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1909 — Wikipédia

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id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proche-Orient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proche-Orient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Proche-Orient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proche-Orient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prix_Nobel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prix_Nobel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prix Nobel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prix_Nobel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fondations_en_1909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fondations_en_1909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fondations en 1909</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fondations_en_1909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naissances_en_1909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naissances_en_1909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Naissances en 1909</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naissances_en_1909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Décès_en_1909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Décès_en_1909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Décès en 1909</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Décès_en_1909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1909</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 198 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-198" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">198 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1909 እ.ኤ.አ. – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1909 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۹۰۹ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹۰۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1909 йыл – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1909 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AF" title="১৯০৯ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯০৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AF" title="মারি ১৯০৯ – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৯০৯" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909." title="1909. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1909." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1909 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1909 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1909 шо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1909 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A0%D9%A9" title="١٩٠٩ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٩٠٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – kachoube" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kachoube" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B9" title="۱۹۰۹ – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۹۰۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E5%B9%B4" title="1909年 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1909年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909-ngi%C3%A8n" title="1909-ngièn – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1909-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="१९०९ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९०९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909." title="1909. – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1909." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1909 (almanak gregoryen) – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1909 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1909 թուական – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1909 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D1%88%D1%83" title="1909 шу – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1909 шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E5%B9%B4" title="1909年 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1909年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1909 жыл – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1909 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%A6%E0%B3%AF" title="೧೯೦೯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೯೦೯" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%EB%85%84" title="1909년 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1909년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1909 джыл – karatchaï balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1909 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatchaï balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1909" title="Joohr 1909 – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1909" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1909-ӧд во – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1909-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1909 йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1909 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_m." title="1909 m. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1909 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909._gads" title="1909. gads – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1909. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="१९०९ – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१९०९" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1909 он – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1909 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="इ.स. १९०९ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १९०९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B8" title="1909 и – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1909 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%80%E1%81%89" title="၁၉၀၉ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၀၉" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1909 ие – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1909 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B9" title="۱۹۰۹ – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۹۰۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="ई सं १९०९ – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १९०९" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A6%E0%AD%AF" title="୧୯୦୯ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୯୦୯" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1909-æм аз – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1909-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="१९०९ – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१९०९" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1909 год – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1909 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%D8%B9" title="1909ع – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1909ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1909" title="Соли 1909 – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1909" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2452" title="พ.ศ. 2452 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2452" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1909 ел – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1909 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – tahitien" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1909 ар – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1909 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_-_%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="1909 - يىلى – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="1909 - يىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%D8%A1" title="1909ء – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1909ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E5%B9%B4" title="1909年 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1909年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="1909 җил – kalmouk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="1909 җил" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmouk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_nienz" title="1909 nienz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1909 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909" title="1909 – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1909" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E5%B9%B4" title="1909年 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1909年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E3%80%87%E4%B9%9D%E5%B9%B4" title="一九〇九年 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一九〇九年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_n%C3%AE" title="1909 nî – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1909 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E5%B9%B4" title="1909年 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1909年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2057#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1909" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:1909" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label 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title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1909"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/1909" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/1909" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;oldid=220365267" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=1909&amp;id=220365267&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1909"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1909"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=1909"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=1909&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/1909" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2057" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page concerne l'année <b>1909</b> (MCMIX en chiffres romains) du <a href="/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien" title="Calendrier grégorien">calendrier grégorien</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:21em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #C0D1E2;"> <div><small>Chronologies</small></div> </div><table><caption class="hidden" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Données clés</caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a> <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> <b>&#160;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1909</a>&#160;</b> <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a><br /><small><b>Décennies&#160;:</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1870" title="Années 1870">1870</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1880" title="Années 1880">1880</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1890" title="Années 1890">1890</a> <b>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1900" title="Années 1900">1900</a>&#160;</b> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1910" title="Années 1910">1910</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1920" title="Années 1920">1920</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1930" title="Années 1930">1930</a><br /><small><b>Siècles&#160;:</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle">XVIII<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle">XIX<sup>e</sup></a> <b>&#160;<a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle">XX<sup>e</sup></a>&#160;</b> <a href="/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXIe siècle">XXI<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/XXIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXIIe siècle">XXII<sup>e</sup></a><br /><small><b>Millénaires&#160;:</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C.">-I<sup>er</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></a> <b>&#160;<a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></a>&#160;</b> <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIIe millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></a> </td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_chronologies_par_zone_g%C3%A9ographique" title="Liste des chronologies par zone géographique">Chronologies géographiques</a></caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Afrique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Afrique (page inexistante)">Afrique</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Afrique_du_Sud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Afrique du Sud (page inexistante)">Afrique du Sud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Alg%C3%A9rie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Algérie (page inexistante)">Algérie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Angola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Angola (page inexistante)">Angola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_B%C3%A9nin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Bénin (page inexistante)">Bénin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Botswana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Botswana (page inexistante)">Botswana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Burkina_Faso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Burkina Faso (page inexistante)">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Burundi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Burundi (page inexistante)">Burundi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Cameroun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Cameroun (page inexistante)">Cameroun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Cap-Vert&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Cap-Vert (page inexistante)">Cap-Vert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_R%C3%A9publique_centrafricaine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en République centrafricaine (page inexistante)">République centrafricaine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Comores&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Comores (page inexistante)">Comores</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en République du Congo (page inexistante)">République du Congo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en République démocratique du Congo (page inexistante)">République démocratique du Congo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Côte d&#39;Ivoire (page inexistante)">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Djibouti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Djibouti (page inexistante)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Égypte (page inexistante)">Égypte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Érythrée (page inexistante)">Érythrée</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_%C3%89thiopie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Éthiopie (page inexistante)">Éthiopie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Gabon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Gabon (page inexistante)">Gabon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Gambie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Gambie (page inexistante)">Gambie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Ghana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Ghana (page inexistante)">Ghana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Guin%C3%A9e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Guinée (page inexistante)">Guinée</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Guin%C3%A9e-Bissau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Guinée-Bissau (page inexistante)">Guinée-Bissau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Guin%C3%A9e_%C3%A9quatoriale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Guinée équatoriale (page inexistante)">Guinée équatoriale</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kenya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Kenya (page inexistante)">Kenya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Lesotho&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Lesotho (page inexistante)">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Liberia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Liberia (page inexistante)">Liberia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Libye&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Libye (page inexistante)">Libye</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Madagascar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Madagascar (page inexistante)">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Malawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Malawi (page inexistante)">Malawi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Mali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Mali (page inexistante)">Mali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Mauritanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Mauritanie (page inexistante)">Mauritanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Maurice_(pays)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Maurice (pays) (page inexistante)">Maurice</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Maroc" title="1909 au Maroc">Maroc</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Mozambique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Mozambique (page inexistante)">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Namibie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Namibie (page inexistante)">Namibie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Niger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Niger (page inexistante)">Niger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Nigeria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Nigeria (page inexistante)">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Ouganda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Ouganda (page inexistante)">Ouganda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Rwanda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Rwanda (page inexistante)">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Sahara_occidental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Sahara occidental (page inexistante)">Sahara occidental</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Sao_Tom%C3%A9-et-Principe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Sao Tomé-et-Principe (page inexistante)">Sao Tomé-et-Principe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Sénégal (page inexistante)">Sénégal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Seychelles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Seychelles (page inexistante)">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Sierra_Leone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Sierra Leone (page inexistante)">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Somalie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Somalie (page inexistante)">Somalie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Soudan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Soudan (page inexistante)">Soudan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Soudan_du_Sud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Soudan du Sud (page inexistante)">Soudan du Sud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Swaziland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Swaziland (page inexistante)">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Tanzanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Tanzanie (page inexistante)">Tanzanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Tchad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Tchad (page inexistante)">Tchad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Togo (page inexistante)">Togo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Tunisie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Tunisie (page inexistante)">Tunisie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Zambie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Zambie (page inexistante)">Zambie</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Zimbabwe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Zimbabwe (page inexistante)">Zimbabwe</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_par_pays_en_Am%C3%A9rique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 par pays en Amérique (page inexistante)">Amérique</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Antigua-et-Barbuda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Antigua-et-Barbuda (page inexistante)">Antigua-et-Barbuda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Argentine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Argentine (page inexistante)">Argentine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Bahamas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Bahamas (page inexistante)">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_la_Barbade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à la Barbade (page inexistante)">Barbade</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Belize&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Belize (page inexistante)">Belize</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Bolivie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Bolivie (page inexistante)">Bolivie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Br%C3%A9sil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Brésil (page inexistante)">Brésil</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Canada" title="1909 au Canada">Canada</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/1909_en_Alberta" title="1909 en Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Colombie-Britannique" title="1909 en Colombie-Britannique">Colombie-Britannique</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Manitoba" title="1909 au Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Nouvelle-%C3%89cosse" title="1909 en Nouvelle-Écosse">Nouvelle-Écosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Nouveau-Brunswick" title="1909 au Nouveau-Brunswick">Nouveau-Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Ontario" title="1909 en Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="1909 au Québec">Québec</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Saskatchewan" title="1909 en Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_aux_Territoires_du_Nord-Ouest" title="1909 aux Territoires du Nord-Ouest">Territoires du Nord-Ouest</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Yukon" title="1909 au Yukon">Yukon</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Chili&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Chili (page inexistante)">Chili</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Colombie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Colombie (page inexistante)">Colombie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Costa_Rica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Costa Rica (page inexistante)">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Cuba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Cuba (page inexistante)">Cuba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_R%C3%A9publique_dominicaine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en République dominicaine (page inexistante)">République dominicaine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_la_Dominique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à la Dominique (page inexistante)">Dominique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_%C3%89quateur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Équateur (page inexistante)">Équateur</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1909 aux États-Unis">États-Unis</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_la_Grenade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à la Grenade (page inexistante)">Grenade</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Guatemala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Guatemala (page inexistante)">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Guyana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Guyana (page inexistante)">Guyana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Ha%C3%AFti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Haïti (page inexistante)">Haïti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Honduras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Honduras (page inexistante)">Honduras</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Jama%C3%AFque&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Jamaïque (page inexistante)">Jamaïque</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Mexique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Mexique (page inexistante)">Mexique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Nicaragua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Nicaragua (page inexistante)">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Panama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Panama (page inexistante)">Panama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Paraguay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Paraguay (page inexistante)">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_P%C3%A9rou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Pérou (page inexistante)">Pérou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Saint-Christophe-et-Ni%C3%A9v%C3%A8s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès (page inexistante)">Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines (page inexistante)">Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Sainte-Lucie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Sainte-Lucie (page inexistante)">Sainte-Lucie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Salvador&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Salvador (page inexistante)">Salvador</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Suriname&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Suriname (page inexistante)">Suriname</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Trinit%C3%A9-et-Tobago&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Trinité-et-Tobago (page inexistante)">Trinité-et-Tobago</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Uruguay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Uruguay (page inexistante)">Uruguay</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Venezuela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Venezuela (page inexistante)">Venezuela</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_par_pays_en_Asie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 par pays en Asie (page inexistante)">Asie</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Abkhazie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Abkhazie (page inexistante)">Abkhazie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Afghanistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Afghanistan (page inexistante)">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Arabie_saoudite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Arabie saoudite (page inexistante)">Arabie saoudite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Arm%C3%A9nie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Arménie (page inexistante)">Arménie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Azerba%C3%AFdjan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Azerbaïdjan (page inexistante)">Azerbaïdjan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Bahre%C3%AFn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Bahreïn (page inexistante)">Bahreïn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Bangladesh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Bangladesh (page inexistante)">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Bhoutan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Bhoutan (page inexistante)">Bhoutan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Birmanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Birmanie (page inexistante)">Birmanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Brunei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Brunei (page inexistante)">Brunei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Cambodge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Cambodge (page inexistante)">Cambodge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_le_Caucase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans le Caucase (page inexistante)">Caucase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Chine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Chine (page inexistante)">Chine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Chypre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Chypre (page inexistante)">Chypre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Corée du Nord (page inexistante)">Corée du Nord</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Corée du Sud (page inexistante)">Corée du Sud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_%C3%89mirats_arabes_unis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Émirats arabes unis (page inexistante)">Émirats arabes unis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_G%C3%A9orgie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Géorgie (page inexistante)">Géorgie</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Inde" title="1909 en Inde">Inde</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Indon%C3%A9sie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Indonésie (page inexistante)">Indonésie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Irak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Irak (page inexistante)">Irak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Iran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Iran (page inexistante)">Iran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Isra%C3%ABl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Israël (page inexistante)">Israël</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Japon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Japon (page inexistante)">Japon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Jordanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Jordanie (page inexistante)">Jordanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kazakhstan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Kazakhstan (page inexistante)">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kirghizistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Kirghizistan (page inexistante)">Kirghizistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kurdistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Kurdistan (page inexistante)">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kowe%C3%AFt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Koweït (page inexistante)">Koweït</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Laos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Laos (page inexistante)">Laos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Liban&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Liban (page inexistante)">Liban</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Malaisie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Malaisie (page inexistante)">Malaisie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Maldives&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Maldives (page inexistante)">Maldives</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Mongolie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Mongolie (page inexistante)">Mongolie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_N%C3%A9pal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Népal (page inexistante)">Népal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Oman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Oman (page inexistante)">Oman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Oss%C3%A9tie_du_Sud-Alanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Ossétie du Sud-Alanie (page inexistante)">Ossétie du Sud-Alanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Ouzbékistan (page inexistante)">Ouzbékistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Pakistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Pakistan (page inexistante)">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Palestine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Palestine (page inexistante)">Palestine</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Philippines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Philippines (page inexistante)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_par_pays_au_Proche-Orient&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 par pays au Proche-Orient (page inexistante)">Proche-Orient</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Qatar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Qatar (page inexistante)">Qatar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Russie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Russie (page inexistante)">Russie</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Singapour&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Singapour (page inexistante)">Singapour</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Sri_Lanka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Sri Lanka (page inexistante)">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Syrie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Syrie (page inexistante)">Syrie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Tadjikistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Tadjikistan (page inexistante)">Tadjikistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Ta%C3%AFwan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Taïwan (page inexistante)">Taïwan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Tha%C3%AFlande&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Thaïlande (page inexistante)">Thaïlande</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Timor_oriental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Timor oriental (page inexistante)">Timor oriental</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Turkm%C3%A9nistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Turkménistan (page inexistante)">Turkménistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Turquie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Turquie (page inexistante)">Turquie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Viêt Nam (page inexistante)">Viêt Nam</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Y%C3%A9men&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Yémen (page inexistante)">Yémen</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Europe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Europe (page inexistante)">Europe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Abkhazie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Abkhazie (page inexistante)">Abkhazie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Allemagne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Allemagne (page inexistante)">Allemagne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Albanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Albanie (page inexistante)">Albanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Andorre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Andorre (page inexistante)">Andorre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Arm%C3%A9nie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Arménie (page inexistante)">Arménie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Autriche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Autriche (page inexistante)">Autriche</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Azerba%C3%AFdjan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Azerbaïdjan (page inexistante)">Azerbaïdjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Belgique" title="1909 en Belgique">Belgique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Bi%C3%A9lorussie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Biélorussie (page inexistante)">Biélorussie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Bosnie-Herzégovine (page inexistante)">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Bulgarie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Bulgarie (page inexistante)">Bulgarie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_le_Caucase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans le Caucase (page inexistante)">Caucase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Chypre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Chypre (page inexistante)">Chypre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Croatie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Croatie (page inexistante)">Croatie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Danemark&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Danemark (page inexistante)">Danemark</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Espagne" title="1909 en Espagne">Espagne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Estonie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Estonie (page inexistante)">Estonie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Finlande&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Finlande (page inexistante)">Finlande</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_France" title="1909 en France">France</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/1909_en_Bretagne" title="1909 en Bretagne">Bretagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Lorraine" title="1909 en Lorraine">Lorraine</a> et )</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_G%C3%A9orgie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Géorgie (page inexistante)">Géorgie</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Gr%C3%A8ce" title="1909 en Grèce">Grèce</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Hongrie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Hongrie (page inexistante)">Hongrie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Irlande&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Irlande (page inexistante)">Irlande</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Islande&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Islande (page inexistante)">Islande</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Italie" title="1909 en Italie">Italie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kazakhstan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Kazakhstan (page inexistante)">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Kosovo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Kosovo (page inexistante)">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Lettonie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Lettonie (page inexistante)">Lettonie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Liechtenstein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Liechtenstein (page inexistante)">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Lituanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Lituanie (page inexistante)">Lituanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Luxembourg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Luxembourg (page inexistante)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Macédoine du Nord (page inexistante)">Macédoine du Nord</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Malte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Malte (page inexistante)">Malte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Moldavie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Moldavie (page