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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Kimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Peran biologis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_Juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_Juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Lihat Juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_Juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Catatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Unsur golongan 8</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 50 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_8_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 8 d'a tabla periodica – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 8 d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة الثامنة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة الثامنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_8" title="Elementos del grupu 8 – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 8" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_8-ci_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 8-ci qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 8-ci qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_8" title="Datu golongan 8 – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 8" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 8 на периодичната система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 8 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="অষ্টম শ্রেণীর মৌল – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অষ্টম শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="8. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="8. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_8_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 8 de la taula periòdica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 8 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._skupina" title="8. skupina – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="8. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_8" title="Elfen Grŵp 8 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 8" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisengruppe" title="Eisengruppe – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisengruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Group 8 element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_8" title="Elemento de grupo 8 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 8" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_8" title="Elementos del grupo 8 – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 8" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._taldeko_elementu" title="8. taldeko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="8. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B8_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۸ جدول تناوبی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۸ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_8_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 8 alkuaine – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 8 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_8_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 8 du tableau périodique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 8 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisensk%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Iisenskööl – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iisenskööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="समूह ८ तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह ८ तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_8" title="Elementi del gruppo 8 – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 8" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第8族元素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第8族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="8족 원소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="8족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_8_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 8 de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 8 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 8 на периодниот систем – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 8 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_8" title="Unsur kumpulan 8 – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кшнинь алокурось – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кшнинь алокурось" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern-platina-gruppa" title="Jern-platina-gruppa – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jern-platina-gruppa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 8 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 8 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazowce" title="Żelazowce – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_8" title="Elementos do Grupo 8 – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 8" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Fierului" title="Grupa Fierului – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Fierului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Подгруппа железа – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа железа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="8. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="8. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 8 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._skupina" title="8. skupina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="8. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezova_skupina" title="Železova skupina – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železova skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruubka_8" title="Guruubka 8 – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guruubka 8" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_tet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i tetë i elementeve kimike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i tetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/8._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="8. група хемијских елемената – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="8. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_8-element" title="Grupp 8-element – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grupp 8-element" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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title="ธาตุหมู่ 8 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหมู่ 8" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 8 періодичної системи елементів – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 8 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_8" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 8 – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm nguyên tố 8" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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navigation-not-searchable">Untuk Golongan VIIIA, golongan paling kanan pada tabel periodik, lihat <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">hasium</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:50px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;">Golongan 8 dalam tabel periodik </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:2px;"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">golongan 7</a> ←    → <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">golongan 9</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan IUPAC</a></th> <th>8 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nama berdasarkan unsur</td> <td>golongan besi </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#Penomoran_CAS_dan_IUPAC_sebelumnya" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan CAS</a> (AS, pola A-B-A)</div></td> <td>VIIIB </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#Penomoran_CAS_dan_IUPAC_sebelumnya" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor IUPAC lama</a> (Eropa, pola A-B)</div></td> <td>VIII </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td title="Besi: logam transisi; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron, electrolytic made, 99,97%+"><img alt="Image: Iron, electrolytic made, 99,97%+" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3197" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> (Fe) 26 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td title="Ruthenium: logam transisi; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruthenium bar, 99,99%"><img alt="Image: Ruthenium bar, 99,99%" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg/210px-Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg/315px-Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg/420px-Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4216" data-file-height="2916" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> (Ru) 44 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td title="Osmium: logam transisi; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Osmium-crystals_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osmium crystals, ≈99,99%"><img alt="Image: Osmium crystals, ≈99,99%" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Osmium-crystals_2.jpg/210px-Osmium-crystals_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Osmium-crystals_2.jpg/315px-Osmium-crystals_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Osmium-crystals_2.jpg/420px-Osmium-crystals_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5243" data-file-height="3276" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> (Os) 76 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </th> <td title="Hassium: logam transisi; synthetic; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #4499ff; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> (Hs) 108 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> Keterangan<center> <table style="text-align:center; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #8811ff; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur primordial">unsur primordial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">unsur sintetis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warna nomor atom: </td></tr> <tr> <td>hitam=padat </td></tr></tbody></table></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_8)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (golongan 8)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (golongan 8) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_8)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Golongan 8 atau VIIIB adalah golongan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>. Golongan ini juga dikenal sebagai golongan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>. Golongan ini terdiri dari unsur <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a> (Ru), <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> (Os), dan unsur sintetis yang radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">hasium</a> (Hs). Semuanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>. Seperti golongan lainnya, anggota golongan ini menunjukkan pola pada <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi elektronnya</a>, terutama pada kelopak terluar, yang menghasilkan tren perilaku kimia. "Golongan 8" adalah <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">nama IUPAC</a> modern untuk golongan ini; nama versi lamanya adalah golongan VIIIB menurut <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">CAS</a>, sistem AS atau golongan VIIIA menurut IUPAC lama, sistem Eropa. Golongan 8 jangan dirancukan dengan nama golongan lama VIIIA menurut <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">CAS/US</a>. Golongan itu sekarang disebut <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">golongan 18</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kimia">Kimia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hasium</a> belum diisolasi dalam bentuk murni makroskopik, dan sifatnya belum diamati secara meyakinkan; hanya <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> yang memiliki sifat yang telah dikonfirmasi secara eksperimen. Ketiga unsur tersebut adalah logam transisi putih keperakan, keras, dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Titik_leleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik leleh">titik leleh</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">titik didih</a> tinggi. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Jumlah elektron/kelopak</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>besi</td> <td>2, 8, 14, 2</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d6 4s2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>rutenium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 15, 1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 4d7 5s1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>osmium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d6 6s2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>hasium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d6 7s2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tingkat oksidasi stabil unsur golongan 8<a href="#cite_note-G&E-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unsur </th> <th colspan="8">Tingkat oksidasi stabil </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a></td> <td></td> <td>    </td> <td>+6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>+3</td> <td>+2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a></td> <td>+8</td> <td></td> <td>+6</td> <td>+5</td> <td>+4</td> <td>+3</td> <td>+2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a></td> <td>+8</td> <td></td> <td>+6</td> <td>+5</td> <td>+4</td> <td>+3</td> <td>+2 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Besi menunjukkan karakteristik sifat kimia <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, misalnya kemampuan membentuk tingkat oksidasi yang bervariasi dan mampu membentuk ikatan koordinasi dan kimia organologam: memang penemuan senyawa besi, <a href="/wiki/Ferosena" title="Ferosena">ferosena</a>, yang memberi perubahan revolusioner pada bidang ini pada akhir 1950an.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood905-2">[2]</a> Besi kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai prototipe untuk seluruh blok <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, karena kelimpahannya dan perannya yang besar sekali dalam perkembangan teknologi kemanusiaan.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1070-3">[3]</a> Keduapuluh enam elektronnya tertata dalam <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi</a> [Ar]3d64s2, dengan elektron 3d dan 4s nya relatif memiliki energi yang berdekatan, sehingga dapat kehilangan elektron dalam jumlah yang bervariasi dan tidak ada titik yang jelas ionisasi lebih lanjut yang tidak menguntungkan.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1074-4">[4]</a> Besi membentuk senyawa utamanya dalam <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">tingkat oksidasi</a> +2 dan +3. Menurut tradisi, senyawa besi(II) disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fero_(besi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fero (besi) (halaman belum tersedia)">fero</a> dan senyawa besi(III) disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feri_(besi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feri (besi) (halaman belum tersedia)">feri</a>. Besi juga dapat memiliki tingkat oksidasi yang lebih tinggi, contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Kalium_ferat" title="Kalium ferat">kalium ferat</a> (K2FeO4), berwarna ungu, yang mengandung besi dengan bilangan oksidasi +6. Besi(IV) adalah bentuk antara yang umum dalam banyak reaksi oksidasi biokimia.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-6">[6]</a> Sejumlah senyawa <a href="/wiki/Organologam" class="mw-redirect" title="Organologam">organologam</a> mengandung tingkat oksidasi formal +1, 0, −1, atau bahkan −2. Tingkat oksidasi dan sifat ikatan lainnya sering diuji menggunakan teknik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi Mössbauer (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi Mössbauer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Terdapat juga banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_valensi_campuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa valensi campuran (halaman belum tersedia)">senyawa valensi campuran</a> yang berintikan besi(II) dan besi(III) sekaligus, seperti <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biru_Prusia" title="Biru Prusia">biru Prusia</a> (Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3).<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-6">[6]</a> Senyawa yang disebutkan terakhir di atas digunakan sebagai "biru" tradisional dalam <a href="/wiki/Cetak_biru" title="Cetak biru">cetak biru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Iron(III)_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Some canary-yellow powder sits, mostly in lumps, on a laboratory watch glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/220px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/330px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/440px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_klorida" title="Besi(III) klorida">Besi(III) klorida</a> hidrat, dikenal juga sebagai feri klorida</figcaption></figure> Tidak seperti logam lainnya, besi tidak membentuk <a href="/wiki/Amalgam" class="mw-disambig" title="Amalgam">amalgam</a> dengan raksa. Oleh sebab itu, raksa diperdagangkan dalam botol besi berukuran 76 lb (34 kg).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_oksidasi" title="Keadaan oksidasi">Tingkat oksidasi</a> rutenium berkisar antara 0 dan +8, serta −2. Sifat <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa</a> rutenium dan osmium sering kali mirip. Keadaan +2, +3, dan +4 adalah yang paling umum. Prekursor yang paling umum adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutenium_triklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutenium triklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">rutenium triklorida</a>, seatu padatan merah yang definisi kimianya lemah tetapi merupakan bahan kimia sintetis serbaguna.<a href="#cite_note-cotton-10">[10]</a> Osmium membentuk senyawa dengan <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat oksidasi">tingkat oksidasi</a> mulai dari -2 sampai +8. Tingkat oksidasi yang paling umum adalah +2, +3, +4, dan +8. Tingkat oksidasi +8 adalah yang tertinggi kedua yang dicapai oleh unsur kimia setelah +9 yang dicapai oleh iridium<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> dan hanya ditemui pada <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-selig-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">hassium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Tingkat oksidasi −1 dan −2 yang diwakili oleh dua senyawa reaktif Na2[Os4(CO)13] dan Na2[Os(CO)4] digunakan dalam sintesis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_kluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia kluster (halaman belum tersedia)">senyawa kluster</a> osmium.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Senyawa yang paling umum dengan keadaan oksidasi +8 adalah <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroksida" title="Osmium tetroksida">osmium tetroksida</a>. Senyawa beracun ini terbentuk saat serbuk osmium terpapar udara. Ia adalah padatan kuning pucat yang sangat mudah menguap, larut dalam air, dan berbau kuat. Serbuk osmium memiliki bau khas osmium tetroksida.<a href="#cite_note-mager-19">[19]</a> Osmium tetroksida membentuk osmat OsO4(OH)2−2 merah pada reaksi dengan basa. Dengan <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>, ia membentuk nitrido-osmat OsO3N−.<a href="#cite_note-Holle-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Osmium tetroksida mendidih pada 130 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> dan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Oksidator" title="Oksidator">oksidator</a> kuat. Sebaliknya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">osmium dioksida</a> (OsO2) berwarna hitam, tidak mudah menguap, lebih tidak reaktif dan lebih tidak beracun. Hassium adalah anggota keenam dari deret logam transisi 6d dan diperkirakan jauh lebih menyerupai <a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">logam golongan platina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoiX-23">[23]</a> Perhitungan <a href="/wiki/Potensial_ionisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Potensial ionisasi">potensial ionisasinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">jari-jari atom</a>, energi orbital, dan aras dasar dari keadaan terionisasinya mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, menyiratkan bahwa sifat-sifat hassium akan sesuai dengan unsur golongan 8 lainnya: <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, dan osmium.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hs-chemistry-25">[25]</a> Beberapa sifat ini dikonfirmasi berdasarkan eksperimen kimia fase gasnya.<a href="#cite_note-Duellmann-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-HsO4-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSI-Hs-28">[28]</a> Unsur golongan 8 menggambarkan luasnya keberagaman keadaan oksidasi, tetapi rutenium dan osmium memberi gambaran secara cepat tentang keadaan oksidasi golongan mereka yaitu +8 (keadaan oksidasi tertinggi kedua untuk semua unsur, yang sangat jarang dijumpai pada unsur lain). Keadaan ini menjadi semakin stabil dari atas ke bawah sepanjang golongan.<a href="#cite_note-G&E-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnard-30">[30]</a> Dengan demikian, hassium diharapkan membentuk keadaan stabil pada tingkat oksidasi +8.<a href="#cite_note-HsO4-27">[27]</a> Analog dengan kongenernya yang lebih ringan, hassium juga diharapkan menunjukkan keadaan stabil pada tingkat oksidasi yang lebih rendah, seperti +6, +5, +4, +3, dan +2.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-emsley-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassocene-32">[32]</a> Pastinya, hassium(IV) diharapkan lebih stabil daripada hassium(VIII) dalam larutan berair.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-24">[24]</a> Unsur-unsur golongan 8 menunjukkan sifat kimia <a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">oksida</a> yang sangat berbeda, sehingga memungkinkan ekstrapoliasi hassium menjadi lebih mudah. Seluruh anggota yang lebih ringan memiliki tetroksida, baik yang sudah terbukti maupun hipotetis, MO4.<a href="#cite_note-FeO4-33">[33]</a> Daya oksidasi mereka semakin menurun sesuai meningkatnya nomor atom dalam satu golongan. FeO4 tidak dikenal karena <a href="/wiki/Afinitas_elektron" title="Afinitas elektron">afinitas elektronnya</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[Catatan 1]</a> teramat besar<a href="#cite_note-Compendiumof-35">[34]</a> yang mengakibatkan pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksoanion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksoanion (halaman belum tersedia)">oksoanion</a> yang telah dikenal yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferat (halaman belum tersedia)">ferat(VI)</a>, FeO2−4.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutenium_tetroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutenium tetroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rutenium tetroksida</a>, RuO4, yang dibentuk melalui <a href="/wiki/Oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidasi">oksidasi</a> rutenium(VI) dalam suasana <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>, mudah mengalami <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">reduksi</a> menjadi rutenat(VI), RuO2−4.