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conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic,_national_and_civilizational_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_structure_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_structure_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Age structure and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age_structure_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Age structure and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Age_structure_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youth_bulges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_bulges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Youth bulges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_bulges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Population aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_branches_of_political_demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_branches_of_political_demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other branches of political demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_branches_of_political_demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emerging discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interplay of politics and population change</div> <p><b>Political demography</b> is the study of the relationship between politics and population change.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Population_change" title="Population change">Population change</a> is driven by classic <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographic</a> mechanisms – birth, death, age structure, and <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>. </p><p>However, in political demography, there is always scope for assimilation as well as boundary and identity change, which can redraw the boundaries of populations in a way that is not possible with biological populations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, political-demographic projections can account for both demographic factors and transitions caused by social change. A notable leader in the area of sub-state population projection is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/POP/">World Population Program</a> of the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. </p><p>Some of the issues which are studied in the context of political demography are: surges of young people in the developing world, significantly increasing aging in the developed world, and the impact of increasing <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political demographers study issues like <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> in a political context. A population's growth is impacted by the relative balance of variables like mortality, fertility and immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-sneps1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneps1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the present world's most powerful nations are aging quickly, largely as a result of major decreases in fertility rates and major increases in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilsoncenter1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the labor pools in these nations shrink, and spending on the elderly increases, their economies are likely to slow down.<sup id="cite_ref-wilsoncenter1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2050, the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> in Japan and Russia is predicted to decrease by more than 30 percent, while the German workforce is expected to decline by 25 percent by that year.<sup id="cite_ref-wilsoncenter1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governments of these countries have made financial commitments to the elderly in their populations which will consume huge percentages of their national GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-wilsoncenter1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, based on current numbers, more than 25% of the national GDPs of Japan, France and Germany will be consumed by these commitments by 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-wilsoncenter1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_demography_and_evolution">Political demography and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political demography and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differential <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a> is the mechanism through which evolution takes place. For much of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a> this occurred through migrations and wars of conquest, with disease and mortality through famine and war affecting the power of empires, tribes and city-states. Differential fertility also played a part, though typically reflected resource availability rather than cultural factors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though culture has largely usurped this role, some claim that differential demography continues to affect cultural and political evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uneven_transition,_democratization_and_globalization"><span id="Uneven_transition.2C_democratization_and_globalization"></span>Uneven transition, democratization and globalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uneven transition, democratization and globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demographic transition from the late eighteenth century onwards opened up the possibility that significant change could occur within and between political units. Though the writings of <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in classical times bemoaned the low fertility of the patrician elite as against their more fecund barbarian competitors,<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneratedci_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedci-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> differential fertility has probably only recently emerged as a central aspect of political demography. </p><p>This has come about due to medical advances which have lowered <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> while conquest migrations have faded as a factor in <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">world history</a>. Differences in immunity levels to infectious diseases between populations also play no major role in our age of modern medicine and widespread exposure to a common disease pool. </p><p>It is not so much the trajectory of <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a> that counts as the fact that it has become more intense and uneven in the late twentieth century as it has spread into the developing world. Uneven transitions lend themselves to differential growth rates between contending groups. These changes are in turn, magnified by democratization, which entrenches majority rule and privileges the power of numbers in politics as never before. </p><p>Indeed, in many new <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a> riven by ethnic and religious conflicts, elections are akin to censuses while groups seek to 'win the census'. Ethnic parties struggle to increase their constituencies through pronatalism ('wombfare'), oppose family planning, and contest census and election results.