inexistante)">Moldavie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Monaco&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Monaco (page inexistante)">Monaco</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9gro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Monténégro (page inexistante)">Monténégro</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Norv%C3%A8ge" title="1909 en Norvège">Norvège</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Oss%C3%A9tie_du_Sud-Alanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Ossétie du Sud-Alanie (page inexistante)">Ossétie du Sud-Alanie</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_aux_Pays-Bas" title="1909 aux Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Pologne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Pologne (page inexistante)">Pologne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Portugal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Portugal (page inexistante)">Portugal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Roumanie (page inexistante)">Roumanie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Royaume-Uni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Royaume-Uni (page inexistante)">Royaume-Uni</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Russie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Russie (page inexistante)">Russie</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Saint-Marin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Saint-Marin (page inexistante)">Saint-Marin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Serbie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Serbie (page inexistante)">Serbie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Slovaquie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Slovaquie (page inexistante)">Slovaquie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Slov%C3%A9nie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Slovénie (page inexistante)">Slovénie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Su%C3%A8de&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Suède (page inexistante)">Suède</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Suisse" title="1909 en Suisse">Suisse</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Tch%C3%A9quie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Tchéquie (page inexistante)">Tchéquie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Turquie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Turquie (page inexistante)">Turquie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Ukraine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Ukraine (page inexistante)">Ukraine</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Vatican&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Vatican (page inexistante)">Vatican</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_par_pays_en_Oc%C3%A9anie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 par pays en Océanie (page inexistante)">Océanie</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/wiki/1909_en_Australie" title="1909 en Australie">Australie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_%C3%8Eles_Cook&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Îles Cook (page inexistante)">Îles Cook</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_%C3%89tats_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Micron%C3%A9sie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux États fédérés de Micronésie (page inexistante)">États fédérés de Micronésie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Fidji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Fidji (page inexistante)">Fidji</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Indon%C3%A9sie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Indonésie (page inexistante)">Indonésie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_%C3%8Eles_Marshall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Îles Marshall (page inexistante)">Îles Marshall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Nauru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Nauru (page inexistante)">Nauru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_%C3%A0_Niue&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 à Niue (page inexistante)">Niue</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Nouvelle-Zélande (page inexistante)">Nouvelle-Zélande</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Palaos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Palaos (page inexistante)">Palaos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (page inexistante)">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Kiribati&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Kiribati (page inexistante)">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_%C3%8Eles_Salomon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Îles Salomon (page inexistante)">Îles Salomon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Samoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Samoa (page inexistante)">Samoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Samoa_am%C3%A9ricaines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Samoa américaines (page inexistante)">Samoa américaines</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Timor_oriental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Timor oriental (page inexistante)">Timor oriental</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Tonga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Tonga (page inexistante)">Tonga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_aux_Tuvalu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 aux Tuvalu (page inexistante)">Tuvalu</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_au_Vanuatu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 au Vanuatu (page inexistante)">Vanuatu</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_les_mers_et_oc%C3%A9ans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans les mers et océans (page inexistante)">Mers et océans</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_la_Manche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans la Manche (page inexistante)">Manche</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_Baltique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer Baltique (page inexistante)">Mer Baltique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_des_Cara%C3%AFbes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer des Caraïbes (page inexistante)">Mer des Caraïbes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_Caspienne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer Caspienne (page inexistante)">Mer Caspienne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer Méditerranée (page inexistante)">Mer Méditerranée</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_du_Nord&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer du Nord (page inexistante)">Mer du Nord</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_Noire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer Noire (page inexistante)">Mer Noire</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_mer_Rouge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en mer Rouge (page inexistante)">Mer Rouge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27oc%C3%A9an_Arctique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;océan Arctique (page inexistante)">Océan Arctique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27oc%C3%A9an_Atlantique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;océan Atlantique (page inexistante)">Océan Atlantique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27oc%C3%A9an_Austral&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;océan Austral (page inexistante)">Océan Austral</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27oc%C3%A9an_Indien&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;océan Indien (page inexistante)">Océan Indien</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27oc%C3%A9an_Pacifique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;océan Pacifique (page inexistante)">Océan Pacifique</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_Antarctique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en Antarctique (page inexistante)">Antarctique</a></td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_chronologies_th%C3%A9matiques" title="Liste des chronologies thématiques">Chronologies thématiques</a></caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_art&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en art (page inexistante)">Art</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/wiki/1909_en_architecture" title="1909 en architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_arts_plastiques" title="1909 en arts plastiques">Arts plastiques</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_dessin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en dessin (page inexistante)">Dessin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_gravure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en gravure (page inexistante)">Gravure</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_lithographie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en lithographie (page inexistante)">Lithographie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_peinture&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en peinture (page inexistante)">Peinture</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_sculpture&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en sculpture (page inexistante)">Sculpture</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="1909 en bande dessinée">Bande dessinée</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_au_cin%C3%A9ma" title="1909 au cinéma">Cinéma</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_danse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en danse (page inexistante)">Danse</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_aux_%C3%A9checs" title="1909 aux échecs">Échecs</a>, Genres <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_fantasy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en fantasy (page inexistante)">Fantasy</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_en_science-fiction" title="1909 en science-fiction">Science-fiction</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_litt%C3%A9rature" title="1909 en littérature">Littérature</a> <small>()</small>, Musique <small>(<a href="/wiki/1909_en_musique" title="1909 en musique">Populaire</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_en_musique_classique" title="1909 en musique classique">Classique</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_photographie" title="1909 en photographie">Photographie</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="1909 au théâtre">Théâtre</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_ing%C3%A9nierie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en ingénierie (page inexistante)">Ingénierie</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/wiki/1909_en_a%C3%A9ronautique" title="1909 en aéronautique">Aéronautique</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_architecture" title="1909 en architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_dans_les_chemins_de_fer" title="1909 dans les chemins de fer">Chemins de fer</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_accidents_ferroviaires_en_France_en_1909" title="Liste des accidents ferroviaires en France en 1909">Accidents ferroviaires en France</a>)</small>, <small>()</small> et <a href="/wiki/1909_dans_les_parcs_de_loisirs" title="1909 dans les parcs de loisirs">Parcs de loisirs</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_politique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en politique (page inexistante)">Politique</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/wiki/1909_en_droit" title="1909 en droit">Droit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9lections_en_1909" title="Liste d&#39;élections en 1909">Élections</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_la_fonction_publique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans la fonction publique (page inexistante)">Fonction publique</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_la_police&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans la police (page inexistante)">Police</a>)</small> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_religion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en religion (page inexistante)">Religion</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_le_bouddhisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans le bouddhisme (page inexistante)">Bouddhisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_le_christianisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans le christianisme (page inexistante)">Christianisme</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/1909_dans_le_catholicisme" title="1909 dans le catholicisme">Catholicisme</a>, et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_le_protestantisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans le protestantisme (page inexistante)">Protestantisme</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27hindouisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;hindouisme (page inexistante)">Hindouisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_l%27islam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans l&#39;islam (page inexistante)">Islam</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 dans le judaïsme (page inexistante)">Judaïsme</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/wiki/1909_en_science" title="1909 en science">Science</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_arch%C3%A9ologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en archéologie (page inexistante)">Archéologie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_astronomie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en astronomie (page inexistante)">Astronomie</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_biologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en biologie (page inexistante)">Biologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_chimie" title="1909 en chimie">Chimie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_climatologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en climatologie (page inexistante)">Climatologie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_%C3%A9conomie_(discipline)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en économie (discipline) (page inexistante)">Économie (discipline)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_exploration&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en exploration (page inexistante)">Exploration</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_g%C3%A9ologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en géologie (page inexistante)">Géologie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_histoire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en histoire (page inexistante)">Histoire</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_linguistique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en linguistique (page inexistante)">Linguistique</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_math%C3%A9matiques" title="1909 en mathématiques">Mathématiques</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_numismatique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en numismatique (page inexistante)">Numismatique</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_pal%C3%A9ontologie" class="mw-redirect" title="1909 en paléontologie">Paléontologie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_physique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en physique (page inexistante)">Physique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_psychologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en psychologie (page inexistante)">Psychologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_sant%C3%A9_et_m%C3%A9decine" title="1909 en santé et médecine">Santé et médecine</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_en_sociologie" class="mw-redirect" title="1909 en sociologie">Sociologie</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div><div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="&#91;afficher&#93;/&#91;masquer&#93;"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"><a href="/wiki/1909_en_sport" title="1909 en sport">Sport</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_athl%C3%A9tisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en athlétisme (page inexistante)">Athlétisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_aviron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en aviron (page inexistante)">Aviron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_baseball&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en baseball (page inexistante)">Baseball</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_boxe_anglaise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en boxe anglaise (page inexistante)">Boxe anglaise</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_basket-ball&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en basket-ball (page inexistante)">Basket-ball</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_catch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en catch (page inexistante)">Catch</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_combin%C3%A9_nordique" title="1909 en combiné nordique">Combiné nordique</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_cyclisme" title="1909 en cyclisme">Cyclisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_escrime&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en escrime (page inexistante)">Escrime</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_football" title="1909 en football">Football</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_football_am%C3%A9ricain&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en football américain (page inexistante)">Américain</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_golf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en golf (page inexistante)">Golf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_gymnastique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en gymnastique (page inexistante)">Gymnastique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_halt%C3%A9rophilie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en haltérophilie (page inexistante)">Haltérophilie</a>, Hockey <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_hockey_sur_gazon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en hockey sur gazon (page inexistante)">Sur gazon</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_en_hockey_sur_glace" title="1909 en hockey sur glace">Sur glace</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_lutte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en lutte (page inexistante)">Lutte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_natation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en natation (page inexistante)">Natation</a>, Patinage <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_patinage_artistique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en patinage artistique (page inexistante)">Artistique</a>)</small>, Rugby <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_rugby_%C3%A0_XIII&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en rugby à XIII (page inexistante)">À XIII</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_en_rugby_%C3%A0_XV" title="1909 en rugby à XV">À XV</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_ski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en ski (page inexistante)">Ski</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_sport_automobile" title="1909 