CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"212354677",accountID:"3196970",trustKey:"3196970",xpid:"VwcOV19UCBACVVNRAgUCUlc=",licenseKey:"NRJS-0940f7eaf4cb46e1cfe",applicationID:"212354543"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>T,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,T="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const E=new Map;function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();E||(x=L.init,E=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var E="api-",A=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-jmvAlmjCn64ans8tLueqHRlBI/iWekylsDWb94A77CG0ukSriVDvgD3dThx+XjUSBBBMYhFn8B1a18fViyBPEQ==",249:"sha512-ICY/ZrcytM/86t5KFy+9OAWVYmNNJy10EBtxoSUGjQWuZx53p/eLo+L8HfrGjvHuRHRnutqLTGSnvNttffJkaA==",212:"sha512-pQSn+X/RfBOvx/49HvlghaiXMLhhDQXTi13n1N2XMpDquWJgs9U0pbqE3RbAnYC9nsdaTu/RVGvneEPv1fpCxA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),T=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,T.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Te,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,T.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,T.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Le Duc Tho – Speed read - NobelPrize.org</title> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NobelPrize.org" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.nobelprize.org/#website","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/","name":"NobelPrize.org","description":"The official website of the Nobel Prize","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.nobelprize.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.nobelprize.org' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #2e2a25;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--black-400: #969492;--wp--preset--color--grey-500: #8a8a8d;--wp--preset--color--grey-400: #c8c8c8;--wp--preset--color--grey-100: #f1f1f1;--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold: #cc9b40;--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale: #f2f0ee;--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke: #f9f5ed;--wp--preset--color--blue-700: #004b87;--wp--preset--color--blue-500: #3880c3;--wp--preset--color--blue-400: #a0c5d8;--wp--preset--color--blue-300: #c2ced9;--wp--preset--color--blue-100: #ebf2f8;--wp--preset--color--red: #bc1836;--wp--preset--color--green-100: #eaefed;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.682), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(22.041px, 1.378rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.586), 36px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.93), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--14: 0.875rem;--wp--preset--font-size--15: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.115), 0.938rem);--wp--preset--font-size--16: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.227), 1rem);--wp--preset--font-size--18: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.455), 1.125rem);--wp--preset--font-size--22: clamp(0.915rem, 0.915rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.836), 1.375rem);--wp--preset--font-size--24: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.938), 1.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--32: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.909), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-size--48: clamp(2rem, 2rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.818), 3rem);--wp--preset--font-size--100: clamp(4rem, 4rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 4.091), 6.25rem);--wp--preset--font-family--primary: 'Alfred Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Arial', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--secondary: 'Alfred Serif', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--monospace: 'Alfred Sans Mono', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Arial', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 2.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 3rem;--wp--preset--spacing--10: 0.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--90: 3.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--100: 4rem;--wp--preset--spacing--110: 4.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--120: 5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--130: 5.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--140: 6rem;--wp--preset--spacing--150: 6.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--160: 7rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--image-ratio--regular: 3/2;--wp--custom--image-ratio--landscape: 16/9;--wp--custom--image-ratio--portrait: 2/3;--wp--custom--line-height--xs: 1;--wp--custom--line-height--s: 1.125;--wp--custom--line-height--sm: 1.25;--wp--custom--line-height--m: 1.3;--wp--custom--line-height--l: 1.4;--wp--custom--line-height--xl: 1.5;--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--48);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xs);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--32);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--s);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--24);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--s);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--15);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xl);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--22);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--100);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xs);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--monospace);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--monospace);}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content{--wp--preset--color--grey-100: #f1f1f1;--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale: #f2f0ee;--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke: #f9f5ed;--wp--preset--color--blue-100: #ebf2f8;--wp--preset--color--green-100: #eaefed;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-14-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14) !important;}.has-15-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--15) !important;}.has-16-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16) !important;}.has-18-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18) !important;}.has-22-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--22) !important;}.has-24-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--24) !important;}.has-32-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--32) !important;}.has-48-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--48) !important;}.has-100-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--100) !important;}.has-primary-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary) !important;}.has-monospace-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--monospace) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: clamp(0.984em, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.938), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='nobelprize_block_library_frontend_style-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize-block-library/dist/css/frontend-style.css?ver=479338bdb1657cc05d08' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='frontend-style-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/dist/css/frontend-style.css?ver=2792258557a5205f1690' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="loadjs-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fallback = {"path":"\/var\/www\/html\/wp-content\/themes\/nobelprize\/\/assets\/js\/frontend\/lib\/respimg\/ls.respimg.min.js"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/loadjs.js?ver=1739226113" id="loadjs-js"></script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <link type="text/plain" rel="author" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/humans.txt" /> <script> window.VIDEOJS_NO_BASE_THEME = true; window.VIDEOJS_NO_DYNAMIC_STYLE = true; </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/d75760b8-7732-445e-9a87-2de3e237d0fe/OtAutoBlock.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="d75760b8-7732-445e-9a87-2de3e237d0fe"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>   <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WDHZ8W5');</script>   <meta name="twitter:title" content="Nobel Peace Prize 1973"> <meta itemprop="name" content="Nobel Peace Prize 1973" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Nobel Peace Prize 1973" />   <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 was awarded jointly to Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho "for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973""> <meta itemprop="description" content="The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 was awarded jointly to Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho "for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 was awarded jointly to Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho "for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"" />   <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/Getty-Images-1352885711-496x328.jpg" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/Getty-Images-1352885711-496x328.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/Getty-Images-1352885711-496x328.jpg" />  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" /> <style id='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'> @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Sans";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSans-Regular.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Sans";font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSans-Italic.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Sans";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSans-Bold.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Serif";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSerifText-Regular.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Serif";font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSerifText-Italic.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Serif";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSerifText-Bold.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Serif";font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSerifText-BoldItalic.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Sans Mono";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSansTF-Regular.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Sans Mono";font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSansTF-Italic.woff2') format('woff2');} @font-face{font-family:"Alfred Sans Mono";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;font-display:swap;src:url('https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSansTF-Bold.woff2') format('woff2');} </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-50x50.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-232x232.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-188x188.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .ot-sdk-show-settings:hover, .ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #CEA152 !important; border-color: #CEA152 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; } .entry-gutenberg div[align="center"] > p { text-align: center; } .entry-gutenberg div[align="center"] > p > img { display: block; margin: 5px auto 5px auto; } </style> </head> <body class="laureate-content-type laureate-content-type-speedread">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WDHZ8W5" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content"> Skip to content </a> <header class="site-header js-site-header" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"> <div class="site-header__wrapper container"> <div class="site-banner" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <div class="site-banner-logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <h1 class="site-logo" itemprop="logo"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.nobelprize.org" name="top" aria-label="Nobel Prize"> <svg class="site-logo-icon site-logo-icon--big" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="77" height="60" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 77 60"><path d="M25.298 1.997h-4.631v14.66h-2.21V1.997h-4.674V0h11.515v1.997ZM42.126 0v16.657h-2.21V8.711h-9.179v7.946h-2.21V0h2.21v6.714h9.179V0h2.21Zm14.617 16.657V14.66h-7.691V8.711h7.011V6.714h-7.011V1.997h7.564V0h-9.731v16.657h9.858Zm-43.045 