CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bilangan oksidasi - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"997190eb-802b-4422-be3d-4081d513ab32","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bilangan_oksidasi","wgTitle":"Bilangan oksidasi","wgCurRevisionId":25025185,"wgRevisionId":25025185,"wgArticleId":3110,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)","Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list","Galat CS1: PMC","Galat CS1: PMID","CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)","Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui","CS1 sumber berbahasa Rusia (ru)","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan", "Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Desember 2023","Halaman tanpa ISBN","Oksida","Bilangan kimia nirdimensi","Kimia koordinasi","Redoks","Sifat kimia","Tata nama kimia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bilangan_oksidasi","wgRelevantArticleId":3110,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q484152","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bilangan oksidasi - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bilangan_oksidasi rootpage-Bilangan_oksidasi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Menu utama </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z">Halaman Utama</a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi">Daftar isi</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terbaru</a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik">Artikel pilihan</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini">Peristiwa terkini</a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru">Halaman baru</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x">Halaman sembarang</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi">Warung Kopi</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu">Portal komunitas</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan.">Bantuan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar">Pancapilar</a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman">Kebijakan</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir">Bak pasir</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Pencarian </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class="">Menyumbang</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Bilangan+oksidasi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Bilangan+oksidasi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Masuk log</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Perkakas pribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id">Menyumbang</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Bilangan+oksidasi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"> Buat akun baru</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Bilangan+oksidasi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi_IUPAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_IUPAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definisi IUPAC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_IUPAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penentuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penentuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Penentuan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penentuan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penentuan </button> <ul id="toc-Penentuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pendekatan_sederhana_tanpa_pertimbangan_ikatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendekatan_sederhana_tanpa_pertimbangan_ikatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pendekatan sederhana tanpa pertimbangan ikatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendekatan_sederhana_tanpa_pertimbangan_ikatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algoritma_penetapan_ikatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algoritma_penetapan_ikatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Algoritma penetapan ikatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algoritma_penetapan_ikatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peringatan_algoritma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peringatan_algoritma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Peringatan algoritma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peringatan_algoritma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algoritma_penjumlahan_orde_ikatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algoritma_penjumlahan_orde_ikatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Algoritma penjumlahan orde ikatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algoritma_penjumlahan_orde_ikatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diterapkan_pada_struktur_Lewis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diterapkan_pada_struktur_Lewis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Diterapkan pada struktur Lewis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diterapkan_pada_struktur_Lewis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diterapkan_pada_graf_ikatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diterapkan_pada_graf_ikatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Diterapkan pada graf ikatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diterapkan_pada_graf_ikatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menyetarakan_redoks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menyetarakan_redoks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Menyetarakan redoks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menyetarakan_redoks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penampilan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penampilan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Penampilan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penampilan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penampilan </button> <ul id="toc-Penampilan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_nominal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_nominal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bilangan oksidasi nominal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_nominal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_ambigu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_ambigu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Bilangan oksidasi ambigu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_ambigu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penentuan_keadaan_oksidasi_dari_rumus_resonansi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penentuan_keadaan_oksidasi_dari_rumus_resonansi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Penentuan keadaan oksidasi dari rumus resonansi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penentuan_keadaan_oksidasi_dari_rumus_resonansi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengukuran_fisik_diperlukan_untuk_menentukan_bilangan_oksidasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengukuran_fisik_diperlukan_untuk_menentukan_bilangan_oksidasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Pengukuran fisik diperlukan untuk menentukan bilangan oksidasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengukuran_fisik_diperlukan_untuk_menentukan_bilangan_oksidasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_yang_ambigu/sewenang-wenang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_yang_ambigu/sewenang-wenang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Bilangan oksidasi yang ambigu/sewenang-wenang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_yang_ambigu/sewenang-wenang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_pecahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_pecahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bilangan oksidasi pecahan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_pecahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsur_dengan_beberapa_keadaan_oksidasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur_dengan_beberapa_keadaan_oksidasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Unsur dengan beberapa keadaan oksidasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsur_dengan_beberapa_keadaan_oksidasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_dalam_logam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_dalam_logam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Bilangan oksidasi dalam logam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_oksidasi_dalam_logam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia </button> <ul id="toc-Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bentuk_awal_(kaidah_oktet)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_awal_(kaidah_oktet)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bentuk awal (kaidah oktet) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_awal_(kaidah_oktet)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Penggunaan dalam tata nama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_konsep_bilangan_oksidasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_konsep_bilangan_oksidasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sejarah konsep bilangan oksidasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah_konsep_bilangan_oksidasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah konsep bilangan oksidasi </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_konsep_bilangan_oksidasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Awal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Penggunaan dalam tata nama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengembangan_menuju_konsep_saat_ini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengembangan_menuju_konsep_saat_ini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Pengembangan menuju konsep saat ini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengembangan_menuju_konsep_saat_ini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bilangan oksidasi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 80 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasietoestand" title="Oksidasietoestand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oksidasietoestand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numero_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Numero d'oxidación – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Numero d'oxidación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة الأكسدة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة الأكسدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة د لأكسدة – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حالة د لأكسدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estáu d'oxidación – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu d'oxidación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B6%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Окисланыу дәрәжәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Окисланыу дәрәжәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paindikan_oksidasi" title="Paindikan oksidasi – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paindikan oksidasi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ступень акіслення – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ступень акіслення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ступень затляненьня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ступень затляненьня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Степен на окисление – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Степен на окисление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_number" title="Oxidation number – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="Oxidation number" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="জারণ অবস্থা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জারণ অবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijsko_stanje" title="Oksidacijsko stanje – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oksidacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3" title="Estat d'oxidació – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat d'oxidació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ژمارەی ئۆکسان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژمارەی ئۆکسان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxida%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Oxidační číslo – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxidační číslo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%C4%95" title="Оксидлав капашĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оксидлав капашĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflwr_ocsidiad" title="Cyflwr ocsidiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflwr ocsidiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationstrin" title="Oxidationstrin – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oxidationstrin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oxidationszahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αριθμός οξείδωσης – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριθμός οξείδωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oxidation state" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidi%C4%9Da_nombro" title="Oksidiĝa nombro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oksidiĝa nombro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de oxidación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdatsiooniaste" title="Oksüdatsiooniaste – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oksüdatsiooniaste" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oxidazio-egoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="عدد اکسایش – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عدد اکسایش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapetusluku" title="Hapetusluku – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hapetusluku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_d%27oxydation" title="Nombre d'oxydation – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nombre d'oxydation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidaasjetast%C3%A2n" title="Oksidaasjetastân – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oksidaasjetastân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staid_ocsa%C3%ADdi%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" title="Staid ocsaídiúcháin – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staid ocsaídiúcháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de oxidación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דרגת חמצון – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרגת חמצון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑक्सीकरण संख्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑक्सीकरण संख्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijski_broj" title="Oksidacijski broj – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oksidacijski broj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degre_oksidasyon" title="Degre oksidasyon – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Degre oksidasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_sz%C3%A1m" title="Oxidációs szám – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxidációs szám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օքսիդացման աստիճան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օքսիդացման աստիճան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxunartala" title="Oxunartala – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oxunartala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_di_ossidazione" title="Stato di ossidazione – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato di ossidazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B0" title="酸化数 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸化数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kijytcini" title="kijytcini – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kijytcini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგვის რიცხვი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟანგვის რიცხვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тотығу дәрежесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тотығу дәрежесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%88%98" title="산화수 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산화수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijos_laipsnis" title="Oksidacijos laipsnis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oksidacijos laipsnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksid%C4%93%C5%A1anas_pak%C4%81pe" title="Oksidēšanas pakāpe – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oksidēšanas pakāpe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шапамомшкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шапамомшкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Оксидационен број – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оксидационен број" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Исэлдэлтийн зэрэг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Исэлдэлтийн зэрэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_pengoksidaan" title="Keadaan pengoksidaan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadaan pengoksidaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidatschoonstall" title="Oxidatschoonstall – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oxidatschoonstall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidatietoestand" title="Oxidatietoestand – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oxidatietoestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasjonstal" title="Oksidasjonstal – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oksidasjonstal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasjonstall" title="Oksidasjonstall – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oksidasjonstall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਸੰਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਸੰਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopie%C5%84_utlenienia" title="Stopień utlenienia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stopień utlenienia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxida%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Estado de oxidação – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado de oxidação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Număr de oxidare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Степень окисления – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Степень окисления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiderenlohku" title="Oksiderenlohku – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oksiderenlohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacioni_broj" title="Oksidacioni broj – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oksidacioni broj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oxidation state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxida%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Oxidačné číslo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxidačné číslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijsko_stanje" title="Oksidacijsko stanje – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oksidacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Оксидационо стање – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оксидационо стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationstal" title="Oxidationstal – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oxidationstal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สถานะออกซิเดชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานะออกซิเดชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCkseltgenme_durumu" title="Yükseltgenme durumu – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yükseltgenme durumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ступінь окиснення – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ступінь окиснення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="تکسیدی عدد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تکسیدی عدد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidlanish_darajasi" title="Oksidlanish darajasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oksidlanish darajasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_oxy_h%C3%B3a" title="Trạng thái oxy hóa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạng thái oxy hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B0" title="氧化数 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氧化数" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-oxidation_state" title="I-oxidation state – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-oxidation state" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B0" title="氧化数 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氧化数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B8" title="氧化數 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氧化數" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sng-h%C3%B2a-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Sng-hòa-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sng-hòa-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B8" title="氧化數 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氧化數" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Bilangan_oksidasi" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Indonesia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Perkakas </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=history">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pranala balik</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Bilangan_oksidasi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q">Halaman istimewa</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&oldid=25025185" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Bilangan_oksidasi&id=25025185&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBilangan_oksidasi">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBilangan_oksidasi">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bilangan+oksidasi">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxidation_states" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484152" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr">Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a>, bilangan oksidasi, biloks, atau keadaan oksidasi, adalah <a href="/wiki/Muatan_listrik" title="Muatan listrik">muatan</a> hipotesis sebuah atom jika semua <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatannya</a> dengan atom yang berbeda sepenuhnya <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ionik" title="Ikatan ionik">ionik</a>. Bilangan ini menggambarkan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">oksidasi</a> (kehilangan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>) dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a>. Secara konseptual, bilangan oksidasi dapat berupa bilangan positif, negatif, atau nol. Walaupun ikatan ionik sepenuhnya tidak ditemukan di alam, banyak ikatan menunjukkan ionitas yang kuat, menjadikan bilangan oksidasi sebagai prediktor muatan yang berguna. Bilangan oksidasi atom tidak mewakili <a href="/wiki/Muatan_formal" title="Muatan formal">muatan formal</a> "nyata" pada atom itu, atau sifat atom aktual lainnya. Hal ini terutama berlaku untuk bilangan oksidasi tinggi, di mana <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a> yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan ion positif berlipat ganda jauh lebih besar daripada energi yang tersedia dalam reaksi kimia. Selain itu, bilangan oksidasi atom dalam senyawa tertentu dapat bervariasi tergantung pada pilihan skala <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas</a> yang digunakan dalam perhitungannya. Dengan demikian, bilangan oksidasi atom dalam suatu senyawa adalah murni formalisme. Namun demikian, bilangan oksidasi tetaplah penting untuk dapat memahami konvensi nomenklatur <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_anorganik" title="Senyawa anorganik">senyawa anorganik</a>. Juga, beberapa pengamatan mengenai reaksi kimia dapat dijelaskan pada tingkat dasar dalam hal bilangan oksidasi. Bilangan oksidasi biasanya diwakili oleh bilangan bulat yang mungkin positif, nol, atau negatif. Dalam beberapa kasus, bilangan oksidasi rata-rata suatu unsur adalah pecahan, seperti 83 untuk <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> (Fe) dalam <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a> (Fe 3O 4) (<a href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_pecahan">lihat di bawah</a>). Bilangan oksidasi tertinggi yang diketahui dilaporkan sebesar +9 untuk <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> (Ir) dalam kation <a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroksida" title="Iridium tetroksida">tetroksoiridium(IX)</a> (IrO+ 4).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Diperkirakan bahwa bahkan bilangan oksidasi +12 dapat dicapai oleh <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (U) dalam heksoksida teoretis <a href="/wiki/Uranium_heksoksida" title="Uranium heksoksida">UO 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Bilangan oksidasi terendah adalah −5, seperti untuk <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> dalam Al 3BC.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Dalam tata nama anorganik, bilangan oksidasi diwakili oleh <a href="/wiki/Angka_Romawi" title="Angka Romawi">angka Romawi</a> yang ditempatkan setelah nama unsur di dalam tanda kurung atau sebagai superskrip setelah lambang unsur, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Ferioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferioksida">Besi(III) oksida</a>. Istilah oksidasi pertama kali digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> untuk menunjukkan reaksi suatu zat dengan oksigen. Jauh kemudian, disadari bahwa zat, setelah teroksidasi, kehilangan elektron, dan artinya diperluas untuk mencakup <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi</a> lain di mana elektron hilang, terlepas dari apakah oksigen terlibat. Peningkatan bilangan oksidasi atom, melalui reaksi kimia, disebut sebagai oksidasi; penurunan bilangan oksidasi disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">reduksi</a>. Reaksi semacam ini melibatkan transfer elektron secara formal: perolehan bersih elektron disebut sebagai reduksi, dan kehilangan elektron disebut sebagai oksidasi. Untuk unsur murni, bilangan oksidasinya adalah nol. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi_IUPAC">Definisi IUPAC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi IUPAC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi IUPAC">sunting sumber</a>]</div> IUPAC telah menerbitkan "Definisi komprehensif dari istilah keadaan oksidasi (Rekomendasi IUPAC 2016)".<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-4">[4]</a> Ini adalah distilasi dari laporan teknis <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a> "Menuju definisi yang komprehensif dari keadaan oksidasi" dari tahun 2014.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a> Definisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Buku Emas</a> IUPAC saat ini mengenai keadaan oksidasi adalah: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Keadaan oksidasi atom adalah muatan atom ini setelah pendekatan ionik dari ikatan heteronuklirnya...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>IUPAC<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxstate-6">[6]</a></cite></div></blockquote> dan istilah bilangan oksidasi hampir sama.<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxnumber-7">[7]</a> Prinsip dasarnya adalah bahwa muatan ionik adalah "keadaan oksidasi atom, setelah pendekatan ionik dari ikatannya",<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-8">[8]</a> di mana pendekatan ionik berarti, menghipotesiskan bahwa semua ikatan adalah ionik. Beberapa kriteria dipertimbangkan untuk pendekatan ionik: <ol><li>Ekstrapolasi polaritas ikatan; <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>dari perbedaan keelektronegatifan,</li><li>dari momen dipol, dan</li><li>dari perhitungan kimia‐kuantum muatan.</li></ol></div></li> <li>Penetapan elektron menurut kontribusi atom pada ikatan <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekul" title="Orbital molekul">orbital molekul</a> (MO)<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>/ kesetiaan elektron dalam model <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombinasi_linier_orbital_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kombinasi linier orbital atom (halaman belum tersedia)">LCAO–MO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ol> Dalam ikatan antara dua unsur yang berbeda, elektron ikatan ditugaskan ke kontributor atom utamanya/keelektronegatifan yang lebih tinggi; dalam ikatan antara dua atom dari unsur yang sama, elektron dibagi sama rata. Ini karena sebagian besar skala elektronegativitas bergantung pada keadaan ikatan atom, yang membuat penetapan bilangan oksidasi menjadi argumen yang agak melingkar. Misalnya, beberapa skala mungkin menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi yang tidak biasa, seperti -6 untuk <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> dalam PtH2− 4, untuk <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Pauling" title="Elektronegativitas">skala Pauling</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Mulliken" title="Elektronegativitas">Mulliken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Momen dipol terkadang juga menghasilkan keadaan oksidasi abnormal, seperti pada <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">CO</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oksida">NO</a>, yang berorientasi dengan ujung positifnya ke arah oksigen. Oleh karena itu, ini meninggalkan kontribusi atom pada MO ikatan, energi orbital atom, dan dari perhitungan muatan kimia kuantum, sebagai satu-satunya kriteria yang layak dengan nilai meyakinkan untuk pendekatan ionik. Namun, untuk perkiraan sederhana untuk pendekatan ionik, kita dapat menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Allen" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas Allen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-8">[8]</a> karena hanya skala elektronegativitas tersebutlah yang benar-benar tidak bergantung pada keadaan oksidasi, karena ia berkaitan dengan energi elektron‐valensi rata-rata dari atom bebas: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="19" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_menurut_skala_Allen)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas menurut skala Allen)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_menurut_skala_Allen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas menurut skala Allen) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_menurut_skala_Allen)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Elektronegativitas menggunakan skala Allen</div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th style="width:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a> → </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left">↓ <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#fff900"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> 2,300 </td> <td colspan="16"> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff3f00"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> 4,160 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#7aff00"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> 0,912 </td> <td style="background-color:#bdff00"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> 1,576 </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td style="background-color:#ecff00"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> 2,051 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe100"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> 2,544 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffac00"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> 3,066 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff7600"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> 3,610 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff3c00"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> 4,193 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff0000"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> 4,787 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#76ff00"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> 0,869 </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ff00"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> 1,293 </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ff00"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> 1,613 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfff00"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> 1,916 </td> <td style="background-color:#fffe00"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> 2,253 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdc00"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> 2,589 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc000"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> 2,869 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff9b00"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> 3,242 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#68ff00"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> 0,734 </td> <td style="background-color:#86ff00"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> 1,034 </td> <td style="background-color:#96ff00"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> 1,19 </td> <td style="background-color:#a9ff00"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> 1,38 </td> <td style="background-color:#b8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> 1,53 </td> <td style="background-color:#c4ff00"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> 1,65 </td> <td style="background-color:#ceff00"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> 1,75 </td> <td style="background-color:#d3ff00"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> 1,80 </td> <td style="background-color:#d7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> 1,84 </td> <td style="background-color:#dbff00"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> 1,88 </td> <td style="background-color:#d8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> 1,85 </td> <td style="background-color:#beff00"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> 1,588 </td> <td style="background-color:#cfff00"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> 1,756 </td> <td style="background-color:#e6ff00"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> 1,994 </td> <td style="background-color:#fcff00"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> 2,211 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffed00"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> 2,424 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd200"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> 2,685 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffb600"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> 2,966 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#66ff00"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> 0,706 </td> <td style="background-color:#7fff00"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> 0,963 </td> <td style="background-color:#8fff00"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> 1,12 </td> <td style="background-color:#a3ff00"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> 1,32 </td> <td style="background-color:#acff00"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> 1,41 </td> <td style="background-color:#b2ff00"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> 1,47 </td> <td style="background-color:#b6ff00"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> 1,51 </td> <td style="background-color:#b9ff00"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> 1,54 </td> <td style="background-color:#bbff00"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> 1,56 </td> <td