en sport automobile">Sport automobile</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_sports_%C3%A9questres&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en sports équestres (page inexistante)">Sports équestres</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_sport_hippique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en sport hippique (page inexistante)">Sport hippique</a>, Sports pluridisciplinaires <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_d%C3%A9cathlon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en décathlon (page inexistante)">Décathlon</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_tennis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en tennis (page inexistante)">Tennis</a> <small>()</small>, Tir <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_tir_%C3%A0_l%27arc&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en tir à l&#39;arc (page inexistante)">À l'arc</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_tir_sportif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en tir sportif (page inexistante)">Sportif</a>)</small>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_voile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en voile (page inexistante)">Voile</a>, <small>()</small> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_water-polo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en water-polo (page inexistante)">Water-polo</a> </p> </div> <div class="NavEnd">&#160;</div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1909" title="Décès en 1909">Décès</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_%C3%A9conomie_(activit%C3%A9_humaine)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en économie (activité humaine) (page inexistante)">Économie (activité humaine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_en_journalisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 en journalisme (page inexistante)">Journalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissance_en_1909" title="Naissance en 1909">Naissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_en_philosophie" title="1909 en philosophie">Philosophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorisme_avant_1946" title="Terrorisme avant 1946">Terrorisme</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Calendriers</caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_romain" title="Calendrier romain">Romain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_chinois" title="Calendrier chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien" title="Calendrier grégorien">Grégorien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_julien" title="Calendrier julien">Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Calendrier hébraïque">Hébraïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_hindou" title="Calendrier hindou">Hindou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9girien" title="Calendrier hégirien">Hégirien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_persan" title="Calendrier persan">Persan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain" title="Calendrier républicain">Républicain</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#CEE0F2;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Ann%C3%A9es" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>L'année <b>1909</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune" title="Année commune">année commune</a> qui <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune_commen%C3%A7ant_un_vendredi" title="Année commune commençant un vendredi">commence un vendredi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="En_bref">En bref</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : En bref" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En bref"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/26_f%C3%A9vrier" title="26 février">26 février</a>&#160;: règlements de la <a href="/wiki/Crise_bosniaque" title="Crise bosniaque">crise bosniaque</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_avril" title="11 avril">11 avril</a>&#160;: fondation de <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Jaffa" title="Tel Aviv-Jaffa">Tel-Aviv</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_avril" title="13 avril">13 avril</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Incident_du_31_mars" title="Incident du 31 mars">incident du 31 mars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_avril" title="14 avril">14</a>-<a href="/wiki/25_avril" title="25 avril">25 avril</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_d%27Adana" title="Massacres d&#39;Adana">troubles à Adana</a>. Massacre de 25&#160;000 Arméniens de Cilicie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_mai" title="11 mai">11 mai</a>&#160;: <i><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act">South Africa Act</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_juillet" title="25 juillet">25 juillet</a> - <a href="/wiki/31_juillet" title="31 juillet">31 juillet</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Semaine_tragique_(Espagne)" title="Semaine tragique (Espagne)">semaine tragique à Barcelone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_ao%C3%BBt" title="27 août">27</a>-<a href="/wiki/28_ao%C3%BBt" title="28 août">28 août</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_Goudi" title="Coup de Goudi">coup d’État militaire en Grèce</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_janvier" title="9 janvier">9 janvier</a>&#160;: une colonne française dirigée par le colonel <a href="/wiki/Henri_Joseph_Eug%C3%A8ne_Gouraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud">Gouraud</a> entre à <a href="/wiki/Atar_(Mauritanie)" title="Atar (Mauritanie)">Atar</a> pour réprimer le soulèvement autonomiste du «&#160;sultan&#160;» <a href="/wiki/Ma_El_A%C3%AFnin" title="Ma El Aïnin">Ma al-Ainin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mauritanie" title="Mauritanie">Mauritanie</a>, qui est tué le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-10-28" data-sort-value="1910-10-28">28 octobre 1910</time> à <a href="/wiki/Tiznit" title="Tiznit">Tiznit</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_f%C3%A9vrier" title="9 février">9 février</a>&#160;: accord franco-allemand sur le <a href="/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc">Maroc</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> garantit à l’<a href="/wiki/Empire_allemand" title="Empire allemand">Allemagne</a> un accès commercial et industriel au Maroc. L’Allemagne reconnaît les intérêts politiques de la France dans le pays.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg/220px-JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg/330px-JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg/440px-JT_Jabavu_-_A_Abdurahman_-_W_Schreiner_-_W_Rubusana_and_other_Cape_politicians_of_anti-South_Africa_Act_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>La contre-délégation sud-africaine à Londres, dirigée par <a href="/wiki/William_Philip_Schreiner" title="William Philip Schreiner">William Schreiner</a> (au centre) pour protester contre les dispositions racistes de la <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act">Loi sur l’Afrique du Sud</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11_mai" title="11 mai">11 mai</a>&#160;: <i><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act">South Africa Act</a></i>. Fondation de l’<a href="/wiki/Union_d%27Afrique_du_Sud" title="Union d&#39;Afrique du Sud">Union d'Afrique du Sud</a>. Une Constitution et un système parlementaire bicaméral sont accordés aux quatre provinces<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_mai" title="15 mai">15 mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_d%27%C3%89thiopie" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire d&#39;Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a>&#160;: le <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_rois_des_rois_d%27%C3%89thiopie" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des rois des rois d&#39;Éthiopie">négus</a> <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II_d%27%C3%89thiopie" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik II d&#39;Éthiopie">Ménélik II</a>, hors d’état de gouverner, désigne pour lui succéder <a href="/wiki/Iyasou_V_d%27%C3%89thiopie" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyasou V d&#39;Éthiopie">Lidj-Yasou</a>, encore enfant, fils du <a href="/wiki/Mika%C3%A9l_du_Wello" title="Mikaél du Wello">Ras Micaél du Wello</a> (proclamé le <a href="/wiki/30_octobre" title="30 octobre">30 octobre</a>). La régence est exercée jusqu’en <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> par Ras Tésamma, puis à sa mort le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1911-04-10" data-sort-value="1911-04-10">10 avril 1911</time> par Ras Micaél jusqu’à la mort de Ménélik en <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_mai" title="31 mai">31 mai</a>&#160;: l’administrateur d’Arboussier est surpris et attaqué par les <a href="/wiki/Dogons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogons">Dogons</a> dans les gorges de Pelinga lors d’une tournée au nord-est de <a href="/wiki/Bandiagara_(ville)" title="Bandiagara (ville)">Bandiagara</a><sup id="cite_ref-Benoist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoist-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1er_juin" title="1er juin"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr>&#160;juin</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Combat_de_Djoham%C3%A9" title="Combat de Djohamé">combat de Djohamé</a>. Le <a href="/wiki/2_juin" title="2 juin">2 juin</a> les Français entrent à <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad">Tchad</a>) pour rétablir l’ordre<sup id="cite_ref-NEMO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEMO-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Ouadda%C3%AF" title="Royaume du Ouaddaï">royaume du Ouaddaï</a> est placé sous leur protectorat. Après la prise du Ouadaï par les Français et de la <a href="/wiki/Libye" title="Libye">Libye</a> par les Italiens (<a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>), l’axe commercial <a href="/wiki/Soudan" title="Soudan">Soudan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cyr%C3%A9na%C3%AFque" title="Cyrénaïque">Cyrénaïque</a>, déjà concurrencé par le chemin de fer, perd de son importance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juin_1909" title="Juin 1909">Juin</a>&#160;: création à Londres de l’<i>Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society</i>, fusion de <i>Anti-Slavery Society</i> et de l'<i>Aborigines Protection Society</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_juillet" title="6 juillet">6 juillet</a>&#160;: abolition de l’<a href="/wiki/Esclavage" title="Esclavage">esclavage</a> à <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(sultanat)" title="Zanzibar (sultanat)">Zanzibar</a> (décret du <a href="/wiki/6_juin" title="6 juin">6 juin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_juillet" title="27 juillet">27 juillet</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Barranco_del_Lobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataille de Barranco del Lobo">désastre du «&#160;<i>Barranco del Lobo</i>&#160;»</a>&#160;; 1&#160;284&#160;soldats espagnols sont tués par les rebelles Rifains près de <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, en territoire du <a href="/wiki/Maroc_espagnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroc espagnol">Maroc espagnol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maqueda_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maqueda-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13_ao%C3%BBt" title="13 août">13 août</a>&#160;: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Acyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Acyl (page inexistante)">Acyl</a> est intronisé <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_du_Ouadda%C3%AF" title="Liste des souverains du Ouaddaï">sultan du Ouaddaï</a> par les Français&#160;; le sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Da%E2%80%99ud_Murra_ibn_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Da’ud Murra ibn Yusuf">Doudmourrah</a> et ses partisans continuent la lutte jusqu’en 1911<sup id="cite_ref-OMV_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMV-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_septembre" title="20 septembre">20 septembre</a>&#160;: une loi constitutionnelle, le <i><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act">South Africa Act</a></i>, est adopté par le parlement britannique. Elle entre en vigueur le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-05-31" data-sort-value="1910-05-31">31 mai 1910</time><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1er_octobre" title="1er octobre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr>&#160;octobre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>&#160;: ouverture de la ligne de chemin de fer <a href="/wiki/Brickaville" class="mw-redirect" title="Brickaville">Brickaville</a>-<a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Tananarive</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_novembre" title="3 novembre">3 novembre</a>&#160;: les <a href="/wiki/Dogons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogons">Dogons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hab%C3%A9" title="Habé">Habé</a>) révoltés de la <a href="/wiki/Falaise_de_Bandiagara" title="Falaise de Bandiagara">falaise de Bandiagara</a> tendent une embuscade à l’administrateur Vieyres qu’ils tuent à Kinian, entre <a href="/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a> et <a href="/wiki/Douentza" title="Douentza">Douentza</a><sup id="cite_ref-Benoist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoist-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> avec les gardes-cercles qui l’accompagnent. Une opération de police est immédiatement montée pour les réprimer<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Agitation au <a href="/wiki/Nyassaland" title="Nyassaland">Nyassaland</a> animée par le prêtre <a href="/wiki/Tonga_(peuple_de_Zambie_et_du_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga (peuple de Zambie et du Zimbabwe)">tonga</a> Maluma qui appelle à l'expulsion immédiate des colonisateurs<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés&#160;: <a href="/wiki/1909_au_Canada" title="1909 au Canada">1909 au Canada</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1909 aux États-Unis">1909 aux États-Unis</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_janvier" title="9 janvier">9 janvier</a>,&#160;: la <a href="/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie">Colombie</a> signe à Washington les traités Cortés-Root avec les États-Unis et Cortés-Arosemena avec Panama, par lesquels elle reconnaît l’indépendance de <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_janvier" title="28 janvier">28 janvier</a>&#160;: entrée en fonction du président cubain <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Miguel Gómez">José Miguel Gómez</a>&#160;; le <a href="/wiki/31_mars" title="31 mars">31 mars</a>, les dernières troupes <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">américaines</a> ont quitté <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elles gardent la <a href="/wiki/Base_navale_de_la_baie_de_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Base navale de la baie de Guantánamo">base de Guantánamo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_mars" title="4 mars">4 mars</a>&#160;: début de la présidence républicaine de <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> (fin en <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_avril" title="6 avril">6 avril</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> aurait atteint le <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B4le_Nord" title="Pôle Nord">pôle Nord</a> après sept tentatives infructueuses avec <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Matthew Henson</a> et quatre <a href="/wiki/Inuits" title="Inuits">Inuits</a>. Une polémique s’ensuit avec <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Frederick Cook</a> qui affirme avoir atteint le pôle le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1908-04-21" data-sort-value="1908-04-21">21 avril 1908</time><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_septembre" title="8 septembre">8 septembre</a>&#160;: le <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1909)" title="Traité de Rio de Janeiro (1909)">traité de Rio de Janeiro</a> entre le Pérou et le Brésil règle la question des frontières de l’<a href="/wiki/Acre_(Br%C3%A9sil)" title="Acre (Brésil)">Acre</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1er_d%C3%A9cembre" title="1er décembre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr>&#160;décembre</a>&#160;: soulèvements au <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> dirigés par des libéraux (<a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Estrada" title="Juan José Estrada">Juan José Estrada</a>) ou des conservateurs (<a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Chamorro_Vargas" title="Emiliano Chamorro Vargas">Emiliano Chamoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Adolfo Díaz">Adolfo Díaz</a>) qui mettent en difficulté le dictateur <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a> pour la quatorzième fois. Les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, indisposés par le refus de Zelaya de contracter des emprunts auprès de banquiers new-yorkais et sa volonté affichée de collaborer avec la <a href="/wiki/Grande-Bretagne" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> pour la construction d’un canal, encouragent la révolte (<a href="/wiki/1er_d%C3%A9cembre" title="1er décembre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr>&#160;décembre</a>). Zelaya se retire et le congrès nomme à la présidence le libéral <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Madriz" title="José Madriz">José Madriz</a> qui n’est pas reconnu par l’administration Taft (<a href="/wiki/18_d%C3%A9cembre" title="18 décembre">18 décembre</a>). Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-02-22" data-sort-value="1910-02-22">22 février 1910</time>, les Américains interviennent militairement (fin en <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Dabène_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabène-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asie">Asie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Asie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_mars" title="10 mars">10 mars</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_anglo-siamois_de_1909" title="Traité anglo-siamois de 1909">traité anglo-siamois de Bangkog</a>. Le <a href="/wiki/Siam" title="Siam">Siam</a> abandonne quatre États de la péninsule malaise au <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>. En contrepartie, les Britanniques renoncent à la plupart de leurs droits extraterritoriaux dans le reste du royaume<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_mars" title="24 mars">24 mars</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha_(1er_baron_Sinha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha (1er baron Sinha)">Satyendra Sinha</a> est le premier Indien à devenir membre du conseil exécutif du gouvernement général des Indes britanniques<sup id="cite_ref-Riddick_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddick-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_mai" title="25 mai">25 mai</a>&#160;: l’<i>Indian Councils Act</i> reçoit la sanction royale<sup id="cite_ref-Riddick_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddick-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il institue les réformes Morley-Minto en <a href="/wiki/Inde_britannique" title="Inde britannique">Inde britannique</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>, qui dirige le <a href="/wiki/Parti_du_Congr%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti du Congrès">Parti du Congrès</a>, réussit à persuader le nouveau secrétaire d’État à l’<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a>, de mettre en route des réformes malgré les réticences du vice-roi et gouverneur général, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound_(4e_comte_de_Minto)" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (4e comte de Minto)">Lord Minto</a>. L’<i>Indian Council's Act</i> introduit le principe électif dans la désignation des membres des conseils législatifs. Un groupe de notables, conduit par le jeune Sultan <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Muhammad Aga Khan</a> (1877-1957) est reçu par Lord Minto en délégation et obtient le <a href="/wiki/15_novembre" title="15 novembre">15 novembre</a> l’organisation d’élections séparées pour les Musulmans<sup id="cite_ref-Riddick_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddick-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_juillet" title="6 juillet">6 juillet</a>&#160;: l’enlèvement d’un agent technique français, Voisin, par les troupes de <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Hoa_Th%C3%A1m" title="Hoàng Hoa Thám">Đề Thám</a>, provoque une offensive française contre la révolte menée par ce dernier au <a href="/wiki/Protectorat_fran%C3%A7ais_du_Tonkin" title="Protectorat français du Tonkin">Tonkin</a> (fin en 1913)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13_ao%C3%BBt" title="13 août">13 août</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>&#160;: le <a href="/wiki/Dala%C3%AF-lama" title="Dalaï-lama">dalaï-lama</a> <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Gyatso" title="Thubten Gyatso">Thubten Gyatso</a> rentre à <a href="/wiki/Lhassa" title="Lhassa">Lhassa</a> après cinq ans d’exil. Il établit le <a href="/wiki/Bureau_des_Affaires_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_du_Tibet" title="Bureau des Affaires étrangères du Tibet">Bureau des Affaires étrangères du Tibet</a>. Il entre immédiatement en conflit avec l’<a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">amban</a> Lian Yu, qui appelle 2&#160;000&#160;hommes du <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> en renfort, qui entrent à Lhassa le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-02-12" data-sort-value="1910-02-12">12 février 1910</time><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4_octobre" title="4 octobre">4 octobre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a>&#160;: réunion des conseils provinciaux qui passent à l’opposition<sup id="cite_ref-Ngaosiang_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngaosiang-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24_septembre" title="24 septembre">24 septembre</a> - <a href="/wiki/4_octobre" title="4 octobre">4 octobre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodge" title="Cambodge">Cambodge</a>&#160;: de grandes fêtes sont célébrées dans les ruines d’<a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> en présence du gouverneur général <a href="/wiki/Antony_Klobukowski" title="Antony Klobukowski">Klobukowski</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Monarques_du_Cambodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarques du Cambodge">roi khmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Sisowath" title="Sisowath">Sisowath</a>, qui reprend solennellement possession du site<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Proche-Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Proche-Orient"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:TelAviv-Founding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TelAviv-Founding.jpg/220px-TelAviv-Founding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TelAviv-Founding.jpg/330px-TelAviv-Founding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TelAviv-Founding.jpg/440px-TelAviv-Founding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/11_avril" title="11 avril">11 avril</a>&#160;: fondation de <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Jaffa" title="Tel Aviv-Jaffa">Tel-Aviv</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg/170px-Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg/255px-Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg/340px-Abdulhamid_Cartoon_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Caricature du sultan Abdülhamid II peu avant son éviction du trône. Abdülhamid II intrigue pour reprendre le pouvoir. Il fait exciter par ses agents le fanatisme des musulmans, faisant courir le bruit que la législation «&#160;chérié&#160;» allait être abolie. En avril, la foule se soulève à <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Le Comité «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jeunes-Turcs" title="Jeunes-Turcs">Union et Progrès</a>&#160;» se réfugie à <a href="/wiki/Salonique" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonique">Salonique</a> et le sultan redevient maître du pays. À la suite de <a href="/wiki/Massacres_d%27Adana" title="Massacres d&#39;Adana">troubles survenus à Adana</a>, les massacres de chrétiens s’étendent à toute la <a href="/wiki/Cilicie" title="Cilicie">Cilicie</a>. Vingt-cinq mille d’entre eux, <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie" title="Arménie">Arméniens</a> pour la plupart, sont victimes de massacres. L’armée intervient à nouveau. Le <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> Corps marche sur Constantinople, prend la ville et dépose Abdülhamid II pour lui substituer son frère. Le Comité «&#160;Union et Progrès&#160;» est rappelé. Abdülhamid II et emprisonné à Salonique (1910).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11_avril" title="11 avril">11 avril</a>&#160;: fondation de <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Jaffa" title="Tel Aviv-Jaffa">Tel-Aviv</a>, première ville juive en <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Palestine (région)">Palestine</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_avril" title="13 avril">13 avril</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="03-31" data-sort-value="03-31">31 mars</time> du calendrier julien)&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Incident_du_31_mars" title="Incident du 31 mars">insurrection militaire</a> visant à renverser le gouvernement des <a href="/wiki/Jeunes-Turcs" title="Jeunes-Turcs">Jeunes-Turcs</a> à Istanbul&#160;; le Comité «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Union_et_Progr%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Union et Progrès">Union et Progrès</a>&#160;» se réfugie à Salonique et le sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" title="Abdülhamid II">Abdülhamid II</a> <a href="/wiki/Contre-r%C3%A9volution_ottomane_de_1909" title="Contre-révolution ottomane de 1909">redevient maître du pays</a>&#160;; le grand vizir <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pacha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pacha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pacha</a> est déposé<sup id="cite_ref-Childs_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_avril" title="14 avril">14</a>-<a href="/wiki/16_avril" title="16 avril">16 avril</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_d%27Adana" title="Massacres d&#39;Adana">troubles à Adana</a> à la suite des «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Incident_du_31_mars" title="Incident du 31 mars">événements du 31 mars</a>&#160;» (<a href="/wiki/13_avril" title="13 avril">13 avril</a> grégorien). La population musulmane attaque le quartier arménien de la ville<sup id="cite_ref-Kévorkian_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kévorkian-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_avril" title="15 avril">15 avril</a>&#160;: le <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> Corps d’armée marche sur Istanbul et prend la ville pour restaurer l’ordre<sup id="cite_ref-Childs_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_avril" title="25 avril">25</a>-<a href="/wiki/27_avril" title="27 avril">27 avril</a>&#160;: les <a href="/wiki/Massacres_d%27Adana" title="Massacres d&#39;Adana">massacres d’Adana</a>, orchestrés par l’armée turque, font 25&#160;000&#160;victimes dans la population chrétienne, à majorité arménienne, en Cilicie<sup id="cite_ref-Kévorkian_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kévorkian-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_avril" title="27 avril">27 avril</a>&#160;: Abdülhamid II est déposé et son frère <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V <i>Reşad</i></a> devient sultan ottoman (fin en <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>)&#160;; <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pacha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pacha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pacha</a> redevient grand vizir le <a href="/wiki/5_mai" title="5 mai">5 mai</a><sup id="cite_ref-Childs_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après la révolution, les éléments turcs du gouvernement s’attachent à «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Turquisation" title="Turquisation">turquifier</a>&#160;» l’administration, la justice et l’enseignement, ce qui provoque la désaffection de beaucoup d’Arabes. La politique de <a href="/wiki/Turquisation" title="Turquisation">turquisation</a> des <a href="/wiki/Jeunes-Turcs" title="Jeunes-Turcs">Jeunes-Turcs</a> est à l’origine de troubles chez les <a href="/wiki/Druzes" title="Druzes">Druzes</a> de <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a> et chez les Arabes de <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Palestine (région)">Palestine</a> et d’<a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mai_1909" title="Mai 1909">Mai</a>&#160;: début de la rébellion des <a href="/wiki/Druzes" title="Druzes">Druzes</a> dans le <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>, quand un litige entre le chef druze Yahia bey Atrash et son associé dans l’exploitation d’une minoterie dans le village de Basr al-Harir dégénère en conflit armé entre les Druzes et les villageois soutenus par la garnison ottomane. La révolte est réprimée par les Ottomans en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-08" data-sort-value="1910-08">août 1910</time><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_juillet" title="16 juillet">16 juillet</a>&#160;: début du règne de <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a>, shah de Perse à la suite de la destitution de son père <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Shah">Mohammad Ali Shah</a> par les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_constitutionnelle_persane" title="Révolution constitutionnelle persane">constitutionnalistes</a> (fin en <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Fondation à <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> à la fin de l’année, par des officiers arabes, d’Al-Qahtaniyya, société secrète formée sur le modèle du <a href="/wiki/Jeunes-Turcs" title="Jeunes-Turcs">CUP</a>, qui revendique un <a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">empire ottoman</a> arabo-turc sur le modèle de l’<a href="/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie">Autriche-Hongrie</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés&#160;: <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Belgique" title="1909 en Belgique">1909 en Belgique</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_France" title="1909 en France">1909 en France</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Italie" title="1909 en Italie">1909 en Italie</a> et <a href="/wiki/1909_en_Suisse" title="1909 en Suisse">1909 en Suisse</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13_f%C3%A9vrier" title="13 février">13</a> - <a href="/wiki/14_f%C3%A9vrier" title="14 février">14 février</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a>&#160;: scission du <a href="/wiki/Parti_social-d%C3%A9mocrate_des_ouvriers_(Pays-Bas)" title="Parti social-démocrate des ouvriers (Pays-Bas)">SDAP</a> au Congrès de <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_f%C3%A9vrier" title="24 février">24 février</a>&#160;: à la suite de la <a href="/wiki/Crise_bosniaque" title="Crise bosniaque">crise</a> de l’annexion de la <a href="/wiki/Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Bosnie-Herzégovine">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stojan_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Stojan Novaković">Stojan Novaković</a> devient le nouveau Premier ministre du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Serbie" title="Royaume de Serbie">royaume de Serbie</a> dans un gouvernement de coalition (fin le <a href="/wiki/24_octobre" title="24 octobre">24 octobre</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Batakovic_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batakovic-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il annonce son programme de constitution d’une «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Grande_Serbie" title="Grande Serbie">Grande Serbie</a>&#160;» en revendiquant la <a href="/wiki/Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Bosnie-Herzégovine">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Dalmatie" title="Dalmatie">Dalmatie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Croatie" title="Croatie">Croatie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_f%C3%A9vrier" title="26 février">26 février</a>&#160;: règlement de la <a href="/wiki/Crise_bosniaque" title="Crise bosniaque">crise bosniaque</a>. L’<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> accepte de reconnaître l’annexion de la <a href="/wiki/Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Bosnie-Herzégovine">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a> par l’<a href="/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie">Autriche-Hongrie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Childs_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En échange, <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(Autriche)" title="Vienne (Autriche)">Vienne</a> renonce à occuper le sandjak de <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar_(Serbie)" title="Novi Pazar (Serbie)">Novi-Bazar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9vrier_1909" title="Février 1909">Février</a>&#160;: fondation de syndicats d’ouvriers agricoles en Allemagne<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9vrier_1909" title="Février 1909">Février</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mars_1908" title="Mars 1908">mars</a>&#160;: nouveau programme de constructions navales au <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhlmann_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhlmann-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_mars" title="3 mars">3 mars</a>-<a href="/wiki/25_octobre" title="25 octobre">25 octobre</a>&#160;: procès de Zagreb. À la suite de l’agitation des Serbes de <a href="/wiki/Croatie" title="Croatie">Croatie</a> à la fin de l’année 1908, 53 membres du parti autonome serbe sont arrêtés et accusés de propagande grande-serbe devant le tribunal de <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. 31 d’entre eux sont condamnés pour haute trahison, puis acquittés.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_mars" title="14 mars">14 mars</a>&#160;: fondation du <a href="/wiki/Parti_communiste_des_Pays-Bas" title="Parti communiste des Pays-Bas">parti social-démocrate</a> (SDP) d’inspiration marxiste aux <a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_mars" title="31 mars">31 mars</a>&#160;: la pression allemande sur la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a> oblige la <a href="/wiki/Serbie" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> à s’incliner dans la <a href="/wiki/Crise_bosniaque" title="Crise bosniaque">crise balkanique</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Serbie" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> accepte l’annexion de la <a href="/wiki/Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Bosnie-Herzégovine">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a> par l’<a href="/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie">Autriche-Hongrie</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19_avril" title="19 avril">19 avril</a>&#160;: l’<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> reconnaît l’indépendance de la <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Bulgarie" title="Royaume de Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Childs_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_avril" title="25 avril">25 avril</a>, Russie&#160;: crise politique à la <a href="/wiki/Douma_d%27%C3%89tat_de_l%27Empire_russe" title="Douma d&#39;État de l&#39;Empire russe">Douma</a> après le veto de <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_II" title="Nicolas II">Nicolas II</a> sur le projet de loi navale de <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Stolypine" title="Piotr Stolypine">Stolypine</a> pour la création d’un état-major général de la Marine. Une partie des <a href="/wiki/Octobriste" title="Octobriste">octobristes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Goutchkov" title="Alexandre Goutchkov">Goutchkov</a>) veulent défendre les prérogatives des députés. Le <a href="/wiki/24_ao%C3%BBt" title="24 août">24 août</a>, Stolypine publie les nouvelles règles définissant les droits de la Douma à l’examen de questions militaires<sup id="cite_ref-Hosking_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosking-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22_mai" title="22 mai">22 mai</a>&#160;: ouverture de l’<a href="/wiki/Exposition_r%C3%A9gionale_valencienne_de_1909" title="Exposition régionale valencienne de 1909">Exposition régionale valencienne</a> (fin le <a href="/wiki/22_d%C3%A9cembre" title="22 décembre">22 décembre</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25_mai" title="25 mai">25 mai</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> d'un lycéen, Armand Nény, en plein cours de <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> dans la ville de <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12_juin" title="12 juin">12 juin</a>&#160;: création du <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansabund&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansabund (page inexistante)">Hansabund</a>&#160;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansabund" class="extiw" title="de:Hansabund"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&#160;: «&#160;Hansabund&#160;»">(de)</span></a></i> en Allemagne, parti réformateur qui réclame l’établissement du suffrage universel direct dans toutes les élections<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_juin" title="21 juin">21</a> - <a href="/wiki/30_juin" title="30 juin">30 juin</a>&#160;: lors d’une réunion à Paris du comité de rédaction élargi de la revue «&#160;Le Prolétaire&#160;», le dirigeant des otzovistes, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Bogdanov" title="Alexandre Bogdanov">Alexandre Bogdanov</a> est exclu du <a href="/wiki/Parti_ouvrier_social-d%C3%A9mocrate_de_Russie" title="Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie">Parti bolchevique</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Bolcheviks" title="Bolcheviks">bolcheviks</a> se divisent&#160;: «&#160;conciliateurs&#160;», partisans d’un rapprochement avec les <a href="/wiki/Mencheviks" title="Mencheviks">mencheviks</a>, «&#160;otzovistes&#160;», réclamant le rappel (<i>otzyv</i>) des députés sociaux-démocrates, «&#160;constructeurs de