5.014V38.33h-1.53L2.225 25.41v12.918H.1V21.67h1.7l9.773 12.578V21.671h2.125Zm12.025-.34c-4.801 0-8.71 3.867-8.71 8.669 0 4.802 3.909 8.669 8.71 8.669 4.802 0 8.711-3.867 8.711-8.669 0-4.802-3.91-8.669-8.71-8.669Zm.043 2.083c3.527 0 6.459 2.932 6.459 6.586 0 3.654-2.932 6.586-6.46 6.586-3.526 0-6.458-2.932-6.458-6.586 0-3.654 2.932-6.586 6.459-6.586Zm23.116 9.943c0 2.932-2.125 4.972-5.227 4.972h-5.779V21.67h5.27c3.059 0 4.971 1.53 4.971 3.995 0 1.614-.85 2.89-2.252 3.527 1.87.68 3.017 2.167 3.017 4.164Zm-8.796-9.73v4.8h3.06c1.53 0 2.846-.934 2.846-2.506 0-1.573-1.232-2.295-2.847-2.295h-3.06Zm6.629 9.772c0-1.87-1.445-3.017-3.145-3.017h-3.484v6.034h3.484c1.7-.042 3.145-1.147 3.145-3.017Zm15.467 4.93V36.33h-7.649v-5.949h7.012v-1.997h-7.012V23.67h7.564V21.67h-9.773V38.33h9.858ZM76.29 36.33v1.998h-9.731V21.67h2.21v14.66h7.52Zm-65.057 15.85c2.89 0 4.93-1.784 4.93-4.419 0-2.592-2.04-4.42-4.972-4.42H5.41V60h2.21v-7.819h3.612Zm0-6.841c1.615 0 2.72.892 2.72 2.422 0 1.53-1.105 2.422-2.72 2.422H7.621V45.34h3.612Zm12.11 6.756h-1.742V60h-2.21V43.343h5.78c2.89 0 4.929 1.742 4.929 4.376 0 2.423-1.742 4.08-4.25 4.335l6.035 7.904H29.25l-5.906-7.862ZM21.602 50.1h3.612c1.657 0 2.72-.85 2.72-2.38 0-1.53-1.105-2.38-2.72-2.38h-3.612v4.76Zm15.17-6.756h-2.21V60h2.21V43.343Zm3.442 14.915L49.86 45.34h-8.71v-1.997h11.557v1.614l-9.73 13.046h9.985V60H40.213v-1.742ZM66.304 60v-1.997h-7.691v-5.95h7.011v-1.996h-7.011V45.34h7.564v-1.997h-9.731V60h9.858Z"/></svg> <svg class="site-logo-icon site-logo-icon--small" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="171" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 171 16"><path d="M10.3 2.222H6.256v12.684H4.344V2.222H.3V.494h9.963v1.728h.037ZM24.822.494v14.412H22.91V8.03h-7.94v6.875h-1.913V.494h1.912v5.809h7.941V.494h1.912Zm12.61 12.684v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.544v4.081h6.066v1.728h-6.066v5.147h6.654ZM57.322.494v14.412h-1.324L47.397 3.729v11.177h-1.839V.494h1.47l8.457 10.883V.494h1.838ZM60.19 7.7c0-4.154 3.382-7.5 7.537-7.5 4.154 0 7.536 3.346 7.536 7.5s-3.382 7.5-7.537 7.5c-4.154 0-7.536-3.346-7.536-7.5Zm13.162 0c0-3.162-2.537-5.699-5.589-5.699-3.051 0-5.588 2.537-5.588 5.699s2.537 5.699 5.588 5.699c3.052 0 5.588-2.537 5.588-5.699Zm14.411 2.904c0 2.537-1.838 4.302-4.522 4.302h-5.037V.494h4.56c2.646 0 4.3 1.324 4.3 3.456 0 1.397-.735 2.5-1.948 3.051 1.655.589 2.647 1.875 2.647 3.603Zm-7.61-8.419V6.34H82.8c1.324 0 2.463-.81 2.463-2.17 0-1.36-1.066-1.985-2.463-1.985h-2.647Zm5.735 8.456c0-1.617-1.25-2.61-2.72-2.61h-3.015v5.22h3.015c1.47-.036 2.72-.992 2.72-2.61Zm13.383 2.537v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.545v4.081h6.103v1.728h-6.066v5.147h6.618Zm12.206 0v1.728h-8.42V.494h1.912v12.684h6.508Zm15.514-8.86c0 2.28-1.765 3.823-4.265 3.823h-3.125v6.765h-1.911V.494h5c2.537 0 4.301 1.581 4.301 3.824Zm-1.912 0c0-1.324-.955-2.096-2.353-2.096h-3.125v4.191h3.125c1.398 0 2.353-.772 2.353-2.095Zm8.089 3.75h-1.508v6.838h-1.911V.494h5c2.5 0 4.264 1.507 4.264 3.787 0 2.095-1.507 3.53-3.676 3.75l5.22 6.838h-2.279l-5.11-6.801Zm-1.471-1.728h3.125c1.434 0 2.353-.736 2.353-2.06 0-1.323-.956-2.058-2.353-2.058h-3.125V6.34ZM142.91.494h1.912v14.412h-1.912V.494ZM147.8 13.4l8.346-11.177h-7.537V.494h10v1.397l-8.419 11.287h8.639v1.728H147.8v-1.508Zm22.537-.221v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.545v4.081h6.067v1.728h-6.067v5.147h6.655Z"/></svg> </a> </h1> </div> <div class="mobile-actions"> <div class="mobile-search"> <button type="button" id="search-mobile-trigger-js" aria-controls="header-search-form" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="search-open" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Open the search menu</title> <path fill="#2E2A25" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> <svg class="search-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search menu</title> <path d="M6.4 19 5 17.6l5.6-5.6L5 6.4 6.4 5l5.6 5.6L17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12l5.6 5.6-1.4 1.4-5.6-5.6L6.4 19Z"/> </svg> </button>  <noscript> <a id="mobile-close-js" class="toggle-close" href="#"> <span>Close Mobile Menu</span> </a> </noscript> </div> <div class="mobile-nav"> <button type="button" id="mobile-nav-js" class="toggle" aria-controls="main-navigation-js" aria-expanded="false"> <span> Toggle Mobile Menu </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="main-navigation-js" class="site-main-navigation" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" aria-label="Main menu" aria-hidden="true"> <ul id="menu-header_top" class="main-menu" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28259" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-28259" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/">Nobel Prizes & laureates</a> <ul class="sub-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <li id="menu-item-175174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-175174" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/">All Nobel Prizes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-222451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-222451" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/">All Nobel Prizes 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48853" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/physics/">Physics prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48854" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/chemistry/">Chemistry prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48855" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/medicine/">Medicine prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48856" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/literature/">Literature prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48857" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/peace/">Peace prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48858" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/">Prize in economic sciences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-28260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-28260" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <li id="menu-item-43405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43405" role="menuitem"><a