style="background-color:#bdff00"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> 1,58 </td> <td style="background-color:#daff00"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> 1,87 </td> <td style="background-color:#b7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> 1,521 </td> <td style="background-color:#c5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> 1,656 </td> <td style="background-color:#d5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> 1,824 </td> <td style="background-color:#e5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> 1,984 </td> <td style="background-color:#f7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> 2,158 </td> <td style="background-color:#fff300"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> 2,359 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd00"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> 2,582 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#61ff00"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> 0,659 </td> <td style="background-color:#77ff00"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> 0,881 </td> <td style="background-color:#8cff00"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> 1,09 </td> <td style="background-color:#93ff00"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> 1,16 </td> <td style="background-color:#a5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> 1,34 </td> <td style="background-color:#b2ff00"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> 1,47 </td> <td style="background-color:#bfff00"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> 1,60 </td> <td style="background-color:#c4ff00"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> 1,65 </td> <td style="background-color:#c7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> 1,68 </td> <td style="background-color:#cbff00"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> 1,72 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfff00"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> 1,92 </td> <td style="background-color:#cfff00"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> 1,765 </td> <td style="background-color:#d2ff00"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> 1,789 </td> <td style="background-color:#d8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> 1,854 </td> <td style="background-color:#e8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> 2,01 </td> <td style="background-color:#faff00"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> 2,19 </td> <td style="background-color:#fff000"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> 2,39 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdb00"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> 2,60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#62ff00"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> 0,67 </td> <td style="background-color:#78ff00"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> 0,89 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronegativitas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronegativitas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektronegativitas unsur kimia (halaman data)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penentuan">Penentuan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Penentuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penentuan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Walaupun tingkat pengantar pengajaran kimia menggunakan bilangan oksidasi yang <a href="/wiki/Aksioma" title="Aksioma">dipostulasikan</a>, rekomendasi IUPAC<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-4">[4]</a> dan entri Buku Emas<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxstate-6">[6]</a> mencantumkan <a href="#Algoritma_penetapan_ikatan">dua algoritma yang sepenuhnya umum untuk perhitungan bilangan oksidasi</a> unsur dalam senyawa kimia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendekatan_sederhana_tanpa_pertimbangan_ikatan">Pendekatan sederhana tanpa pertimbangan ikatan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pendekatan sederhana tanpa pertimbangan ikatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendekatan sederhana tanpa pertimbangan ikatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kimia pengantar menggunakan postulat: bilangan oksidasi untuk suatu unsur dalam rumus kimia dihitung dari muatan keseluruhan dan bilangan oksidasi yang dipostulasikan untuk semua atom lainnya. Contoh sederhana didasarkan pada dua postulat, <ol><li>biloks = +1 untuk <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a></li> <li>biloks = −2 untuk <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a></li></ol> di mana biloks adalah singkatan dari bilangan oksidasi. Pendekatan ini menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi yang benar dalam oksida dan hidroksida dari setiap unsur tunggal, dan dalam asam seperti <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">H2SO4</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_kromat#Asam_dikromat" title="Asam kromat">H2Cr2O7</a>. Cakupannya dapat diperluas baik dengan daftar pengecualian atau dengan memberikan prioritas pada postulat. Yang terakhir bekerja untuk <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">H2O2</a> di mana prioritas aturan 1 meninggalkan kedua oksigen dengan bilangan oksidasi −1. Postulat tambahan dan peringkatnya dapat memperluas jangkauan senyawa agar sesuai dengan ruang lingkup buku teks. Sebagai contoh, satu algoritma postulatori dari banyak kemungkinan; dalam urutan penurunan prioritas: <ol><li>Sebuah unsur dalam bentuk bebas memiliki biloks = 0.</li> <li>Dalam senyawa atau ion, jumlah bilangan oksidasi sama dengan muatan total senyawa atau ionnya.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">Fluorin</a> dalam senyawa memiliki biloks = −1; ini meluas ke <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a> hanya jika tidak terikat pada oksigen, nitrogen, atau halogen yang lebih ringan.</li> <li>Logam <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">golongan 1</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">golongan 2</a> dalam senyawa masing-masing memiliki biloks = +1 dan +2.</li> <li>Hidrogen memiliki biloks = +1 tetapi menjadi −1 ketika terikat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hidrida" title="Hidrida">hidrida</a> dengan logam atau metaloid.</li> <li>Oksigen dalam senyawa memiliki biloks = −2 tetapi hanya jika tidak terikat pada oksigen (misalnya dalam peroksida) atau fluorin.</li></ol> Kumpulan postulat ini mencakup bilangan oksidasi fluorida, klorida, bromida, oksida, hidroksida, dan hidrida dari setiap unsur tunggal. Ini mencakup semua <a href="/wiki/Asam_okso" title="Asam okso">asam okso</a> dari atom pusat mana pun (dan semua kerabat fluoro-, kloro-, dan bromo- mereka), serta <a href="/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)">garam</a> dari asam tersebut dengan logam golongan 1 dan 2. Ini juga mencakup <a href="/wiki/Iodida" title="Iodida">iodida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfida" title="Sulfida">sulfida</a>, dan garam sederhana serupa dari logam -logam ini. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algoritma_penetapan_ikatan">Algoritma penetapan ikatan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Algoritma penetapan ikatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Algoritma penetapan ikatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Algoritma ini dilakukan pada <a href="/wiki/Struktur_Lewis" title="Struktur Lewis">struktur Lewis</a> (diagram yang menunjukkan semua <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a>). Bilangan oksidasi ialah sama dengan muatan atom setelah masing-masing ikatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul_heteronuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekul heteronuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">heteronuklirnya</a> ditetapkan ke pasangan ikatan yang lebih <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Metode_kalkulasi" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegatif</a> (<a href="#Peringatan_algoritma">kecuali jika pasangan itu adalah ligan asam Lewis yang terikat secara reversibel</a>) dan ikatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul_homonuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekul homonuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">homonuklir</a> telah dibagi rata: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1oxstate.svg/240px-1oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1oxstate.svg/360px-1oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1oxstate.svg/480px-1oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="88" /></a></dd></dl> di mana setiap "—" mewakili pasangan elektron (baik dibagi antara dua atom atau hanya pada satu atom), dan "OS" (singkatan dari oxidation state) adalah bilangan oksidasi sebagai variabel numerik. Setelah elektron ditetapkan menurut garis merah vertikal pada rumus, jumlah total elektron valensi yang sekarang "milik" untuk setiap atom dikurangi dari jumlah N elektron valensi atom netral (seperti 5 untuk nitrogen dalam <a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">golongan 15</a>) untuk menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi atom tersebut. Contoh ini menunjukkan pentingnya menggambarkan ikatan. Rumus ringkasannya, HNO3, sesuai dengan dua <a href="/wiki/Isomer_struktural" title="Isomer struktural">isomer struktural</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_peroksinitrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam peroksinitrit (halaman belum tersedia)">asam peroksinitrit</a> pada gambar di atas dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> yang lebih stabil. Dengan rumus HNO3, <a href="#Pendekatan_sederhana_tanpa_pertimbangan_ikatan">pendekatan sederhana tanpa pertimbangan ikatan</a> menghasilkan −2 untuk ketiga oksigen dan +5 untuk nitrogen, di mana ini adalah benar untuk asam nitrat. Namun, untuk asam peroksinitrit, dua oksigen dalam ikatan O–O masing-masing memiliki biloks = −1 dan nitrogen memiliki biloks = +3, yang memerlukan struktur untuk dipahami. <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">Senyawa organik</a> diperlakukan dengan cara yang sama; dicontohkan di sini pada <a href="/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">gugus fungsi</a> yang terjadi di antara <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">CH4</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO2</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:3oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3oxstate.svg/500px-3oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3oxstate.svg/750px-3oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3oxstate.svg/1000px-3oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="138" /></a></dd></dl> Analog untuk senyawa <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>; CrO(O 2) 2 di sebelah kiri memiliki total 36 elektron valensi (18 pasang untuk didistribusikan), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium_heksakarbonil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium heksakarbonil (halaman belum tersedia)">Cr(CO) 6</a> di sebelah kanan memiliki 66 elektron valensi (33 pasang): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2oxstate.svg/380px-2oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2oxstate.svg/570px-2oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2oxstate.svg/760px-2oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="225" /></a></dd></dl> Langkah kuncinya adalah menggambar struktur Lewis molekul (netral, kationik, anionik): lambang atom disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga pasangan atom dapat bergabung dengan ikatan dua elektron tunggal seperti pada molekul (semacam struktur "kerangka"), dan elektron valensi yang tersisa didistribusikan sedemikian rupa sehingga atom sp memperoleh <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">oktet</a> (untuk hidrogen) dengan prioritas yang meningkat sebanding dengan keelektronegatifan. Dalam beberapa kasus, ini mengarah ke rumus alternatif yang berbeda dalam orde ikatan (set lengkapnya disebut <a href="/wiki/Resonansi_(kimia)" title="Resonansi (kimia)">rumus resonansi</a>). Pertimbangkan anion <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfat</a> (SO2−4 dengan 32 elektron valensi; 24 dari oksigen, 6 dari belerang, 2 dari muatan anion yang diperoleh dari kation tersirat). <a href="/wiki/Orde_ikatan" title="Orde ikatan">Orde ikatan</a> anion yang diperoleh dari kation tersirat). Orde ikatan ke oksigen terminal tidak mempengaruhi bilangan oksidasi selama oksigen memiliki oktet. Karena telah menjadi struktur rangka, kiri atas, ia menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi yang benar, seperti halnya struktur Lewis, kanan atas (salah satu rumus resonansi): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:7oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/7oxstate.svg/450px-7oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/7oxstate.svg/675px-7oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/7oxstate.svg/900px-7oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="475" /></a></dd></dl> Rumus orde ikatan di bawah paling mendekati kenyataan dari empat oksigen ekivalen yang masing-masing memiliki orde ikatan total 2. Jumlah itu mencakup orde ikatan 12 ke kation tersirat dan mengikuti aturan 8 − N<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a> mensyaratkan bahwa orde ikatan atom kelompok utama sama dengan 8 dikurangi elektron valensi N dari atom netral, ditegakkan dengan prioritas yang meningkat secara proporsional dengan keelektronegatifan. Algoritma ini bekerja sama untuk kation molekuler yang terdiri dari beberapa atom. Contohnya adalah kation <a href="/wiki/Amonium" title="Amonium">amonium</a> dari 8 elektron valensi (5 dari nitrogen, 4 dari hidrogen, dikurangi 1 elektron untuk muatan positif kation): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:5oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/5oxstate.svg/240px-5oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/5oxstate.svg/360px-5oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/5oxstate.svg/480px-5oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="163" /></a></dd></dl> Menggambar struktur Lewis dengan pasangan elektron sebagai tanda hubung menekankan kesetaraan esensial dari pasangan ikatan dan pasangan elektron bebas ketika menghitung elektron dan memindahkan ikatan ke atom. Struktur yang digambar dengan pasangan titik elektron tentu saja identik dalam segala hal: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:4oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/4oxstate.svg/200px-4oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/4oxstate.svg/300px-4oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/4oxstate.svg/400px-4oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="75" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peringatan_algoritma">Peringatan algoritma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Peringatan algoritma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peringatan algoritma">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Algoritma di atas berisi peringatan, yang menyangkut kasus yang jarang terjadi dari <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks</a> <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a> dengan jenis <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a> yang terikat secara reversibel sebagai <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Asam_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">asam Lewis</a> (sebagai akseptor pasangan elektron dari logam transisi); disebut ligan "tipe Z" dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_klasifikasi_ikatan_kovalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode klasifikasi ikatan kovalen (halaman belum tersedia)">metode klasifikasi ikatan kovalen</a> Green. Peringatan itu berasal dari penyederhanaan penggunaan elektronegativitas alih-alih kesetiaan elektron berbasis <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekul" title="Orbital molekul">MO</a> untuk menentukan tanda ionik.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-4">[4]</a> Salah satu contoh awal adalah kompleks O2S−RhCl(CO)(<a href="/wiki/Trifenilfosfina" title="Trifenilfosfina">PPh3</a>)2<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Belerang_dioksida" title="Belerang dioksida">SO2</a> sebagai ligan akseptor dengan ikatan reversibel (dilepaskan saat dipanaskan). Oleh karena itu, ikatan Rh−S diekstrapolasi secara ionik terhadap elektronegativitas Allen dari <a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">rodium</a> dan belerang, menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi +1 untuk rodium: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:8oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/8oxstate.svg/450px-8oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/8oxstate.svg/675px-8oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/8oxstate.svg/900px-8oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="300" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algoritma_penjumlahan_orde_ikatan">Algoritma penjumlahan orde ikatan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Algoritma penjumlahan orde ikatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Algoritma penjumlahan orde ikatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Algoritma ini bekerja pada struktur Lewis dan grafik ikatan dari padatan (nonmolekul) yang diperluas: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote">Bilangan oksidasi diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan orde ikatan heteronuklir pada atom sebagai positif jika atom tersebut merupakan pasangan elektropositif dalam ikatan tertentu dan sebagai negatif jika tidak, dan muatan formal atom (jika ada) ditambahkan ke jumlah tersebut.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diterapkan_pada_struktur_Lewis">Diterapkan pada struktur Lewis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Diterapkan pada struktur Lewis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Diterapkan pada struktur Lewis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sebuah contoh struktur Lewis tanpa muatan formal, <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:9oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9oxstate.svg/240px-9oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9oxstate.svg/360px-9oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9oxstate.svg/480px-9oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="88" /></a></dd></dl> mengilustrasikan bahwa, dalam algoritma ini, ikatan homonuklir diabaikan begitu saja (orde ikatan berwarna biru). Karbon monoksida mencontohkan struktur Lewis dengan <a href="/wiki/Muatan_formal" title="Muatan formal">muatan formal</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:10oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/10oxstate.svg/240px-10oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/10oxstate.svg/360px-10oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/10oxstate.svg/480px-10oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="125" /></a></dd></dl> Untuk memperoleh bilangan oksidasi, muatan formal dijumlahkan dengan nilai orde ikatan yang diambil secara positif pada karbon dan negatif pada oksigen. Diterapkan pada ion molekuler, algoritma ini mempertimbangkan lokasi sebenarnya dari muatan formal (ionik), seperti yang digambarkan dalam struktur Lewis. Sebagai contoh, penjumlahan orde ikatan dalam kation <a href="/wiki/Amonium" title="Amonium">amonium</a> menghasilkan −4 pada nitrogen dengan muatan formal +1, dengan dua bilangan yang ditambahkan ke bilangan oksidasi −3: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:11oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/11oxstate.svg/240px-11oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/11oxstate.svg/360px-11oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/11oxstate.svg/480px-11oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="213" /></a></dd></dl> Jumlah bilangan oksidasi dalam ion sama dengan muatannya (karena sama dengan nol untuk molekul netral). Juga dalam anion, muatan formal (ionik) harus dipertimbangkan ketika bukan nol. Untuk sulfat, hal ini dicontohkan dengan struktur rangka atau Lewis (atas), dibandingkan dengan rumus orde ikatan semua ekuivalen oksigen dan memenuhi aturan oktet dan 8 − N (bawah): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:13oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/13oxstate.svg/450px-13oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/13oxstate.svg/675px-13oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/13oxstate.svg/900px-13oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="475" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diterapkan_pada_graf_ikatan">Diterapkan pada graf ikatan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Diterapkan pada graf ikatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Diterapkan pada graf ikatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graf_ikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graf ikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">graf ikatan</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_benda_padat" title="Kimia benda padat">kimia benda padat</a> adalah rumus kimia dari struktur yang diperluas, di mana konektivitas ikatan langsung ditunjukkan. Contohnya adalah AuORb3 <a href="/wiki/Perovskit" title="Perovskit">perovskit</a>, sel satuannya digambar di sebelah kiri dan graf ikatan (dengan nilai numerik tambahan) di sebelah kanan: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:14oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/14oxstate.svg/360px-14oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/14oxstate.svg/540px-14oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/14oxstate.svg/720px-14oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="238" /></a></dd></dl> Kita melihat bahwa atom oksigen berikatan dengan enam kation rubidium terdekat, yang masing-masing memiliki 4 ikatan dengan anion <a href="/wiki/Emas#Bilangan_oksidasi_langka" title="Emas">aurida</a>. Graf ikatan merangkum konektivitas ini. Orde ikatan (juga disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_valensi_ikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode valensi ikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">valensi ikatan</a>) dijumlahkan dengan bilangan oksidasi sesuai dengan tanda terlampir dari pendekatan ionik ikatan (tidak ada muatan formal dalam graf ikatan). Penentuan bilangan oksidasi dari graf ikatan dapat diilustrasikan pada <a href="/wiki/Ilmenit" title="Ilmenit">ilmenit</a>, FeTiO3. Kita mungkin bertanya apakah mineral tersebut mengandung Fe2+ dan Ti4+, atau Fe3+ dan Ti3+. Struktur kristalnya memiliki setiap atom logam yang terikat pada enam oksigen dan masing-masing oksigen setara dengan dua <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> dan dua <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, seperti pada graf ikatan di bawah ini. Data eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa tiga ikatan logam-oksigen dalam oktahedron ialah pendek dan tiga ikatan ialah panjang (logam berada di luar pusat). Orde (valensi) ikatan, diperoleh dari panjang ikatan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_valensi_ikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode valensi ikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">metode valensi ikatan</a>, berjumlah 2,01 pada Fe dan 3,99 pada Ti; yang dapat dibulatkan menjadi bilangan oksidasi +2 dan +4, masing-masing: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:15oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/15oxstate.svg/200px-15oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/15oxstate.svg/300px-15oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/15oxstate.svg/400px-15oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="200" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menyetarakan_redoks">Menyetarakan redoks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Menyetarakan redoks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Menyetarakan redoks">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bilangan oksidasi dapat berguna untuk menyetarakan persamaan kimia untuk reaksi oksidasi-reduksi (atau <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">redoks</a>), karena perubahan atom teroksidasi harus disetarakan dengan perubahan atom tereduksi. Misalnya, dalam reaksi <a href="/wiki/Asetaldehida" title="Asetaldehida">asetaldehida</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereaksi_Tollens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereaksi Tollens (halaman belum tersedia)">pereaksi Tollens</a> untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Asam_asetat" title="Asam asetat">asam asetat</a> (ditunjukkan di bawah), atom karbon <a href="/wiki/Karbonil" title="Karbonil">karbonil</a> mengubah bilangan oksidasinya dari +1 menjadi +3 (kehilangan dua elektron). Oksidasi ini disetarakan dengan mereduksi dua kation Ag+ menjadi Ag0 (mendapatkan total dua elektron). <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Redox_eqn_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Redox_eqn_1.svg/600px-Redox_eqn_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Redox_eqn_1.svg/900px-Redox_eqn_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Redox_eqn_1.svg/1200px-Redox_eqn_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="64" /></a></dd></dl> Contoh anorganik adalah reaksi Bettendorf menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Timah(II)_klorida" title="Timah(II) klorida">SnCl2</a> untuk membuktikan adanya ion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenit (halaman belum tersedia)">arsenit</a> dalam ekstrak <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">HCl</a> pekat. Ketika arsen(III) hadir, warna coklat muncul membentuk endapan gelap arsen, menurut reaksi sederhana berikut: <dl><dd>2 As3+ + 3 Sn2+ → 2 As0 + 3 Sn4+</dd></dl> Di sini tiga atom <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> dioksidasi dari bilangan oksidasi +2 menjadi +4, menghasilkan enam elektron yang mereduksi dua atom arsen dari bilangan oksidasi +3 menjadi 0. Penyetaraan satu baris sederhana berjalan sebagai berikut: dua pasangan redoks dituliskan seperti reaksi mereka; <dl><dd>As3+ + Sn2+ <img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /> As0 + Sn4+.</dd></dl> Satu timah dioksidasi dari bilangan oksidasi +2 menjadi +4, langkah dua-elektron, maka 2 ditulis di depan dua pasangan arsen. Satu arsen direduksi dari +3 menjadi 0, langkah tiga-elektron, maka 3 ditulis di depan dua pasangan timah. Prosedur alternatif tiga-baris adalah menulis secara terpisah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setengah_reaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setengah reaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">setengah reaksi</a> untuk oksidasi dan reduksi, masing-masing disetarakan dengan elektron, dan kemudian menjumlahkannya sehingga elektron keluar. Secara umum, penyetaraan redoks ini (penyetaraan satu baris atau setiap setengah reaksi) perlu diperiksa untuk memastikan jumlah muatan ion dan elektron di kedua sisi persamaan memang sama. Jika tidak sama, ion yang sesuai ditambahkan untuk menyetarakan muatan dan keseimbangan unsur nonredoks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penampilan">Penampilan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Penampilan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penampilan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilangan_oksidasi_nominal">Bilangan oksidasi nominal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Bilangan oksidasi nominal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bilangan oksidasi nominal">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bilangan oksidasi nominal adalah istilah umum dengan dua definisi yang berbeda: <ul><li>Bilangan oksidasi <a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">elektrokimia</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] mewakili molekul atau ion dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Latimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram Latimer (halaman belum tersedia)">diagram Latimer</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram Frost (halaman belum tersedia)">diagram Frost</a> untuk elemen redoks-aktifnya. Contohnya adalah diagram Latimer untuk belerang pada pH 0 di mana bilangan oksidasi elektrokimia +2 untuk belerang menempatkan <a href="/wiki/Tiosulfat" title="Tiosulfat">HS2O−3</a> antara S dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfit" title="Asam sulfit">H2SO3</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:16oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/16oxstate.svg/600px-16oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/16oxstate.svg/900px-16oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/16oxstate.svg/1200px-16oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="53" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Bilangan oksidasi sistematis dipilih dari alternatif terdekat sebagai deskripsi pedagogis. Contohnya adalah bilangan oksidasi fosforus dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fosfit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fosfit (halaman belum tersedia)">H3PO3</a> (secara struktural <a href="/wiki/Asam#Asam_poliprotik" title="Asam">diprotik</a> HPO(OH)2) yang diambil secara nominal sebagai +3, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Allen" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas Allen</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> menunjukkan +5 dengan selisih tipis yang membuat kedua alternatif hampir setara:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:17oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/17oxstate.svg/450px-17oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/17oxstate.svg/675px-17oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/17oxstate.svg/900px-17oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="225" /></a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Kedua bilangan oksidasi alternatif untuk fosforus masuk akal secara kimia, tergantung pada sifat kimia atau reaksi yang ditekankan. Sebaliknya, alternatif yang dihitung, seperti rata-rata (+4) tidak.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilangan_oksidasi_ambigu">Bilangan oksidasi ambigu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Bilangan oksidasi ambigu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bilangan oksidasi ambigu">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Struktur_Lewis" title="Struktur Lewis">Rumus Lewis</a> adalah perkiraan berbasis aturan dari realitas kimia, seperti <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Allen" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas Allen</a>. Namun, bilangan oksidasi mungkin tampak ambigu ketika penentuannya tidak langsung. Jika hanya eksperimen yang dapat menentukan bilangan oksidasi, penentuan berdasarkan aturan menjadi ambigu (tidak cukup). Ada juga nilai-nilai yang benar-benar <a href="/wiki/Dikotomi" title="Dikotomi">dikotomis</a> yang diputuskan secara sewenang-wenang. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penentuan_keadaan_oksidasi_dari_rumus_resonansi">Penentuan keadaan oksidasi dari rumus resonansi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Penentuan keadaan oksidasi dari rumus resonansi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penentuan keadaan oksidasi dari rumus resonansi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bilangan oksidasi yang tampak ambigu diturunkan dari serangkaian rumus <a href="/wiki/Sonoran" title="Sonoran">resonansi</a> dengan bobot yang sama untuk molekul yang memiliki ikatan heteronuklir di mana konektivitas atom tidak sesuai dengan jumlah ikatan dua elektron yang ditentukan oleh aturan <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">8 − N</a>. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitrida" title="Disulfur dinitrida">S2N2</a> di mana empat rumus resonansi yang menampilkan satu ikatan rangkap S=N memiliki bilangan oksidasi +2 dan +4 untuk dua atom belerang, yang rata-rata menjadi +3 karena dua atom belerang setara dalam molekul berbentuk persegi ini. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pengukuran_fisik_diperlukan_untuk_menentukan_bilangan_oksidasi">Pengukuran fisik diperlukan untuk menentukan bilangan oksidasi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pengukuran fisik diperlukan untuk menentukan bilangan oksidasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengukuran fisik diperlukan untuk menentukan bilangan oksidasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li>ketika <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligan_tidak_bersalah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligan tidak bersalah (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak bersalah</a> hadir, dengan sifat redoks tersembunyi atau tak terduga yang dapat diberikan pada atom pusat. Contohnya adalah kompleks <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_ditiolena_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks ditiolena logam (halaman belum tersedia)">ditiolat</a>, Ni(S2C2H2)2−2.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a>:1056–1057</li> <li>ketika ambiguitas redoks dari atom pusat dan ligan menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi dikotomi dengan stabilitas dekat, <a href="/wiki/Tautomer" title="Tautomer">tautomerisme</a> yang diinduksi secara termal dapat terjadi, seperti yang dicontohkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katekol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katekol (halaman belum tersedia)">katekolat</a>, Mn(C 6H 4O 2) 3.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a>:1057–1058 Penetapan bilangan oksidasi semacam itu membutuhkan data spektroskopi,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> magnetik, atau struktural.</li> <li>ketika orde ikatan harus dipastikan bersama dengan tandem terisolasi dari ikatan heteronuklir dan homonuklir. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Tiosulfat" title="Tiosulfat">tiosulfat</a> S2O2−3 memiliki dua kemungkinan bilangan oksidasi (orde ikatan berwarna biru dan muatan formal berwarna hijau):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:21oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/21oxstate.svg/500px-21oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/21oxstate.svg/750px-21oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/21oxstate.svg/1000px-21oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="225" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Pengukuran jarak S–S dalam <a href="/wiki/Tiosulfat" title="Tiosulfat">tiosulfat</a> diperlukan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa orde ikatan ini sangat dekat dengan 1, seperti pada rumus di sebelah kiri.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bilangan_oksidasi_yang_ambigu/sewenang-wenang">Bilangan oksidasi yang ambigu/sewenang-wenang</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Bilangan oksidasi yang ambigu/sewenang-wenang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bilangan oksidasi yang ambigu/sewenang-wenang">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li>ketika perbedaan elektronegativitas antara dua atom yang terikat sangatlah kecil (seperti pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fosfit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fosfit (halaman belum tersedia)">H3PO3</a>). Dua pasangan bilangan oksidasi yang hampir ekivalen, dipilih secara sewenang-wenang, diperoleh untuk atom-atom ini.