Dieu&#160;», remettant en cause le matérialisme du <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">marxisme</a> orthodoxe (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bazarov" title="Vladimir Bazarov">Bazarov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Bogdanov" title="Alexandre Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_juillet" title="10 juillet">10 juillet</a>&#160;: le prince héritier d’<a href="/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie">Autriche-Hongrie</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ferdinand_d%27Autriche" title="François-Ferdinand d&#39;Autriche">François-Ferdinand</a> rend visite au roi <a href="/wiki/Carol_Ier" title="Carol Ier">Carol de Roumanie</a> à <a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ce qui provoque la colère des Magyars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_juillet" title="14 juillet">14 juillet</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a> devient chancelier du <a href="/wiki/Empire_allemand" title="Empire allemand">Reich allemand</a>, et remplace <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a>, chancelier démissionnaire mis en minorité<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_(1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_%281909%29.jpg/220px-Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_%281909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_%281909%29.jpg/330px-Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_%281909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_%281909%29.jpg/440px-Semana_Tr%C3%A1gica_%281909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/25_juillet" title="25 juillet">25 juillet</a> - <a href="/wiki/31_juillet" title="31 juillet">31 juillet</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Semaine_tragique_(Espagne)" title="Semaine tragique (Espagne)">semaine tragique</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25_juillet" title="25 juillet">25 juillet</a> - <a href="/wiki/31_juillet" title="31 juillet">31 juillet</a>&#160;: <b><a href="/wiki/Semaine_tragique_(Espagne)" title="Semaine tragique (Espagne)">semaine tragique</a></b> à <a href="/wiki/Barcelone" title="Barcelone">Barcelone</a>. Les socialistes poussent le peuple à s’opposer à l’appel des réservistes dans le <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>, mais le mouvement, dépassé par la violence des anarchistes, subit une violente répression. Le théoricien anarchiste <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Francisco Ferrer</a> est arrêté et exécuté le <a href="/wiki/13_octobre" title="13 octobre">13 octobre</a> malgré l’indignation internationale<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maqueda_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maqueda-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Parti_socialiste_ouvrier_espagnol" title="Parti socialiste ouvrier espagnol">PSOE</a> décide de s’allier avec les républicains, ce qui déclenche son essor.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_ao%C3%BBt" title="27 août">27</a>-<a href="/wiki/28_ao%C3%BBt" title="28 août">28 août</a> (14-<time class="nowrap" datetime="08-15" data-sort-value="08-15">15 août</time> du calendrier julien): <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_Goudi" title="Coup de Goudi">coup d’État militaire</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_octobre" title="13 octobre">13 octobre</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Convention_du_Gothard" title="Convention du Gothard">convention du Gothard</a>, convention internationale entre la <a href="/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>, l’<a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> et l’<a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a> sur l’exploitation du <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_ferroviaire_du_Saint-Gothard" title="Tunnel ferroviaire du Saint-Gothard">tunnel ferroviaire du Saint-Gothard</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_octobre" title="21 octobre">21 octobre</a>&#160;: chute du gouvernement <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Antonio Maura</a> en <a href="/wiki/Espagne" title="Espagne">Espagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maqueda_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maqueda-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les ministères se succèdent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_octobre" title="24 octobre">24 octobre</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Accord_de_Racconigi" title="Accord de Racconigi">accord de Racconigi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A9mont" title="Piémont">Piémont</a>) entre <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_II" title="Nicolas II">Nicolas II</a> et <a href="/wiki/Victor-Emmanuel_III" title="Victor-Emmanuel III">Victor-Emmanuel III</a>&#160;: observation du <i>statu quo</i> dans les <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, reconnaissance des intérêts italiens en <a href="/wiki/Tripolitaine" title="Tripolitaine">Tripolitaine</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Cyr%C3%A9na%C3%AFque" title="Cyrénaïque">Cyrénaïque</a> et des visées russes sur les <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9troits" title="Détroits">Détroits</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/30_novembre" title="30 novembre">30 novembre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>&#160;: rejet du «&#160;Le budget du peuple&#160;» par la <a href="/wiki/Chambre_des_lords" title="Chambre des lords">Chambre des lords</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancelier_de_l%27%C3%89chiquier" title="Chancelier de l&#39;Échiquier">Chancelier de l'Échiquier</a>, présente une série de réformes fiscales progressives&#160;: impôt sur la grande propriété foncière (<i>land tax</i>) et «&#160;<i>super tax</i>&#160;» sur les gros salaires. La réforme provoque une crise constitutionnelle. La Chambre des Pairs, à majorité conservatrice, rejette le budget. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Henry_Asquith" title="Herbert Henry Asquith">Asquith</a> dissout le <a href="/wiki/Parlement_du_Royaume-Uni" title="Parlement du Royaume-Uni">Parlement</a> le <a href="/wiki/3_d%C3%A9cembre" title="3 décembre">3 décembre</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lections_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales_britanniques_de_janvier_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Élections générales britanniques de janvier 1910">élections en janvier 1910</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19_d%C3%A9cembre" title="19 décembre">19 décembre</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="12-06" data-sort-value="12-06">6 décembre</time> du calendrier julien)&#160;: inauguration de l’Université de <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_d%C3%A9cembre" title="23 décembre">23 décembre</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ier_(roi_des_Belges)" title="Albert Ier (roi des Belges)">Albert <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> devient <a href="/wiki/Roi_des_Belges" title="Roi des Belges">roi des Belges</a> après la mort de <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II_(roi_des_Belges)" title="Léopold II (roi des Belges)">Léopold II</a> le <a href="/wiki/17_d%C3%A9cembre" title="17 décembre">17 décembre</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Le <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil de l&#39;empire">Conseil d’État russe</a> refuse la formation légale de congrégations de <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxes_vieux-croyants" title="Orthodoxes vieux-croyants">vieux-croyants</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prix_Nobel">Prix Nobel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Prix Nobel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Prix Nobel"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physique" title="Prix Nobel de physique">Prix Nobel de physique</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_chimie" title="Prix Nobel de chimie">Prix Nobel de chimie</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine">Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Theodor Kocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_litt%C3%A9rature" title="Prix Nobel de littérature">Prix Nobel de littérature</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_la_paix" title="Prix Nobel de la paix">Prix Nobel de la paix</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert</a> et <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d&#39;Estournelles de Constant">Paul Henri Balluet d’Estournelles de Constant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fondations_en_1909">Fondations en 1909</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Fondations en 1909" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fondations en 1909"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Voir la catégorie&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Fondation_en_1909" title="Catégorie:Fondation en 1909">Fondation en 1909</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naissances_en_1909">Naissances en 1909</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Naissances en 1909" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Naissances en 1909"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Naissance_en_1909" title="Naissance en 1909">Naissance en 1909</a>. Voir également la catégorie&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Naissance_en_1909" title="Catégorie:Naissance en 1909">Naissance en 1909</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Décès_en_1909"><span id="D.C3.A9c.C3.A8s_en_1909"></span>Décès en 1909</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Décès en 1909" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Décès en 1909"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1909" title="Décès en 1909">Décès en 1909</a>. Voir également la catégorie&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1909" title="Catégorie:Décès en 1909">Décès en 1909</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:35em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Devey2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Muriel_Devey2005">Muriel Devey, <cite class="italique">La Mauritanie</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Karthala" title="Éditions Karthala">Karthala</a>, <time>2005</time>, 320&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8111-3898-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8111-3898-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8111-3898-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8J8YBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+Mauritanie&amp;rft.pub=Karthala&amp;rft.aulast=Devey&amp;rft.aufirst=Muriel&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=320&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8111-3898-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Delaunay2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Marc_Delaunay2010">Jean-Marc Delaunay, <cite class="italique">Méfiance cordiale&#160;: les relations métropolitaines franco-espagnoles de la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle à la Première Guerre mondiale</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" title="Éditions L&#39;Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2010</time>, 915&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-13082-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-13082-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-13082-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Av5XBXA9V-AC&amp;pg=PA99">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=M%C3%A9fiance+cordiale+%3A+les+relations+m%C3%A9tropolitaines+franco-espagnoles+de+la+fin+du+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+la+Premi%C3%A8re+Guerre+mondiale&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&amp;rft.aulast=Delaunay&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.tpages=915&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-296-13082-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dommisse2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ebbe_Dommisse2011">Ebbe Dommisse, <cite class="italique">Sir David de Villiers Graaff. First Baronet of De Grendel</cite>, Tafelberg, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-624-05324-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-624-05324-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-624-05324-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=yWVRBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PAPT159">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sir+David+de+Villiers+Graaff.+First+Baronet+of+De+Grendel&amp;rft.pub=Tafelberg&amp;rft.aulast=Dommisse&amp;rft.aufirst=Ebbe&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-624-05324-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.royalark.net/Ethiopia/shoa5.htm">http://www.royalark.net/Ethiopia/shoa5.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benoist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benoist_5-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Benoist_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Benoist1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joseph-Roger_de_Benoist1987">Joseph-Roger de Benoist, <cite class="italique">Église et pouvoir colonial au Soudan français&#160;: les relations entre les administrateurs et les missionnaires catholiques dans la Boucle du Niger, de 1885 à 1945</cite>, Karthala Éditions, <time>1987</time>, 539&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-169-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-169-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86537-169-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LVIyoaW4qO0C&amp;pg=PA188">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%89glise+et+pouvoir+colonial+au+Soudan+fran%C3%A7ais+%3A+les+relations+entre+les+administrateurs+et+les+missionnaires+catholiques+dans+la+Boucle+du+Niger%2C+de+1885+%C3%A0+1945&amp;rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%89ditions&amp;rft.au=Joseph-Roger+de+Benoist&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.tpages=539&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-86537-169-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEMO-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-NEMO_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe,_GENY_Pierre_et_NEMO_Jean2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="BONNICHON_Philippe,_GENY_Pierre_et_NEMO_Jean2012">BONNICHON Philippe, GENY Pierre et NEMO Jean, <cite class="italique">Présences françaises outre-mer (<abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles)&#160;: Histoire&#160;: périodes et continents</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8111-0736-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8111-0736-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8111-0736-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=caB7AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA538">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;538 et 618<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sences+fran%C3%A7aises+outre-mer+%28XVIe%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89XXIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles%29&amp;rft.stitle=Histoire+%3A+p%C3%A9riodes+et+continents&amp;rft.au=BONNICHON+Philippe%2C+GENY+Pierre+et+NEMO+Jean&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=538+et+618&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8111-0736-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HillGarvey1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_A._HillMarcus_Garvey1983">Robert A. Hill et Marcus Garvey, <cite class="italique">The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers&#160;: 1826-August 1919</cite>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <time>1983</time>, 716&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-04456-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-04456-2"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-04456-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&amp;pg=PA38">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Marcus+Garvey+and+Universal+Negro+Improvement+Association+Papers&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.stitle=1826-August+1919&amp;rft.aulast=Hill&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&amp;rft.au=Marcus+Garvey&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.tpages=716&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-04456-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="E._Nwulia1975"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moses_D._E._Nwulia1975">Moses D. E. Nwulia, <cite class="italique">Britain and Slavery in East Africa</cite>, Lynne Rienner Publishers, <time>1975</time>, 224&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-914478-12-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-914478-12-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-914478-12-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=JtHdYSV1OSMC&amp;pg=PA202">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+and+Slavery+in+East+Africa&amp;rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&amp;rft.aulast=E.+Nwulia&amp;rft.aufirst=Moses+D.&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.tpages=224&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-914478-12-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maqueda-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Maqueda_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maqueda_9-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Maqueda_9-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Consuelo1999">Consuelo, <cite class="italique">Atlas histórico de España</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, Ediciones AKAL, <time>1999</time>, 245&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-84-7090-350-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-84-7090-350-2"><span class="nowrap">978-84-7090-350-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=U_RL9S5uSF8C&amp;pg=PA123">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Atlas+hist%C3%B3rico+de+Espa%C3%B1a&amp;rft.pub=Ediciones+AKAL&amp;rft.au=Consuelo&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.tpages=245&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-7090-350-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMV-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-OMV_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/Tchad-1900-1960?artpage=3-12">Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ll._Griffiths2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ieuan_Ll._Griffiths2005">Ieuan Ll. Griffiths, <cite class="italique">The African Inheritance</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2005</time>, 232&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-134-98312-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-134-98312-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-134-98312-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bqGKAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA146">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+African+Inheritance&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.au=Ieuan+Ll.