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Oksidasi logam rutenium di udara membentuk dioksidanya, RuO2.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Sebaliknya, osmium terbakar membentuk <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroksida" title="Osmium tetroksida">tetroksida</a> yang stabil, OsO4,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> yang membentuk kompleks dengan ion hidroksida membentuk kompleks osmium(VIII)-at, [OsO4(OH)2]2−.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-42">[41]</a> Oleh karena itu, sifat eka-osmium untuk hassium dapat ditunjukkan dengan pembentukan tetroksida stabil yang sangat volatil HsO4,<a href="#cite_note-Haire-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duellmann-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSI-Hs-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-emsley-31">[31]</a> yang mengalami kompleksasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida">hidroksida</a> membentuk hassat(VIII), [HsO4(OH)2]2−.<a href="#cite_note-CALLISTO-43">[42]</a> Rutenium tetroksida dan osmium tetroksida keduanya mudah menguap, karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geometri_molekul_tetrahedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometri molekul tetrahedral (halaman belum tersedia)">geometri molekul tetrahedral</a> simetrinya dan keduanya bermuatan netral; hassium tetroksida diperkirakan memiliki kemiripan sebagai padatan yang sangat mudah menguap. Tren volatilitas tetroksida golongan 8 diketahui sebagai berikut: RuO4 < OsO4 > HsO4, yang telah dibuktikan secara tuntas melalui hasil perhitungan. Khususnya, <a href="/wiki/Entalpi" title="Entalpi">entalpi</a> <a href="/wiki/Adsorpsi" title="Adsorpsi">adsorpsi</a> terhitung<a href="#cite_note-44">[Catatan 2]</a> HsO4 adalah −(45,4 ± 1) kJ·mol−1 pada <a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">kuarsa</a>, sangat cocok dengan nilai eksperimen −(46 ± 2) kJ·mol−1.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A circle, with a short, simple arrow shape extending diagonally upwards and rightwards from its edge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/80px-Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/120px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mars_symbol.svg/160px-Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Lambang <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> telah digunakan sejak zaman kuno untuk mewakili besi.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:QtubIronPillar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An pillar, slightly fluted, with some ornamentation at its top. It is black, slightly weathered to a dark brown near the base. It is around 7 meter (23 kaki) tall. It stands upon a raised circular base of stone, and is surrounded by a short, square fence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/220px-QtubIronPillar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/330px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/440px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Besi_Delhi" title="Pilar Besi Delhi">Pilar Besi Delhi</a> adalah contoh metodologi ekstraksi dan pengolahan besi pada zaman India awal.</figcaption></figure> Besi merupakan salah satu unsur yang tidak diragukan lagi telah dikenal sejak zaman prasejarah.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Ia telah diolah atau ditempa selama ribuan tahun. Namun, benda besi yang berumur panjang lebih jarang daripada benda yang terbuat dari emas atau perak karena besi mudah mengalami korosi (berkarat).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/220px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/330px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/440px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>Kepala tombak besi dari <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Tombak gading bertepi besi menggunakan besi meteorit dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteorit_Cape_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteorit Cape York (halaman belum tersedia)">meteorit Cape York</a>, salah satu meteorit besi terbesar yang diketahui.</figcaption></figure> Manik-manik yang terbuat dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_meteor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi meteor (halaman belum tersedia)">besi meteor</a> ditemukan di Gerzah, Mesir oleh G. A. Wainwright pada tahun 3500 SM atau sebelumnya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831-48">[46]</a> Manik-manik tersebut mengandung nikel 7,5%, yang merupakan pertanda berasal meteor karena besi yang ditemukan di kerak bumi umumnya hanya memiliki ketakmurnian nikel yang sangat kecil. Besi meteor sangat dihargai karena berasal dari "surga" dan sering digunakan untuk menempa senjata dan peralatan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831-48">[46]</a> Sebagai contoh, sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belati_besi_Tutankhamun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belati besi Tutankhamun (halaman belum tersedia)">belati</a> yang terbuat dari besi meteor yang ditemukan di makam <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, mengandung proporsi besi, kobal, dan nikel yang serupa dengan meteorit yang ditemukan di daerah tersebut, akibat deposit dari hujan meteor kuno.<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_1973-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comelli-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-walshx-51">[49]</a> Benda yang kemungkinan terbuat dari besi oleh orang Mesir berasal dari 3000 sampai 2500 SM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829-47">[45]</a> Besi meteorit cukup lunak dan ulet serta mudah ditempa dengan metode <a href="/wiki/Tempa_dingin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempa dingin">tempa dingin</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_working" class="extiw" title="en:Cold working">cold working</a>) namun bisa menjadi rapuh saat dipanaskan karena kandungan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikelnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Produksi besi pertama dimulai pada <a href="/wiki/Zaman_perunggu_tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman perunggu tengah">Zaman Perunggu Tengah</a> tetapi memerlukan beberapa abad sebelum besi dapat menggantikan perunggu. Sampel <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">leburan</a> besi dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmar,_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asmar, Afghanistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Asmar</a>, Mesopotamia dan Tall Chagar Bazaar di Siria bagian utara dibuat pada rentang waktu antara 3000 dan 2700 SM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196832-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Het" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Het">Bangsa Het</a> memantapkan kekaisarannya di <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> bagian pusat-utara pada sekitar 1600 SM. Mereka tampaknya adalah yang pertama memahami produksi besi dari bijihnya dan menganggapnya hal yang sangat penting dalam masyarakan mereka.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Bangsa Het mulai melebur besi antara tahun 1500 dan 1200 SM dan praktek tersebut menyebar ke Timur Dekat setelah kejatuhan kekaisaran mereka pada tahun 1180 SM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196832-53">[51]</a> Periode setelahnya disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a>. Pada tahun 1774, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> menggunakan reaksi kukus air dengan logam besi di dalam tabung besi pijar untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, dalam penelitiannya yang mengarah pada pengungkapan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_kekekalan_massa" title="Hukum kekekalan massa">hukum kekekalan massa</a>, yang berperan penting dalam mengubah kimia dari sains kualitatif menjadi kuantitatif.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6ns_Berzelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jöns Berzelius (halaman belum tersedia)">Jöns Berzelius</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Osann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Osann (halaman belum tersedia)">Gottfried Osann</a> hampir menemukan rutenium pada tahun 1827.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Mereka meneliti residu yang ditinggalkan setelah melarutkan platina mentah dari <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Ural" title="Pegunungan Ural">Pegunungan Ural</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a>. Berzelius tidak menemukan logam asing apapun, tetapi Osann berpikiran bahwa ia menemukan tiga logam baru, yang disebut pluranium, rutenium, dan polinium. Perbedaan pendapat ini memicu kontroversi berkepanjangan antara Berzelius dan Osann mengenai komposisi residu.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-57">[55]</a> Setelah Osann tidak mampu mengulang isolasi ruteniumnya, ia akhirnya melepas klaimnya.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osann2-58">[56]</a> Nama "rutenium" dipilih oleh Osann karena sampel yang dianalisis berasal dari Pegunungan Ural di Rusia.<a href="#cite_note-Osann-59">[57]</a> Nama itu sendiri berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, bahasa Latin untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rus%27_(nama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rus' (nama) (halaman belum tersedia)">Rus'</a>, daerah bersejarah yang sekarang meliputi <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> bagian barat, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, dan sebagian <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>. Pada tahun 1844, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ernst_Claus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ernst Claus (halaman belum tersedia)">Karl Ernst Claus</a>, ilmuwan Rusia keturunan <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Baltik" title="Jerman Baltik">Jerman Baltik</a>, menunjukkan bahwa senyawa yang dipreparasi oleh Gottfried Osann mengandung sejumlah kecil rutenium, yang juga telah <a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">ditemukan</a> oleh Claus pada tahun yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks8-60">[58]</a> Claus mengisolasi rutenium dari residu platinum produksi rubel saat ia bekerja di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Kazan">Universitas Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-57">[55]</a> dengan cara yang sama dengan penemuan osmium, kongenernya yang lebih berat, empat dasawarsa sebelumnya.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1071-61">[59]</a> Claus menunjukkan bahwa rutenium oksida mengandung logam baru dan memperoleh 6 gram rutenium dari bagian platina mentah yang tidak larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-57">[55]</a> Memilih nama untuk unsur baru ini, Claus menyatakan: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Saya menamakan unsur baru ini ruthenium, untuk menghormati Tanah Air saya. Saya berhak menyebutnya dengan nama ini karena Tuan Osann melepaskan ruteniumnya dan kata itu belum ada dalam ilmu kimia."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Karl Ernst Claus</cite></div></blockquote><a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Osmium ditemukan pada tahun 1803 oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithson Tennant (halaman belum tersedia)">Smithson Tennant</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hyde_Wollaston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hyde Wollaston (halaman belum tersedia)">William Hyde Wollaston</a> di <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Penemuan osmium saling terkait dengan platina dan logam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">golongan platina</a> lainnya. Platina mencapai Eropa sebagai platina ("perak kecil"), yang pertama kali ditemukan pada abad ke-17 di tambang perak di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Departemen_Choc%C3%B3" title="Departemen Chocó">Departemen Chocó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Penemuan bahwa logam ini bukan paduan, tapi unsur baru yang berbeda, dipublikasikan pada tahun 1748.