</li> <li>ketika sebuah atom <a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik#Blok-p" title="Blok tabel periodik">blok-p</a> elektronegatif hanya membentuk ikatan homonuklear, yang jumlahnya berbeda dari jumlah ikatan dua elektron yang disarankan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">aturan</a>. Contohnya adalah rantai berhingga homonuklir seperti <a href="/wiki/Azida" title="Azida">N−3</a> (nitrogen pusat menghubungkan dua atom dengan empat ikatan dua elektron sementara hanya tiga ikatan dua elektron<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> yang diperlukan oleh aturan <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">8 − N</a>) atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triiodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triiodida (halaman belum tersedia)">I−3</a> (iodin pusat menghubungkan dua atom dengan dua ikatan dua elektron sementara hanya satu ikatan dua elektron yang memenuhi aturan 8 − N). Pendekatan yang masuk akal adalah dengan mendistribusikan muatan ionik di atas dua atom terluar.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a> Penempatan muatan seperti itu dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polisulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">polisulfida</a> S2−n (di mana semua belerang bagian dalam membentuk dua ikatan, memenuhi aturan 8 − N) sudah mengikuti struktur Lewisnya.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a></li> <li>ketika tandem terisolasi dari ikatan heteronuklir dan homonuklir mengarah ke kompromi ikatan di antara dua struktur Lewis dari orde ikatan pembatas. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_monoksida" title="Dinitrogen monoksida">N2O</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:18oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/18oxstate.svg/420px-18oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/18oxstate.svg/630px-18oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/18oxstate.svg/840px-18oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="113" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Bilangan oksidasi khas nitrogen dalam N2O adalah +1, yang juga diperoleh untuk kedua nitrogen dengan pendekatan orbital molekul.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Muatan formal di sebelah kanan sesuai dengan elektronegativitas, yang menyiratkan kontribusi ikatan ionik tambahan. Memang, perkiraan orde ikatan N−N dan N−O masing-masing adalah 2,76 dan 1,9,<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a> mendekati rumus orde ikatan bilangan bulat yang akan memasukkan kontribusi ionik secara eksplisit sebagai ikatan (dalam warna hijau):</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:19oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19oxstate.svg/280px-19oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19oxstate.svg/420px-19oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19oxstate.svg/560px-19oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="88" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Sebaliknya, muatan formal terhadap elektronegativitas dalam struktur Lewis menurunkan orde ikatan dari ikatan yang sesuai. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a> dengan estimasi orde ikatan 2,6.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilangan_oksidasi_pecahan">Bilangan oksidasi pecahan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Bilangan oksidasi pecahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bilangan oksidasi pecahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bilangan oksidasi pecahan sering digunakan untuk menyatakan keadaan oksidasi rata-rata beberapa atom dari unsur yang sama dalam suatu struktur. Misalnya, rumus <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a> adalah Fe3O4, menyiratkan bilangan oksidasi rata-rata untuk besi adalah +83.<a href="#cite_note-Petrucci-17">[17]</a>:81–82 Namun, nilai rata-rata ini mungkin tidak representatif jika atom-atomnya tidak setara. Dalam kristal Fe3O4 di bawah suhu 120 K (−153 °C), dua pertiga kationnya adalah Fe3+ dan sepertiganya adalah Fe2+, sehingga rumusnya mungkin lebih jelas direpresentasikan sebagai FeO·Fe2O3.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Demikian juga, dalam <a href="/wiki/Propana" title="Propana">propana</a>, C3H8, karbon telah digambarkan memiliki bilangan oksidasi −83.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Sekali lagi, ini adalah nilai rata-rata karena struktur molekulnya adalah H3C−CH2−CH3, dengan atom karbon pertama dan ketiga masing-masing memiliki bilangan oksidasi −3 dan atom pusat −2. Contoh dengan bilangan oksidasi pecahan yang benar untuk atom yang setara adalah kalium <a href="/wiki/Superoksida" title="Superoksida">superoksida</a>, KO2. Ion superoksida diatomik O−2 memiliki muatan keseluruhan −1, sehingga masing-masing dari dua atom oksigen ekivalennya diberi bilangan oksidasi −12. Ion ini dapat digambarkan sebagai hibrida <a href="/wiki/Resonansi_(kimia)" title="Resonansi (kimia)">resonansi</a> dari dua struktur Lewis, di mana setiap oksigen memiliki bilangan oksidasi 0 dalam satu struktur dan −1 di struktur lainnya. Untuk <a href="/wiki/Anion_siklopentadienil" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion siklopentadienil">anion siklopentadienil</a> C5H−5, bilangan oksidasi C adalah −1 + −15 = −65. −1 terjadi karena setiap karbon terikat pada satu atom hidrogen (unsur yang kurang elektronegatif), dan −15 karena total muatan ionik −1 dibagi di antara lima karbon yang setara. Sekali lagi ini dapat digambarkan sebagai hibrida resonansi dari lima struktur ekivalen, masing-masing memiliki empat karbon dengan bilangan oksidasi −1 dan satu dengan −2. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Contoh bilangan oksidasi pecahan untuk karbon </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bilangan oksidasi</th> <th>Contoh spesies </th></tr> <tr> <td>−65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anion_siklopentadienil" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion siklopentadienil">C5H−5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−67</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kation_tropilium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kation tropilium (halaman belum tersedia)">C7H+7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+32</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_squarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam squarat (halaman belum tersedia)">C4O2−4</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Akhirnya, bilangan oksidasi pecahan tidaklah digunakan dalam deskripsi<a href="#cite_note-RedBook2005-20">[20]</a>:66 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbal(II,IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbal(II,IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">timbal merah</a>. Pb3O4 direpresentasikan sebagai timbal(II,IV) oksida, menunjukkan bilangan oksidasi dari dua atom <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> yang tidak setara. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsur_dengan_beberapa_keadaan_oksidasi">Unsur dengan beberapa keadaan oksidasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Unsur dengan beberapa keadaan oksidasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Unsur dengan beberapa keadaan oksidasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula <a href="#Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia">§ Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia</a></div> Sebagian besar unsur memiliki lebih dari satu kemungkinan bilangan oksidasi. Misalnya, karbon memiliki sembilan kemungkinan bilangan oksidasi bilangan bulat dari −4 hingga +4: <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bilangan oksidasi bilangan bulat dari karbon </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bilangan oksidasi</th> <th>Contoh senyawa </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">CH4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">C2H6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etena" title="Etena">C2H4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klorometana" title="Klorometana">CH3Cl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asetilena" title="Asetilena">C2H2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzena" title="Benzena">C6H6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etilena_glikol" title="Etilena glikol">(CH2OH)2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formaldehida" title="Formaldehida">HCHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diklorometana" title="Diklorometana">CH2Cl2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glioksal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glioksal (halaman belum tersedia)">OCHCHO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1,1,2,2-Tetrakloroetana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,1,2,2-Tetrakloroetana (halaman belum tersedia)">CHCl2CHCl2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asam_format" title="Asam format">HCOOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kloroform" title="Kloroform">CHCl3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asam_oksalat" title="Asam oksalat">HOOCCOOH</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksakloroetana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksakloroetana (halaman belum tersedia)">C2Cl6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon_tetraklorida" title="Karbon tetraklorida">CCl4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO2</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilangan_oksidasi_dalam_logam">Bilangan oksidasi dalam logam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Bilangan oksidasi dalam logam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bilangan oksidasi dalam logam">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Banyak senyawa dengan <a href="/wiki/Kilau_(mineralogi)" title="Kilau (mineralogi)">kilau</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_dan_konduktivitas_listrik" title="Resistivitas dan konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas listrik</a> mempertahankan rumus <a href="/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri">stoikiometris</a> sederhana, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">TiO</a> yang berwarna keemasan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutenium(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutenium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">RuO2</a> yang berwarna biru-hitam, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">ReO3</a> yang berwarna seperti tembaga, semuanya dalam bilangan oksidasi yang jelas. Pada akhirnya, menetapkan elektron logam bebas ke salah satu atom terikat tidak komprehensif dan dapat menghasilkan bilangan oksidasi yang tidak biasa. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> terurut LiPb dan Cu3Au, komposisi dan strukturnya sangat ditentukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">ukuran atom</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_pengepakan_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor pengepakan atom (halaman belum tersedia)">faktor pengepakan</a>. Jika bilangan oksidasi diperlukan untuk penyetaraan redoks, yang terbaik adalah diatur ke 0 untuk semua atom dari paduan semacam itu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia">Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Berikut adalah daftar bilangan oksidasi yang diketahui dari seluruh <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a>, tidak termasuk <a href="#Bilangan_oksidasi_pecahan">nilai nonintegral</a>. Keadaan yang paling umum muncul dicetak dalam huruf tebal. Tabel tersebut didasarkan pada Greenwood dan Earnshaw,<a href="#cite_note-G&E-21">[21]</a> dengan tambahan dicatat. Setiap unsur eksis dalam bilangan oksidasi 0 ketika ia adalah unsur yang tidak terionisasi murni dalam fase apa pun, apakah <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> monoatomik atau poliatomik. Kolom bilangan oksidasi 0 hanya menunjukkan unsur-unsur yang diketahui berada pada bilangan oksidasi 0 dalam senyawa. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Gas mulia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">+1 Nilai yang dicetak tebal adalah bilangan oksidasi utama</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible uncollapsed" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Daftar bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Bilangan oksidasi unsur kimia</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">Unsur </th> <th colspan="5">Keadaan negatif </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="9">Keadaan positif </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Catatan </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </th> <th style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </th> <th style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </th> <th style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </th> <th style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </th> <th style="background:#e0ffff">0 </th> <th style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </th> <th style="background:#ffdead">+2 </th> <th style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </th> <th style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </th> <th style="background:#cccc98">+5 </th> <th style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </th> <th style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </th> <th style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </th> <th style="background:#c6dd9d">+9 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Z </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="1"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">H </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="2"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">He </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="3"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Li </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-G&E_Lithides-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="4"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Be </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentBeryllium-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="5"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">B </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="6"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">C </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 −4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 −3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 −2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="7"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">N </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 −3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="8"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">O </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 −2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="9"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">fluorin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">F </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="10"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ne </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="11"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Na </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-G&E_Lithides-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="12"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="13"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Al </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="14"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Si </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 −4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="15"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">P </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 −3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="16"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 −2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="17"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">7 +7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="18"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ar </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="19"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">K </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-G&E_Lithides-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">20 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="20"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ca </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ca0-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="21"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">skandium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="22"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ti </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="23"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">V </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="24"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cr </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="25"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">7 +7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="26"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fe </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="27"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Co </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="28"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ni </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="29"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="30"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Zn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="31"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ga </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="32"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ge </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 −4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="33"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">As </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 −3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">34 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="34"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Se </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 −2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="35"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Br </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="36"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Kr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">37 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="37"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-G&E_Lithides-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="38"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">stronsium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ca0-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">39 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="39"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">itrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="40"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Zr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zr0-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">41 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="41"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-NbTa0-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NbTa-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">42 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="42"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mo </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="43"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">7 +7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">44 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="44"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ru </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="45"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">rodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="46"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">paladium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">47 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="47"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ag </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">48 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="48"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">kadmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="49"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">In </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="50"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sn </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 −4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">51 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="51"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 −3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">52 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="52"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">telurium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Te </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 −2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">53 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="53"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">iodin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">I </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">7 +7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">54 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="54"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Xe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="55"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cs </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-G&E_Lithides-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">56 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="56"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ba </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ca0-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="57"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">lantanum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">La </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">58 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="58"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">serium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ce </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">59 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="59"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">praseodimium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="60"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">neodimium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="61"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">62 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="62"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">63 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="63"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Eu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="64"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Gd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="65"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="66"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">disprosium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Dy </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">67 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="67"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ho </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">68 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="68"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Er </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="69"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">tulium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="70"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">iterbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-LnI-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">71 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="71"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">lutesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">72 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="72"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zr0-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="73"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ta </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-NbTa-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="74"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">W </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonyls-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="75"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">renium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Re </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">7 +7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="76"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Os </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="77"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ir </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td style="background:#c6dd9d">+9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="78"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">79 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="79"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Au </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">80 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="80"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">raksa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="81"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">talium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tl </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="82"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pb </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Zintl-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="83"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="84"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Po </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 −2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="85"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">At </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 −1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="86"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="87"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">1 +1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="88"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ra </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">89 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="89"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">aktinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ac </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="90"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Th </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">91 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="91"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">protaktinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pa </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="92"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">U </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">93 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="93"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Np </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Dutkiewicz2017-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">94 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="94"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">95 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="95"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">amerisium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Am </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">96 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="96"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">kurium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Dau2017-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">97 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="97"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bk </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Dau2017-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson198455-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">98 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="98"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">kalifornium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Dau2017-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">99 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="99"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Es </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="100"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">101 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="101"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Md </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">102 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="102"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">No </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n/a </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">103 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="103"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">lawrensium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">3 +3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">104 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="104"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">ruterfordium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">4 +4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="105"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Db </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">5 +5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">106 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="106"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">6 +6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">107 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="107"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">7 +7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">108 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="108"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">hasium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hs </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">8 +8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">109 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="109"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">110 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="110"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ds </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">111 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="111"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">112 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="112"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">kopernisium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">2 +2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">113 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="113"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">114 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="114"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="115"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">moskovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">116 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="116"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lv </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">117 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="117"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">tenesin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ts </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">118 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="118"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Og </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_awal_(kaidah_oktet)">Bentuk awal (kaidah oktet)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk awal (kaidah oktet)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk awal (kaidah oktet)">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sebuah angka dengan format yang sama digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> pada tahun 1919 di salah satu makalah awal mengenai <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">kaidah oktet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Periodisitas bilangan oksidasi adalah salah satu bukti yang membuat Langmuir mengadopsi kaidah tersebut. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Langmuir_valence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Langmuir_valence.png/700px-Langmuir_valence.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Langmuir_valence.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="279" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama">Penggunaan dalam tata nama</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan dalam tata nama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan dalam tata nama">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bilangan oksidasi dalam penamaan senyawa untuk <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a> ditempatkan baik sebagai superskrip di sebelah kanan lambang unsur dalam rumus kimia, seperti FeIII, ataupun dalam tanda kurung setelah nama unsur dalam nama kimia, seperti besi(III). Misalnya, Fe2(SO4)3 diberi nama <a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_sulfat" title="Besi(III) sulfat">besi(III) sulfat</a> dan rumusnya dapat ditunjukkan sebagai FeIII2(SO4)3. Hal ini dikarenakan <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">ion sulfat</a> memiliki muatan −2, sehingga setiap atom besi bermuatan +3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_konsep_bilangan_oksidasi">Sejarah konsep bilangan oksidasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah konsep bilangan oksidasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah konsep bilangan oksidasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awal">Awal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Awal">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Oksidasi itu sendiri pertama kali dipelajari oleh <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, yang mendefinisikannya sebagai hasil reaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> (karena itulah namanya).<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Istilah ini telah digeneralisasi untuk menyiratkan kehilangan elektron secara formal. Bilangan oksidasi, yang disebut tingkat oksidasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> pada tahun 1835,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> adalah salah satu batu loncatan intelektual yang digunakan <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> untuk menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Jensen (halaman belum tersedia)">William B. Jensen</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> memberikan gambaran tentang sejarah konsep bilangan oksidasi hingga tahun 1938. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan_dalam_tata_nama_2">Penggunaan dalam tata nama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan dalam tata nama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan dalam tata nama">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Ketika disadari bahwa beberapa logam membentuk dua senyawa biner yang berbeda dengan nonlogam yang sama, kedua senyawa tersebut sering dibedakan dengan menggunakan akhiran -i (-ic dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>) untuk bilangan oksidasi logam yang lebih tinggi dan akhiran -o (-ous dalam bahasa Inggris) untuk yang lebih rendah. Misalnya, FeCl3 adalah <a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_klorida" title="Besi(III) klorida">feri klorida</a> (ferric chloride) dan FeCl2 adalah <a href="/wiki/Besi(II)_klorida" title="Besi(II) klorida">fero klorida</a> (ferrous chloride). Sistem ini tidak terlalu memuaskan (walaupun terkadang masih digunakan) karena logam yang berbeda memiliki bilangan oksidasi yang berbeda yang harus dipelajari: feri dan fero (Fe, <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>) masing-masing adalah +3 dan +2, tetapi kupri dan kupro (Cu, <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>) adalah +2 dan +1, serta stani dan stano (Sn, <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>) adalah +4 dan +2. Juga, tidak ada kelonggaran untuk logam dengan lebih dari dua bilangan oksidasi, seperti <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> dengan bilangan oksidasi +2, +3, +4, dan +5.