+Griffiths&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=232&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-134-98312-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chapus,_André_Dandouau1961"><span class="ouvrage" id="G._S._Chapus,_André_Dandouau1961">G. S. Chapus, André Dandouau, <cite class="italique">Manuel d'histoire de Madagascar&#160;: à l'usage des écoles de la République</cite>, Éditions Larose, <time>1961</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=nnMMAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA159">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Manuel+d%27histoire+de+Madagascar+%3A+%C3%A0+l%27usage+des+%C3%A9coles+de+la+R%C3%A9publique&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Larose&amp;rft.aulast=Chapus%2C+Andr%C3%A9+Dandouau&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+S.&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Decraene1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Decraene1980">Philippe Decraene, <cite class="italique">Le Mali</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>, <time>1980</time>, 127&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-036432-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-036432-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-036432-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=M5t0AAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Vieyres&amp;pg=PA40">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Mali&amp;rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&amp;rft.aulast=Decraene&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.tpages=127&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-13-036432-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adu_Boahen1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_Adu_Boahen1989">Albert Adu Boahen, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale de l'Afrique&#160;: L'Afrique sous domination coloniale 1880-1935</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;7, UNESCO, <time>1989</time>, 544&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-3-202499-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-3-202499-2"><span class="nowrap">978-92-3-202499-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ctwrfCdKb0MC&amp;pg=PA161">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique+%3A+L%27Afrique+sous+domination+coloniale+1880-1935&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft.au=Albert+Adu+Boahen&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.tpages=544&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-3-202499-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Uribe_Vargas,_Mario_Iván_Alvarez_Milán,_Germán_Humberto_Rodríguez_Chacón,_Julio_César_Turbay_Ayala2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Diego_Uribe_Vargas,_Mario_Iván_Alvarez_Milán,_Germán_Humberto_Rodríguez_Chacón,_Julio_César_Turbay_Ayala2001">Diego Uribe Vargas, Mario Iván Alvarez Milán, Germán Humberto Rodríguez Chacón, Julio César Turbay Ayala, <cite class="italique">Mares de Colombia&#160;: la acción diplomática que duplicó el territorio nacional</cite>, U. Jorge Tadeo Lozano, <time>2001</time>, 455&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-958-9029-39-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-958-9029-39-8"><span class="nowrap">978-958-9029-39-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3NkG78P14toC&amp;pg=PA89">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mares+de+Colombia+%3A+la+acci%C3%B3n+diplom%C3%A1tica+que+duplic%C3%B3+el+territorio+nacional&amp;rft.pub=U.+Jorge+Tadeo+Lozano&amp;rft.au=Diego+Uribe+Vargas%2C+Mario+Iv%C3%A1n+Alvarez+Mil%C3%A1n%2C+Germ%C3%A1n+Humberto+Rodr%C3%ADguez+Chac%C3%B3n%2C+Julio+C%C3%A9sar+Turbay+Ayala&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.tpages=455&amp;rft.isbn=978-958-9029-39-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dennis_Cashman1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sean_Dennis_Cashman1988">Sean Dennis Cashman, <cite class="italique">America in the Age of the Titans&#160;: The Progressive Era and World War I</cite>, NYU Press, <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8147-7206-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8147-7206-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8147-7206-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=zz0WYqSUEv0C&amp;pg=PA453">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=America+in+the+Age+of+the+Titans&amp;rft.pub=NYU+Press&amp;rft.stitle=The+Progressive+Era+and+World+War+I&amp;rft.au=Sean+Dennis+Cashman&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7206-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Meier_Schlesinger_(Jr.),_Fred_L._Israel2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_Meier_Schlesinger_(Jr.),_Fred_L._Israel2009">Arthur Meier Schlesinger (Jr.), Fred L. Israel, <cite class="italique">My Fellow Citizens&#160;: The Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States, 1789-2009</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>, <time>2009</time>, 443&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4381-3374-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4381-3374-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4381-3374-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=dsYO99wrzsIC&amp;pg=PA224">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=My+Fellow+Citizens+%3A+The+Inaugural+Addresses+of+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+1789-2009&amp;rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&amp;rft.au=Arthur+Meier+Schlesinger+%28Jr.%29%2C+Fred+L.+Israel&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.tpages=443&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4381-3374-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010"><cite class="italique">Trois marins pour un pôle</cite>, Éditions Quae, <time>2010</time>, 160&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7592-0991-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7592-0991-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7592-0991-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=HV1RyQUdfT4C&amp;pg=PA16">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Trois+marins+pour+un+p%C3%B4le&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Quae&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.tpages=160&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7592-0991-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bento_da_Silva,_Luciana_Marino_do_Nascimento2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francisco_Bento_da_Silva,_Luciana_Marino_do_Nascimento2013">Francisco Bento da Silva, Luciana Marino do Nascimento, <cite class="italique">Cartografias Urbanas Olhares, narrativas e representações</cite>, Letra Capital Editora LTDA, <time>2013</time>, 326&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-85-7785-190-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-85-7785-190-4"><span class="nowrap">978-85-7785-190-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Kf-4FZNSDLcC&amp;pg=PA274">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cartografias+Urbanas+Olhares%2C+narrativas+e+representa%C3%A7%C3%B5es&amp;rft.pub=Letra+Capital+Editora+LTDA&amp;rft.au=Francisco+Bento+da+Silva%2C+Luciana+Marino+do+Nascimento&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.tpages=326&amp;rft.isbn=978-85-7785-190-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabène-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Dabène_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dabène2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Olivier_Dabène2011">Olivier Dabène, <cite class="italique">L'Amérique latine à l'époque contemporaine</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>, <time>2011</time>, 272&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-200-25411-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-200-25411-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-200-25411-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=falbE3SVYl8C&amp;pg=PA1924">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+contemporaine&amp;rft.pub=Armand+Colin&amp;rft.aulast=Dab%C3%A8ne&amp;rft.aufirst=Olivier&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.tpages=272&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-200-25411-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yegar2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moshe_Yegar2002">Moshe Yegar, <cite class="italique">Between Integration and Secession&#160;: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar</cite>, Lexington Books, <time>2002</time>, 463&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7391-0356-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7391-0356-2"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7391-0356-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&amp;pg=PA79">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Integration+and+Secession+%3A+The+Muslim+Communities+of+the+Southern+Philippines%2C+Southern+Thailand%2C+and+Western+Burma%2FMyanmar&amp;rft.pub=Lexington+Books&amp;rft.aulast=Yegar&amp;rft.aufirst=Moshe&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=463&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riddick-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Riddick_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riddick_22-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Riddick_22-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Riddick2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_F._Riddick2006">John F. Riddick, <cite class="italique">The history of British India&#160;: a chronology</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, <time>2006</time>, 367&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-313-32280-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-313-32280-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-313-32280-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&amp;pg=PA94">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+history+of+British+India&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.stitle=a+chronology&amp;rft.aulast=Riddick&amp;rft.aufirst=John+F.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.tpages=367&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-32280-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chack2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Chack2001">Paul Chack, <cite class="italique">Marins à la bataille Le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle et l'Indochine</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, Le gerfaut, <time>2001</time>, 456&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-901196-98-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-901196-98-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-901196-98-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=xlwaVMjBAJ4C&amp;pg=PA416">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marins+%C3%A0+la+bataille++Le+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+et+l%27Indochine&amp;rft.pub=Le+gerfaut&amp;rft.aulast=Chack&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.tpages=456&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-901196-98-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Barraux2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roland_Barraux2002">Roland Barraux, <cite class="italique">Histoire des Dalaï-Lamas&#160;: Quatorze reflets sur le Lac des Visions</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, <time>2002</time>, 402&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-226-29108-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-226-29108-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-226-29108-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=kqgqAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PAPT208">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Dala%C3%AF-Lamas&amp;rft.pub=Albin+Michel&amp;rft.stitle=Quatorze+reflets+sur+le+Lac+des+Visions&amp;rft.aulast=Barraux&amp;rft.aufirst=Roland&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=402&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-226-29108-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngaosiang-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ngaosiang_25-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ngaosiang_Chou1915"><span class="ouvrage" id="Louis_Ngaosiang_Chou1915">Louis Ngaosiang Chou, <cite class="italique">Le régime des capitulations et la réforme constitutionnelle en Chine</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1915</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Flg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA150">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+r%C3%A9gime+des+capitulations+et+la+r%C3%A9forme+constitutionnelle+en+Chine&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.au=Louis+Ngaosiang+Chou&amp;rft.date=1915&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1909"><cite class="italique">Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</cite>, France, Éditions Klincksieck, <time>1909</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=GkcDAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA964">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+inscriptions+et+belles-lettres&amp;rft.place=France&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Klincksieck&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Shavit2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yaacov_Shavit2004">Yaacov Shavit, <cite class="italique">Tel Aviv, naissance d'une ville 1909-1936</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-226-30920-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-226-30920-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-226-30920-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=KD5_BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PAPT23">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tel+Aviv%2C+naissance+d%27une+ville+1909-1936&amp;rft.pub=Albin+Michel&amp;rft.aulast=Shavit&amp;rft.aufirst=Yaacov&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-226-30920-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Childs-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Childs_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childs_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childs_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childs_28-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Childs_28-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Winston_Childs1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Timothy_Winston_Childs1990">Timothy Winston Childs, <cite class="italique">Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya&#160;: 1911-1912</cite>, BRILL, <time>1990</time>, 271&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-09025-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-09025-5"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-09025-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ZHRxKz0xQJIC&amp;pg=PA21">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Italo-Turkish+Diplomacy+and+the+War+Over+Libya&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.stitle=1911-1912&amp;rft.au=Timothy+Winston+Childs&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.tpages=271&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-09025-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kévorkian-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kévorkian_29-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Kévorkian_29-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kévorkian2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raymond_Kévorkian2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Raymond Kévorkian, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Génocide des Arméniens</cite>, New York, I.B.Tauris, <time>2011</time>, 1029&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-84885-561-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-84885-561-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-84885-561-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=JY4RifQksFMC&amp;pg=PA81">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=G%C3%A9nocide+des+Arm%C3%A9niens&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%A9vorkian&amp;rft.aufirst=Raymond&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.tpages=1029&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84885-561-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rogan2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eugene_L._Rogan2002">Eugene L. Rogan, <cite class="italique">Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire&#160;: Transjordan, 1850-1921</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>2002</time>, 292&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-89223-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-89223-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-89223-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&amp;pg=PA192">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+State+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.stitle=Transjordan%2C+1850-1921&amp;rft.aulast=Rogan&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=292&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-89223-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bradley2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._L._Bradley2015">D. L. Bradley, <cite class="italique">Dictionary of Iran&#160;: A Shorter Encyclopedia</cite>, Lulu.com, <time>2015</time>, 662&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-312-82508-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-312-82508-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-312-82508-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Z7UnCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA430">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Iran&amp;rft.pub=Lulu.com&amp;rft.stitle=A+Shorter+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.aulast=Bradley&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+L.