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href="#Normal_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Normal faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Reverse faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strike-slip_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike-slip_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Strike-slip faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strike-slip_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_released" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_released"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Energy released</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_released-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Focus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Volcanic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rupture_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rupture_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rupture dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rupture_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supershear_earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supershear_earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Supershear earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supershear_earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slow_earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slow_earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Slow earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slow_earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-seismic_overpressuring_and_effect_of_pore_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-seismic_overpressuring_and_effect_of_pore_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Co-seismic overpressuring and effect of pore pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-seismic_overpressuring_and_effect_of_pore_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tidal forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftershocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftershocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Aftershocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftershocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swarms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swarms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Swarms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swarms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Frequency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induced_seismicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induced_seismicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Induced seismicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induced_seismicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_and_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_and_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Measurement and location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement_and_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement and location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement_and_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intensity_and_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity_and_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intensity and magnitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity_and_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Seismic waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed_of_seismic_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_of_seismic_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Speed of seismic waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_of_seismic_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_wave_arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_wave_arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Seismic wave arrival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_wave_arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_and_reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Location and reporting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaking_and_ground_rupture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaking_and_ground_rupture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shaking and ground rupture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaking_and_ground_rupture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_liquefaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_liquefaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Soil liquefaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_liquefaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Human impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landslides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landslides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Landslides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landslides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Floods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prediction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Forecasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Preparedness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mythology and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_of_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_of_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Outside of Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_of_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Earthquake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 187 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardbewing" title="Aardbewing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardbewing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbeben" title="Erdbeben – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erdbeben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A5" title="የመሬት መንቀጥቀጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የመሬት መንቀጥቀጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA" title="भूकंप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूकंप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%BEbeofung" title="Eorþbeofung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eorþbeofung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84" title="زلزال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زلزال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierratremo" title="Tierratremo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tierratremo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="ভূমিকম্প – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভূমিকম্প" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremotu" title="Terremotu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Terremotu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="भूकम्प – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भूकम्प" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyryr%C3%BDi" title="Yvyryrýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyryrýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99lz%C9%99l%C9%99" title="Zəlzələ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəlzələ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87" title="زلزله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زلزله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuh" title="Linuh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Linuh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="ভূমিকম্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূমিকম্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindu" title="Lindu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lindu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-t%C4%81ng" title="Tē-tāng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-tāng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Ер тетрәү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер тетрәү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Землетрасенне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Землетрасенне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Землятрус – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Землятрус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="भुँइडोल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भुँइडोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linog" title="Linog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Linog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Земетресение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земетресение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadbebm" title="Eadbebm – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eadbebm" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljotres" title="Zemljotres – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemljotres" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kren-douar" title="Kren-douar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kren-douar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Газар хүдэлэлгэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Газар хүдэлэлгэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terratr%C3%A8mol" title="Terratrèmol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terratrèmol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Çĕр чĕтрени – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр чĕтрени" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linog" title="Linog – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linog" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9Bt%C5%99esen%C3%AD" title="Zemětřesení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zemětřesení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundengenyeka_kwenyika" title="Kundengenyeka