<a href="#cite_note-Petrucci-17">[17]</a>:84 Sistem ini sebagian besar telah digantikan oleh yang disarankan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Stock (halaman belum tersedia)">Alfred Stock</a> pada tahun 1919<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> dan diadopsi<a href="#cite_note-1940IUPACinorgnom-175">[175]</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a> pada tahun 1940. Dengan demikian, FeCl2 ditulis sebagai <a href="/wiki/Besi(II)_klorida" title="Besi(II) klorida">besi(II) klorida</a> dan bukan fero klorida. Angka Romawi II di atom pusat kemudian disebut "<a href="/wiki/Tata_nama_Stock" title="Tata nama Stock">nomor Stock</a>" (sekarang sebuah istilah usang), dan nilainya diperoleh sebagai muatan di atom pusat setelah melepaskan ligan-ligannya bersama dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasangan_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasangan elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">pasangan elektron</a> yang mereka bagi dengannya.<a href="#cite_note-RedBook2005-20">[20]</a>:147 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengembangan_menuju_konsep_saat_ini">Pengembangan menuju konsep saat ini</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Pengembangan menuju konsep saat ini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengembangan menuju konsep saat ini">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Istilah "bilangan oksidasi" atau "keadaan oksidasi" (oxidation state) dalam literatur kimia bahasa Inggris dipopulerkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Mitchell_Latimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell Mitchell Latimer (halaman belum tersedia)">Wendell Mitchell Latimer</a> dalam bukunya tahun 1938 tentang potensial elektrokimia.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Dia menggunakannya untuk nilai (sinonim dengan istilah bahasa Jerman Wertigkeit) yang sebelumnya disebut "valensi", "valensi polar", atau "bilangan kutub"<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> dalam bahasa Inggris, atau "tahap oksidasi" atau memang<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> "keadaan oksidasi". Sejak tahun 1938, istilah "keadaan oksidasi" telah dihubungkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Potensial_elektrokimiawi" title="Potensial elektrokimiawi">potensial elektrokimia</a> dan elektron yang dipertukarkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">pasangan redoks</a> yang berpartisipasi dalam reaksi redoks. Pada tahun 1948, IUPAC menggunakan aturan tata nama 1940 dengan istilah "bilangan oksidasi",<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> alih-alih istilah aslinya, valensi.<a href="#cite_note-1940IUPACinorgnom-175">[175]</a> Pada tahun 1948, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> mengusulkan bahwa bilangan oksidasi dapat ditentukan dengan mengekstrapolasi ikatan menjadi sepenuhnya ionik dalam arah <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Penerimaan penuh atas saran ini diperumit oleh fakta bahwa <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Pauling" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas Pauling</a> bergantung pada bilangan oksidasi dan bahwa mereka dapat menyebabkan nilai bilangan oksidasi yang tidak biasa untuk beberapa logam transisi. Pada tahun 1990, IUPAC menggunakan metode postulatori (berbasis aturan) untuk menentukan bilangan oksidasi.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Ini dilengkapi dengan istilah bilangan oksidasi sinonim sebagai turunan dari bilangan Stock yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1940 ke dalam nomenklatur. Namun, terminologi yang menggunakan "<a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a>"<a href="#cite_note-RedBook2005-20">[20]</a>:147 memberi kesan bahwa bilangan oksidasi mungkin sesuatu yang spesifik untuk <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks koordinasi</a>. Situasi ini dan kurangnya definisi tunggal yang nyata menghasilkan banyak perdebatan tentang arti bilangan oksidasi, saran tentang metode untuk memperolehnya dan definisinya. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, proyek IUPAC (2008-040-1-200) dimulai pada tahun 2008 tentang "Definisi Komprehensif Keadaan Oksidasi", dan diakhiri oleh dua laporan<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">[5]</a> dan oleh entri yang direvisi "Keadaan Oksidasi"<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxstate-6">[6]</a> dan "Bilangan Oksidasi"<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxnumber-7">[7]</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Buki Emas IUPAC</a>. Hasilnya adalah definisi tunggal bilangan oksidasi dan dua algoritme untuk menghitungnya dalam molekul dan senyawa padat-panjang, dipandu oleh <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas#Elektronegativitas_Allen" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas Allen</a> yang tidak bergantung pada bilangan oksidasi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">Elektrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">Orbital atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Kulit atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum" title="Bilangan kuantum">Bilangan kuantum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_azimut" title="Bilangan kuantum azimut">Bilangan kuantum azimut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_utama" title="Bilangan kuantum utama">Bilangan kuantum utama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_magnetik" title="Bilangan kuantum magnetik">Bilangan kuantum magnetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_spin" title="Bilangan kuantum spin">Bilangan kuantum spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">Prinsip Aufbau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau#Aturan_pengurutan_energi_Madelung" title="Prinsip Aufbau">Aturan Wiswesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afinitas_elektron" title="Afinitas elektron">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potensial_ionik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potensial ionik (halaman belum tersedia)">Potensial ionik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion#Kation" title="Ion">Kation</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anion" title="Ion">Anion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_poliatomik" title="Ion poliatomik">Ion poliatomik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">Ikatan kovalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_logam" title="Ikatan logam">Ikatan logam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibridisasi_orbital" title="Hibridisasi orbital">Hibridisasi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wang, G.; Zhou, M.; Goettel, G. T.; Schrobilgen, G. J.; Su, J.; Li, J.; Schlöder, T.; Riedel, S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..475W">2014Natur.514..475W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13795">10.1038/nature13795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341786">25341786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+an+iridium-containing+compound+with+a+formal+oxidation+state+of+IX&rft.volume=514&rft.issue=7523&rft.pages=475-477&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25341786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13795&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..475W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+M.&rft.au=Goettel%2C+G.+T.&rft.au=Schrobilgen%2C+G.+J.&rft.au=Su%2C+J.&rft.au=Li%2C+J.&rft.au=Schl%C3%B6der%2C+T.&rft.au=Riedel%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Xiao, Hai; Hu, Han-Shi; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (26 Agustus 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp102107n">"Theoretical Investigations of Geometry, Electronic Structure and Stability of UO6: Octahedral Uranium Hexoxide and Its Isomers"</a>. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 (33): 8837–8844. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp102107n">10.1021/jp102107n</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1089-5639">1089-5639</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572656">20572656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Investigations+of+Geometry%2C+Electronic+Structure+and+Stability+of+UO6%3A+Octahedral+Uranium+Hexoxide+and+Its+Isomers&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=8837-8844&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.issn=1089-5639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20572656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp102107n&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Hai&rft.au=Hu%2C+Han-Shi&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+W.+H.+Eugen&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%2Fjp102107n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchroeder" class="citation">Schroeder, Melanie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/995006210/34">Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman), hlm. 139</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eigenschaften+von+borreichen+Boriden+und+Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F995006210%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2015-1204_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2015-1204_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2015-1204_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2015-1204_4-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen, P.; McArdle, P.; Takats, J. (2016). "Comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (8): 831–839. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-1204">10.1515/pac-2015-1204</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10852%2F59520">10852/59520</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+definition+of+oxidation+state+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2016%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=831-839&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F59520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2015-1204&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=McArdle%2C+P.&rft.au=Takats%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1515/pac-2013-0505_5-7">h</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen, P.; McArdle, P.; Takats, J. (2014). "Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 86 (6): 1017–1081. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2013-0505">10.1515/pac-2013-0505</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Toward+a+comprehensive+definition+of+oxidation+state+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1017-1081&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2013-0505&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=McArdle%2C+P.&rft.au=Takats%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-goldbookoxstate-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldbookoxstate_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldbookoxstate_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldbookoxstate_6-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04365.html">Oxidation state</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-goldbookoxnumber-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldbookoxnumber_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldbookoxnumber_7-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04363.html">Oxidation number</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_8-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen, Pavel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506524">"Oxidation State, A Long-Standing Issue!"</a>. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (16): 4716–4726. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201407561">10.1002/anie.201407561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506524">4506524</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25757151">25757151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Oxidation+State%2C+A+Long-Standing+Issue%21&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4716-4726&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4506524&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25757151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201407561&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4506524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hooydonk, G. (1974). O n an Ionic Approximation to Chemical Bonding, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 29(5), 763-767. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1974-0517">https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1974-0517</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04365">"Oxidation state"</a>. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.O04365">10.1351/goldbook.O04365</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-9678550-9-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-9678550-9-7">978-0-9678550-9-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxidation+state&rft.btitle=IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.O04365&rft.isbn=978-0-9678550-9-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.O04365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014), 86(6), 1017–1081 CODEN: PACHAS; ISSN 0033-4545. Bahasa Inggris. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Muir, K. W.; Ibers, J. A. (1969). "The structure of chlorocarbonyl(sulfur dioxide)bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium, RhCl(CO)(SO2)(P(C6H5)3)2". Inorg. Chem. 8 (9): 1921–1928. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50079a024">10.1021/ic50079a024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorg.+Chem.&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+chlorocarbonyl%28sulfur+dioxide%29bis%28triphenylphosphine%29rhodium%2C+RhCl%28CO%29%28SO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%28P%28C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1921-1928&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50079a024&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft.au=Ibers%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jørgensen, C. K. (1966). "Electric Polarizability, Innocent Ligands and Spectroscopic Oxidation States". Structure and Bonding. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. hlm. 234–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electric+Polarizability%2C+Innocent+Ligands+and+Spectroscopic+Oxidation+States&rft.btitle=Structure+and+Bonding&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=234-248&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/The_Two-Electron_Bond">"The Two-Electron Bond"</a>. Chemistry LibreTexts. 25 Juni 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=The+Two-Electron+Bond&rft.date=2016-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeneral_Chemistry%2FBook%253A_General_Chemistry_Supplement_%28Eames%29%2FLewis_Bonding_Theory%2FThe_Two-Electron_Bond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen, P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506524">"Oxidation state, a long-standing issue!"</a>. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 (16): 4716–4726. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201407561">10.1002/anie.201407561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506524">4506524</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25757151">25757151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Oxidation+state%2C+a+long-standing+issue%21&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4716-4726&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4506524&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25757151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201407561&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4506524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Martinie, R. J.; Bultema, J. J.; Wal, M. N. V.; Burkhart, B. J.; Griend, D. A. V.; DeCock, R. L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2011-08_88_8/page/1094">"Bond order and chemical properties of BF, CO, and N2"</a>. J. Chem. Educ. 88 (8): 1094–1097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JChEd..88.1094M">2011JChEd..88.1094M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed100758t">10.1021/ed100758t</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=Bond+order+and+chemical+properties+of+BF%2C+CO%2C+and+N%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1094-1097&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed100758t&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JChEd..88.1094M&rft.aulast=Martinie&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Bultema%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Wal%2C+M.+N.+V.&rft.au=Burkhart%2C+B.+J.&rft.au=Griend%2C+D.+A.+V.&rft.au=DeCock%2C+R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_2011-08_88_8%2Fpage%2F1094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrucci-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrucci_17-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, W. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill">General Chemistry<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (edisi ke-8). Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-033445-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-13-033445-9">978-0-13-033445-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-033445-9&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Harwood%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mengutip_sumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mengutip sumber">tanpa ISBN</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Senn, M. S.; Wright, J. P.; Attfield, J. P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10796489/Charge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf">"Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>. 481 (7380): 173–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.481..173S">2012Natur.481..173S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10704">10.1038/nature10704</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F1b3bb558-52d5-419f-9944-ab917dc95f5e">20.500.11820/1b3bb558-52d5-419f-9944-ab917dc95f5e</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190035">22190035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Charge+order+and+three-site+distortions+in+the+Verwey+structure+of+magnetite&rft.volume=481&rft.issue=7380&rft.pages=173-6&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F1b3bb558-52d5-419f-9944-ab917dc95f5e&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22190035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10704&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.481..173S&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.au=Wright%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Attfield%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F10796489%2FCharge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Whitten, K. W.; Galley, K. D.; Davis, R. E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0">General Chemistry<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (edisi ke-4). Saunders. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-03-075156-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-03-075156-1">978-0-03-075156-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-03-075156-1&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft.au=Galley%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=Davis%2C+R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00whit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mengutip_sumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mengutip sumber">tanpa ISBN</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-RedBook2005-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedBook2005_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedBook2005_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedBook2005_20-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book">Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; Hutton, A. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)</a> (PDF). RSC Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2005%29&rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=N.+G.&rft.au=Damhus%2C+T.&rft.au=Hartshorn%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Hutton%2C+A.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.old.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-G&E-21"><a href="#cite_ref-G&E_21-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 27–28, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27-28&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-G&E_Lithides-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_Lithides_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_Lithides_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_Lithides_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_Lithides_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_Lithides_22-4">e</a> Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), dan Cs(−1) dikenal dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkalida" title="Alkalida">alkalida</a>; tabel oleh Greenwood dan Earnshaw menunjukkan −1 hanya untuk Na dan juga salah untuk Li; tidak ada litida yang dijelaskan. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Atom Li(0) telah teramati di berbagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atom cluster (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus</a> litium-klorida kecil; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Milovanović, Milan; Veličković, Suzana; Veljkovićb, Filip; Jerosimić, Stanka (30 Oktober 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/cp/c7cp04181k">"Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride LinClm(0,1+) (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters"</a>. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (45). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7CP04181K">10.1039/C7CP04181K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Structure+and+stability+of+small+lithium-chloride+Li%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3ECl%3Csub%3Em%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%280%2C1%2B%29%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28n+%E2%89%A5+m%2C+n+%3D+1%E2%80%936%2C+m+%3D+1%E2%80%933%29+clusters&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7CP04181K&rft.aulast=Milovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft.au=Veli%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87%2C+Suzana&rft.au=Veljkovi%C4%87b%2C+Filip&rft.au=Jerosimi%C4%87%2C+Stanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2017%2Fcp%2Fc7cp04181k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentBeryllium-24"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentBeryllium_24-0">^</a> Be(0) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9426001/Beryllium0_Complex_Found.html">"Beryllium(0) Complex Found"</a>. Chemistry Europe. 13 Juni 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beryllium%280%29+Complex+Found&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9426001%2FBeryllium0_Complex_Found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Be(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berilium_monohidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berilium monohidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">berilium monohidrida</a> (BeH); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf">"Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD"</a> (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.1158S">2003JChPh.118.1158S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1528606">10.1063/1.1528606</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2 Desember 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Infrared+Emission+Spectra+of+BeH+and+BeD&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1158&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1528606&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JChPh.118.1158S&rft.aulast=Shayesteh&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Tereszchuk%2C+K.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Colin%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) dan pada [(CAAC)2Be]+• [CAAC = siklik (alkil)(amino)karbena], lihat <cite class="citation journal">Wang, Guocang; Walley, Jacob E.; Dickie, Diane E.; Pan, Sudip; Frenking, Gernot; Gilliard Jr., Robert G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.9b13777">"A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation"</a>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10): 4560–4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.9b13777">10.1021/jacs.9b13777</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32088963">32088963</a>. Diakses tanggal 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=A+Stable%2C+Crystalline+Beryllium+Radical+Cation&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4560-4&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.9b13777&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32088963&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Guocang&rft.au=Walley%2C+Jacob+E.&rft.au=Dickie%2C+Diane+E.&rft.au=Pan%2C+Sudip&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft.au=Gilliard+Jr.%2C+Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.9b13777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> B(−5) telah teramati pada Al3BC, lihat <cite class="citation news">Schroeder, Melanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/995006210/34">"Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). hlm. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eigenschaften+von+borreichen+Boriden+und+Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F995006210%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> B(−1) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_diborida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium diborida (halaman belum tersedia)">magnesium diborida</a> (MgB2), lihat <cite class="citation book">Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315">Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780199604135" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780199604135">9780199604135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Structure+and+Reactivity%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199604135&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wothers%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RgbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> B(0) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diborina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diborina (halaman belum tersedia)">diborina</a>, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1420B">2012Sci...336.1420B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1221138">10.1126/science.1221138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700924">22700924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ambient-Temperature+Isolation+of+a+Compound+with+a+Boron-Boron+Triple+Bond&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6087&rft.pages=1420-2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22700924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1221138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336.1420B&rft.aulast=Braunschweig&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Dewhurst%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+K.&rft.au=Mies%2C+J.&rft.au=Radacki%2C+K.&rft.au=Vargas%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrazola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrazola (halaman belum tersedia)">Tetrazola</a> mengandung sepasang atom nitrogen ikatan rangkap dengan bilangan oksidasi 0 di dalam cincinnya. Sintesis 1H-tetrazola, CH2N4 (dua atom N(0)) diberikan dalam Ronald A. Henry dan William G. Finnegan, "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole", _J. Am. Chem. Soc._ (1954), 76, 1, 290–291, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01630a086">https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01630a086</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_heptafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas heptafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas heptafluorida</a> dihitung sebagai pentafluorida dengan ligan F2 molekul. <cite class="citation journal">Himmel, Daniel; Riedel, Sebastian (2007). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That 'AuF7' Is Actually AuF5•F2". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13): 5338–5342. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic700431s">10.1021/ic700431s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17511450">17511450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=After+20+Years%2C+Theoretical+Evidence+That+%27AuF%3Csub%3E7%3C%2Fsub%3E%27+Is+Actually+AuF%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%A2F%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5338-5342&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic700431s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17511450&rft.aulast=Himmel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Sekelompok SF6+ yang sulit dipahami dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_helium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa helium (halaman belum tersedia)">atom helium</a> diketahui memiliki atom fluorin(0) sebagai ligan; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Albertini, Simon; Bergmeister, Stefan; Laimer, Felix; Martini, Paul; Gruber, Elisabeth; Zappa, Fabio; Ončák, Milan; Scheier, Paul; Echt, Olof (22 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01024">"SF 6 + : Stabilizing Transient Ions in Helium Nanodroplets"</a>. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (dalam bahasa Inggris). 12 (17): 4112–4117. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.1c01024">10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01024</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1948-7185">1948-7185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154854">8154854</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33886323">33886323</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=SF+6+%2B+%3A+Stabilizing+Transient+Ions+in+Helium+Nanodroplets&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=4112-4117&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8154854&rft.issn=1948-7185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33886323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.1c01024&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Bergmeister%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Laimer%2C+Felix&rft.au=Martini%2C+Paul&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Elisabeth&rft.au=Zappa%2C+Fabio&rft.au=On%C4%8D%C3%A1k%2C+Milan&rft.au=Scheier%2C+Paul&rft.au=Echt%2C+Olof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.1c01024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Senyawa <a href="/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida">NaCl</a> telah ditunjukkan dalam percobaan untuk ada di beberapa <a href="/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri">stoikiometri</a> yang tidak biasa di bawah tekanan tinggi, termasuk Na3Cl yang mengandung lapisan atom natrium(0); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1310.7674">1310.7674</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1502Z">2013Sci...342.1502Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1244989">10.1126/science.1244989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357316">24357316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Unexpected+Stable+Stoichiometries+of+Sodium+Chlorides&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6165&rft.pages=1502-1505&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.7674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24357316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1244989&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1502Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Oganov%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Q.&rft.au=Boulfelfel%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Lyakhov%2C+A.+O.&rft.au=Stavrou%2C+E.&rft.au=Somayazulu%2C+M.&rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+V.+B.&rft.au=Kon%C3%B4pkov%C3%A1%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_magnesium_bervalensi_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa magnesium bervalensi rendah (halaman belum tersedia)">Senyawa magnesium bervalensi rendah</a> dengan Mg(I) telah diperoleh dengan menggunakan ligan besar; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1754G">2007Sci...318.1754G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1150856">10.1126/science.1150856</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991827">17991827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Stable+Magnesium%28I%29+Compounds+with+Mg-Mg+Bonds&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=5857&rft.pages=1754-1757&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17991827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1150856&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...318.1754G&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft.au=Jones+C.&rft.au=Stasch+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Mg(0) telah disintesis dalam senyawa yang mengandung gugus Na2Mg22+ yang terkoordinasi dengan ligan organik yang besar; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.592..717R">2021Natur.592..717R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03401-w">10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33911274">33911274</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Strongly+reducing+magnesium%280%29+complexes&rft.volume=592&rft.issue=7856&rft.pages=717-721&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33911274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03401-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.592..717R&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Gentner%2C+T.+X.&rft.au=Eyselein%2C+J.&rft.au=Langer%2C+J.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+H.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Harder%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Al(II) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">aluminium(II) oksida</a> (AlO); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Tyte, D.C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383–384. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Natur.202..383T">1964Natur.202..383T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F202383a0">10.1038/202383a0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Red+%28B2%CE%A0%E2%80%93A2%CF%83%29+Band+System+of+Aluminium+Monoxide&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=4930&rft.pages=383-384&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F202383a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Natur.202..383T&rft.aulast=Tyte&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>), dan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialana (halaman belum tersedia)">dialana</a> (R2Al—AlR2); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Uhl, Werner (2004). "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 51: 53–108. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2803%2951002-4">10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Organoelement+Compounds+Possessing+Al%E2%80%94Al%2C+Ga%E2%80%94Ga%2C+In%E2%80%94In%2C+and+Tl%E2%80%94Tl+Single+Bonds&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=53-108&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2803%2951002-4&rft.aulast=Uhl&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Zintl-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zintl_36-8">i</a> Bilangan oksidasi negatif dari logam blok-p (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) dan metaloid (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) dapat terjadi dalam <a href="/wiki/Fase_Zintl" title="Fase Zintl">fase Zintl</a>, lihat: <cite class="citation book">Riedel, Erwin, ed. (2007). Moderne Anorganische Chemie (dalam bahasa Jerman). hlm. 259</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moderne+Anorganische+Chemie&rft.pages=259&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> , and <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/intermetallische_6_2.html">"Vorlesung Intermetallische Phasen § 6.2 Binäre Zintl-Phasen"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vorlesung+Intermetallische+Phasen+%C2%A7+6.2+Bin%C3%A4re+Zintl-Phasen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de%2FVorlesung%2Fintermetallische_6_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Karbonil Al(0) yang tidak stabil telah terdeteksi dalam reaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimetilaluminium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimetilaluminium (halaman belum tersedia)">Al2(CH3)6</a> dengan karbon monoksida; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (1 Desember 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6973516-reaction-trimethylaluminum-carbon-monoxide-low-temperature-matrices">"Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes"</a>. American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00207a023">10.1021/ja00207a023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Reaction+of+trimethylaluminum+with+carbon+monoxide+in+low-temperature+matrixes&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=9110-9111&rft.date=1989-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00207a023&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Ramiro&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Caleb&rft.au=Arrington+Jr.%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F6973516-reaction-trimethylaluminum-carbon-monoxide-low-temperature-matrices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Al(−2) telah teramati pada Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Sebuah Fase Zintl dengan Anion [Ge]4–- dan [Al4]8– Terisolasi". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (dalam bahasa Jerman). 62 (10): 1227. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001">10.1515/znb-2007-1001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung+B&rft.atitle=Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Eine+Zintl-Phase+mit+isolierten+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+und+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-Anionen+%2F+Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Sebuah+Fase+Zintl+dengan+Anion+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+dan+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Terisolasi&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1227&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001&rft.aulast=Wemdorff&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin_39-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound"</a>. Chemistry Europe. 27 Agustus 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> P(0) telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja807828t">10.1021/ja807828t</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937460">18937460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Carbene-Stabilized+Diphosphorus&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=14970-1&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja807828t&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18937460&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yuzhong&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pingrong&rft.au=King%2C+R.+Bruce&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Iii&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+Paul+v.+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Kesetimbangan Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 disebutkan oleh Greenwood dan Earnshaw, tetapi telah dibantah, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). "Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide". J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9): 3860–3863. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100372a094">10.1021/j100372a094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Physicochemical+properties+of+chlorine+oxides.+1.+Composition%2C+ultraviolet+spectrum%2C+and+kinetics+of+the+thermolysis+of+gaseous+dichlorine+hexoxide&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3860-3863&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj100372a094&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Juan+E.+Sicre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> , dan Cl2O6 sebenarnya adalah klorin(V,VII) oksida. Namun, ClO3 telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). "Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14): 1482–1484. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199414821">10.1002/anie.199414821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Chlorine+Trioxide%3A+Spectroscopic+Properties%2C+Molecular+Structure%2C+and+Photochemical+Behavior&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1482-1484&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199414821&rft.aulast=Grothe&rft.aufirst=Hinrich&rft.au=Willner%2C+Helge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Ar(0) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohidrida" title="Argon fluorohidrida">argon fluorohidrida</a> (HArF) dan ArCF22+, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Lockyear, J.F.; Douglas, K.; Price, S.D.; Karwowska, M.; et al. (2010). "Generation of the ArCF22+ Dication". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 1: 358. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjz900274p">10.1021/jz900274p</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=Generation+of+the+ArCF%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+Dication&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=358&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjz900274p&rft.aulast=Lockyear&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+K.&rft.au=Price%2C+S.D.&rft.au=Karwowska%2C+M.&rft.au=Fijalkowski%2C+K.J.&rft.au=Grochala%2C+W.&rft.au=Reme%C5%A1%2C+M.&rft.au=Roithov%C3%A1%2C+J.&rft.au=Schroder%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ca(I) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja105534w">10.1021/ja105534w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718434">20718434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Mechanistic+Elucidation+of+the+Formation+of+the+Inverse+Ca%28I%29+Sandwich+Complex+%5B%28thf%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3ECa%28%CE%BC-C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-1%2C3%2C5-Ph%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29Ca%28thf%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D+and+Stability+of+Aryl-Substituted+Phenylcalcium+Complexes&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=12492-501&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja105534w&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20718434&rft.aulast=Krieck&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft.au=G%C3%B6rls%2C+Helmar&rft.au=Westerhausen%2C+Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ca0-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ca0_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ca0_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ca0_44-2">c</a> Kompleks oktakarbonil yang diisolasi dari Ca, Sr, Ba telah teramati dalam matriks neon, tetapi masih belum jelas apakah ini kompleks logam(0) karena perhitungan tidak setuju apakah logam tersebut terikat secara kovalen atau ion pada ligan; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Wu, X.; Zhao, L.; Jin, J.; Pan, S.; Li, W.; Jin, X.; Wang, G.; Zhou, M.; Frenking, G. (2018). "Observation of alkaline earth complexes M(CO)8 (M = Ca, Sr, or Ba) that mimic transition metals". Science. 361 (6405): 912–916. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...361..912W">2018Sci...361..912W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aau0839">10.1126/science.aau0839</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30166489">30166489</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Observation+of+alkaline+earth+complexes+M%28CO%298+%28M+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%2C+or+Ba%29+that+mimic+transition+metals&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=6405&rft.pages=912-916&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30166489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aau0839&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...361..912W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+L.&rft.au=Jin%2C+J.&rft.au=Pan%2C+S.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Jin%2C+X.&rft.au=Wang%2C+G.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+M.&rft.au=Frenking%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sc(0) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation journal">F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan; Robin N. Perutz (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC39910001372">10.1039/C39910001372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=%CE%B7-Arene+complexes+of+scandium%280%29+and+scandium%28II%29&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1372-1373&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC39910001372&rft.au=F.+Geoffrey+N.+Cloke&rft.au=Karl+Khan&rft.au=Robin+N.+Perutz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Sc(I) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock; John F. Nixon (1996). "The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32): 7630–7631. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja961253o">10.1021/ja961253o</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=The+First+Example+of+a+Formal+Scandium%28I%29+Complex%3A+Synthesis+and+Molecular+Structure+of+a+22-Electron+Scandium+Triple+Decker+Incorporating+the+Novel+1%2C3%2C5-Triphosphabenzene+Ring&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=7630-7631&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja961253o&rft.au=Polly+L.+Arnold&rft.au=F.+Geoffrey&rft.au=N.+Cloke&rft.au=Peter+B.+Hitchcock&rft.au=John+F.+Nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Sc(II) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (8): 2050–2053. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201611758">10.1002/anie.201611758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097771">28097771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Solution+Synthesis%2C+Structure%2C+and+CO+Reduction+Reactivity+of+a+Scandium%28II%29+Complex&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2050-2053&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201611758&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28097771&rft.aulast=Woen&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Guo+P.&rft.au=Ziller%2C+Joseph+W.&rft.au=Boyle%2C+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Furche%2C+Filipp&rft.au=Evans%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ti(I) telah teramati pada [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2);lihat <cite class="citation journal">Calderazzo, Fausto; Ferri, Isabella; Pampaloni, Guido; Englert, Ulli; Green, Malcolm L. H. (1997). "Synthesis of [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives". Organometallics. 16 (14): 3100–3101. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom970155o">10.1021/om970155o</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+%5BTi%28%CE%B7%3Csup%3E6%3C%2Fsup%3E-1%2C3%2C5-C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EiPr%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%5BBAr%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D+%28Ar+%3D+C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+p-C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3EF%2C+3%2C5-C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28CF%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%2C+the+First+Titanium%28I%29+Derivatives&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3100-3101&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom970155o&rft.aulast=Calderazzo&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rft.au=Ferri%2C+Isabella&rft.au=Pampaloni%2C+Guido&rft.au=Englert%2C+Ulli&rft.au=Green%2C+Malcolm+L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbonyls-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbonyls_49-11">l</a> Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), dan W(−4) terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Karbonil_logam" title="Karbonil logam">karbonil logam</a> biner anionik; lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://d-nb.info/956310893/34">[1]</a>, hlm. dalam bahasa German); <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dP4LTfaPzAMC&pg=PA97&dq=%22%5BCr%28CO%294%5D4-%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ncroVMihLYO8ygO22YLYAQ&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">[2]</a>, hlm. 97–100; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5r-NFT46TkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false">[3]</a>, hlm. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ti(−1) telah dilaporkan dalam [Ti(<a href="/wiki/2,2%E2%80%B2-Bipiridina" title="2,2′-Bipiridina">bipi</a>)3]−, tetapi kemudian terbukti menjadi Ti(+3); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic302799s">10.1021/ic302799s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23387926">23387926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Electronic+structures+of+homoleptic+%5Btris%282%2C2%27-bipyridine%29M%5Dn+complexes+of+the+early+transition+metals+%28M+%3D+Sc%2C+Y%2C+Ti%2C+Zr%2C+Hf%2C+V%2C+Nb%2C+Ta%3B+n+%3D+1%2B%2C+0%2C+1-%2C+2-%2C+3-%29%3A+an+experimental+and+density+functional+theoretical+study&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2242-56&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic302799s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23387926&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=England%2C+J.&rft.au=Sprouls%2C+S.&rft.au=Weihem%C3%BCller%2C+T.&rft.au=Wieghardt%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Namun, Ti(−1) terjadi dalam [Ti(η-C6H6]− dan [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729–731. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC39840000729">10.1039/C39840000729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+anionic+sandwich+compounds%3A+%5BTi%28%CE%B7-C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ER%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+the+crystal+structure+of+%5BK%2818-crown-6%29%28%C2%B5-H%29Mo%28%CE%B7-C%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=729-731&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC39840000729&rft.aulast=Bandy&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Berry%2C+A.&rft.au=Green%2C+M.+L.+H.&rft.au=Perutz%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Prout%2C+K.&rft.au=Verpeautz%2C+J.-N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6: [Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB700808B">10.1039/B700808B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17579764">17579764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Zerovalent+titanium%E2%80%93sulfur+complexes.+Novel+dithiocarbamato+derivatives+of+Ti%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+%5BTi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%28S%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ECNR%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%5D%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2639-2641&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB700808B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17579764&rft.aulast=Jilek&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Tripepi%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Urnezius%2C+Eugenijus&rft.au=Brennessel%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Young%2C+Victor+G.+Jr.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Fe(VII) telah teramati pada [FeO4]−; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PCCP...1831125L">2016PCCP...1831125L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC6CP06753K">10.1039/C6CP06753K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812577">27812577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Experimental+and+theoretical+identification+of+the+Fe%28VII%29+oxidation+state+in+FeO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=31125-31131&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27812577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC6CP06753K&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PCCP...1831125L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Jun-Bo&rft.au=Jian%2C+Jiwen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Lin%2C+Hailu&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Fe(VIII) telah dilaporkan; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). "Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)". Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157–158. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106704X10801">10.1595/147106704X10801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Higher+Oxidation+States+of+Iron+in+Solid+State%3A+Synthesis+and+Their+M%C3%B6ssbauer+Characterization+%E2%80%93+Ferrates+%E2%80%93+ACS+Symposium+Series+%28ACS+Publications%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-158&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F147106704X10801&rft.au=Yurii+D.+Perfiliev&rft.au=Virender+K.+Sharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Namun, keberadaannya telah diperdebatkan. </li> <li id="cite_note-MetalAnions-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_54-9">j</a> Fe(−4), Ru(−4) dan Os(−4) telah teramati pada senyawa kaya logam yang mengandung kompleks oktahedral [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (sebagai anion dimer [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), dan Hg(−2) telah teramati (sebagai anion dimer dan monomer; ion dimer awalnya dilaporkan sebagai [T–T]2− untuk Zn, Cd, Hg, tetapi kemudian terbukti menjadi [T–T]4− untuk semua unsur-unsur ini) dalam La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(struktur (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, dan Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) telah teramati pada ScAuSn dan senyawa setengah-Heusler 18-elektron lainnya. Lihat <cite class="citation journal">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  and <cite class="citation journal">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ni(−2) telah teramati pada Ni2[Ni(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1,5-Siklooktadiena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,5-Siklooktadiena (halaman belum tersedia)">1,5-COD</a>)2], lihat <cite class="citation journal">Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197507521">10.1002/anie.197507521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin+Complexes.+Novel+Bimetal+Complexes+Containing+a+Transition+Metal+and+a+Main+Group+Metal&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=752-753&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.197507521&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  and <cite class="citation journal">Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16602773">16602773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3167-86&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16602773&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Cu(0) telah teramati pada Cu(tris[2-(diisopropilfosfino)-fenil]borana), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/37931/">"A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond"</a>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja4006578">10.1021/ja4006578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23418750">23418750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc&rft.atitle=A+Polar+Copper%E2%80%93Boron+One-Electron+%CF%83-Bond&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3792-3795&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja4006578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23418750&rft.aulast=Moret&rft.aufirst=Marc-Etienne&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Limei&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jonas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F37931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Zn(0) telah teramati pada; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Singh, Amit Pratap; Samuel, Prinson P.; Roesky, Herbert W.; Schwarzer, Martin C.; Frenking, Gernot; Sidhu, Navdeep S.; Dittrich, Birger (2013). "A Singlet Biradicaloid Zinc Compound and Its Nonradical Counterpart". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (19): 7324–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja402351x">10.1021/ja402351x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23600486">23600486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=A+Singlet+Biradicaloid+Zinc+Compound+and+Its+Nonradical+Counterpart&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7324-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja402351x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23600486&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amit+Pratap&rft.au=Samuel%2C+Prinson+P.&rft.au=Roesky%2C+Herbert+W.&rft.au=Schwarzer%2C+Martin+C.&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft.au=Sidhu%2C+Navdeep+S.&rft.au=Dittrich%2C+Birger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  dan <cite class="citation journal">Soleilhavoup, Michèle; Bertrand, Guy (2015). "Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (CAACs): Stable Carbenes on the Rise". Acc. Chem. Res. 48 (2): 256–266. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far5003494">10.1021/ar5003494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515548">25515548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acc.+Chem.+Res.&rft.atitle=Cyclic+%28Alkyl%29%28Amino%29Carbenes+%28CAACs%29%3A+Stable+Carbenes+on+the+Rise&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-266&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far5003494&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25515548&rft.aulast=Soleilhavoup&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Zn(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekametildizinkosena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekametildizinkosena (halaman belum tersedia)">dekametildizinkosena</a> (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". <a href="/wiki/Science_(jurnal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (jurnal)">Science</a>. 305 (5687): 1136–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1136R">2004Sci...305.1136R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101356">10.1126/science.1101356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326350">15326350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Decamethyldizincocene%2C+a+Stable+Compound+of+Zn%28I%29+with+a+Zn-Zn+Bond&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5687&rft.pages=1136-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15326350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1136R&rft.au=Resa%2C+I.&rft.au=Carmona%2C+E.&rft.au=Gutierrez-Puebla%2C+E.&rft.au=Monge%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Zn(III) telah diprediksi stabil dalam senyawa dengan trianion berbasis borana yang sangat stabil, tetapi tidak ada kandidat Zn(III) yang diketahui secara eksperimental; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Hong Fang; Huta Banjade; Deepika; Puru Jena (2021). "Realization of the Zn3+ oxidation state". Nanoscale (dalam bahasa English). 13 (33): 14041–14048. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD1NR02816B">10.1039/D1NR02816B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34477685">34477685</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanoscale&rft.atitle=Realization+of+the+Zn3%2B+oxidation+state&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=14041-14048&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD1NR02816B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34477685&rft.au=Hong+Fang&rft.au=Huta+Banjade&rft.au=Deepika&rft.au=Puru+Jena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Ga(−2), Ga(−4), dan Ga(−5) telah teramati pada magnesium galida MgGa, Mg2Ga, dan Mg5Ga2, masing-masing; lihat <cite class="citation news">Patrick Hofmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf">"Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Jerman). hlm. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colture.+Ein+Programm+zur+interaktiven+Visualisierung+von+Festk%C3%B6rperstrukturen+sowie+Synthese%2C+Struktur+und+Eigenschaften+von+bin%C3%A4ren+und+tern%C3%A4ren+Alkali-+und+Erdalkalimetallgalliden&rft.pages=72&rft.au=Patrick+Hofmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Fupress%2Fonline%2Ffrei%2F978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Ga(−3) telah teramati pada LaGa, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znaturforsch.com/s66b/s66b1107.pdf">"Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen"</a> (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (dalam bahasa Jerman). 66b: 1107–1121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Naturforsch.&rft.atitle=Lanthan-Triel%2FTetrel-ide+La%28Al%2CGa%29%3Csub%3Ex%3C%2Fsub%3E%28Si%2CGe%29%3Csub%3E1-x%3C%2Fsub%3E.+Experimentelle+und+theoretische+Studien+zur+Stabilit%C3%A4t+intermetallischer+1%3A1-Phasen&rft.volume=66b&rft.pages=1107-1121&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Britta&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znaturforsch.com%2Fs66b%2Fs66b1107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Ga(0) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galium_monoiodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galium monoiodida (halaman belum tersedia)">galium monoiodida</a> di antara bilangan oksidasi galium lainnya </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ge(−1), Ge(−2), dan Ge(−3) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Germanida" title="Germanida">germanida</a>; lihat <cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Germanium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-101). Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 953–959. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-012641-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-012641-9">978-3-11-012641-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=953-959&rft.edition=101&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012641-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> As(0) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200902840">10.1002/chem.200902840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19937872">19937872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Carbene+Stabilization+of+Diarsenic%3A+From+Hypervalency+to+Allotropy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=432-5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.200902840&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19937872&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Mariham+Y.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuzhong&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pingrong&rft.au=Shaefer+III%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+P.+von+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> As(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsen(I)_iodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsen(I) iodida (halaman belum tersedia)">arsen(I) iodida</a> (AsI); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic049281s">10.1021/ic049281s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15360247">15360247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilized+Arsenic%28I%29+Iodide%3A+A+Ready+Source+of+Arsenic+Iodide+Fragments+and+a+Useful+Reagent+for+the+Generation+of+Clusters&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5981-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic049281s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15360247&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bobby+D.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Charles+L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> As(IV) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsen(IV)_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsen(IV) hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">arsen(IV) hidroksida</a> (As(OH)4) dan HAsO-; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00313a007">10.1021/ic00313a007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28IV%29.+A+pulse-radiolysis+study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2717-24&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00313a007&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Bielski%2C+Benon+H.+J.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Se(−1) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenida (halaman belum tersedia)">diselenida</a>(2−) (Se22−). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Sebuah atom Se(0) atom telah diidentifikasi menggunakan DFT pada [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003">10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1387-7003">1387-7003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry+Communications&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+structure+of+%5BReOSe%282-Se-py%293%5D%3A+A+rhenium%28V%29+complex+with+selenium%280%29+as+a+ligand&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=48-50&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003&rft.issn=1387-7003&rft.aulast=Cargnelutti&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Lang%2C+Ernesto+S.&rft.au=Piquini%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Abram%2C+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Se(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenium_monoklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenium monoklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">selenium(I) klorida</a> (Se2Cl2); lihat <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Se/Cl2Se2-10025680.html">"Selenium: Selenium(I) chloride compound data"</a>. WebElements.com. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selenium%3A+Selenium%28I%29+chloride+compound+data&rft.pub=WebElements.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Fcompounds%2Ftext%2FSe%2FCl2Se2-10025680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Se(III) telah teramati pada Se2NBr3; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108">10.1002/chem.19960021108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENBr%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENCl%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENCl%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+New+Nitride+Halides+of+Selenium%28III%29+and+Selenium%28IV%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1393-1396&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft.au=Neum%C3%BCller%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Vyboishchikov%2C+Sergei+F.&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft.au=Dehnicke%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Herker%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Se(V) telah teramati pada SeO3− dan HSeO42-; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/seleniumv-a-pulse-radiolysis-study(01d1260d-45a3-4a09-8316-e6f6b4993561).html">"Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study"</a>. Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100412a112">10.1021/j100412a112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Selenium%28V%29.+A+pulse+radiolysis+study&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=5460-4&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj100412a112&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbit.dtu.dk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fseleniumv-a-pulse-radiolysis-study%2801d1260d-45a3-4a09-8316-e6f6b4993561%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Br(II) diketahui terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">radikal</a> bromin monoksida; lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100382a032">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Sr(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stronsium_monofluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stronsium monofluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">stronsium monofluorida</a> (SrF); lihat <cite class="citation journal">P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf">"High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride"</a> (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158–171. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMoSp.175..158C">1996JMoSp.175..158C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019">10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 8 Maret 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=High-Resolution+Infrared+Emission+Spectrum+of+Strontium+Monofluoride&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158-171&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JMoSp.175..158C&rft.au=P.+Colarusso&rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.-Q.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F149.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_74-12">m</a> Itrium dan semua lantanida kecuali Ce dan Pm telah teramati dalam bilangan oksidasi 0 dalam kompleks bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butilbenzena), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  dan <cite class="citation journal">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arene+complexation+of+Sm%2C+Eu%2C+Tm+and+Yb+atoms%3A+a+variable+temperature+spectroscopic+investigation&rft.volume=688&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Polly+L.&rft.au=Petrukhina%2C+Marina+A.&rft.au=Bochenkov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Shabatina%2C+Tatyana+I.&rft.au=Zagorskii%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Cloke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Y(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itrium(I)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itrium(I) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">itrium(I) bromida</a> (YBr); lihat <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html">"Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data"</a>. OpenMOPAC.net. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Juli 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yttrium%3A+yttrium%28I%29+bromide+compound+data&rft.pub=OpenMOPAC.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openmopac.net%2Fdata_normal%2Fyttrium%28i%29%2520bromide_jmol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Y(II) telah teramati pada [(18-mahkota-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; lihat <cite class="citation journal">MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja207151y">10.1021/ja207151y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21919538">21919538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+a+Crystalline+Molecular+Complex+of+Y%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+%5B%2818-crown-6%29K%5D%5B%28C%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3ESiMe%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EY%5D&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=15914-17&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja207151y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21919538&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Ziller%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Evans%2C+W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Zr(−1) telah dilaporkan dalam [Zr(<a href="/wiki/2,2%27-Bipiridina" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2'-Bipiridina">bipi</a>)3]− (lihat <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 960, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=960&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) dan <cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-101). Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 1413. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-012641-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-012641-9">978-3-11-012641-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1413&rft.edition=101&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012641-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> ), tetapi kemudian terbukti menjadi Zr(+4); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic302799s">10.1021/ic302799s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23387926">23387926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Electronic+structures+of+homoleptic+%5Btris%282%2C2%27-bipyridine%29M%5Dn+complexes+of+the+early+transition+metals+%28M+%3D+Sc%2C+Y%2C+Ti%2C+Zr%2C+Hf%2C+V%2C+Nb%2C+Ta%3B+n+%3D+1%2B%2C+0%2C+1-%2C+2-%2C+3-%29%3A+an+experimental+and+density+functional+theoretical+study&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2242-56&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic302799s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23387926&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=England%2C+J.&rft.au=Sprouls%2C+S.&rft.au=Weihem%C3%BCller%2C+T.&rft.au=Wieghardt%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Zr0-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zr0_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zr0_78-1">b</a> Zr(0) dan Hf(0) terjadi dalam (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2M (M=Zr, Hf) dan [(η5-C5R5M(CO)4]−, lihat <cite class="citation book">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. 4. Elsevier Ltd. hlm. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780080450476" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780080450476">9780080450476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=697-739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NbTa0-79"><a href="#cite_ref-NbTa0_79-0">^</a> Kompleks Nb(0) dan Ta(0) telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2003). "4.5.7. Niobium(0) and Tantalum(0)". Dalam J. A. McCleverty; T.J. Meyer. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II: From Biology to Nanotechnology. 4 (edisi ke-2). Newnes. hlm. 297–299. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-08-091316-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-08-091316-2">978-0-08-091316-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.5.7.+Niobium%280%29+and+Tantalum%280%29&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Coordination+Chemistry+II%3A+From+Biology+to+Nanotechnology&rft.pages=297-299&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-08-091316-2&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NbTa-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NbTa_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NbTa_80-1">b</a> Nb(I) dan Ta(I) terjadi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklopentadienil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklopentadienil (halaman belum tersedia)">Cp</a>Nb(CO)4 dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklopentadienil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklopentadienil (halaman belum tersedia)">Cp</a>Ta(CO)4, lihat <cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Tantal". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-101). Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 1430. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-012641-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-012641-9">978-3-11-012641-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tantal&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1430&rft.edition=101&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012641-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  dan <cite class="citation book">King, R. Bruce (1969). Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction. Academic Press. hlm. 11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-32-315996-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-32-315996-8">978-0-32-315996-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition-Metal+Organometallic+Chemistry%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-32-315996-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=R.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">George, G.N.; Klein, S.I.; Nixon, J.F. (1984). "Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPri)3)4] at X-and Q-band frequencies". Chemical Physics Letters. 108 (6): 627–630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984CPL...108..627G">1984CPL...108..627G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0009-2614%2884%2985069-1">10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Electron+paramagnetic+resonance+spectroscopic+studies+on+the+zero-valent+rhodium+complex+%5BRh%28P%28OPr%3Csup%3Ei%3C%2Fsup%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D+at+X-and+Q-band+frequencies&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=627-630&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0009-2614%2884%2985069-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984CPL...108..627G&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rft.au=Klein%2C+S.I.&rft.au=Nixon%2C+J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Rh(VII) telah diketahui dalam katioj RhO3+, lihat <cite class="citation journal">"The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202207688">10.1002/anie.202207688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=The+Highest+Oxidation+State+of+Rhodium%3A+Rhodium%28VII%29+in+%5BRhO3%5D%2B&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202207688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Pd(I) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". <a href="/wiki/Science_(jurnal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (jurnal)">Science</a>. 295 (5553): 288–289. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067921">10.1126/science.1067921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786632">11786632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=CHEMISTRY%3A+A+New+Oxidation+State+for+Pd%3F&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5553&rft.pages=288-289&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067921&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11786632&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Pd(III) telah teramati; lihat <cite class="citation book">Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis</a> (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. hlm. 129–156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011hoso.book..129P">2011hoso.book..129P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-642-17428-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-642-17428-5">978-3-642-17428-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066514">3066514</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21461129">21461129</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 12 Juni 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palladium%28III%29+in+Synthesis+and+Catalysis&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=129-156&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3066514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011hoso.book..129P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21461129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-17428-5&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ritter%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.harvard.edu%2Fgroups%2Fritter%2Fpdf%2F2011-129t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Paladium(V) telah diidentifikasi dalam kompleks dengan senyawa organosilikon yang mengandung paladium pentakoordinat; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104">10.1073/pnas.0700450104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multinuclear+palladium+compounds+containing+palladium+centers+ligated+by+five+silicon+atoms&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7758-7763&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104&rft.aulast=Shimada&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft.au=Li%2C+Yong-Hua&rft.au=Choe%2C+Yoong-Kee&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Masato&rft.au=Bao%2C+Ming&rft.au=Uchimaru%2C+Tadafumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Palladium(VI) telah diklaim untuk eksis dalam <cite class="citation journal">"NEW PALLADIUM OXIDATION STATE?". Chem. Eng. News. 80 (2): 8. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v080n002.p008">10.1021/cen-v080n002.p008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eng.+News&rft.atitle=NEW+PALLADIUM+OXIDATION+STATE%3F&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v080n002.p008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> , tetapi hal ini telah dibantah dengan menunjukkan bahwa itu adalah Paladium(II). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Ion Ag− telah teramati dalam larutan amonia logam: lihat <cite class="citation journal">Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic000333x">10.1021/ic000333x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Metal+Ammonia+Solutions%3A+Solutions+Containing+Argentide+Ions&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1067-68&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic000333x&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.au=Lagowski%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ag(0) telah teramati pada kompleks karbonil dalam matriks suhu rendah: lihat <cite class="citation journal">McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00427a018">10.1021/ja00427a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+using+metal+vapors.+Silver+carbonyls.+Matrix+infrared%2C+ultraviolet-visible%2C+and+electron+spin+resonance+spectra%2C+structures%2C+and+bonding+of+silver+tricarbonyl%2C+silver+dicarbonyl%2C+silver+monocarbonyl%2C+and+disilver+hexacarbonyl&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3167-75&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00427a018&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ozin%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Cd(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmium(I)_tetrakloroaluminat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmium(I) tetrakloroaluminat (halaman belum tersedia)">kadmium(I) tetrakloroaluminat</a> (Cd2(AlCl4)2); lihat <cite class="citation book">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-91–100). Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 1056–1057. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-007511-3">978-3-11-007511-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cadmium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1056-1057&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> In(–5) telah teramati pada La3InGe, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic951378e">10.1021/ic951378e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11666477">11666477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis%2C+Structure%2C+and+Bonding+of+Two+Lanthanum+Indium+Germanides+with+Novel+Structures+and+Properties&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2616-22&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic951378e&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11666477&rft.aulast=Guloy&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Corbett%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> In(−2) telah teramati pada Na2In, lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&source=bl&ots=aXLYIpkfYq&sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false">[5]</a>, hlm. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Karbonil dan gugus In(0) yang tidak stabil telah terdeteksi, lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony-Downs-2/publication/6589844_Development_of_the_Chemistry_of_Indium_in_Formal_Oxidation_States_Lower_than_3/links/5a82db2a0f7e9bda869fb52c/Development-of-the-Chemistry-of-Indium-in-Formal-Oxidation-States-Lower-than-3.pdf?origin=publication_detail">[6]</a>, hlm. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Sn(−3) telah teramati pada [Sn2]6−, misalnya dalam (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (dengan lembar persegi (Sn2−)n), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12379848">"Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks"</a>. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820000717%2939%3A14%3C2408%3A%3Aaid-anie2408%3E3.0.co%3B2-u">10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u</a>. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Hypervalent+Bonding+in+One%2C+Two%2C+and+Three+Dimensions%3A+Extending+the+Zintl%E2%80%93Klemm+Concept+to+Nonclassical+Electron-Rich+Networks&rft.volume=2000&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=2408-2448&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820000717%2939%3A14%3C2408%3A%3Aaid-anie2408%3E3.0.co%3B2-u&rft.aulast=Papoian&rft.aufirst=Garegin+A.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Roald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F12379848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Sn(I) dan Sn(III) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organotimah" title="Kimia organotimah">senyawa organotimah</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Sb(−2) telah teramati pada [Sb2]4−, misalnya dalam RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], lihat <cite class="citation journal">Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (dalam bahasa Jerman). 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200400546">10.1002/zaac.200400546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Neue+Barium-Antimonid-Oxide+mit+den+Zintl-Ionen+%5BSb%5D%3Csup%3E3%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+%5BSb%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+und+%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E%E2%88%9E%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BSb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3En%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%2F+New+Barium+Antimonide+Oxides+containing+Zintl+Ions+%5BSb%5D%3Csup%3E3%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+%5BSb%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E%E2%88%9E%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BSb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3En%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=631&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.pages=1181-1190&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200400546&rft.aulast=Boss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Petri%2C+Denis&rft.au=Pickhard%2C+Frank&rft.au=Z%C3%B6nnchen%2C+Peter&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sb(0) telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation news">Anastas Sidiropoulos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf">"Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements"</a> (PDF). hlm. 39. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4225%2F03%2F5B0F4BDF98F60">10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+of+N-heterocyclic+Carbene+%28NHC%29+Complexes+of+the+Main+Group+Elements&rft.pages=39&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4225%2F03%2F5B0F4BDF98F60&rft.au=Anastas+Sidiropoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8817%2F39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Sb(I) dan Sb(II) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organoantimon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organoantimon (halaman belum tersedia)">senyawa organoantimon</a>; untuk Sb(I), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201002209">10.1002/anie.201002209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20602393">20602393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Monomeric+Organoantimony%28I%29+and+Organobismuth%28I%29+Compounds+Stabilized+by+an+NCN+Chelating+Ligand%3A+Syntheses+and+Structures&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=5468-5471&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201002209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20602393&rft.aulast=%C5%A0imon&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=de+Proft%2C+Frank&rft.au=Jambor%2C+Roman&rft.au=R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka%2C+Ale%C5%A1&rft.au=Dost%C3%A1l%2C+Libor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Sb(IV) telah teramati pada [SbCl6]2−, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599–1604. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1246%2Fbcsj.73.1599">10.1246/bcsj.73.1599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Chemical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Production+of+Sb%28IV%29+Chloro+Complex+by+Flash+Photolysis+of+the+Corresponding+Sb%28III%29+and+Sb%28V%29+Complexes+in+CH3CN+and+CHCl3&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1599-1604&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1246%2Fbcsj.73.1599&rft.au=Nobuyoshi+Shinohara&rft.au=Masaaki+Ohsima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Te(0) telah teramati pada telurolat. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Te(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telurium_iodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telurium iodida (halaman belum tersedia)">telurium iodida</a> (TeI), lihat <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/tellurium/tellurium_iodide.html">"Tellurium: tellurium iodide"</a>. WebElements.com. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tellurium%3A+tellurium+iodide&rft.pub=WebElements.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fcompounds%2Ftellurium%2Ftellurium_iodide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Te(III) telah teramati pada [Te(N(Si<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugua_metil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugua metil (halaman belum tersedia)">Me</a>3)2)2]+, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046">"Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation"</a>. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199116771">10.1002/anie.199116771</a>. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+Structure+of+the+First+Tellurium%28III%29+Radical+Cation&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1678&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199116771&rft.aulast=Heinze&rft.aufirst=Thorsten&rft.au=Roesky%2C+Herbert+W.&rft.au=Pauer%2C+Frank&rft.au=Stalke%2C+Dietmar&rft.au=Sheldrick%2C+George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237225046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Te(V) disebutkan oleh Greenwood dan Earnshaw, tetapi mereka tidak memberikan contoh senyawa Te(V). Apa yang lama dianggap sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditelurium_dekafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditelurium dekafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">ditelurium dekafluorida</a> (Te2F10) sebenarnya adalah bis(pentafluoroteluril) oksida, F5TeOTeF5: lihat <cite class="citation journal">Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JChEd..51..520W">1974JChEd..51..520W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed051p520">10.1021/ed051p520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Ditellurium+decafluoride+-+A+Continuing+Myth&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=520-521&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed051p520&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JChEd..51..520W&rft.au=Watkins%2C+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Namun, Te(V) telah teramati pada HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, dan TeO3-; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/tellurium-5-a-pulse-radiolysis-study(58c2417f-34c0-436d-8a46-211f3d752423).html">"Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study"</a>. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JPCA..105.6637K">2001JPCA..105.6637K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp010577i">10.1021/jp010577i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Tellurium%28V%29.+A+Pulse+Radiolysis+Study&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=6637-45&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp010577i&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JPCA..105.6637K&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbit.dtu.dk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ftellurium-5-a-pulse-radiolysis-study%2858c2417f-34c0-436d-8a46-211f3d752423%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> I(II) diketahui eksis dalam monoksida (IO); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RuCRv..77..739N">2008RuCRv..77..739N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FRC2008v077n08ABEH003788">10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Halogen+monoxides&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=739-749&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FRC2008v077n08ABEH003788&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RuCRv..77..739N&rft.aulast=Nikitin&rft.aufirst=I+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> I(IV) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodin_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodin oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">iodin dioksida</a> (IO2); lihat <cite class="citation book">Pauling, Linus (1988). "Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements". General Chemistry (edisi ke-3). Dover Publications, Inc. hlm. 259. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-65622-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-486-65622-9">978-0-486-65622-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Compounds+of+Nonmetallic+Elements&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65622-9&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> I(VI) telah teramati pada IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, dan HIO53−; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). "Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. 77 (7): 1707–18. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FF19817701707">10.1039/F19817701707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Faraday+Trans.+1&rft.atitle=Laser+flash+photolysis+and+pulse+radiolysis+of+iodate+and+periodate+in+aqueous+solution.+Properties+of+iodine%28VI%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1707-18&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FF19817701707&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+Knud&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Senyawa Xe: lihat <a href="/wiki/Xenon#Senyawa" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Xe(0) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonoemas(II)" title="Tetraxenonoemas(II)">tetraxenonoemas(II)</a> (AuXe42+). </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Xe(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenon_heksafluoroplatinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenon heksafluoroplatinat (halaman belum tersedia)">xenon heksafluoroplatinat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Xenon_heksafluororodat" title="Xenon heksafluororodat">xenon heksafluororodat</a> (lihat <cite class="citation book">Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (edisi ke-3). Dover Publications, Inc. hlm. 250. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-65622-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-486-65622-9">978-0-486-65622-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65622-9&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> ), namun senyawa ini kemudian ditemukan mengandung Xe(II). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Ba(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_monofluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium monofluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">barium monofluorida</a> (BaF); lihat <cite class="citation journal">P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf">"High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride"</a> (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMoSp.175..158C">1996JMoSp.175..158C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019">10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 10 Maret 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=High-Resolution+Fourier+Transform+Infrared+Emission+Spectrum+of+Barium+Monofluoride&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JMoSp.175..158C&rft.au=P.+Colarusso&rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.-Q.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F126.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-LnI-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_110-3">d</a> La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), dan Yb(I) telah teramati pada gugus MB8−; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26785-9">"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes"</a>. Nature Communications. 12: 6467. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9">10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Monovalent+lanthanide%28I%29+in+borozene+complexes&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=6467&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wan-Lu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Teng-Teng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Jia&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-021-26785-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Pr(I) telah teramati pada [PrB4]−; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (2018-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b02572">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30543295">30543295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Lanthanides+with+Unusually+Low+Oxidation+States+in+the+PrB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+PrB%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Boride+Clusters&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=411-418&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b02572&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30543295&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Xin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Teng-Teng&rft.au=Li%2C+Wang-Lu&rft.au=Lu%2C+Jun-Bo&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Li-Juan&rft.au=Jian%2C+Tian&rft.au=Hu%2C+Han-Shi&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Pr(V) telah teramati pada [PrO2]+; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201602196">10.1002/anie.201602196</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3773">1521-3773</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27100273">27100273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+Lanthanide+Compounds%3A+Formation+and+Characterization+of+Praseodymium%28V%29+Oxides&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6896-6900&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.issn=1521-3773&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27100273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201602196&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Qingnan&rft.au=Hu%2C+Shu-Xian&rft.au=Qu%2C+Hui&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guanjun&rft.au=Lu%2C+Jun-Bo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Mohua&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434915">"Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds"</a>. Chemical Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8 (5): 4035–4043. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7SC00710H">10.1039/C7SC00710H</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-6520">2041-6520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434915">5434915</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28580119">28580119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Science&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+lanthanide+nitride-oxides%3A+NPrO+and+NPrO%E2%88%92+complexes+with+N%E2%89%A1Pr+triple+bonds&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=4035-4043&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5434915&rft.issn=2041-6520&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28580119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7SC00710H&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Shu-Xian&rft.au=Jian%2C+Jiwen&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xuan&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5434915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Nd(IV) telah teramati dalam senyawa keadaan padat yang tidak stabil; lihat <cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg2001" class="citation">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-352651-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanthanides-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_115-4">e</a> Semua <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> (La–Lu) dalam bilangan oksidasi +2 telah diamati (kecuali La, Gd, Lu) pada larutan dihalida yang encer dan padat dari unsur-unsur ini dalam dihalida alkali tanah (lihat <cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg2001" class="citation">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-352651-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> ) dan (kecuali Pm) dalam kompleks molekul organologam, lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html">Lanthanides Topple Assumptions</a> and <cite class="citation journal">Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201311325">10.1002/anie.201311325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24616202">24616202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=All+the+Lanthanides+Do+It+and+Even+Uranium+Does+Oxidation+State+%2B2&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3550-51&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201311325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24616202&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> . Selain itu, semua <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> (La–Lu) membentuk dihidrida (LnH2), dikarbida (LnC2), monosulfida (LnS), monoselenida (LnSe), dan monotelurida (LnTe), tetapi untuk sebagian besar unsur senyawa ini memiliki ion Ln3+ dengan elektron terdelokalisasi menjadi pita konduksi, misalnya Ln3+(H−)2(e−). </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Anion gugus SmB6 telah dilaporkan dan mengandung Sm dalam bilangan oksidasi +1 yang langka; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247#">"SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals"</a>. J. Phys. Chem. A 2017, 121, 8, 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.+A+2017%2C+121%2C+8%2C+1849%E2%80%931854&rft.atitle=SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Cluster+Anion%3A+Covalency+Involving+f+Orbitals&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1849-1854&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J.+Robinson&rft.au=Xinxing%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Tyrel%2C+McQueen&rft.au=Kit%2C+H.+Bowen&rft.au=Anastassia%2C+N.+Alexandrova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Dy(IV) telah teramati pada senyawa keadaan padat yang tidak stabil; lihat <cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg2001" class="citation">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-352651-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Hf(I) telah teramati pada hafnium monobromida (HfBr), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917">"Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium"</a>. Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (dalam bahasa Rusia). 24 (4): 890–893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%2F+Russian+Journal+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%2F+Crystal+structure+and+thermodynamic+characteristics+of+monobromides+of+zirconium+and+hafnium&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-893&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft.au=Troyanov%2C+S.I.&rft.au=Tsirel%27nikov%2C+V.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finis.iaea.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.aspx%3Forig_q%3DRN%3A11520917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Os(−1) telah teramati pada Na[Os(CO)13]; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). "Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454 (1–2): 263–271. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-328X%2893%2983250-Y">10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Preparation+of+%5BOs%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28CO%29%3Csub%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E2%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+its+reactions+with+Os%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28CO%29%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3E%3B+structures+of+%5BEt%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3EN%5D+%5BHOs%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28CO%29%3Csub%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D+and+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EOsS%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%28CO%29&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=263-271&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-328X%2893%2983250-Y&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Siriwardane%2C+Upali&rft.au=Salupo%2C+Terese+A.&rft.au=Wermer%2C+Joseph+R.&rft.au=Knoeppel%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Shore%2C+Sheldon+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  dan <cite class="citation journal">Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). "Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955–3960. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00141a019">10.1021/ic00141a019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Mononuclear+hydrido+alkyl+carbonyl+complexes+of+osmium+and+their+polynuclear+derivatives&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3955-3960&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00141a019&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Willie+J.&rft.au=Kelland%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Okrasinski%2C+Stanley+J.&rft.au=Warner%2C+Keith+E.&rft.au=Norton%2C+Jack+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ir(−3) telah teramati pada Ir(CO)33−; lihat <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 1117, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1117&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ir(VII) telah teramati pada [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/">C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Ir(VIII) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroksida" title="Iridium tetroksida">iridium tetroksida</a> (IrO4); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200902733">10.1002/anie.200902733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593837">19593837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Formation+and+Characterization+of+the+Iridium+Tetroxide+Molecule+with+Iridium+in+the+Oxidation+State+%2BVIII&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=7879-7883&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200902733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19593837&rft.aulast=Gong&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Kaupp%2C+Martin&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Ir(IX) telah teramati pada IrO+4; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 Agustus 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..475W">2014Natur.514..475W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13795">10.1038/nature13795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341786">25341786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+an+iridium-containing+compound+with+a+formal+oxidation+state+of+IX&rft.volume=514&rft.issue=7523&rft.pages=475-477&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25341786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13795&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..475W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Guanjun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Goettel%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Schrobilgen%2C+Gary+G.