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Kimiawan yang mempelajari platina melarutkannya dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[Catatan 3]</a> untuk membuat larutan garamnya. Mereka selalu mengamati terdapat sejumlah kecil residu gelap yang tidak larut.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-67">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Proust" title="Joseph Louis Proust">Joseph Louis Proust</a> mengira bahwa residunya adalah <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-67">[64]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Collet-Descotils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Collet-Descotils (halaman belum tersedia)">Victor Collet-Descotils</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy (halaman belum tersedia)">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> juga mengamati iridium, residu hitam platina pada tahun 1803, namun tidak mendapatkan cukup bahan untuk penelitian lebih lanjut.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-67">[64]</a> Kemudian dua kimiawan Prancis Antoine-François Fourcroy dan Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin mengidentifikasi logam dalam residu platina yang mereka sebut ‘ptène’.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Pada tahun 1803, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithson Tennant (halaman belum tersedia)">Smithson Tennant</a> menganalisis residu yang tidak larut dan menyimpulkan bahwa residu tersebut pasti mengandung logam baru. Vauquelin mengolah serbuk itu dengan alkali dan asam secara bergantian<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-69">[66]</a> dan memperoleh oksida baru yang mudah menguap, yang dia yakini dari logam baru ini—yang dinamakannya ptene, dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a>: πτηνος (ptènos) untuk bersayap.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Bagaimanapun, Tennant, yang memiliki keuntungan dengan jumlah residu jauh lebih banyak, melanjutkan penelitiannya dan mengidentifikasi dua unsur yang sebelumnya tidak ditemukan dalam residu hitam, iridium dan osmium.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-69">[66]</a> Ia memperoleh larutan kuning (kemungkinan cis–[Os(OH)2O4]2−) melalui reaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida">natrium hidroksida</a> pada panas membara. Setelah pengasaman dia bisa mendistilasi OsO4 yang terbentuk.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-70">[67]</a> Dia menamakannya osmium dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> osme yang berarti "bau", karena bau abu dan bau asap <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroksida" title="Osmium tetroksida">osmium tetroksida</a> yang mudah menguap.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-72">[69]</a> Penemuan unsur baru ini didokumentasikan dalam sebuah surat kepada <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> pada tanggal 21 Juni 1804.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg/200px-Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg/300px-Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg/400px-Adenauerallee-2011-hessentag-099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Festival <a href="/wiki/Hessentag" title="Hessentag">Hessentag</a> pada tahun 2011, merayakan budaya negara bagian <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> di Jerman, senama dari hassium</figcaption></figure> Sintesis elemen 108 pertama kali dicoba pada tahun 1978 oleh tim peneliti Rusia yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Utyonkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Utyonkov (halaman belum tersedia)">Vladimir Utyonkov</a> di <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR) di <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, menggunakan reaksi yang menghasilkan isotop hassium-270 dan hassium-264. Data tersebut tidak pasti dan mereka melakukan percobaan baru pada hassium lima tahun kemudian, di mana kedua isotop ini juga menghasilkan hassium-263; percobaan hassium-264 diulang kembali dan dikonfirmasi pada tahun 1984.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-31">[31]</a> Hassium <a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">resmi ditemukan</a> pada tahun 1984 oleh kelompok peneliti Jerman yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Armbruster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Armbruster (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Armbruster</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_M%C3%BCnzenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Münzenberg (halaman belum tersedia)">Gottfried Münzenberg</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (halaman belum tersedia)">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) di <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>. Para peneliti ini membombardir target <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>-208 dengan inti besi-58 yang dipercepat untuk menghasilkan 3 atom <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> hassium-265.<a href="#cite_note-84Mu01-74">[71]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/220px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/330px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/440px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Jalan bawah tanah di Roussillon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Besi_telurik" title="Besi telurik">Besi telurik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric_iron" class="extiw" title="en:Telluric iron">telluric iron</a>) atau <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> logam jarang dijumpai di permukaan bumi karena cenderung teroksidasi, tetapi oksidanya menyerap dan mewakili bijih utama. Sementara ia menyusun sekitar 5% dari <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>, baik <a href="/wiki/Inti_dalam" title="Inti dalam">inti dalam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Inti_luar" title="Inti luar">luar</a> bumi diyakini mengandung paduan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> dalam jumlah besar mencapai 35% dari massa bumi secara keseluruhan. Besi merupakan unsur yang paling melimpah di bumi, namun hanya unsur paling melimpah keempat di kerak bumi, setelah <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Sebagian besar besi dalam kerak bumi ditemukan bergabung dengan oksigen seperti mineral <a href="/wiki/Besi_oksida" title="Besi oksida">besi oksida</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Hematit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematit">hematit</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a> (Fe), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siderit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siderit (halaman belum tersedia)">siderit</a> (FeCO). Banyak <a href="/wiki/Batuan_beku" title="Batuan beku">batuan beku</a> juga mengandung mineral sulfida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirhotit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirhotit (halaman belum tersedia)">pirhotit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentlandit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentlandit (halaman belum tersedia)">pentlandit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mindat-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klein-78">[75]</a> Sebagai unsur di urutan 74 <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_dalam_kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak bumi">kelimpahan dalam kerak bumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a> relatif langka,<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-69">[66]</a> dijumpai hanya sekitar 100 <a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_triliun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per triliun">bagian per triliun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1071-61">[59]</a> Unsur ini umumnya ditemukan dalam bijih bersama logam golongan platina lainnya di <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Ural" title="Pegunungan Ural">Pegunungan Ural</a> dan di Amerika Utara dan Selatan. Jumlah kecil tetapi penting secara komersial juga ditemukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentlandit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentlandit (halaman belum tersedia)">pentlandit</a> yang diekstraksi dari <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, dan pada deposit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piroksenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piroksenit (halaman belum tersedia)">piroksenit</a> di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>. Bentuk asli rutenium adalah mineral yang sangat langka (Ir menggantikan sebagian Ru dalam strukturnya).<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-CS-2008-80">[77]</a> Meskipun <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur" title="Kelimpahan unsur">osmium adalah salah satu unsur bernomor genap, yang menempatkannya di bagian atas unsur yang biasa ditemukan di luar angkasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> adalah unsur stabil <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_dalam_kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak bumi">paling sedikit</a> di kerak bumi dengan fraksi massa rata-rata 50 <a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_triliun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per triliun">bagian per triliun</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_benua" title="Kerak benua">kerak benua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wede-81">[78]</a> Osmium ditemukan di alam sebagai unsur mandiri atau dalam <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> alami; terutama paduan iridium-osmium, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmiridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmiridium (halaman belum tersedia)">osmiridium</a> (kaya akan osmium), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmiridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmiridium (halaman belum tersedia)">iridosmium</a> (kaya akan iridium).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-69">[66]</a> Pada deposit <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, logam golongan platina terdapat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sulfida" title="Sulfida">sulfida</a> (yaitu, (Pt,Pd)S)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">telurida</a> (misalnya, PtBiTe), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimonida (halaman belum tersedia)">antimonida</a> (misalnya, PdSb), dan <a href="/wiki/Arsenida" title="Arsenida">arsenida</a> (misalnya, PtAs2); dalam semua senyawa ini platina ditukar dengan sejumlah kecil iridium dan osmium. Seperti halnya semua logam golongan platina, osmium dapat ditemukan secara alami pada paduan dengan nikel atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembaga alami (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> tidak diketahui terjadi secara alami di Bumi; <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> semua isotop yang diketahui cukup pendek sehingga tidak ada hassium <a href="/wiki/Unsur_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur primordial">primordial</a> yang dapat bertahan sampai hari ini. Ini tidak mengesampingkan kemungkinan isotop tak diketahui yang berumur panjang atau <a href="/wiki/Isomer_nuklir" title="Isomer nuklir">isomer nuklir</a> yang ada, beberapa di antaranya masih bisa ada dalam jumlah <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">renik</a> saat ini jika mereka berumur cukup lama. Pada awal 1960-an, diperkirakan bahwa isomer hassium yang berumur panjang dapat terjadi secara alami di Bumi dalam jumlah renik. Teori ini muncul untuk menjelaskan kerusakan radiasi ekstrem pada beberapa mineral yang tidak mungkin disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotop">radioisotop</a> alami yang diketahui, namun bisa disebabkan oleh unsur-unsur superberat.