kwenyika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kundengenyeka kwenyika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terramotu" title="Terramotu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Terramotu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeargryn" title="Daeargryn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daeargryn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bgbandamli" title="Tiŋgbandamli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tiŋgbandamli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordsk%C3%A6lv" title="Jordskælv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordskælv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbeben" title="Erdbeben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdbeben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_ha%CA%BCd%C3%A9%C3%ADsn%C3%A1" title="Kéyah haʼdéísná – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kéyah haʼdéísná" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="भूकम्प – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भूकम्प" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maav%C3%A4rin" title="Maavärin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maavärin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σεισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taram%C3%B2t" title="Taramòt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Taramòt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto" title="Terremoto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terremoto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertremo" title="Tertremo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tertremo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremotu" title="Terremotu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Terremotu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurrikara" title="Lurrikara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurrikara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87" title="زمین‌لرزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌لرزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhukamp" title="Bhukamp – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhukamp" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0skj%C3%A1lvti" title="Jarðskjálvti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jarðskjálvti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9isme" title="Séisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdbeving" title="Ierdbeving – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdbeving" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taramot" title="Taramot – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Taramot" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crith_tal%C3%BAn" title="Crith talún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crith talún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crith-thalmhainn" title="Crith-thalmhainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crith-thalmhainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto" title="Terremoto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terremoto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地震" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AA" title="ધરતીકંપ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધરતીકંપ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-th%C3%BBng" title="Thi-thûng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-thûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84" title="지진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA" title="Երկրաշարժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրաշարժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="भूकम्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूकम्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potres" title="Potres – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Potres" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liluhu" title="Liluhu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Liluhu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter-tremo" title="Ter-tremo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ter-tremo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_%E1%BB%8Dma_jijiji" title="Ala ọma jijiji – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ala ọma jijiji" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingined" title="Gingined – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gingined" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gempa bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismo" title="Seismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%94%AA%E1%91%89%E1%90%B1%E1%93%9B%E1%95%97%E1%96%85" title="ᓴᔪᑉᐱᓛᕗᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᔪᑉᐱᓛᕗᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyikima" title="Inyikima – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inyikima" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0skj%C3%A1lfti" title="Jarðskjálfti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðskjálfti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto" title="Terremoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terremoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94" title="רעידת אדמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רעידת אדמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindhu" title="Lindhu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lindhu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_n%CC%84ams%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Tɛtʋ n̄amsʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtʋ n̄amsʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA" title="ಭೂಕಂಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಕಂಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Джер тебрениу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джер тебрениу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მიწისძვრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიწისძვრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%8F%D9%84" title="بٕنیُل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بٕنیُل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жер сілкіну – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жер сілкіну" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutingito" title="Umutingito – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umutingito" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetemeko_la_ardhi" title="Tetemeko la ardhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tetemeko la ardhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranblemannt%C3%A8" title="Tranblemanntè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tranblemanntè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9yism" title="Séyism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Séyism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdhej" title="Erdhej – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erdhej" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Жер титирөө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер титирөө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9C%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7" title="ແຜ່ນດິນໄຫວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຜ່ນດິນໄຫວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrae_motus" title="Terrae motus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terrae motus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemestr%C4%ABce" title="Zemestrīce – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zemestrīce" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erdbiewen" title="Äerdbiewen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdbiewen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чилин зурзунар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чилин зурзунар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_dreb%C4%97jimas" title="Žemės drebėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemės drebėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdsj%C3%B3k" title="Eerdsjók – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eerdsjók" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moning%C3%AD" title="Moningí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moningí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremot" title="Terremot – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Terremot" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldreng%C3%A9s" title="Földrengés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földrengés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8n%E1%B8%8Dhu" title="Lènḍhu – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Lènḍhu" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Земјотрес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земјотрес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂകമ്പം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂകമ്പം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA" title="भूकंप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूकंप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="დიხაშნწალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიხაშნწალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B4" title="بنه شنش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنه شنش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gempa bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-c%C4%ABng" title="Dê-cīng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-cīng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismo" title="Sismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Модань