href="/about-the-nobel-prize/">About the prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43408" role="menuitem"><a href="/alfred-nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43407" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/nobel-prize-award-ceremonies/">Award ceremonies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43409" role="menuitem"><a href="/nomination">Nomination</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43406" role="menuitem"><a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation">Organisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-28261" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28261" role="menuitem"><a href="/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28262" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28262" role="menuitem"><a href="/educational/">Educational</a></li> <li id="menu-item-219562" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-219562" role="menuitem"><a href="/events-museums/">Events & museums</a></li> <li role="menuitem" class="searchform"> <button type="button" id="search-trigger-js" aria-controls="header-search-form" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="search-open" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Open the search menu</title> <path fill="#2E2A25" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"></path> </svg> <svg class="search-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search menu</title> <path d="M6.4 19 5 17.6l5.6-5.6L5 6.4 6.4 5l5.6 5.6L17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12l5.6 5.6-1.4 1.4-5.6-5.6L6.4 19Z"></path> </svg> </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="header-search-form" class="header-search-form js-header-search-form" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="container"> <form class="searchform -header" method="GET" action="/search/" > <label for="search-form-input-header" class="screen-reader-text"> Header Search </label> <input type="search" class="input" name="s" id="search-form-input-header" placeholder="Enter your search here" value="" required> <button type="submit"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="submit-search-title-header -header"> <title id="submit-search-title-header">Submit a search term</title> <path d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </div> </header> <main id="content" role="main" class="nobel-content"> <noscript id="noscript-list"> <h3> Enhanced Page Navigation </h3> <ol> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" title="Le Duc Tho - Speed read" data-related="1" > Le Duc Tho - Speed read </a> </li> </ol> </noscript> <div id="pjax-well" class="container page-content-area"> <div class="pjax-container" > <section class="page-section biographical"> <aside class="page-aside border-top"> <header class="header"> <h5 class="heading"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/"> Nobel Peace Prize 1973 </a> </h5> </header> <nav class="aside-navigation aside-navigation--desktop" aria-label="In Page Navigation"> <ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/" aria-current="false" > Summary </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item">Laureates<ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/kissinger/facts/" aria-current="false" > Henry Kissinger </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item">Le Duc Tho <ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/facts/" aria-current="false" > Facts </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/biographical/" aria-current="false" > Biographical </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/diploma/" aria-current="false" > Nobel diploma </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/photo-gallery/" aria-current="false" > Photo gallery </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" aria-current="false" > Speed read </a> </li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/ceremony-speech/" aria-current="false" > Presentation Speech </a> </li></ul></nav> <footer class="footer"> <div class="share-this"> <h6 class="heading"> Share this </h6> <ul class="socialicons" aria-label="Social sharing links"> <li class="socialicon" data-social="facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1973%2Ftho%2Fspeedread%2F&t=Le+Duc+Tho+%E2%80%93+Speed+read" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M14.526 34h-3.96A4.572 4.572 0 0 1 6 29.43V10.57C6 8.051 8.051 6 10.571 6H29.43A4.577 4.577 0 0 1 34 10.57v18.854c0 2.52-2.051 4.57-4.571 4.57h-3.492a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571V22.305c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.229l.405-3.228h-2.634a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571v-3.28c0-.314.257-.57.571-.57h2.709v-3.229h-4.892a1.62 1.62 0 0 0-1.617 1.617v5.462a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.571h-2.709v3.228h2.709c.314 0 .571.257.571.571v11.118a.59.59 0 0 1-.166.406c-.148.148-.171.171-7.44.171h-.005ZM10.57 7.143a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428 3.427v18.854a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.423 3.428h10.423V22.87H18.28a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-4.37c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.709v-4.89c0-1.52 1.24-2.76 2.76-2.76h5.462c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572h-2.708v2.137h2.708a.56.56 0 0 1 .429.194c.109.126.16.286.137.451l-.548 4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.566.504h-2.16v9.975h2.92a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.428-3.428V10.57a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428-3.427H10.57Z"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Facebook </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Le+Duc+Tho+%E2%80%93+Speed+read&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1973%2Ftho%2Fspeedread%2F" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 6h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 28.857 34H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 11.143 6Zm17.714 26.857c2.205 0 4-1.795 4-4V11.143c0-2.205-1.795-4-4-4H11.143c-2.205 0-4 1.795-4 4v17.714c0 2.205 1.795 4 4 4h17.714Zm-.995-22.384a.572.572 0 0 1 .847.768l-6.933 7.65 6.977 