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-31">[31]</a> Pada tahun 1963, ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Cherdyntsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Cherdyntsev (halaman belum tersedia)">Victor Cherdyntsev</a>, yang sebelumnya mengklaim adanya <a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">curium</a>-247 purba,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> mengklaim telah menemukan unsur 108 (khususnya, isotop 267Hs, yang diperkirakan memiliki waktu paruh 400 sampai 500 juta tahun) dalam <a href="/wiki/Molibdenit" title="Molibdenit">molibdenit</a> alami dan menyarankan nama sergenium dengan lambang Sg<a href="#cite_note-84">[Catatan 4]</a> sesuai nama kota kuno Serik di sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Sutera" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalan Sutera">Jalan Sutera</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> tempat sampel molibdenitnya berasal.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-31">[31]</a> Alasannya untuk mengklaim bahwa sergenium adalah homolog yang lebih berat dari osmium adalah bahwa mineral yang diduga mengandung sergenium membentuk oksida volatil ketika direbus dalam <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a>, serupa dengan osmium. Temuannya dikritik oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._M._Kulakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. M. Kulakov (halaman belum tersedia)">V. M. Kulakov</a> dengan alasan bahwa beberapa sifat yang diklaim Cherdyntsev dimiliki oleh sergenium tidak sesuai dengan fisika nuklir saat itu.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Produksi besi atau baja merupakan proses yang terdiri dari dua tahap utama. Pada tahap pertama bongkah besi diproduksi dalam tanur. Sebagai alternatif, bisa dilakukan reduksi langsung. Pada tahap kedua, bongkah besi diubah menjadi besi tempa, baja, atau besi cor.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1073-86">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/220px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/330px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/440px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Proses pematangan leburan <a href="/wiki/Bijih_besi" title="Bijih besi">bijih besi</a> untuk membuat besi tempa dari besi bongkahan. Gambar kanan menampilkan pria bekerja pada tanur. Dari ensiklopedia Tiangong Kaiwu, diterbitkan pada tahun 1637 oleh <a href="/wiki/Song_Yingxing" title="Song Yingxing">Song Yingxing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Iron-Making.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/220px-Iron-Making.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/330px-Iron-Making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/440px-Iron-Making.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Cara ekstraksi besi pada abad ke-19</figcaption></figure> Untuk beberapa keperluan terbatas bila diperlukan, besi murni diproduksi di laboratorium dalam jumlah kecil dengan mereduksi oksida atau hidroksida murni dengan hidrogen, atau membentuk besi pentakarbonil dan memanaskannya sampai 250 °C sehingga terdekomposisi menjadi serbuk besi murni.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1071-61">[59]</a> Metode lain adalah elektrolisis fero klorida pada katode besi.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Sekitar 12 ton rutenium ditambang setiap tahunnya dengan cadangan dunia diperkirakan 5.000 ton.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-69">[66]</a> Komposisi campuran logam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">golongan platina</a> (platinum group metal, PGM) yang ditambang sangat bervariasi, tergantung pada formasi geokimia. Misalnya, PGM yang ditambang di Afrika Selatan mengandung rutenium rata-rata 11% sementara PGM yang ditambang di bekas Uni Sovyet hanya mengandung 2% (1992).<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Rutenium, osmium, dan iridium dianggap sebagai minoritas dalam logam golongan platina.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1074-4">[4]</a> Osmium diperoleh secara komersial sebagai produk sampingan dari penambangan dan pengolahan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>. Selama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknik_ekstraksi_tembaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknik ekstraksi tembaga (halaman belum tersedia)">electrorefining tembaga</a> dan nikel, logam mulia seperti perak, emas dan logam golongan platina, bersama dengan unsur non-logam seperti <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a> mengendap di bagian bawah sel sebagai lumpur anode, yang merupakan bahan awal untuk ekstraksi mereka.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-summary-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-MinYb2006-91">[87]</a> Untuk memisahkan logam-logam tersebut, pertama-tama mereka harus dilarutkan. Tersedia beberapa metode tergantung pada proses pemisahan dan komposisi campuran; dua metode yang representatif adalah (1) dilebur dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_peroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium peroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium peroksida</a> yang diikuti dengan pelarutan dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_raja" title="Air raja">air raja</a>, dan (2) pelarutan dalam campuran <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-93">[89]</a> Osmium, rutenium, rhodium dan iridium dapat dipisahkan dari platina, emas dan logam dasar berdasarkan ketaklarutannya dalam air raja, sebagai residu padat. Rhodium dapat dipisahkan dari residu dengan perlakuan menggunakan lelehan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_bisulfat" title="Natrium bisulfat">natrium bisulfat</a>. Residu yang tidak larut, yang mengandung Ru, Os dan Ir, diberi perlakuan dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_oksida" title="Natrium oksida">natrium oksida</a>, di mana Ir tidak larut, menghasilkan garam Ru dan Os yang larut dalam air. Setelah dioksidasi menjadi oksida volatil, RuO dipisahkan dari OsO dengan presipitasi (NH' Too many ('"; menggunakan amonium klorida. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Besi adalah logam yang paling banyak digunakan, terhitung lebih dari 90% produksi logam di seluruh dunia. UGSG memberikan produksi besi termasuk daur ulang dengan 998Mt, sedangkan aluminium (39Mt), tembaga (18Mt), seng (11Mt) dan timah (8.6Mt) menambahkan hingga 77 Mt, semuanya termasuk daur ulang. Ini lebih seperti 8% daripada 5. Biayanya yang rendah dan kekuatannya tinggi membuatnya sangat diperlukan dalam aplikasi teknik seperti konstruksi mesin dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peralatan_mesin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peralatan mesin (halaman belum tersedia)">peralatan mesin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">mobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambung_kapal" title="Lambung kapal">lambung</a> <a href="/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal">kapal</a> besar, dan komponen struktural untuk <a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a>. Oleh karena besi murni cukup lunak, besi paling sering dipadukan dengan unsur paduan untuk membuat baja.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood10701-94">[90]</a> Karena mengeraskan paduan platina dan paladium, rutenium digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sakelar" title="Sakelar">sakelar listrik</a>, di mana film tipis cukup untuk mencapai daya tahan yang diinginkan. Dengan sifat serupa dan biaya lebih rendah daripada rhodium,<a href="#cite_note-Hunt_1969_126–138-95">[91]</a> sakelar listrik adalah penggunaan utama rutenium.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Pelat diaplikasikan ke logam dasar dengan cara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyepuhan_elektrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyepuhan elektrik (halaman belum tersedia)">penyepuhan elektrik</a> (electroplating)<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembersitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembersitan (halaman belum tersedia)">pembersitan</a> (sputtering).<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Rutenium dioksida dengan timbal dan bismut ruthenat digunakan pada resistor chip film tebal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Dua aplikasi elektronik ini menyumbang 50% konsumsi ruthenium.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-69">[66]</a> Osmium jarang digunakan dalam keadaan murni, karena oksidanya sangat volatil dan toksik, namun justru sering dipadu dengan logam lainnya. Paduan tersebut digunakan dalam aplikasi dengan berkeausan tinggi. Paduan osmium seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmiridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmiridium (halaman belum tersedia)">osmiridium</a> sangat keras dan, bersama logam golongan platina lainnya, digunakan di ujung <a href="/wiki/Pulpen" title="Pulpen">pulpen</a>, poros instrumen, dan sakelar, karena mereka dapat menahan keausan dari penggunaan masif. Mereka juga digunakan untuk ujung <a href="/wiki/Stilus" title="Stilus">stilus</a> <a href="/wiki/Fonograf" title="Fonograf">fonograf</a> era piringan hitam, sekitar tahun 1945 sampai 1955. Meskipun sangat awet dibandingkan dengan stilus baja dan kromium, ujung paduan osmium jauh lebih cepat aus, dan lebih mahal, daripada pesaingnya <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Safir" class="mw-redirect" title="Safir">safir</a>, sehingga pemakaiannya dihentikan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pencegahan">Pencegahan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pencegahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Serbuk halus logam osmium bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piroporisitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piroporisitas (halaman belum tersedia)">piroporis</a><a href="#cite_note-Appraisal-103">[99]</a> dan bereaksi dengan oksigen pada suhu ruang, membentuk <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroksida" title="Osmium tetroksida">osmium tetroksida</a> yang mudah menguap. Beberapa senyawa osmium juga berubah menjadi tetroksida jika ada oksigen.<a href="#cite_note-Appraisal-103">[99]</a> Hal ini membuat osmium tetroksida menjadi sumber kontak utama dengan lingkungan. Osmium tetroksida sangat mudah menguap dan menembus kulit dengan mudah, dan sangat <a href="/wiki/Toksik" class="mw-redirect" title="Toksik">toksik</a> jika terhirup, tertelan, dan terkena kulit.<a href="#cite_note-ToxOs-104">[100]</a> Uap osmium tetroksida di udara pada konsentrasi rendah dapat menyebabkan kongesti <a href="/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru">paru-paru</a> dan kerusakan <a href="/wiki/Kulit_manusia" title="Kulit manusia">kulit</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Mata_manusia" title="Mata manusia">mata</a>, dan karenanya harus digunakan di dalam <a href="/wiki/Lemari_asam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemari asam">lemari asam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mager-19">[19]</a> Osmium tetroksida cepat direduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Minyak_sayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyak sayur">minyak sayur</a> <a href="/wiki/Lemak_tak_jenuh_ganda" title="Lemak tak jenuh ganda">tak jenuh ganda</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Minyak_jagung" title="Minyak jagung">minyak jagung</a>, menjadi senyawa yang relatif lembam (inert).