тарнамась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Модань тарнамась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B4%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Газар хөдлөлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газар хөдлөлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငလျင်လှုပ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငလျင်လှုပ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81lol%C4%ABniliztli" title="Tlālolīniliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlālolīniliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardbeving" title="Aardbeving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardbeving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardbewing" title="Eardbewing – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eardbewing" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="भुईँचालो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भुईँचालो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="भुखा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भुखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地震" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarramute" title="Tarramute – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Tarramute" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdbeewrin" title="Eerdbeewrin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eerdbeewrin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskjelv" title="Jordskjelv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordskjelv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskjelv" title="Jordskjelv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordskjelv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rratrem" title="Tèrratrem – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrratrem" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA" title="ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollannaa_lafaa" title="Hollannaa lafaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hollannaa lafaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilzila" title="Zilzila – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zilzila" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਭੁਚਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੁਚਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بھونچال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھونچال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremoto" title="Teremoto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Teremoto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%96%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87" title="رېږدله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رېږدله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oertkwiek" title="Oertkwiek – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oertkwiek" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trannerie_d%27t%C3%A8re" title="Trannerie d'tère – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Trannerie d'tère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdbeven" title="Eerdbeven – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eerdbeven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trz%C4%99sienie_ziemi" title="Trzęsienie ziemi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzęsienie ziemi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismo" title="Sismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer_silkiniw" title="Jer silkiniw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jer silkiniw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4dbevve" title="Äädbevve – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Äädbevve" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutremur" title="Cutremur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cutremur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terratrembel" title="Terratrembel – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Terratrembel" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_kuyuy" title="Pacha kuyuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pacha kuyuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Землетрясїня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Землетрясїня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Землетрясение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Землетрясение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сир хамсааһына – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сир хамсааһына" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ninel" title="ninel – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ninel" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="भूकम्पः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भूकम्पः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremotu" title="Terremotu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Terremotu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABrmeti" title="Tërmeti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tërmeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirrimotu" title="Tirrimotu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tirrimotu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1" title="භූචලන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූචලන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earthquake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemetrasenie" title="Zemetrasenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zemetrasenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potres" title="Potres – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Potres" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzy%C5%84%C5%9By%C5%84y_%C5%BAymje" title="Trzyńśyńy źymje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Trzyńśyńy źymje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhulgariir" title="Dhulgariir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhulgariir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%95" title="بوومەلەرزە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بوومەلەرزە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grontapubeyfi" title="Grontapubeyfi – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Grontapubeyfi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Земљотрес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земљотрес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potres" title="Potres – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Potres" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lini" title="Lini – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lini" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanj%C3%A4ristys" title="Maanjäristys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maanjäristys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordb%C3%A4vning" title="Jordbävning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordbävning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindol" title="Lindol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lindol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலநடுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலநடுக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenzla" title="Zenzla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Zenzla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Җир тетрәү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җир тетрәү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="భూకంపం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూకంపం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7" title="แผ่นดินไหว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นดินไหว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Заминларза – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Заминларза" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%96%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%AE%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AC" title="ᎦᏙ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎮᏍᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏙ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎮᏍᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprem" title="Deprem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deprem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Землетрус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Землетрус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="زلزلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زلزلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B4" title="يەر تەۋرەش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەر تەۋرەش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deihdoengh" title="Deihdoengh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Deihdoengh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramoto" title="Teramoto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Teramoto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manrehkaiduz" title="Manrehkaiduz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Manrehkaiduz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t" title="Động đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maav%C3%A4rrin" title="Maavärrin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maavärrin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosmint_d%27_tere" title="Hosmint d' tere – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hosmint d' tere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="地震" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirdbevienge" title="Eirdbevienge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirdbevienge" 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data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地震" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdlerz" title="Erdlerz – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erdlerz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_kostiej%C4%97ms" title="Žemės kostiejėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemės kostiejėms" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sudden movement of the Earth's crust</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Earthquake (disambiguation)">Earthquake (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, tone switches from too scientific to encyclopedic between sections.