9.923a.572.572 0 0 1-.468.9h-3.714a.571.571 0 0 1-.468-.243l-5.205-7.404-6.76 7.46a.57.57 0 0 1-.808.04.572.572 0 0 1-.04-.808l6.934-7.65-6.977-9.923a.572.572 0 0 1 .468-.9h3.714c.186 0 .36.09.467.243l5.206 7.404 6.76-7.46Zm-15.047.956L24.869 28.57h2.317L15.132 11.43h-2.317Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> X </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="linkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1973%2Ftho%2Fspeedread%2F&title=Le+Duc+Tho+%E2%80%93+Speed+read" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.909 14.251a2.557 2.557 0 0 1-2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.554 2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1-2.554 2.554Zm0-3.965c-.778 0-1.412.634-1.412 1.411s.634 1.412 1.412 1.412c.777 0 1.411-.635 1.411-1.412 0-.777-.634-1.411-1.411-1.411Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M28.771 28.211c0 .315.258.572.572.572l-.006-.006a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571v-7.292c0-3.605-2.509-4.891-4.852-4.891-1.457 0-2.497.383-3.44 1v-.532a.573.573 0 0 0-.571-.571h-3.612a.573.573 0 0 0-.571.571v11.715c0 .314.257.571.571.571a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571V17.063h2.468v1.108a.574.574 0 0 0 .943.44c1.057-.891 2.034-1.44 3.646-1.44 1.114 0 3.708.366 3.708 3.749v7.291ZM14.611 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V17.07h-2.543V28.21a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.572.573.573 0 0 1-.572-.572V16.497c0-.314.257-.571.572-.571h3.685c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v11.714a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"/><path d="M25.657 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V22.83c0-1.286-.412-1.738-1.577-1.738-1.252 0-1.886.458-1.886 1.355v5.765a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-5.765c0-1.56 1.131-2.497 3.029-2.497 1.897 0 2.72.971 2.72 2.88v5.382a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> LinkedIn </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="email"> <a data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#241b5751464e4147501962564b490116146a4b46414874564d5e410a4b56431e0116146841011614605147011614704c4b01161402071c1615151f011614775441414001161456414540020714171c1f464b405d194c505054571e0b0b5353530a4a4b46414854564d5e410a4b56430b54564d5e41570b54414547410b151d13170b504c4b0b5754414140564145400b" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.229 14.02A1.37 1.37 0 0 0 11 15.384v9.84a1.37 1.37 0 0 0 1.37 1.37h15.26a1.37 1.37 0 0 0 1.37-1.37V15.37A1.37 1.37 0 0 0 27.63 14H12.37a.5.5 0 0 0-.141.02Zm.256.98a.504.504 0 0 1-.114.013.37.37 0 0 0-.371.37v9.841a.37.37 0 0 0 .37.37h15.26a.37.37 0 0 0 .37-.37V15.37a.37.37 0 0 0-.37-.37H12.485Zm.288.88a.5.5 0 0 1 .699-.107L20 20.577l6.528-4.804a.5.5 0 0 1 .593.805l-6.825 5.023a.5.5 0 0 1-.592 0l-6.825-5.023a.5.5 0 0 1-.106-.699Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M28.857 6H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 11.143 34h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 28.857 6Zm4 22.857c0 2.205-1.795 4-4 4H11.143c-2.205 0-4-1.795-4-4V11.143c0-2.205 1.795-4 4-4h17.714c2.205 0 4 1.795 4 4v17.714Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Email this page </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </footer> </aside> <article class=" page-content border-top entry-content"> <header class="section-header"> <h1> Le Duc Tho </h1> <h2> Speed read </h2> </header> <select class="aside-navigation aside-navigation--mobile input-select js-aside-navigation--mobile" name="Go to laureate page"> <option value="" selected disabled>Navigate to:</option> <option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/"> Summary</option><optgroup label=" Laureates"><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/kissinger/facts/">- Henry Kissinger</option><optgroup label="- Le Duc Tho "><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/facts/">-- Facts</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/biographical/">-- Biographical</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/diploma/">-- Nobel diploma</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/photo-gallery/">-- Photo gallery</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/" disabled selected>-- Speed read</option></optgroup></optgroup><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/ceremony-speech/"> Presentation Speech</option></select> <p class="ingress">Le Duc Tho was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, jointly with Henry Kissinger, for negotiating a cease-fire in Vietnam in 1973.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1080" height="1080" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/04/GettyImages-1352885711-2.jpg" alt="Photo of Le Duc Tho" class="wp-image-218539" style="width:271px;height:271px"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Le Duc Tho <span class="image-credits">Photo: Keystone-France/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Full name: Le Duc Tho<br />Born: 14 October 1911, Nam Ha province, Vietnam<br />Died: 13 October 1990, Hanoi, Vietnam<br />Date awarded: 17 October 1973</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-heading-highlight-color has-text-color" id="h-the-first-woman-to-receive-the-peace-prize">The strategist who declined the Nobel Peace Prize</h2> <p>Educated at French schools, Le Duc Tho became a communist, fighting from the age of 16 to free his country from both French colonial rule and Japanese occupation in WW2. In 1954 Vietnam was partitioned into a US-backed South Vietnam and a communist North Vietnam. By the mid-1960s North Vietnam had embarked on a guerrilla war to reunite the country. Although Le Duc Tho dismissed the USA’s intervention in the Vietnam conflict as neo-colonialism, it was he who led negotiations with the USA in Paris from 1968. In 1973 a ceasefire was agreed, though it quickly broke down. This led Le Du Tho to refuse the Nobel Peace Prize he had been awarded jointly with US negotiator Henry Kissinger. In 1975 Le Du Tho masterminded the campaign that resulted in the conquest of South Vietnam.