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic,_national_and_civilizational_conflict"><span id="Ethnic.2C_national_and_civilizational_conflict"></span>Ethnic, national and civilizational conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnic, national and civilizational conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One branch of political demography examines how differences in <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> between nation-states, religions, ethnic groups and civilizations affects the balance of power between these political actors. For instance, Ethiopia was projected to have a larger population than Russia in 2020, and while there were 3.5 Europeans per African in 1900, there will be four Africans for each European in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilsoncenter1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population has always counted for national power to some degree and it is unlikely that these changes will leave the world system unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same dynamic can be witnessed within countries due to <a href="/wiki/Demographic_threat" title="Demographic threat">differential ethnic population growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Catholics in Northern Ireland increased their share of the population through higher birthrates and the momentum of a youthful age structure from 35 to nearly 50 percent of the total between 1965 and 2011. Similar changes, also affected by in- and out-migration, have taken place in, amongst others, the United States (Hispanics), Israel-Palestine (Jews and Arabs), Kosovo (Albanians), Lebanon (Shia, with decline of Christians) and <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> (Armenians). </p><p>In the US, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a> and Asians, and Hispanics' youthful age profile as against whites, has the potential to tilt more states away from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the fertility advantage of conservative over liberal white voters is significant and rising, thus the Republicans are poised to win a larger share of the white vote - especially over the very long run of 50 to 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to London-based scholar <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Eric Kaufmann</a>, the high birth rates of religious fundamentalists as against seculars and moderates has contributed to an increase in religious fundamentalism and decrease of moderate religion within religious groups, as in Israel, the US and the Muslim Middle East. Kaufmann, armed with empirical from a number of countries, also posits that this will be further bolstered by the higher retention rates of religious fundamentalists, with individuals in religiously fundamentalist households less likely to become religiously non-observant than others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Religious_demography#Religious_demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious demography">Religious demography § Religious demographics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_structure_and_politics">Age structure and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age structure and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_bulges">Youth bulges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Youth bulges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second avenue of inquiry considers age structures: be these <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">'youth bulges'</a> or aging populations. Young populations are associated with a ratio of dependents to producers: a high proportion of the population under age 16 puts pressure on resources. A 'youth bulge' of those in the 16-30 bracket creates a different set of problems. </p><p>A large population of adolescents entering the labor force and electorate strains at the seams of the economy and polity, which were designed for smaller populations. This creates unemployment and alienation unless new opportunities are created quickly enough - in which case a 'demographic dividend' accrues because productive workers outweigh young and elderly dependents. Yet the 16-30 age range is associated with risk-taking, especially among males. </p><p>In general, youth bulges in developing countries are associated with higher unemployment and, as a result, a heightened risk of violence and political instability.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, the transition to more mature age structures is almost a sine qua non for democratization.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_aging">Population aging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Population_ageing" title="Population ageing">Population aging</a> presents the obverse effect: older populations are less risk-taking and less prone to violence and instability. However, like those under-16, they place great strain on the social safety net, especially in countries committed to old-age provision and high-quality medical care. </p><p>Some observers believe that the advent of a much older planet, courtesy of below-replacement fertility in Europe, North America, China and much of the rest of Asia and Latin America, will produce a 'geriatric peace'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are concerned that population aging will bankrupt the welfare state and handicap western liberal democracies' ability to project power abroad to defend their interests. A more cautious climate could also herald slower economic growth, less entrepreneurship and reduced productivity in mature democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneratedci_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedci-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some argue that older people in the developed world have much higher productivity, human capital and better health than their counterparts in developing countries, so the economic effects of population aging will be largely mitigated.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_branches_of_political_demography">Other branches of political demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other branches of political demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other areas in political demography address the political impact of skewed <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratios</a> (typically caused by female infanticide or neglect), <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> global <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">migration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the links between population, environment and conflict<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_discipline">Emerging discipline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emerging discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of political demography is in its early stages and can be traced back to the works of figures such as Jack Goldstone, whom is often considered to be the father of Political Demography. Since 2000 the subject has drawn the attention of policymakers and journalists and is now emerging as an academic subfield. Panels on political demography appear at demography conferences such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populationassociation.org/">Population Association of America (PAA)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaps.nl">European Association for Population Studies (EAPS)</a>. There is now a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isanet.org/pd/page/2/">political demography section</a> at the International Studies Association.