&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.tpages=662&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-312-82508-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tauber2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliezer_Tauber2013">Eliezer Tauber, <cite class="italique">The Emergence of the Arab Movements</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2013</time>, 424&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-136-29301-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-136-29301-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-136-29301-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bkEsBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA98">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Arab+Movements&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.aulast=Tauber&amp;rft.aufirst=Eliezer&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.tpages=424&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-136-29301-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.internationalism.org/rinte47/gh.htm">La gauche hollandaise (1900-1914)&#160;: Le mouvement "Tribuniste" <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;partie | Courant Communiste International</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batakovic-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Batakovic_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Batakovic2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dusan_Batakovic2013">Dusan Batakovic, <cite class="italique">Les sources françaises de la démocratie Serbe (1804-1914)</cite>, Éditions La Martinière, <time>2013</time>, 578&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-271-07763-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-271-07763-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-271-07763-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gUgMZy2pmPYC&amp;pg=PAPT428">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+sources+fran%C3%A7aises+de+la+d%C3%A9mocratie+Serbe+%281804-1914%29&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+La+Martini%C3%A8re&amp;rft.aulast=Batakovic&amp;rft.aufirst=Dusan&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.tpages=578&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-271-07763-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="für_Sozialen_Fortschritt1961"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gesellschaft_für_Sozialen_Fortschritt1961">Gesellschaft für Sozialen Fortschritt, <cite class="italique">Die Wandlung der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsverfassung in der Industriegesellschaft</cite>, Duncker &amp; Humblot, <time>1961</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Cs4V9hoKWKwC&amp;pg=PA192">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Wandlung+der+landwirtschaftlichen+Arbeitsverfassung+in+der+Industriegesellschaft&amp;rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&amp;rft.au=Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Sozialen+Fortschritt&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruhlmann-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruhlmann_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ruhlmann1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Ruhlmann1994">Jean Ruhlmann, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Europe au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;: 1900-1918</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Complexe" title="Éditions Complexe">Éditions Complexe</a>, <time>1994</time>, 480&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87027-535-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87027-535-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87027-535-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=oIJRB-JuGzQC&amp;pg=PA247">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Europe+au+XXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&amp;rft.stitle=1900-1918&amp;rft.aulast=Ruhlmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.tpages=480&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-87027-535-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Miller1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicholas_J._Miller1998">Nicholas J. Miller, <cite class="italique">Between Nation and State&#160;: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War</cite>, University of Pittsburgh Pre, <time>1998</time>, 240&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8229-7722-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8229-7722-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8229-7722-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Z0Ejj8B-t_cC&amp;pg=PA125">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Nation+and+State+%3A+Serbian+Politics+in+Croatia+Before+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.tpages=240&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7722-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gerber1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_P._Gerber1989">John P. Gerber, <cite class="italique">Anton Pannekoek and the Socialism of Workers' Self Emancipation, 1873-1960</cite>, Springer Science &amp; Business Media, <time>1989</time>, 250&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7923-0274-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7923-0274-2"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7923-0274-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=WSDK3lyJGbIC&amp;pg=PA88">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Anton+Pannekoek+and+the+Socialism+of+Workers%27+Self+Emancipation%2C+1873-1960&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.aulast=Gerber&amp;rft.aufirst=John+P.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.tpages=250&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7923-0274-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mihailovitch2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lioubomir_Mihailovitch2005">Lioubomir Mihailovitch, <cite class="italique">Histoire du peuple serbe</cite>, L'Âge d'homme, <time>2005</time>, 386&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8251-1958-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8251-1958-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8251-1958-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC&amp;pg=PA237">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&amp;rft.pub=L%27%C3%82ge+d%27homme&amp;rft.aulast=Mihailovitch&amp;rft.aufirst=Lioubomir&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=386&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8251-1958-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosking-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Hosking_40-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hosking1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Geoffrey_A._Hosking1973">Geoffrey A. Hosking, <cite class="italique">Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. The Russian Constitutional Experiment&#160;: Government and Duma, 1907-1914</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;12, CUP Archive, <time>1973</time>, 281&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-20041-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-20041-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-20041-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gA49AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA102">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cambridge+Russian%2C+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Studies.+The+Russian+Constitutional+Experiment&amp;rft.pub=CUP+Archive&amp;rft.stitle=Government+and+Duma%2C+1907-1914&amp;rft.aulast=Hosking&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.tpages=281&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-20041-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carrère_d&#39;Encausse1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hélène_Carrère_d&#39;Encausse1996">Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, <cite class="italique">Nicolas II, la transition interrompue&#160;: Une biographie politique</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>1996</time>, 554&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-64976-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-64976-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-213-64976-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ttiRLgQAzXoC&amp;pg=PAPT99">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nicolas+II%2C+la+transition+interrompue&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.stitle=Une+biographie+politique&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Carr%C3%A8re+d%27Encausse&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.tpages=554&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-213-64976-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ortiz_García,_Luis_Angel_Sánchez_Gómez1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carmen_Ortiz_García,_Luis_Angel_Sánchez_Gómez1994">Carmen Ortiz García, Luis Angel Sánchez Gómez, <cite class="italique">Diccionario histórico de la antropología española</cite>, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, <time>1994</time>, 760&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-84-00-07443-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-84-00-07443-2"><span class="nowrap">978-84-00-07443-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=lDiULrsKDmgC&amp;pg=PA122">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Diccionario+hist%C3%B3rico+de+la+antropolog%C3%ADa+espa%C3%B1ola&amp;rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+-+CSIC+Press&amp;rft.au=Carmen+Ortiz+Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Luis+Angel+S%C3%A1nchez+G%C3%B3mez&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.tpages=760&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-00-07443-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.contreligne.eu/2024/05/1909-un-pacte-de-suicide-au-lycee-blaise-pascal-chanet-histoire-republique/">https://www.contreligne.eu/2024/05/1909-un-pacte-de-suicide-au-lycee-blaise-pascal-chanet-histoire-republique/</a> Suicide d'Armand Nény </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kiesewetter2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubert_Kiesewetter2004"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Kiesewetter" title="Hubert Kiesewetter">Hubert Kiesewetter</a>, <cite class="italique">Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland&#160;: Regionen als Wachstumsmotoren</cite>, Franz Steiner Verlag, <time>2004</time>, 307&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-515-08613-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-515-08613-4"><span class="nowrap">978-3-515-08613-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3pP9aUfzpdEC&amp;pg=PA114">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Industrielle+Revolution+in+Deutschland&amp;rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&amp;rft.stitle=Regionen+als+Wachstumsmotoren&amp;rft.aulast=Kiesewetter&amp;rft.aufirst=Hubert&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.tpages=307&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-515-08613-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Conio1975"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Conio1975">Gérard Conio, <cite class="italique">Le formalisme et le futurisme russes</cite>, L'Âge d'homme, <time>1975</time>, 234&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8251-2202-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8251-2202-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8251-2202-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=QTFliMMrK60C&amp;pg=PA218">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+formalisme+et+le+futurisme+russes&amp;rft.pub=L%27%C3%82ge+d%27homme&amp;rft.aulast=Conio&amp;rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.tpages=234&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8251-2202-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PrutschZeyringer2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ursula_PrutschKlaus_Zeyringer2003">Ursula Prutsch et Klaus Zeyringer, <cite class="italique">Leopold von Andrian (1875-1951)&#160;: Korrespondenzen, Notizen, Essays, Berichte</cite>, Böhlau Verlag Wien, <time>2003</time>, 910&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-205-77110-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-205-77110-4"><span class="nowrap">978-3-205-77110-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=TUE2CfcEcjEC&amp;pg=PA161">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Leopold+von+Andrian+%281875-1951%29&amp;rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&amp;rft.stitle=Korrespondenzen%2C+Notizen%2C+Essays%2C+Berichte&amp;rft.aulast=Prutsch&amp;rft.aufirst=Ursula&amp;rft.au=Klaus+Zeyringer&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=910&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-205-77110-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><cite class="italique">Les Inventaires d'Universalis. La Grande Guerre</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1, Encyclopædia Universalis, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85229-132-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85229-132-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-85229-132-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=q4uCBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PAPT209">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Inventaires+d%27Universalis.+La+Grande+Guerre&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Universalis&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-85229-132-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Angoustures1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aline_Angoustures1993">Aline Angoustures, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Espagne au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Complexe" title="Éditions Complexe">Éditions Complexe</a>, <time>1993</time>, 370&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87027-493-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87027-493-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87027-493-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=TzMookwzE60C&amp;pg=PA102">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Espagne+au+XXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&amp;rft.aulast=Angoustures&amp;rft.aufirst=Aline&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.tpages=370&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-87027-493-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Clogg2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_Clogg2013">Richard Clogg, <cite class="italique">A Concise History of Greece</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>2013</time>, 352&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-107-65644-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-107-65644-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-107-65644-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=M492AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA73">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Clogg&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.tpages=352&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-107-65644-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lambelet1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Christian_Lambelet1999">Jean-Christian Lambelet, <cite class="italique">Le mobbing d'un petit pays&#160;: onze thèses sur la Suisse pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27%C3%82ge_d%27Homme" title="Éditions L&#39;Âge d&#39;Homme">Éditions L'Âge d'Homme</a>, <time>1999</time>, 304&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8251-1239-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8251-1239-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8251-1239-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=DHiCzxZLHu8C&amp;pg=PA100">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+mobbing+d%27un+petit+pays+%3A+onze+th%C3%A8ses+sur+la+Suisse+pendant+la+Seconde+Guerre+mondiale&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27%C3%82ge+d%27Homme&amp;rft.aulast=Lambelet&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Christian&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.tpages=304&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8251-1239-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bled2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Paul_Bled2012">Jean-Paul Bled, <cite class="italique">François-Ferdinand d'Autriche</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Tallandier" title="Éditions Tallandier">Tallandier</a>, <time>2012</time>, 368&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-10-210-0018-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-10-210-0018-6"><span class="nowrap">979-10-210-0018-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YG4ip3NHpa8C&amp;pg=PAPT159">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois-Ferdinand+d%27Autriche&amp;rft.pub=Tallandier&amp;rft.aulast=Bled&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.tpages=368&amp;rft.isbn=979-10-210-0018-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Churchill2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Winston_Churchill2014">Winston Churchill, <cite class="italique">Conversations intimes&#160;: 1908 - 1964</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Tallandier" title="Éditions Tallandier">Tallandier</a>, <time>2014</time>, 846&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-10-210-0297-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-10-210-0297-5"><span class="nowrap">979-10-210-0297-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=acZ2AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PAPT51">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Conversations+intimes&amp;rft.pub=Tallandier&amp;rft.stitle=1908+-+1964&amp;rft.aulast=Churchill&amp;rft.aufirst=Winston&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.tpages=846&amp;rft.isbn=979-10-210-0297-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nivat2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Nivat2007">Georges Nivat, <cite class="italique">Les sites de la mémoire russe&#160;: Géographie de la mémoire russe</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>2007</time>, 866&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-64040-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-64040-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-213-64040-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=rqlVjwMERrUC&amp;pg=PAPT323">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+sites+de+la+m%C3%A9moire+russe&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.stitle=G%C3%A9ographie+de+la+m%C3%A9moire+russe&amp;rft.aulast=Nivat&amp;rft.aufirst=Georges&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.tpages=866&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-213-64040-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="GalloyHayt2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denise_GalloyFranz_Hayt2002">Denise Galloy et Franz Hayt, <cite class="italique">Précis d'histoire du temps présent&#160;: (1914-2002)</cite>, <a href="/wiki/De_Boeck" title="De Boeck">De Boeck</a>, <time>2002</time>, 239&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8041-4137-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8041-4137-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8041-4137-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ZZPg18RxHs8C&amp;pg=PA34">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9cis+d%27histoire+du+temps+pr%C3%A9sent&amp;rft.pub=De+Boeck&amp;rft.stitle=%281914-2002%29&amp;rft.aulast=Galloy&amp;rft.aufirst=Denise&amp;rft.au=Franz+Hayt&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=239&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8041-4137-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1909"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jean Ruhlmann, <i>op. cit</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;231.</span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1909?uselang=fr">1909</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wikisource"><a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:1909" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:1909">1909</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikisource</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/date/1909/">L’année 1909</a> sur le site de la <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine" title="Portail du monde contemporain"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/18px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/27px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/36px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine" title="Portail:Époque contemporaine">Portail du monde contemporain</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Portail du XXe&#160;siècle"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/22px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/33px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/44px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Portail:XXe siècle">Portail du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1900" title="Portail des années 1900"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1906_Lambert_model_4_mirror.png/48px-1906_Lambert_model_4_mirror.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1906_Lambert_model_4_mirror.png/72px-1906_Lambert_model_4_mirror.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1906_Lambert_model_4_mirror.png/95px-1906_Lambert_model_4_mirror.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1900" title="Portail:Années 1900">Portail des années 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