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">At war with France and the USA</h3> <p>During Japan’s WW2 occupation of Vietnam, Le Duc Tho joined the Communist Party’s central committee. After the war, he was one of those who led the armed resistance to France’s reestablishment of colonial rule. Following a military defeat in 1954, the French withdrew, but Vietnam was partitioned. The USA backed South Vietnam, and provided military support to prevent Vietnam from reuniting under communist rule. From the late 1950s Le Duc Tho was responsible for organising a guerrilla movement in the South, which fought with North Vietnam against the USA and the South Vietnamese regime.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Negotiations in Paris</h3> <p>Having failed to win on the battlefield, the USA started peace negotiations with North Vietnam in 1968. Le Duc Tho was chosen to meet President Nixon’s adviser, Henry Kissinger, at the negotiating table in Paris. Le Duc Tho demanded that USA pull out of Vietnam, and that the South Vietnamese regime be dissolved. In January 1973 an agreement was reached. Le Duc Tho renounced the total dissolution of South Vietnam, but the FNL/Vietcong, which was backed by the North, was allowed to retain areas it had conquered in the South.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Peace prize awarded and refused</h3> <p>In October 1973 the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the peace Prize to Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho for having “acted in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s philosophy, which was that international conflicts must be resolved through negotiation and not war”. But the ceasefire had already broken down. Le Duc Tho sent a telegram to the Committee, saying it was “impossible to accept the prize with which the Committee has honoured me. When the Paris Agreement on Vietnam is respected, the weapons fall silent and peace is restored in South Vietnam, I will consider accepting the prize”.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vietnam reunites – Le Duc Tho’s political downfall</h3> <p>Although the USA pulled the bulk of its military forces out in 1973, the war between North and South Vietnam continued. Le Duc masterminded the campaign by the FNL/Vietcong guerrillas and North Vietnamese forces which led to the collapse of the South Vietnamese regime in 1975. A year later Vietnam was reunified. In 1979 Le Duc Tho led the invasion of Kampuchea that ended the Khmer Rouge’s reign of terror. Domestically, Le Duc Tho was a political dogmatist. His refusal to sanction economic reforms led to his ejection from the party leadership in 1986. He died four years later, aged 79.</p> <section class="quote-comp wp-block-nobel-prize-quote"> <div class="quote-comp__content"> <blockquote itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation"> <p class="quote-comp__quote">"The just cause triumphs over the evil cause. The will to live in freedom triumphs over cruelty."</p> <cite class="quote-comp__credit">Le Duc Tho, 24 January 1973.</cite> </blockquote> </div> </section> <p class="copy">Disclaimer: Every effort has been made by the publisher to credit organisations and individuals with regard to the supply of photographs. Please notify the publishers regarding corrections.</p> <footer class="border-top pagecite" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/citation"> <p> To cite this section <br> MLA style: Le Duc Tho – Speed read. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach 2025. Mon. 17 Feb 2025. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/> </p> </footer> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#content" class="back-top-link"> Back to top </a> <svg width="18px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" role="image" aria-labelledby="back-to-top-title back-to-top-desc"> <title id="back-to-top-title">Back To Top</title> <desc id="back-to-top-desc">Takes users back to the top of the page</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g transform="translate(-474.000000, -9998.000000)" fill="#2E2A25"> <g transform="translate(474.000000, 9998.000000)"> <g transform="translate(10.000000, 10.000000) rotate(45.000000) translate(-10.000000, -10.000000) translate(3.000000, 3.000000)"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="2" height="14"></rect> <rect x="0" y="0" width="14" height="2"></rect> </g> <rect x="9" y="3" width="2" height="14"></rect> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </article>  </section> <section id="" class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-half-width-a "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Nobel Prizes and laureates</h3> </header> <article class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/"> <p>Nobel Prizes 2024</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Six prizes were awarded for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 12 laureates' work and discoveries range from proteins' structures and machine learning to fighting for a world free of nuclear weapons.</p> <p>See them all presented here.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/"><picture><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-1520x1008.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-2048x1352.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-1024x676.jpg" alt="Illustration" /></noscript></picture></a> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="explore-laureates page-section"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Explore prizes and laureates </h3> <div class="info"> Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. </div> </header> <form class="exploreform" id="67b32754473ec" method='GET' action=''> <div class="dropdown"> <label for="mobile-dropdown" class="screen-reader-text"> Select the category or categories you would like to filter by </label> <select id="mobile-dropdown" name="filtermobile"> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="medicine" > Medicine </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="peace" selected='selected' > Peace </option> <option value="economic-sciences" > Economic Sciences </option> </select> </div> <div class="selector"> <label class="screen-reader-text">Select the category or categories you would like to filter