<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peran_biologis">Peran biologis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Peran biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peran biologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Dari empat unsur golongan 8, hanya <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> yang diketahui memiliki peran biologis. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Heme_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heme_b.svg/220px-Heme_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heme_b.svg/330px-Heme_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heme_b.svg/440px-Heme_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Struktur <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme b</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a> protein tambahan akan menempel pada Fe.</figcaption></figure> Besi merupakan nutrisi penting bagi semua organisme hidup, dari archaea hingga manusia. Ia merupakan komponen utama dalam <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, protein yang membuat darah merah dan mentransfer oksigen ke otot, dan juga ditemukan pada banyak protein lainnya. Rutenium, osmium, dan kalium tidak memiliki peran yang diketahui dalam tubuh manusia. Besi terlibat dalam banyak proses biologis.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Ini adalah logam transisi terpenting di semua organisme hidup.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1098-108">[104]</a> Protein besi dijumpai dalam seluruh organisme hidup: <a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">arkea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>, termasuk manusia. Misalnya, warna darah disebabkan oleh hemoglobin, suatu protein yang mengandung besi. Seperti yang diilustrasikan oleh hemoglobin, besi sering kali terikat pada <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">kofaktor</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>, yang bukan senyawa protein dan sering melibatkan ion logam, yang diperlukan agar aktivitas biologi protein dapat berlangsung. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaster_besi-belerang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaster besi-belerang (halaman belum tersedia)">Klaster besi-belerang</a> bersifat pervasif dan termasuk <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a>, enzim yang bertanggung jawab untuk <a href="/wiki/Fiksasi_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiksasi nitrogen">fiksasi nitrogen</a> biologis. Peran utama protein yang mengandung besi adalah transportasi dan penyimpanan oksigen, selain transfer elektron.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1098-108">[104]</a> Besi adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_renik" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur renik">unsur renik</a> yang penting yang dijumpai di hampir semua organisme hidup. Enzim dan protein yang mengandung zat besi, yang sering mengandung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugus_prostetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugus prostetik (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus prostetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>, berpartisipasi dalam banyak oksidasi biologis dan transportasi. Contoh protein yang ditemukan pada organisme tingkat tinggi meliputi hemoglobin, <a href="/wiki/Sitokrom" title="Sitokrom">sitokrom</a> (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_bervalensi_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi bervalensi tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)">besi bervalensi tinggi</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Katalase" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalase">katalase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Manusia dewasa rata-rata mengandung besi sebanyak 0,005% berat badan, atau sekitar empat gram, yang tiga perempatnya dalam bentuk hemoglobin – tingkat yang tetap konstant meskipun hanya menyerap satu miligram besi per hari,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1098-108">[104]</a> karena tubuh manusia mendaur ulang hemoglobin untuk mendapatkan kembali besinya.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_Juga">Lihat Juga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat Juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat Juga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Golongan 1 (IA)</a> (Logam alkali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Golongan 2 (IIA)</a> (Logam alkali tanah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">Golongan 3 (IIIB)</a> (Logam tanah jarang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">Golongan 4 (IVB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">Golongan 5 (VB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">Golongan 6 (VIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">Golongan 7 (VIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">Golongan 9 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">Golongan 10 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">Golongan 11 (IB)</a> (Logam koin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">Golongan 12 (IIB)</a> (Logam volatil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">Golongan 13 (IIIA)</a> (Ikosagen/Triel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">Golongan 14 (IVA)</a> (Kristalogen/Tetrel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">Golongan 15 (VA)</a> (Pniktogen/Pentel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">Golongan 16 (VIA)</a> (Kalkogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Golongan 17 (VIIA)</a> (Halogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Golongan 18 (VIIIA)</a> (Aerogen/Gas mulia)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Jumlah energi yang dilepaskan ketika satu elektron ditambahkan pada atom atau molekul netral untuk membentuk ion negatif. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> energi yang dibutuhkan untuk <a href="/wiki/Adhesi" title="Adhesi">mengadhesi</a> atom, molekul, atau ion dari <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairan" title="Cairan">cairan</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Padatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Padatan">padatan</a> terlarut pada <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_permukaan" title="Ilmu permukaan">permukaan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> campuran <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a> pekat dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> pekat (3:1) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> pada saat itu, lambang Sg belum digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-G&E-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_1-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) , pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood905-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood905_2-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 905 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1070-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1070_3-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1070 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1074-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1074_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1074_4-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1074–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nam, Wonwoo (2007). "High-Valent Iron(IV)–Oxo Complexes of Heme and Non-Heme Ligands in Oxygenation Reactions". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (7): 522–531. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far700027f">10.1021/ar700027f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17469792">17469792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=High-Valent+Iron%28IV%29%E2%80%93Oxo+Complexes+of+Heme+and+Non-Heme+Ligands+in+Oxygenation+Reactions&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=522-531&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far700027f&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17469792&rft.aulast=Nam&rft.aufirst=Wonwoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-HollemanAF-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_6-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Iron". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (dalam bahasa German) (edisi ke-91–100). Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 1125–1146. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-11-007511-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-11-007511-3">3-11-007511-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iron&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1125-1146&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Reiff, William Michael; Long, Gary J. (1984). "Mössbauer Spectroscopy and the Coordination Chemistry of Iron". Mössbauer spectroscopy applied to inorganic chemistry. Springer. hlm. 245–283. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-306-41647-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-306-41647-7">978-0-306-41647-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%B6ssbauer+Spectroscopy+and+the+Coordination+Chemistry+of+Iron&rft.btitle=M%C3%B6ssbauer+spectroscopy+applied+to+inorganic+chemistry&rft.pages=245-283&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-306-41647-7&rft.aulast=Reiff&rft.aufirst=William+Michael&rft.au=Long%2C+Gary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ware, Mike (1999). "An introduction in monochrome". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=C-7I69gFIbMC&pg=PA11">Cyanotype: the history, science and art of photographic printing in Prussian blue</a>. NMSI Trading Ltd. hlm. 11–19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-900747-07-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-900747-07-3">978-1-900747-07-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+introduction+in+monochrome&rft.btitle=Cyanotype%3A+the+history%2C+science+and+art+of+photographic+printing+in+Prussian+blue&rft.pages=11-19&rft.pub=NMSI+Trading+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-900747-07-3&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DC-7I69gFIbMC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Gmelin, Leopold</a> (1852). 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Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. hlm. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7514-0413-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7514-0413-6">0-7514-0413-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Precious+Metals&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York%2C+LLC&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7514-0413-6&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VKAs6iLmwcC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2014/10/iridium-oxide-cation-oxidation-state-9">"Iridium forms compound in +9 oxidation state"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iridium+forms+compound+in+%2B9+oxidation+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemistryworld%2F2014%2F10%2Firidium-oxide-cation-oxidation-state-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-selig-12"><a href="#cite_ref-selig_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Selig, H.; Claassen, H. H.; Chernick, C. L.; Malm, J. G.; et al. (1964). "Xenon tetroxide – Preparation + Some Properties". 