&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Schl%C3%B6der%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Pt(−1) dan Pt(−2) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> platinida, masing-masing BaPt dan Ba2Pt: lihat <cite class="citation journal">Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb514631c">10.1039/b514631c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479284">16479284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Communications&rft.atitle=An+experimental+proof+for+negative+oxidation+states+of+platinum%3A+ESCA-measurements+on+barium+platinides&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=838-840&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb514631c&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16479284&rft.aulast=Karpov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft.au=Konuma%2C+Mitsuharu&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Pt(I) dan Pt(III) telah teramati pada spesies bimetalik dan polimetalik; lihat <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._Kauffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George B. Kauffman (halaman belum tersedia)">Kauffman, George B.</a>; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV). Inorganic Syntheses. 9. hlm. 182–185. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132401.ch51">10.1002/9780470132401.ch51</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-470-13240-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-470-13240-1">978-0-470-13240-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ammonium+Hexachloroplatinate%28IV%29&rft.series=Inorganic+Syntheses&rft.pages=182-185&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470132401.ch51&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13240-1&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft.au=Thurner%2C+Joseph+J.&rft.au=Zatko%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Au(0) telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194–3197. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556900">10556900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Gold%28I%29+and+Gold%280%29+Complexes+of+Phosphinine%E2%80%90Based+Macrocycles&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3194-3197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10556900&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9zaille&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Avarvari%2C+Narcis&rft.au=Maigrot%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Ricard%2C+Louis&rft.au=Mathey%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Le+Floch%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Cataldo%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Berclaz%2C+Th%C3%A9o&rft.au=Geoffroy%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Hg(IV) telah dilaporkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Raksa(IV)_fluorida" title="Raksa(IV) fluorida">raksa(IV) fluorida</a> (HgF4); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200703710">10.1002/anie.200703710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899620">17899620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Mercury+Is+a+Transition+Metal%3A+The+First+Experimental+Evidence+for+HgF%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=8371-8375&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200703710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899620&rft.au=Xuefang+Wang&rft.au=Lester+Andrews&rft.au=Sebastian+Riedel&rft.au=Martin+Kaupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Namun, ia tidak dapat dikonfirmasi oleh eksperimen selanjutnya; lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hull.ac.uk/science/chemistry/research/inorganicmaterials/mercurytransitionmaterial.aspx">Is mercury a transition metal?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012232329/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/science/chemistry/research/inorganicmaterials/mercurytransitionmaterial.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> 12 Oktober 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Tl(−5) telah teramati pada Na23K9Tl15,3, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic960014z">10.1021/ic960014z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11666505">11666505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Na%3Csub%3E23%3C%2Fsub%3EK%3Csub%3E9%3C%2Fsub%3ETl%3Csub%3E15.3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+An+Unusual+Zintl+Compound+Containing+Apparent+Tl%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E7%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E8%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tl%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E7%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+and+Tl%3Csup%3E5%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3107-12&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic960014z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11666505&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Z.-C.&rft.au=Corbett%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Tl(−1) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesium_talida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesium talida (halaman belum tersedia)">sesium talida</a> (CsTl); lihat <cite class="citation book">King, R. B.; Schleyer, R. (2004). "Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry". Dalam Driess, M.; Nöth, H. Molecular clusters of the main group elements. Wiley-VCH, Chichester. hlm. 19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-527-61437-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-527-61437-0">978-3-527-61437-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theory+and+concepts+in+main-group+cluster+chemistry&rft.btitle=Molecular+clusters+of+the+main+group+elements&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH%2C+Chichester&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-527-61437-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Tl(+2) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrakis(hipersilil)ditalium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrakis(hipersilil)ditalium (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrakis(hipersilil)ditalium</a> ([(<a href="/wiki/Gugus_metil" title="Gugus metil">Me</a>3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). "Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): 681–683. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199406811">10.1002/anie.199406811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Tetrakis%28hypersilyl%29dithallium%28Tl%E2%80%94Tl%29%3A+A+Divalent+Thallium+Compound&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=681-683&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199406811&rft.au=Sonja+Henkel&rft.au=Dr.+Karl+Wilhelm+Klinkhammer&rft.au=Dr.+Wolfgang+Schwarz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Pb(−2) telah teramati pada BaPb, lihat <cite class="citation book">Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. hlm. 505. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-08-044099-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-08-044099-6">978-0-08-044099-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermetallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044099-6&rft.aulast=Ferro&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  dan <cite class="citation journal">Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). "Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490–94. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic000333x">10.1021/ic000333x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Heavy-Metal+Aromatic+Rings%3A+Cyclopentadienyl+Anion+Analogues+Sn%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E6%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Pb%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E6%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+in+the+Zintl+Phases+Na%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3EBaPb%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Na%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3EBaSn%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+and+Na%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3EEuSn%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6490-94&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic000333x&rft.aulast=Todorov&rft.aufirst=Iliya&rft.au=Sevov%2C+Slavi+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Karbonil Pb(0) telah diamati dalam reaksi antara atom timbal dan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a>; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1834915">"Observation of the lead carbonyls PbnCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon"</a>. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505. 122 (3): 34505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JChPh.122c4505J">2005JChPh.122c4505J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1834915">10.1063/1.1834915</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9606">0021-9606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740207">15740207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics.+122+%283%29%3A+034505&rft.atitle=Observation+of+the+lead+carbonyls+Pb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3ECO+%28n%3D1%E2%80%934%29%3A+Reactions+of+lead+atoms+and+small+clusters+with+carbon+monoxide+in+solid+argon&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34505&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1834915&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15740207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JChPh.122c4505J&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft.au=Qiang%2C+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1834915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Pb(+1) dan Pb(+3) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organotimbal" title="Senyawa organotimbal">senyawa organotimbal</a>, misalnya heksametildiplumbana Pb2(CH3)6; untuk Pb(I), lihat <cite class="citation journal">Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201301954">10.1002/anie.201301954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629949">23629949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=A+Base-Stabilized+Lead%28I%29+Dimer+and+an+Aromatic+Plumbylidenide+Anion&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6298-6301&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201301954&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23629949&rft.au=Siew-Peng+Chia&rft.au=Hong-Wei+Xi&rft.au=Yongxin+Li&rft.au=Kok+Hwa+Lim&rft.au=Cheuk-Wai+So&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Bi(−2) dan Bi(−1) terjadi pada fase Zintl, misalnya (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; lihat <cite class="citation news">Ponou, Siméon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim">"Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases"</a>. Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. hlm. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germanides%2C+Germanide-Tungstate+Double+Salts+and+Substitution+Effects+in+Zintl+Phases&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ponou&rft.aufirst=Sim%C3%A9on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F985527676%2F34%3Forigin%3Dpublication_detailSim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Keadaan Bi(0) diketahui eksis dalam kompleks <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_heterosiklik" title="Senyawa heterosiklik">karbena heterosiklik N</a> dari dibismutena; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Deka, Rajesh; Orthaber, Andreas (May 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/35578901">"Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry (51): 8540. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j">10.1039/d2dt00755j</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Carbene+chemistry+of+arsenic%2C+antimony%2C+and+bismuth%3A+origin%2C+evolution+and+future+prospects&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=8540&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Orthaber%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropepmc.org%2Farticle%2Fmed%2F35578901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Bi(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismut_monobromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismut monobromida (halaman belum tersedia)">bismut monobromida</a> (BiBr) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismut_monoiodida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismut monoiodida (halaman belum tersedia)">bismut monoiodida</a> (BiI); lihat <cite class="citation book">Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. hlm. 67–84. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7514-0389-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7514-0389-3">978-0-7514-0389-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+arsenic%2C+antimony%2C+and+bismuth&rft.pages=67-84&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0389-3&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=McAuliffe%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Mackie%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Bi(+2) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibismutina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibismutina (halaman belum tersedia)">dibismutina</a> (R2Bi—BiR2), lihat <cite class="citation book">Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30. hlm. 77–97. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2808%2960499-2">10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780120311309" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780120311309">9780120311309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermochromic+Distibines+and+Dibismuthines&rft.pages=77-97&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2808%2960499-2&rft.isbn=9780120311309&rft.au=Arthur+J.+Ashe+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Bi(IV) telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation journal">A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science. 36 (2): 217–220. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00959349">10.1007/BF00959349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+USSR%2C+Division+of+Chemical+Science&rft.atitle=Formation+of+Bi%28II%29+and+Bi%28IV%29+in+aqueous+hydrochloric+solutions+of+Bi%28III%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-220&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00959349&rft.au=A.+I.+Aleksandrov%2C+I.+E.+Makarov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Po(V) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioksidopolonium(1%2B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioksidopolonium(1+) (halaman belum tersedia)">dioksidopolonium(1+)</a> (PoO+); lihat <cite class="citation book">Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10. hlm. 78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-9974-8">978-1-4020-9974-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Methods+for+Chemists&rft.series=Challenges+and+Advances+in+Computational+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Rn(II) telah teramati pada <a href="/wiki/Radon_difluorida" title="Radon difluorida">radon difluorida</a> (RnF2); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...168..362S">1970Sci...168..362S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.168.3929.362">10.1126/science.168.3929.362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17809133">17809133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ionic+Radon+Solution&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=3929&rft.pages=362-4&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17809133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.168.3929.362&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...168..362S&rft.au=Stein%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) dan <cite class="citation journal">Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xz4g1ff">"Fluorides of radon and element 118"</a>. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b – 761. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC3975000760b">10.1039/C3975000760b</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Fluorides+of+radon+and+element+118&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=760b+-+761&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC3975000760b&rft.au=Kenneth+S.+Pitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F8xz4g1ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Rn(IV) dilaporkan oleh Greenwood dan Earnshaw, tetapi keberadaannya tidak diketahui; lihat <cite class="citation book">Sykes, A. G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC">"Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry"</a>. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. hlm. 91–93. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-023646-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-023646-6">978-0-12-023646-6</a>. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+Noble-Gas+Chemistry&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023646-6&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iqXRtz6p3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Rn(VI) telah diketahui pada <a href="/wiki/Radon_trioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon trioksida">radon trioksida</a> (RnO3); lihat <cite class="citation book">Sykes, A. G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC">"Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry"</a>. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. hlm. 91–93. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-023646-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-023646-6">978-0-12-023646-6</a>. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+Noble-Gas+Chemistry&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023646-6&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iqXRtz6p3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Ac(II) telah diketahui pada Aktinium(II) hidrida (AcH2); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Farr, J.; Giorgi, A. L.; Bowman, M. G.; Money, R. K. (1961). "The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 18: 42–47. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980369-2">10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information (halaman belum tersedia)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4397640">4397640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+crystal+structure+of+actinium+metal+and+actinium+hydride&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=42-47&rft.date=1961&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fenergycitations%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fosti_id%3D4397640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2861%2980369-2&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Giorgi%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Bowman%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Money%2C+R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Th(-I) dan U(-I) telah dideteksi dalam fase gas sebagai anion oktakarbonil; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539">0947-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%28Weinheim+an+der+Bergstrasse%2C+Germany%29.+25+%2850%29%3A+11772%E2%80%9311784&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%29%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E%2B%2F%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=11772-11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rft.issn=0947-6539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chaoxian&rft.aufirst=Chi&rft.au=Sudip%2C+Pan&rft.au=Jiaye%2C+Jin&rft.au=Luyan%2C+Meng&rft.au=Mingbiao%2C+Luo&rft.au=Lili%2C+Zhao&rft.au=Mingfei%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Gernot%2C+Frenking&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Th(I) telah diketahui pada torium(I) bromida (ThBr); lihat <cite id="Wickleder_et_al." class="citation book">Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". Dalam Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Thorium.pdf">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (PDF). 3 (edisi ke-3rd). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. hlm. 52–160. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_3">10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-3555-5">978-1-4020-3555-5</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 7 Maret 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thorium&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=52-160&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_3&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Wickleder&rft.aufirst=Mathias+S.&rft.au=Fourest%2C+Blandine&rft.au=Dorhout%2C+Peter+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradchem.nevada.edu%2Fclasses%2Frdch710%2Ffiles%2Fthorium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Th(II) dan Th(III) telah teramati pada [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− dan [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], lihat <cite class="citation journal">Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811171">"Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th}1− anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state"</a>. Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517–521. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4SC03033H">10.1039/C4SC03033H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811171">5811171</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29560172">29560172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Synthesis%2C+structure%2C+and+reactivity+of+crystalline+molecular+complexes+of+the+%7B%5BC%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28SiMe%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3ETh%7D%3Csup%3E1%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+anion+containing+thorium+in+the+formal+%2B2+oxidation+state&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=517-521&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5811171&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29560172&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4SC03033H&rft.aulast=Langeslay&rft.aufirst=Ryan+R.&rft.au=Fieser%2C+Megan+E.&rft.au=Ziller%2C+Joseph+W.&rft.au=Furche%2C+Philip&rft.au=Evans%2C+William+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5811171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Pa(II) terjadi pada protaktinium(II) oksida </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Th(-I) dan U(-I) telah dideteksi dalam fase gas sebagai anion oktakarbonil; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539">0947-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%28Weinheim+an+der+Bergstrasse%2C+Germany%29.+25+%2850%29%3A+11772%E2%80%9311784&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%29%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E%2B%2F%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=11772-11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rft.issn=0947-6539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chaoxian&rft.aufirst=Chi&rft.au=Sudip%2C+Pan&rft.au=Jiaye%2C+Jin&rft.au=Luyan%2C+Meng&rft.au=Mingbiao%2C+Luo&rft.au=Lili%2C+Zhao&rft.au=Mingfei%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Gernot%2C+Frenking&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> U(I) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium_monofluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium monofluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">uranium monofluorida</a> (UF) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium_monoklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium monoklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">uranium monoklorida</a> (UCl), lihat <cite class="citation book">Sykes, A. G. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC">"Compounds of Thorium and Uranium"</a>. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. hlm. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-023634-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-023634-3">978-0-12-023634-3</a>. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compounds+of+Thorium+and+Uranium&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023634-3&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZRm6E9LmgMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> U(II) telah teramati pada [K(2.2.2-Kriptan)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], lihat <cite class="citation journal">MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310–13313. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja406791t">10.1021/ja406791t</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984753">23984753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+%2B2+Oxidation+State+for+Uranium+in+a+Crystalline+Molecular+Complex%2C+%5BK%282.2.2-Cryptand%29%5D%5B%28C%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3ESiMe%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EU%5D&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=13310-13313&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja406791t&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23984753&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft.au=Fieser%2C+Megan+E.&rft.au=Bates%2C+Jefferson+E.&rft.au=Ziller%2C+Joseph+W.&rft.au=Furche%2C+Filipp&rft.au=Evans%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutkiewicz2017-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutkiewicz2017_151-0">^</a> Np(II), (III) dan (IV) telah teramati, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431675">"Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding"</a>. Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7SC00034K">10.1039/C7SC00034K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431675">5431675</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28553487">28553487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Reduction+chemistry+of+neptunium+cyclopentadienide+complexes%3A+from+structure+to+understanding&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2553-2561&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5431675&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28553487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7SC00034K&rft.aulast=Dutkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82+S.&rft.au=Apostolidis%2C+Christos&rft.au=Walter%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Polly+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5431675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Pu(II) telah teramati pada {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {PuII[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970–3973. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.7b00706">10.1021/jacs.7b00706</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235179">28235179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+Formal+%2B2+Oxidation+State+of+Plutonium%3A+Synthesis+and+Characterization+ofref+name%3D%22curium5%22+%7BPu%3Csup%3EII%3C%2Fsup%3E%5BC%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28SiMe%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%7D%E2%88%92&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3970-3973&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.7b00706&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28235179&rft.aulast=Windorff&rft.aufirst=Cory+J.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Guo+P&rft.au=Cross%2C+Justin+N&rft.au=Evans%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Furche%2C+Filipp&rft.au=Gaunt%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Janicke%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Kozimor%2C+Stosh+A.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Brian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Pu(VIII) telah teramati pada PuO4; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Nikonov, M. V.; Kiselev, Yu. M.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (March 2011). "Plutonium volatility in ozonization of alkaline solutions of Pu(VI) hydroxo complexes". Doklady Chemistry. 437 (1): 69–71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0012500811030104">10.1134/S0012500811030104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doklady+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Plutonium+volatility+in+ozonization+of+alkaline+solutions+of+Pu%28VI%29+hydroxo+complexes&rft.volume=437&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-71&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0012500811030104&rft.aulast=Nikonov&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rft.au=Kiselev%2C+Yu.+M.&rft.au=Tananaev%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Myasoedov%2C+B.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) Juga lihat <cite class="citation journal">Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Dolzhenko, V. D.; Ermilov, A. Yu.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (17 Januari 2014). "On existence and properties of plutonium(VIII) derivatives". Radiochimica Acta. 102 (3): 227–237. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fract-2014-2146">10.1515/ract-2014-2146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=On+existence+and+properties+of+plutonium%28VIII%29+derivatives&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-237&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fract-2014-2146&rft.aulast=Kiselev&rft.aufirst=Yu.+M.&rft.au=Nikonov%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Dolzhenko%2C+V.+D.&rft.au=Ermilov%2C+A.+Yu.&rft.au=Tananaev%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Myasoedov%2C+B.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Am(VII) telah teramati pada AmO5-; lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http://www.chemie-master.de/pse/pse.php?modul=Am">Americium</a>, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (Tabel periodik unsur untuk sekolah) chemie-master.de (dalam bahasa Jerman), Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022 dan <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 1265, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1265&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dau2017-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dau2017_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dau2017_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dau2017_155-2">c</a> Cm(V), Bk(V), dan Cf(V) telah teramati pada BkO2+, CfO2+, CmO2(NO3)2−, BkO2(NO3)2−, dan CfO2(NO3)2−; lihat <cite class="citation journal">Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (Oktober 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1mk7j6ps">"Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium"</a>. Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369–17378. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201704193">10.1002/chem.201704193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29024093">29024093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Remarkably+High+Stability+of+Late+Actinide+Dioxide+Cations%3A+Extending+Chemistry+to+Pentavalent+Berkelium+and+Californium&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=17369-17378&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201704193&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29024093&rft.aulast=Dau&rft.aufirst=Phuong+Diem&rft.au=Vasiliu%2C+Monica&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Kirk+A&rft.au=Dixon%2C+David+A&rft.au=Gibsoon%2C+John+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1mk7j6ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovács2018-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_156-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information (halaman belum tersedia)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=1631597">1631597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30040397">30040397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorg.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+Curium%2C+Berkelium%2C+and+Californium+in+Nitrate+Complexes%3A+Extending+Actinide+Chemistry+and+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=9453-9467&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30040397&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fenergycitations%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fosti_id%3D1631597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Dau%2C+Phuong+D.&rft.au=Mar%C3%A7alo%2C+Joaquim&rft.au=Gibson%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Cm(VI) telah teramati pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">kurium trioksida</a> (CmO3) dan dioksidokurium(2+) (CmO2+); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (Oktober 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. 53 (5): 453–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1066362211050018">10.1134/S1066362211050018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochemistry&rft.atitle=Formation+of+volatile+curium%28VI%29+trioxide+CmO%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=453-6&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1066362211050018&rft.aulast=Domanov&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Yu.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Cm(VIII) telah dilaporkan kemungkinan terjadi pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurium_tetroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurium tetroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">kurium tetroksida</a> (CmO4); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Domanov, V. P. (Januari 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4". Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1066362213010098">10.1134/S1066362213010098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochemistry&rft.atitle=Possibility+of+generation+of+octavalent+curium+in+the+gas+phase+in+the+form+of+volatile+tetraoxide+CmO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-51&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1066362213010098&rft.aulast=Domanov&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) Namun, eksperimen baru tampaknya menunjukkan ketidakberadaannya: <cite class="citation journal">Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PCCP...16.8997Z">2014PCCP...16.8997Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc4cp00235k">10.1039/c4cp00235k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24695756">24695756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Structures+and+stability+of+AnO4+isomers%2C+An+%3D+Pu%2C+Am%2C+and+Cm%3A+a+relativistic+density+functional+study&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=8997-9001&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24695756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc4cp00235k&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PCCP...16.8997Z&rft.aulast=Zaitsevskii&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9i&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+W+H+Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_159-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-YOlLVuV1YC&pg=PA29">"The Chemistry of Berkelium"</a>. Dalam Emeléus, Harry Julius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancesininorga0000unse_p1d0/page/29">Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry</a>. 