by</label> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="physics"> <input id="physics" name="filter" type="radio" value="physics" hidden> <span> Physics </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="chemistry"> <input id="chemistry" name="filter" type="radio" value="chemistry" hidden> <span> Chemistry </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="medicine"> <input id="medicine" name="filter" type="radio" value="medicine" hidden> <span> Medicine </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="literature"> <input id="literature" name="filter" type="radio" value="literature" hidden> <span> Literature </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="peace"> <input id="peace" name="filter" type="radio" checked='checked' value="peace" hidden> <span> Peace </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="economic-sciences"> <input id="economic-sciences" name="filter" type="radio" value="economic-sciences" hidden> <span> Economic Sciences </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="incrementor"> <label for="increment-down" class="screen-reader-text"> Decrease the year by one </label> <button id="increment-down" class="increment-down" type="button"> - </button> <label for="increment-input" class="screen-reader-text"> Choose a year you would like to search in </label> <input id="increment-input" name="prize_year" type="text" maxlength="4" class="increment-input" placeholder="2024" value="1973"> <label for="increment-up" class="screen-reader-text"> Increase the year by one </label> <button id="increment-up" class="increment-up" type="button"> + </button> </div> <div class="submit"> <button type="submit"> Explore </button> </div> </form> </section> <div class="long-scroll-preloader prize-explorer-preloader" style="text-align: center; display: none" data-target="67b32754473ec"> <img style="display: inline-block" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif"> </div> <div class="prize-explorer-content container search-results" data-target="67b32754473ec"> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <section class="footer-information"> <h4 class="heading"> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/">About the Nobel Prize organisation</a> </h4> <div class="footer-sections"> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/the-nobel-foundation/">The Nobel Foundation</a> </h5> <p>Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will.</p> </div> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/prize-awarding-institutions/">The prize awarding institutions</a> </h5> <p>For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Prize laureates.</p> </div> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/outreach-organisations/">Outreach organisations</a> </h5> <p>Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="footer-nav"> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_1" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28266" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28266" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/press-room/">Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42845" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28265" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_2" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28268" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28268" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/privacy-policy/">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28269" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28269" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/technical-support/">Technical support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42844" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_3" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28272" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28272" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/developer-zone/">For developers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42843" role="menuitem"><a href="/mediaplayer/">Media player</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224329" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-224329" role="menuitem"><a href="https://careers.nobelprize.org">Careers</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu footer-social" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <h6> Join us </h6> <ul id="menu-footer_social" class="socialmenu"><li id="menu-item-28273" class="facebook menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28273" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M14.526 34h-3.96A4.572 4.572 0 0 1 6 29.43V10.57C6 8.051 8.051 6 10.571 6H29.43A4.577 4.577 0 0 1 34 10.57v18.854c0 2.52-2.051 4.57-4.571 4.57h-3.492a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571V22.305c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.229l.405-3.228h-2.634a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571v-3.28c0-.314.257-.57.571-.57h2.709v-3.229h-4.892a1.62 1.62 0 0 0-1.617 1.617v5.462a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.571h-2.709v3.228h2.709c.314 0 .571.257.571.571v11.118a.59.59 0 0 1-.166.406c-.148.148-.171.171-7.44.171h-.005ZM10.57 7.143a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428 3.427v18.854a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.423 3.428h10.423V22.87H18.28a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-4.37c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.709v-4.89c0-1.52 1.24-2.76 2.76-2.76h5.462c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572h-2.708v2.137h2.708a.56.56 0 0 1 .429.194c.109.126.16.286.137.451l-.548 4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.566.504h-2.16v9.975h2.92a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.428-3.428V10.57a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428-3.427H10.57Z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-28274" class="twitter menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28274" role="menuitem"><a href="https://twitter.com/NobelPrize"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 6h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 28.857 34H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 11.143 