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(18 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.032518">"Fully relativistic density-functional-theory calculations of the electronic structures of MO4 (M = Ru, Os, and element 108, Hs) and prediction of physisorption"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review A (halaman belum tersedia)">Physical Review A</a>. 78 (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.78.032518">10.1103/PhysRevA.78.032518</a>. Diakses tanggal March 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Fully+relativistic+density-functional-theory+calculations+of+the+electronic+structures+of+MO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28M+%3D+Ru%2C+Os%2C+and+element+108%2C+Hs%29+and+prediction+of+physisorption&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.78.032518&rft.aulast=Pershina&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Anton%2C+J.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fpra%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.78.032518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Weeks, p.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeeks1968">Weeks 1968</a>, hlm. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeeks1968">Weeks 1968</a>, hlm. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorkman_1973-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_1973_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bjorkman, Judith Kingston (1973). 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Meteoritics. 8: 91–132. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1973.tb00146.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.1973.tb00146.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics&rft.atitle=Meteors+and+Meteorites+in+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=91-132&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1973.tb00146.x&rft.aulast=Bjorkman&rft.aufirst=Judith+Kingston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Comelli-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Comelli_50-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Daniela Comelli; Massimo D'orazio; Luigi Folco; Mahmud El-Halwagy; Tommaso Frizzi; Roberto Alberti; Valentina Capogrosso; Abdelrazek Elnaggar; Hala Hassan; Austin Nevin; Franco Porcelli; Mohamed G. 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Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51: 1301–1309. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12664">10.1111/maps.12664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=The+meteoritic+origin+of+Tutankhamun%27s+iron+dagger+blade&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=1301-1309&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmaps.12664&rft.au=Daniela+Comelli&rft.au=Massimo+D%27orazio&rft.au=Luigi+Folco&rft.au=Mahmud+El-Halwagy&rft.au=Tommaso+Frizzi&rft.au=Roberto+Alberti&rft.au=Valentina+Capogrosso&rft.au=Abdelrazek+Elnaggar&rft.au=Hala+Hassan&rft.au=Austin+Nevin&rft.au=Franco+Porcelli&rft.au=Mohamed+G.+Rashed&rft.au=Gianluca+Valentini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fmaps.12664%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-walshx-51"><a href="#cite_ref-walshx_51-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Walsh, Declan (2 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/world/middleeast/king-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html">"King Tut's Dagger Made of 'Iron From the Sky,' Researchers Say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Diakses tanggal 4 June 2016. <q>... the blade's composition of iron, nickel and cobalt was an approximate match for a meteorite that landed in northern Egypt. The result "strongly suggests an extraterrestrial origin"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=King+Tut%27s+Dagger+Made+of+%27Iron+From+the+Sky%2C%27+Researchers+Say&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fking-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ure, Andrew (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CQ4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA492&lpg=PA492&dq=meteoreisen+weich+br%25C3%25BCchig&source=bl&ots=vFKJAOcmWw&sig=7m9AYwZI3B6jDW63gjCDRQDY3XI&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiO3rC2vpfPAhWnCMAKHcGTC8EQ6AEIITAB#v=onepage&q=meteoreisen%2520weich%2520br%25C3%25BCchig&f=false">Technisches wörterbuch oder Handbuch der Gewerbskunde ... : Bearb. nach Dr. Andrew Ure's Dictionary of arts, manufactures and mines</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). 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The Philosophical Magazine. 2 (11): 391–392. 1827. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786442708674516">10.1080/14786442708674516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+Metals+in+the+Uralian+Platina&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=391-392&rft.date=1827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786442708674516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx57C3yhRPUAC%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-DiscoRu-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoRu_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoRu_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoRu_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoRu_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoRu_57-4">e</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pitchkov, V. 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Diakses tanggal 2017-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Ruthenium&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181-188&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pitchkov&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v40-i4-181-188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Osann2-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Osann2_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Osann, Gottfried (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE">"Berichtigung, meine Untersuchung des uralschen Platins betreffend"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>. 15: 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poggendorffs+Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Berichtigung%2C+meine+Untersuchung+des+uralschen+Platins+betreffend&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1829&rft.au=Osann%2C+Gottfried&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Osann-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Osann_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Osann, Gottfried (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150998/f337.image.langDE">"Fortsetzung der Untersuchung des Platins vom Ural"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>. 14 (6): 329–257. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....89..283O">1828AnP....89..283O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18280890609">10.1002/andp.18280890609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poggendorffs+Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Fortsetzung+der+Untersuchung+des+Platins+vom+Ural&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=329-257&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18280890609&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....89..283O&rft.au=Osann%2C+Gottfried&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k150998%2Ff337.image.langDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  Kalimat asli di <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150998/f347.image.langDE">p. 339</a> adalah: "Da dieses Metall, welches ich nach den so eben beschriebenen Eigenschaften als ein neues glaube annehmen zu müssen, sich in größerer Menge als das früher erwähnte in dem uralschen Platin befindet, und auch durch seinen schönen, dem Golde ähnlichen metallischen Glanz sich mehr empfiehlt, so glaube ich, daß der Vorschlag, das zuerst aufgefundene neue Metall Ruthenium zu nennen, besser auf dieses angewendet werden könne." </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks8-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks8_60-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Elvira_Weeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Elvira Weeks (halaman belum tersedia)">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). 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Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6): 1017. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1017W">1932JChEd...9.1017W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1017">10.1021/ed009p1017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+VIII.+The+platinum+metals&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1017&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p1017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9.1017W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+8" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1071-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1071_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1071_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1071_61-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1071 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karl Claus (1845). 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</ol></div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">(besar)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tabel_periodik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik" title="Templat:Navbox tabel periodik"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Navbox tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tabel_periodik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bentuk tabel periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik#Ikhtisar" title="Tabel periodik">18-kolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_18-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">18-kolom, sel besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_32-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">32-kolom, sel besar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatif</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Alternatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_antariksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia antariksa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia antariksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif#Tabel_periodik_kidal_(Janet,_1928)" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Tabel kidal Janet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perluasan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Perluasan setelah periode ke-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Fricke (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Fricke</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_perluasan_(versi_besar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik perluasan (versi besar) (halaman belum tersedia)">sel besar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Model Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nama_untuk_kelompok_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama untuk kelompok unsur kimia">Kelompok unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan struktur tabel periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1 (Logam alkali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2 (Logam alkali tanah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15 (Pniktogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16 (Kalkogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18 (Gas mulia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Aufbau,_50_columns,_period_8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Aufbau, 50 columns, period 8) (halaman belum tersedia)">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Fricke,_52_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 52 