28. Academic Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancesininorga0000unse_p1d0/page/29">29–64</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2808%2960204-4">10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-023628-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-023628-2">978-0-12-023628-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Berkelium&rft.btitle=Advances+in+inorganic+chemistry+and+radiochemistry&rft.pages=29-64&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2808%2960204-4&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023628-2&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hobart%2C+D.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-YOlLVuV1YC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson198455-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson198455_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson1984">Peterson 1984</a>, hlm. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sullivan, Jim C.; Schmidt, K. H.; Morss, L. R.; Pippin, C. G.; Williams, C. (1988). "Pulse radiolysis studies of berkelium(III): preparation and identification of berkelium(II) in aqueous perchlorate media". Inorganic Chemistry. 27 (4): 597. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00277a005">10.1021/ic00277a005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Pulse+radiolysis+studies+of+berkelium%28III%29%3A+preparation+and+identification+of+berkelium%28II%29+in+aqueous+perchlorate+media&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00277a005&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jim+C.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+K.+H.&rft.au=Morss%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=Pippin%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Williams%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Es(IV) telah diketahui pada <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(IV)_fluorida" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium(IV) fluorida">einsteinium(IV) fluorida</a> (EsF4); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Kleinschmidt, P (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1401691/">"Thermochemistry of the actinides"</a>. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169–172. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0925-8388%2894%2990898-2">10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.atitle=Thermochemistry+of+the+actinides&rft.volume=213%E2%80%93214&rft.pages=169-172&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0925-8388%2894%2990898-2&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1401691%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Db(V) telah teramati pada dubnium pentaklorida (DbCl5); lihat <cite class="citation web">H. W. Gäggeler (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf">"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"</a> (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. hlm. 26–28. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 20 Februari 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gas+Phase+Chemistry+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Paul+Scherrer+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.au=H.+W.+G%C3%A4ggeler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flch.web.psi.ch%2Ffiles%2Flectures%2FTexasA%26M%2FTexasA%26M.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Sg(VI) telah teramati pada seaborgium oksida hidroksida (SgO2(OH)2); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf">"Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide"</a> (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fract.2001.89.11-12.737">10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 25 Oktober 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochim.+Acta&rft.atitle=Physico-chemical+characterization+of+seaborgium+as+oxide+hydroxide&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312_2001&rft.pages=737-741&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fract.2001.89.11-12.737&rft.aulast=Huebener&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Taut%2C+S.&rft.au=Vahle%2C+A.&rft.au=Dressler%2C+R.&rft.au=Eichler%2C+B.&rft.au=G%C3%A4ggeler%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Jost%2C+D.T.&rft.au=Piguet%2C+D.&rft.au=T%C3%BCrler%2C+A.&rft.au=Br%C3%BCchle%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-w2k.gsi.de%2Fkernchemie%2Fimages%2Fpdf_Artikel%2FRadiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Sg(0) telah teramati pada seaborgium heksakarbonil (Sg(CO)6); lihat <cite class="citation journal">Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". Science. 345 (6203): 1491–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345.1491E">2014Sci...345.1491E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1255720">10.1126/science.1255720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237098">25237098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+detection+of+a+seaborgium+carbonyl+complex&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6203&rft.pages=1491-3&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25237098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1255720&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345.1491E&rft.aulast=Even&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Yakushev%2C+A.&rft.au=Dullmann%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Haba%2C+H.&rft.au=Asai%2C+M.&rft.au=Sato%2C+T.+K.&rft.au=Brand%2C+H.&rft.au=Di+Nitto%2C+A.&rft.au=Eichler%2C+R.&rft.au=Fan%2C+F.+L.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+W.&rft.au=Huang%2C+M.&rft.au=Jager%2C+E.&rft.au=Kaji%2C+D.&rft.au=Kanaya%2C+J.&rft.au=Kaneya%2C+Y.&rft.au=Khuyagbaatar%2C+J.&rft.au=Kindler%2C+B.&rft.au=Kratz%2C+J.+V.&rft.au=Krier%2C+J.&rft.au=Kudou%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kurz%2C+N.&rft.au=Lommel%2C+B.&rft.au=Miyashita%2C+S.&rft.au=Morimoto%2C+K.&rft.au=Morita%2C+K.&rft.au=Murakami%2C+M.&rft.au=Nagame%2C+Y.&rft.au=Nitsche%2C+H.&rft.au=Ooe%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Bh(VII) telah teramati pada bohrium oksiklorida (BhO3Cl); lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf">"Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228023225/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 28 Februari 2008 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Eichler dkk., GSI Annual Report 2000. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Hs(VIII) telah teramati pada hasium tetroksida (HsO4); lihat <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf">"Chemistry of Hassium"</a> (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Schwerionenforschung+mbH&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+Hassium&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsi.de%2Fdocuments%2FDOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Cn(II) telah teramati pada kopernisium selenida (CnSe); lihat <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psi.ch/luc/AnnualReportsEN/PSI_LCH_AnnualReport2015.pdf">"Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry"</a> (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. 2015. hlm. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2015%3A+Laboratory+of+Radiochemistry+and+Environmental+Chemistry&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Paul+Scherrer+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psi.ch%2Fluc%2FAnnualReportsEN%2FPSI_LCH_AnnualReport2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Langmuir, Irving (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429026">"The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules"</a>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868–934. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02227a002">10.1021/ja02227a002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=The+arrangement+of+electrons+in+atoms+and+molecules&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=868-934&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02227a002&rft.aulast=Langmuir&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier.html">"Antoine Laurent Lavoisier The Chemical Revolution – Landmark – American Chemical Society"</a>. American Chemical Society. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Antoine+Laurent+Lavoisier+The+Chemical+Revolution+%E2%80%93+Landmark+%E2%80%93+American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Flavoisier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu/125/history99/2Pre1800/Lavoisier/Nomenclature/Lavoisier_on_Elements.html">"Lavoisier on Elements"</a>. Chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Lavoisier+on+Elements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu%2F125%2Fhistory99%2F2Pre1800%2FLavoisier%2FNomenclature%2FLavoisier_on_Elements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wöhler, F. (1835). Grundriss der Chemie: Unorganische Chemie [Foundations of Chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry]. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. hlm. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+Chemie%3A+Unorganische+Chemie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Duncker+und+Humblot&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jensen, W. B. (2007). "the origin of the oxidation-state concept". J. Chem. Educ. 84 (9): 1418–1419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JChEd..84.1418J">2007JChEd..84.1418J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed084p1418">10.1021/ed084p1418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=the+origin+of+the+oxidation-state+concept&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1418-1419&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed084p1418&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JChEd..84.1418J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stock, A. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1424478">"Einige Nomenklaturfragen der anorganischen Chemie"</a> [Some nomenclature issues of inorganic chemistry]. Angew. Chem. 32 (98): 373–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1919AngCh..32..373S">1919AngCh..32..373S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19190329802">10.1002/ange.19190329802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Einige+Nomenklaturfragen+der+anorganischen+Chemie&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=98&rft.pages=373-374&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fange.19190329802&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1919AngCh..32..373S&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1424478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-1940IUPACinorgnom-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1940IUPACinorgnom_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1940IUPACinorgnom_175-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jorissen, W. P.; Bassett, H.; Damiens, A.; Fichter, F.; Rémy, H. (1941). "Rules for naming inorganic compounds". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63: 889–897. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01849a001">10.1021/ja01849a001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Rules+for+naming+inorganic+compounds&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=889-897&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01849a001&rft.aulast=Jorissen&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft.au=Bassett%2C+H.&rft.au=Damiens%2C+A.&rft.au=Fichter%2C+F.&rft.au=R%C3%A9my%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Latimer, W. M. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.474896">The Oxidation States of the Elements and their Potentials in Aqueous Solutions</a> (edisi ke-1st). Prentice-Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxidation+States+of+the+Elements+and+their+Potentials+in+Aqueous+Solutions&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.474896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bray, W. C.; Branch, G. E. K. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428999">"Valence and tautomerism"</a>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 35 (10): 1440–1447. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02199a003">10.1021/ja02199a003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Valence+and+tautomerism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1440-1447&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02199a003&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft.au=Branch%2C+G.+E.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Noyes, A. A.; Pitzer, K. S.; Dunn, C. L. (1935). "Argentic salts in acid solution, I. The oxidation and reduction reactions". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (7): 1221–1229. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01310a018">10.1021/ja01310a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Argentic+salts+in+acid+solution%2C+I.+The+oxidation+and+reduction+reactions&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1221-1229&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01310a018&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Pitzer%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Noyes, A. A.; Pitzer, K. S.; Dunn, C. L. (1935). "Argentic salts in acid solution, II. The oxidation state of argentic salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (7): 1229–1237. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01310a019">10.1021/ja01310a019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Argentic+salts+in+acid+solution%2C+II.+The+oxidation+state+of+argentic+salts&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1229-1237&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01310a019&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Pitzer%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fernelius, W. C. (1948). "Some problems of inorganic nomenclature". Chem. Eng. News. 26: 161–163. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v026n003.p161">10.1021/cen-v026n003.p161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eng.+News&rft.atitle=Some+problems+of+inorganic+nomenclature&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=161-163&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v026n003.p161&rft.aulast=Fernelius&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fernelius, W. C.; Larsen, E. M.; Marchi, L. E.; Rollinson, C. L. (1948). "Nomenclature of coördination compounds". Chem. Eng. News. 26 (8): 520–523. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v026n008.p520">10.1021/cen-v026n008.p520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eng.+News&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+of+co%C3%B6rdination+compounds&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=520-523&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v026n008.p520&rft.aulast=Fernelius&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Rollinson%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pauling, L. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/59671/">"The modern theory of valency"</a>. J. Chem. Soc. 1948: 1461–1467. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9480001461">10.1039/JR9480001461</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18893624">18893624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=The+modern+theory+of+valency&rft.volume=1948&rft.pages=1461-1467&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FJR9480001461&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18893624&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F59671%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Calvert, J. G. (1990). "IUPAC Recommendation 1990". Pure Appl. Chem. 62: 2204. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199062112167">10.1351/pac199062112167</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=IUPAC+Recommendation+1990&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=2204&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199062112167&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABilangan+oksidasi" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oksida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Oksida" title="Templat:Oksida"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Oksida" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Oksida"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Oksida&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oksida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">Oksida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi campuran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimon_tetroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimon tetroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Antimon tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalt(II,III)_oksida" title="Kobalt(II,III) oksida">Kobalt(II,III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Co</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi(II,III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi(II,III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Besi(II,III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron">Fe</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbal(II,IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbal(II,IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Timbal(II,IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Pb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangan(II,III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangan(II,III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Mangan(II,III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak(I,III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak(I,III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak(I,III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_oktoksida" title="Triuranium oktoksida">Triuranium oktoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbon_suboksida" title="Karbon suboksida">Karbon suboksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhidrida_melitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhidrida melitat (halaman belum tersedia)">Anhidrida melitat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a>' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(I)_oksida" title="Tembaga(I) oksida">Tembaga(I) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikarbon_monoksida" title="Dikarbon monoksida">Dikarbon monoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diklorin_monoksida" title="Diklorin monoksida">Diklorin monoksida</a> ({<a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galium(I)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galium(I) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Galium(I) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litium_oksida" title="Litium oksida">Litium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalium_oksida" title="Kalium oksida">Kalium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_oksida" title="Rubidium oksida">Rubidium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_oksida" title="Perak oksida">Perak oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talium(I)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talium(I) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Talium(I) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natrium_oksida" title="Natrium oksida">Natrium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifat_air" title="Sifat air">Air (hidrogen oksida)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a>' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Aluminium(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oksida" title="Barium oksida">Barium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berilium_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berilium oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Berilium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmium_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmium oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kadmium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Calcium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium">Ca</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">Karbon monoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kromium(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalt(II)_oksida" title="Kobalt(II) oksida">Kobalt(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_oksida" title="Tembaga(II) oksida">Tembaga(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besi(II)_oksida" title="Besi(II) oksida">Besi(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_oksida" title="Timbal(II) oksida">Timbal(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oksida" title="Magnesium oksida">Magnesium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksa(II)_oksida" title="Raksa(II) oksida">Raksa(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikel(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikel(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Nikel(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oksida">Nitrogen oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paladium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paladium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Paladium(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronsium_oksida" title="Stronsium oksida">Stronsium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belerang_monoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belerang monoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Belerang monoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disulfur_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disulfur dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Disulfur dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timah(II)_oksida" title="Timah(II) oksida">Timah(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Titanium(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(II)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(II) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Vanadium(II) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seng_oksida" title="Seng oksida">Seng oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oksida" title="Aluminium oksida">Aluminium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimon_trioksida" title="Antimon trioksida">Antimon trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenik_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenik trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsenik trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">As</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismut(III)_oksida" title="Bismut(III) oksida">Bismut(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">Boron trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromium(III)_oksida" title="Kromium(III) oksida">Kromium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioksida" title="Dinitrogen trioksida">Dinitrogen trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oksida" title="Erbium(III) oksida">Erbium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Gadolinium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Galium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Holmium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oksida" title="Indium(III) oksida">Indium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_oksida" title="Besi(III) oksida">Besi(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantanum_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantanum oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Lantanum oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutesium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutesium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Lutesium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikel(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikel(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Nikel(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfor_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfor trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Fosfor trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prometium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prometium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Prometium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rodium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Samarium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandium_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skandium oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Skandium oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talium(III)_oksida" title="Talium(III) oksida">Talium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Tulium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Titanium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Tungsten(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Vanadium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Ytterbium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Yttrium(III) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Y</a>' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">Karbon dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbon_trioksida" title="Karbon trioksida">Karbon trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium(IV) oksida">Cerium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Ce</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klorin_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klorin dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Klorin dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kromium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroksida" title="Dinitrogen tetroksida">Dinitrogen tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanium dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Germanium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium(IV) oksida">Hafnium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbal_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal dioksida">Timbal dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangan_dioksida" title="Mangan dioksida">Mangan dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioksida" title="Nitrogen dioksida">Nitrogen dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oksida" title="Plutonium(IV) oksida">Plutonium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodium(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rodium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutenium(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutenium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rutenium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioksida" title="Selenium dioksida">Selenium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">Silikon dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belerang_dioksida" title="Belerang dioksida">Belerang dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telurium_dioksida" title="Telurium dioksida">Telurium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium dioksida">Thorium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Th</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timah_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Timah dioksida">Timah dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioksida" title="Titanium dioksida">Titanium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Tungsten(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioksida" title="Uranium dioksida">Uranium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Vanadium(IV) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium_dioksida" title="Zirkonium dioksida">Zirkonium dioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a>O' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimon_pentoksida" title="Antimon pentoksida">Antimon pentoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenik_pentoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenik pentoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsenik pentoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">As</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoksida" title="Dinitrogen pentoksida">Dinitrogen pentoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_pentoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium pentoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Niobium pentoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfor_pentoksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfor pentoksida">Fosfor pentoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoksida" title="Tantalum pentoksida">Tantalum pentoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oksida" title="Vanadium(V) oksida">Vanadium(V) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kromium_trioksida" title="Kromium trioksida">Kromium trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdenum_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdenum trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Molibdenum trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Renium trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_trioksida" title="Selenium trioksida">Selenium trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belerang_trioksida" title="Belerang trioksida">Belerang trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telurium_trioksida" title="Telurium trioksida">Telurium trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Tungsten trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Uranium trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenon_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenon trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Xenon trioksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diklorin_heptoksida" title="Diklorin heptoksida">Diklorin heptoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangan_heptoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangan heptoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Mangan heptoksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renium(VII)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renium(VII) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Renium(VII) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a>' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknesium(VII)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknesium(VII) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknesium(VII) oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a>' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkat oksidasi +8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroksida" title="Osmium tetroksida">Osmium tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutenium_tetroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutenium tetroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rutenium tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenon_tetroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenon tetroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Xenon tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroksida" title="Iridium tetroksida">Iridium tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O' Too many ('";)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasium_tetroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasium tetroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Hasium tetroksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a>O' Too many ('";)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oksida terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksokarbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksokarbon (halaman belum tersedia)">Oksokarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboksida" title="Suboksida">Suboksida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksianion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksianion (halaman belum tersedia)">Oksianion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonida" title="Ozonida">Ozonida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Oksida diurutkan berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat oksidasi">tingkat oksidasi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Oksida" title="Kategori:Oksida">Kategori:Oksida</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&oldid=25025185">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&oldid=25025185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Halaman_tanpa_ISBN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Halaman tanpa ISBN (halaman belum tersedia)">Halaman tanpa ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Oksida" title="Kategori:Oksida">Oksida</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Bilangan_kimia_nirdimensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Bilangan kimia nirdimensi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bilangan kimia nirdimensi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia_koordinasi" title="Kategori:Kimia koordinasi">Kimia koordinasi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Redoks" title="Kategori:Redoks">Redoks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sifat_kimia" title="Kategori:Sifat kimia">Sifat kimia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tata_nama_kimia" title="Kategori:Tata nama kimia">Tata nama kimia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Jerman_(de)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Jerman (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_PMC" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: PMC">Galat CS1: PMC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_PMID" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: PMID">Galat CS1: PMID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Rusia_(ru)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Rusia (ru)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Rusia (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan_Desember_2023" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Desember 2023">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Desember 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 18 Desember 2023, pukul 03.45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_oksidasi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-k672k","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.030","walltime":"6.336","ppvisitednodes":{"value":218559,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":862499,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":171075,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":338573,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5825.261 1 -total"," 78.13% 4551.243 1 Templat:Daftar_bilangan_oksidasi_unsur_kimia"," 76.96% 4483.332 118 Templat:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements/row"," 59.96% 3492.755 3057 Templat:In_string"," 13.94% 812.047 1 Templat:Reflist"," 9.27% 539.887 118 Templat:Infobox_element/symbol-to-name"," 9.05% 527.468 118 Templat:Infobox_element/symbol-to-name/format"," 7.98% 464.902 128 Templat:Cite_journal"," 6.35% 369.621 118 Templat:Infobox_element/symbol-to-symbol"," 5.91% 344.404 118 Templat:Infobox_element/symbol-to-symbol/format"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.904","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7256032,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","1040","29.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","1020","29.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","280","8.0"],["?","240","6.8"],["type","140","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","2.8"],["(for generator)","100","2.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","80","2.3"],["select_one \u003CModul:Citation/CS1/Utilities:268\u003E","60","1.7"],["[others]","380","10.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-6cb444dc8c-msl4v","timestamp":"20241113160456","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bilangan oksidasi","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bilangan_oksidasi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q484152","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q484152","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-06T19:29:03Z","dateModified":"2023-12-18T03:45:25Z","headline":"muatan hipotetis suatu atom jika semua ikatannya dengan atom yang berbeda sepenuhnya ionik"}</script> </body> </html>