6Zm17.714 26.857c2.205 0 4-1.795 4-4V11.143c0-2.205-1.795-4-4-4H11.143c-2.205 0-4 1.795-4 4v17.714c0 2.205 1.795 4 4 4h17.714Zm-.995-22.384a.572.572 0 0 1 .847.768l-6.933 7.65 6.977 9.923a.572.572 0 0 1-.468.9h-3.714a.571.571 0 0 1-.468-.243l-5.205-7.404-6.76 7.46a.57.57 0 0 1-.808.04.572.572 0 0 1-.04-.808l6.934-7.65-6.977-9.923a.572.572 0 0 1 .468-.9h3.714c.186 0 .36.09.467.243l5.206 7.404 6.76-7.46Zm-15.047.956L24.869 28.57h2.317L15.132 11.43h-2.317Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-43144" class="instagram menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43144" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/nobelprize_org/?hl=en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M28.857 34H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 11.143 6h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 28.857 34ZM11.143 7.143c-2.206 0-4 1.794-4 4v17.714c0 2.206 1.794 4 4 4h17.714c2.206 0 4-1.794 4-4V11.143c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4H11.143Zm8.857 20c-3.937 0-7.143-3.206-7.143-7.143s3.206-7.143 7.143-7.143 7.143 3.206 7.143 7.143-3.206 7.143-7.143 7.143ZM20 14c-3.309 0-6 2.691-6 6s2.691 6 6 6 6-2.691 6-6-2.691-6-6-6Zm6-2.286a2.285 2.285 0 1 0 4.57.001 2.285 2.285 0 0 0-4.57 0Zm1.143 0c0-.628.514-1.143 1.143-1.143.628 0 1.143.515 1.143 1.143 0 .629-.515 1.143-1.143 1.143a1.146 1.146 0 0 1-1.143-1.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-43145" class="youtube menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43145" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/thenobelprize"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Zm20.2 15.143H12.65a2.753 2.753 0 0 1-2.748-2.749v-7.074a2.753 2.753 0 0 1 2.748-2.749h14.692a2.753 2.753 0 0 1 2.748 2.749v7.074a2.753 2.753 0 0 1-2.748 2.749ZM12.65 14.857c-.885 0-1.605.72-1.605 1.606v7.074c0 .886.72 1.606 1.605 1.606h14.692c.886 0 1.606-.72 1.606-1.606v-7.074c0-.886-.72-1.606-1.606-1.606H12.65Zm5.643 8.766a.753.753 0 0 1-.746-.749l-.022-5.748c0-.275.148-.526.383-.657a.753.753 0 0 1 .76.017l4.537 2.8a.746.746 0 0 1 .354.628.77.77 0 0 1-.337.64l-4.52 2.949a.766.766 0 0 1-.409.12Zm0 0h.003-.006.003Zm.375-5.794.017 4.32 3.394-2.218-3.411-2.108v.006Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Youtube</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-164548" class="linkedin menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-164548" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nobelprize/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.909 14.251a2.557 2.557 0 0 1-2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.554 2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1-2.554 2.554Zm0-3.965c-.778 0-1.412.634-1.412 1.411s.634 1.412 1.412 1.412c.777 0 1.411-.635 1.411-1.412 0-.777-.634-1.411-1.411-1.411Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><path d="M28.771 28.211c0 .315.258.572.572.572l-.006-.006a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571v-7.292c0-3.605-2.509-4.891-4.852-4.891-1.457 0-2.497.383-3.44 1v-.532a.573.573 0 0 0-.571-.571h-3.612a.573.573 0 0 0-.571.571v11.715c0 .314.257.571.571.571a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571V17.063h2.468v1.108a.574.574 0 0 0 .943.44c1.057-.891 2.034-1.44 3.646-1.44 1.114 0 3.708.366 3.708 3.749v7.291ZM14.611 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V17.07h-2.543V28.21a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.572.573.573 0 0 1-.572-.572V16.497c0-.314.257-.571.572-.571h3.685c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v11.714a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"></path><path d="M25.657 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V22.83c0-1.286-.412-1.738-1.577-1.738-1.252 0-1.886.458-1.886 1.355v5.765a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-5.765c0-1.56 1.131-2.497 3.029-2.497 1.897 0 2.72.971 2.72 2.88v5.382a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> </section> <section class="colophon border-top"> <div class="footer-logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <p class="site-logo" itemprop="logo"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.nobelprize.org"> Nobel Prize </a> </p> </div> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © Nobel Prize Outreach 2025 </div> </section> </div> </footer> <button type="button" class="to-top" tabindex="-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Scroll to top </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="45.999" height="26.001" viewBox="0 0 45.999 26.001"><path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="#FFF" d="M5.905 24.997a3.484 3.484 0 0 1-4.893 0 3.403 3.403 0 0 1 0-4.845l19.54-19.149a3.486 3.486 0 0 1 4.895 0l19.538 19.15a3.4 3.4 0 0 1 0 4.845 3.485 3.485 0 0 1-4.893.001L22.999 9.294z"/></svg></button> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize-block-library/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=9af3caa4ba4635a79486" id="nobelprize_block_library_frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=6364b48178f72f4226ec" id="frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/bgset/ls.bgset.min.js?ver=1739226113" id="lazy-sizes-bg-set-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/lazysizes/lazysizes.min.js?ver=1739226113" id="lazy-sizes-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/objectfit/ls.object-fit.min.js?ver=1739226113" id="lazy-sizes-object-fit-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize/assets/js/admin/lib/flickity/flickity.pkgd.js?ver=1739226113" id="flickity-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/clamp/clamp.min.js?ver=1739226113" id="clamp-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202508.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"197939892\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"1\",\"srv\":\"www.nobelprize.org\",\"j\":\"1:14.2.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "197939892", "0" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-0940f7eaf4cb46e1cfe","applicationID":"212354543","transactionName":"MhBSZQoZXUZZB0UMCwtac0QLDFxYFyZdCgNFJVFWHQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":365,"atts":"HldFE0IDThkaBRNfHxgI","errorBeacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>