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Pyykk%C3%B6,_50_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Pyykkö, 50 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">Blok-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">Blok-p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">Blok-d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">Blok-f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-g">Blok-g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">Prinsip Aufbau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Sifat-sifat_logam,_metaloid_dan_nonlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam">kelogaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Superaktinida" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Unsur_di_atas_172" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Eka-superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca transisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar metaloid berdasarkan sumbernya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batas_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam" title="Batas antara logam dan nonlogam">Garis batas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kelompok lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(unsur_nutrisi)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (unsur nutrisi)">Unsur nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">Logam golongan platina</a> (Platinum Group Metals, PGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_tanah_jarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur tanah jarang">Unsur tanah jarang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">Logam refraktori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga">Logam berharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_koin" title="Logam koin">Logam koin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">Logam berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam alami">Logam alami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">Unsur transuranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transaktinida" title="Unsur transaktinida">Unsur transaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida mayor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida minor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Daftar unsur kimia">Senarai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Berdasarkan: <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia">Kelimpahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komposisi_tubuh_manusia" title="Komposisi tubuh manusia">dalam tubuh manusia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_sifat_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan sifat atom (halaman belum tersedia)">Sifat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_stabilitas_isotop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan stabilitas isotop (halaman belum tersedia)">Stabilitas inti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_produksi_unsur_kimia_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar produksi unsur kimia dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbol_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol (kimia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia#Sifat" title="Unsur kimia">Sifat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(berat_atom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (berat atom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Berat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_(struktur_kristal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik (struktur kristal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur kristal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(afinitas_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (afinitas elektron) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(konfigurasi_elektron)" title="Tabel periodik (konfigurasi elektron)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Allen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Allen) (halaman belum tersedia)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Pauling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Pauling) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pauling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">Klasifikasi Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(valensi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (valensi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Valensi maksimum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halaman data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelimpahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jari-jari_atom_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jari-jari atom unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jari-jari atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_didih_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik didih unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik didih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_kritis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik kritis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik kritis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_jenis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa jenis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Massa jenis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifat_elastis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifat elastis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elastisitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistivitas_listrik_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistivitas listrik unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Resistivitas listrik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afinitas_elektron_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afinitas elektron (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfigurasi elektron unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronegativitas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronegativitas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektronegativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekerasan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekerasan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekerasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_panas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapasitas panas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapasitas panas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_fusi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas fusi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas fusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_penguapan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas penguapan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas penguapan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_ionisasi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi ionisasi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Energi ionisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_lebur_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik lebur unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik lebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tingkat_oksidasi_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar tingkat oksidasi unsur kimia">Tingkat oksidasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laju_suara_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laju suara unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Laju suara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konduktivitas_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konduktivitas termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konduktivitas termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koefisien_ekspansi_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koefisien ekspansi termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koefisien ekspansi termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_uap_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan uap unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tekanan uap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tabel_periodik" title="Sejarah tabel periodik">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur-unsur_prediksi_Mendeleev" title="Unsur-unsur prediksi Mendeleev">Prediksi Mendeleev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penamaan_unsur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penamaan unsur (halaman belum tersedia)">Penamaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_etimologi_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar etimologi nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Etimologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontroversi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_tempat_yang_digunakan_dalam_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar tempat yang digunakan dalam nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">tempat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_ilmuwan_yang_namanya_digunakan_dalam_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar ilmuwan yang namanya digunakan dalam unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">ilmuwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_dalam_bahasa_di_Asia_Timur" title="Unsur kimia dalam bahasa di Asia Timur">di Asia Timur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat juga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tata_nama_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tata nama kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">nomenklatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">Nama unsur sistematik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_trivial" title="Nama trivial">Nama trivial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buku:Tabel_periodik" title="Buku:Tabel periodik">Buku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal kimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsur_golongan_8" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Unsur_golongan_8" title="Templat:Unsur golongan 8"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Unsur golongan 8 (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Unsur_golongan_8&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsur_golongan_8" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unsur golongan 8</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> Fe Nomor Atom: 26 Bobot Atom: 55,845 Titik Leleh: 1808,15 K Titik Didih: 3134 K Massa jenis: 7,874 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: 1.83 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> Ru Nomor Atom: 44 Bobot Atom: 101,07 Titik Leleh: 2523,15 K Titik Didih: 4423 K Massa jenis: 12,37 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: 2,2 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> Os Nomor Atom: 76 Bobot Atom: 190,23 Titik Leleh: 3300,15 K Titik Didih: 5285 K Massa jenis: 22,61 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: 2,2 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> Hs Nomor Atom: 108 Bobot Atom: [269] Titik Leleh: ? K Titik Didih: ? K Massa jenis: ? 41 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: ? </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&oldid=24245921">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_8&oldid=24245921</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Jerman_(de)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Yunani" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani">Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 16 September 2023, pukul 11.10.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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