Learned+to+Stop+Worrying+and+Love+the+Flag&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft.au=Sontheimer%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C424373%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Marc2006" class="citation web cs1">Young, Marc (14 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,421241,00.html">"Germany flies the flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313183938/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,421241,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Germany+flies+the+flag&rft.date=2006-06-14&rft.au=Young%2C+Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C421241%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2006-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT2006_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein,_Richard2006" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Richard (14 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/world/europe/18germany.html">"In World Cup Surprise, Flags Fly With German Pride"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714082034/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/world/europe/18germany.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+World+Cup+Surprise%2C+Flags+Fly+With+German+Pride&rft.date=2006-06-14&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F18%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F18germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland,_David2006" class="citation web cs1">Crossland, David (10 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,426063,00.html">"Germany's World Cup Recovery: From Humorless to Carefree in 30 Days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216010729/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,426063,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+World+Cup+Recovery%3A+From+Humorless+to+Carefree+in+30+Days&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft.au=Crossland%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C426063%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faz2008-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faz2008_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball-wm-2006/deutschland-und-die-wm/nach-der-wm-die-party-ist-aus-flaggen-muessen-weg-1354035.html">"Nach der WM: Die Party ist aus: Flaggen müssen weg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i>. 11 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808224843/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball-wm-2006/deutschland-und-die-wm/nach-der-wm-die-party-ist-aus-flaggen-muessen-weg-1354035.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Nach+der+WM%3A+Die+Party+ist+aus%3A+Flaggen+m%C3%BCssen+weg&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fsport%2Ffussball-wm-2006%2Fdeutschland-und-die-wm%2Fnach-der-wm-die-party-ist-aus-flaggen-muessen-weg-1354035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spon2016-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spon2016_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spon2016_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorcholte2016" class="citation web cs1">Borcholte, Andreas (12 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/patriotismus-waehrend-der-fussball-em-schwarz-rot-kompliziert-a-1096553.html">"EM-Patriotismus: Schwarz-rot-kompliziert"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228195455/http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/patriotismus-waehrend-der-fussball-em-schwarz-rot-kompliziert-a-1096553.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=EM-Patriotismus%3A+Schwarz-rot-kompliziert&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft.aulast=Borcholte&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2Fpatriotismus-waehrend-der-fussball-em-schwarz-rot-kompliziert-a-1096553.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeit2018-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeit2018_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2018" class="citation news cs1">Lau, Mariam (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/2018/43/deutschlandfahne-symbol-rechte-szene-unteilbar-demonstration">"Deutschlandfahne: Farbe bekennen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Zeit Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011943/https://www.zeit.de/2018/43/deutschlandfahne-symbol-rechte-szene-unteilbar-demonstration">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags#National_flags" title="List of German flags">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag of Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/70px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/105px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/140px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_German_states" title="Flags of German states">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Flag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bavaria" title="Flag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Berlin" title="Flag of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brandenburg" title="Flag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bremen" title="Flag of Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hamburg" title="Flag of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hesse" title="Flag of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Flag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Flag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Flag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Flag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saarland" title="Flag of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saxony" title="Flag of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Flag of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Flag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thuringia" title="Flag of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_flags_of_Germany" title="List of district flags of Germany">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Berlin" title="Flag of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bremen" title="Flag of Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hamburg" title="Flag of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_German_municipal_flags" title="Lists of German municipal flags">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Bavaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Berlin" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Brandenburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Bremen_(state)" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Hamburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Hesse" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Lower_Saxony" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Rhineland-Palatinate" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Saarland" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Saxony" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Saxony-Anhalt" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="List of municipal flags of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_in_Thuringia" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of municipalities in Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags#Historical_flags" title="List of German flags">Historical</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags#Unofficial_regional_flags" title="List of German flags">cultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alsace" title="Flag of Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Baden" title="Flag of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franconian_Flag" title="Franconian Flag">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Frisia" title="Flags of Frisia">Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Masuria" title="Flag of Masuria">Masuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mecklenburg" title="Flag of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Prussia" title="Flag of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia" title="Flag of Silesia and Lower Silesia">Silesia and Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Flag of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Western_Pomerania" title="Flag of Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany" title="Flag of East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirmer_Flag" title="Wirmer Flag">Wirmer Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_symbols_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Germany" title="Template:National symbols of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:National symbols of Germany (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_symbols_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Germany" title="National symbols of Germany">National symbols of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Unity_Day" title="German Unity Day">German Unity Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags" title="List of German flags">List of German flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron cross">Iron cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_monument" title="Bismarck monument">Bismarck monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Germany" title="National colours of Germany">National colours of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Germany" title="Presidential standard of Germany">Presidential standard of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurea_cyanus" title="Centaurea cyanus">Cornflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/90px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flags_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flags_of_Europe" title="Template:Flags of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flags_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Flags of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flags_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flags of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flags_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belarus" title="Flag of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belgium" title="Flag of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bulgaria" title="Flag of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Denmark" title="Flag of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Estonia" title="Flag of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Flag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lithuania" title="Flag of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Luxembourg" title="Flag of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malta" title="Flag of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Moldova" title="Flag of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Monaco" title="Flag of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_San_Marino" title="Flag of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Serbia" title="Flag of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovenia" title="Flag of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Abkhazia" title="Flag of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Flag of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Transnistria" title="Flag of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_%C3%85land" title="Flag of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Flag of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gibraltar" title="Flag of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guernsey" title="Flag of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Flag of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jersey" title="Flag of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_flags" title="Template:National flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_flags" 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territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags" title="Timeline of national flags">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National coats of arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_sovereign_states" title="Armorial of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_dependent_territories" title="Armorial of dependent territories">Dependent territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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