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of important international conferences have also taken place since 2006 on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-sneps1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneps1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_demography" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious demography">Religious demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldstone" title="Jack Goldstone">Jack Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Longman">Philip Longman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_Weiner" title="Myron Weiner">Myron Weiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Myron_Weiner" title="Myron Weiner">Weiner, Myron</a> and Michael S. 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Population Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann, Eric. 2011. London: Profile Books. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sneps.net">www.sneps.net</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington1996" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Samuel P (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofciviliza00hunt"><i>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684811642" title="Special:BookSources/9780684811642"><bdi>9780684811642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order.&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780684811642&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashofciviliza00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+demography" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrdal2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Urdal" title="Henrik Urdal">Urdal, Henrik</a> (2006). "A Clash of Generations? 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"The Age-structural Maturity Thesis: The Youth Bulge's Influence on the Advent and Stability of Liberal Democracy?" In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/AmericanPolitics/PoliticalSociology/?view=usa&ci=9780199945962">Political Demography: How Population Changes are Reshaping National Politics and International Security, ed. J. A. Goldstone, Eric Kaufmann and Monica Duffy Toft. Oxford: Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haas, M. L. 2007. "A geriatric peace? The future of US power in a world of aging populations." International Security 32 (1):112-32; Haas, Mark. 2011. "'America’s Golden Years?:U.S. Security in an Aging World'." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/AmericanPolitics/PoliticalSociology/?view=usa&ci=9780199945962">Political Demography: How Population Changes are Reshaping National Politics and International Security, ed. J. A. Goldstone, Eric Kaufmann and Monica Duffy Toft. Oxford: Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkirbekk,_VegardElke_LoichingerDaniela_Weber2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vegard_Skirbekk" title="Vegard Skirbekk">Skirbekk, Vegard</a>; Elke Loichinger; Daniela Weber (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271876">"Variation in cognitive functioning as a refined approach to comparing aging across countries"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (3): 770–774. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109..770S">2012PNAS..109..770S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1112173109">10.1073/pnas.1112173109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271876">3271876</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22184241">22184241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Variation+in+cognitive+functioning+as+a+refined+approach+to+comparing+aging+across+countries&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=770-774&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3271876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22184241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1112173109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109..770S&rft.au=Skirbekk%2C+Vegard&rft.au=Elke+Loichinger&rft.au=Daniela+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3271876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+demography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, Doug. 2010. Arrival city : how the largest migration in history is reshaping our world. New York: Pantheon Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brettell, Caroline, and James Frank Hollifield. 2008. Migration theory : talking across disciplines. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/environmental-change-and-security-program">"Environmental Change and Security Program"</a>. Wilson Center. 2011-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Change+and+Security+Program&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fprogram%2Fenvironmental-change-and-security-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+demography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521160905/http://www.isanet.org/pd/page/2/">"The Political Demography & Geography Section Charter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isanet.org/pd/page/2/">the original</a> on May 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Political+Demography+%26+Geography+Section+Charter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isanet.org%2Fpd%2Fpage%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+demography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_demography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sneps.net/research-interests/political-demography-ethnicity-nationalism-religion">The Political Demography of Ethnicity, Nationalism and Religion Eric Kaufmann's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/political-demography-identity-institutions-and-conflict-book-launch">Webcast of book launch of Political Demography, at Woodrow Wilson Center, Jan. 10, 2012 - featuring Jack Goldstone, Eric Kaufmann, Mark Haas, Elizabeth Leahy, and chaired by Geoff Dabelko</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/conferences/09_demography_security/overview">Demography and Security: The Politics of Population Change, conference at Weatherhead Center, Harvard University, May 7-8, 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isanet.org/pd/page/2/">International Studies Association, Political Demography Section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sneps.net/research-interests/religious-demography">Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Religiosity, Fertility and Politics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/experts/teixeirar">Ruy Teixeira US political demographics website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frey-demographer.org/">William Frey US political demographics site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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