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Earthquake" title="Talk:Earthquake">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png/300px-Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png/450px-Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png/600px-Quake_epicenters_1963-98.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Earthquake <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenters</a> occur mostly along tectonic plate boundaries, especially on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg/300px-Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg/450px-Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg 1.5x, 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earthquakes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/120px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/160px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_earthquake" title="Types of earthquake">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainshock" title="Mainshock">Mainshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">Foreshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_thrust_earthquake" title="Blind thrust earthquake">Blind thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">Interplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">Intraplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">Shadow zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Earthquake_Prediction" title="Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction">Coordinating Committee for<br />Earthquake Prediction</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Forecasting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting" title="Shear wave splitting">Shear wave splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">Seismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth Sciences Portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Related topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes" title="Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes" title="Template talk:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>earthquake</b> – also called a <b>quake</b>, <b>tremor</b>, or <b>temblor</b> – is the shaking of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> that creates <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a>. Earthquakes can range in <a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">intensity</a>, from those so weak they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The <b>seismic activity</b> of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a> at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume. </p><p>In its most general sense, the word <i>earthquake</i> is used to describe any seismic event that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a>. The initial point of rupture is called the <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a> or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>. Earthquakes are primarily caused by geological <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, but also by <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, landslides, and other seismic events. The frequency, type, and size of earthquakes in an area define its seismic activity, reflecting the average rate of seismic energy release. </p><p>Significant historical earthquakes include the <a href="/wiki/1556_Shaanxi_earthquake" title="1556 Shaanxi earthquake">1556 Shaanxi earthquake</a> in China, with over 830,000 fatalities, and the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a> in Chile, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude. Earthquakes result in various effects, such as ground shaking and <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">soil liquefaction</a>, leading to significant damage and loss of life. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>. Earthquakes can trigger <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>. Earthquakes' occurrence is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> movements along faults, including normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip faults, with energy release and rupture dynamics governed by the <a href="/wiki/Elastic-rebound_theory" title="Elastic-rebound theory">elastic-rebound theory</a>. </p><p>Efforts to manage earthquake risks involve prediction, forecasting, and preparedness, including <a href="/wiki/Seismic_retrofit" title="Seismic retrofit">seismic retrofitting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a> to design structures that withstand shaking. The cultural impact of earthquakes spans myths, religious beliefs, and modern media, reflecting their profound influence on human societies. Similar seismic phenomena, known as <a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">marsquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moonquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonquakes">moonquakes</a>, have been observed on other celestial bodies, indicating the universality of such events beyond Earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> resulting from a sudden release of energy in the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> that creates <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a>. Earthquakes may also be referred to as <i>quakes</i>, <i>tremors</i>, or <i>temblors</i>. The word <i>tremor</i> is also used for <a href="/wiki/Episodic_tremor_and_slip" title="Episodic tremor and slip">non-earthquake seismic rumbling</a>. </p><p>In its most general sense, an <i>earthquake</i> is any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by the rupture of geological <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground nuclear testing">nuclear tests</a>. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a> or focus. The <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter. </p><p>The seismic activity of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a> at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_examples">Major examples</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">Lists of earthquakes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/400px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/600px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/800px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Earthquakes (M6.0+) since 1900 through 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg/400px-USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg/600px-USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg/800px-USGS_magnitude_8_earthquakes_since_1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the <a href="/wiki/1556_Shaanxi_earthquake" title="1556 Shaanxi earthquake">1556 Shaanxi earthquake</a>, which occurred on 23 January 1556 in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, China. More than 830,000 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most houses in the area were <a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">yaodongs</a>—dwellings carved out of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> hillsides—and many victims were killed when these structures collapsed. The <a href="/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake" title="1976 Tangshan earthquake">1976 Tangshan earthquake</a>, which killed between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Chilean earthquake</a> is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsfacts_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsfacts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp100414_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp100414-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its epicenter was near Cañete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday earthquake">Good Friday earthquake</a> (27 March 1964), which was centered in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">megathrust earthquakes</a>; however, of these ten, only the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. </p><p>Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">tsunamis</a> that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fault_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fault_types.svg/220px-Fault_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fault_types.svg/330px-Fault_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fault_types.svg/440px-Fault_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Three types of faults:<br /> A. <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">Strike-slip</a><br /> B. <a href="/wiki/Normal_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal fault">Normal</a><br /> C. <a href="/wiki/Reverse_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse fault">Reverse</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">Tectonic</a> earthquakes occur anywhere on the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault plane</a>. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and <a href="/wiki/Aseismic_creep" title="Aseismic creep">aseismically</a> only if there are no irregularities or <a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">asperities</a> along the fault surface that increases the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities, which leads to a form of <a href="/wiki/Stick-slip_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick-slip phenomenon">stick-slip behavior</a>. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and, therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">stored energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohnaka_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohnaka-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">strain</a> <a href="/wiki/Seismic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic waves">seismic waves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Elastic-rebound_theory" title="Elastic-rebound theory">elastic-rebound theory</a>. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fracture</a> growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available <a href="/wiki/Elastic_potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic potential energy">elastic potential energy</a> and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">Earth's deep interior.</a><sup id="cite_ref-USGS1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fault_types">Fault types</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault (geology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></div> <p>There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an <a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">interplate earthquake</a>: normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and where movement on them involves a vertical component. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet that can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 °C (572 °F) flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults (which may break in a single rupture) are approximately 1,000 km (620 mi). Examples are the earthquakes in <a href="/wiki/1957_Andreanof_Islands_earthquake" title="1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake">Alaska (1957)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">Chile (1960)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">Sumatra (2004)</a>, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> (<a href="/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake" title="1857 Fort Tejon earthquake">1857</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906</a>), the <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a> in Turkey (<a href="/wiki/1939_Erzincan_earthquake" title="1939 Erzincan earthquake">1939</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Denali_Fault" title="Denali Fault">Denali Fault</a> in Alaska (<a href="/wiki/2002_Denali_earthquake" title="2002 Denali earthquake">2002</a>), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Normal_faults">Normal faults</h4></div> <p>Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extended</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundary</a>. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres (3.7 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reverse_faults">Reverse faults</h4></div> <p>Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being <a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">shortened</a> such as at a <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundary</a>. Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent boundaries, are associated with the most powerful earthquakes (called <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">megathrust earthquakes</a>) including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for about 90% of the total seismic moment released worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strike-slip_faults">Strike-slip faults</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">Strike-slip faults</a> are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transforms</a>, can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km (6.2 mi) within the brittle crust.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg/220px-Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg/330px-Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg/440px-Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the <a href="/wiki/Carrizo_Plain" title="Carrizo Plain">Carrizo Plain</a>, northwest of Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress levels in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike-slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the direction of the force that "pushes" the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (<i>greatest</i> principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass "escapes" in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass, and thus, the overburden equals the <i>least</i> principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of fault dimensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_released">Energy released</h3></div> <p>For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a roughly thirty-fold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 32 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 1,000 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake. An 8.6-magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs of the size used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault, however, is not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can reach 50–100 km (31–62 mi) (such as in <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Japan, 2011</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">Alaska, 1964</a>), making the most powerful earthquakes possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus">Focus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus_(tectonics)" title="Depth of focus (tectonics)">Depth of focus (tectonics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HotelSanSalvador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HotelSanSalvador.jpg/220px-HotelSanSalvador.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HotelSanSalvador.jpg/330px-HotelSanSalvador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/HotelSanSalvador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> metropolis, after the shallow <a href="/wiki/1986_San_Salvador_earthquake" title="1986 San Salvador earthquake">1986 San Salvador earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate in the Ring of Fire at depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km (43 mi) are classified as "shallow-focus" earthquakes, while those with a focal depth between 70 and 300 km (43 and 186 mi) are commonly termed "mid-focus" or "intermediate-depth" earthquakes. In <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zones, where older and colder <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> descends beneath another tectonic plate, <a href="/wiki/Deep-focus_earthquake" title="Deep-focus earthquake">deep-focus earthquakes</a> may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 to 700 km (190 to 430 mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seismically active areas of subduction are known as <a href="/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Wadati–Benioff zones</a>. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> undergoing a <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-olivine_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_activity">Volcanic activity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcano tectonic earthquake</a></div> <p>Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic</a> faults and the movement of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by <a href="/wiki/Seismometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismometers">seismometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiltmeter" title="Tiltmeter">tiltmeters</a> (a device that measures ground slope) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rupture_dynamics">Rupture dynamics</h3></div> <p>A tectonic earthquake begins as an area of initial slip on the fault surface that forms the focus. Once the rupture has been initiated, it begins to propagate away from the focus, spreading out along the fault surface. Lateral propagation will continue until either the rupture reaches a barrier, such as the end of a fault segment, or a region on the fault where there is insufficient stress to allow continued rupture. For larger earthquakes, the depth extent of rupture will be constrained downwards by the <a href="/wiki/Brittle-ductile_transition_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle-ductile transition zone">brittle-ductile transition zone</a> and upwards by the ground surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood because it is difficult either to recreate such rapid movements in a laboratory or to record seismic waves close to a nucleation zone due to strong ground motion.<sup id="cite_ref-NRS_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases, the rupture speed approaches, but does not exceed, the <a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">shear wave</a> (S wave) velocity of the surrounding rock. There are a few exceptions to this: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supershear_earthquakes">Supershear earthquakes</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg/250px-Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg/375px-Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg/500px-Kahramanmara%C5%9F_after_7.8_magnitude_earthquake_in_T%C3%BCrkiye_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes</a> ruptured along segments of the <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a> at supershear speeds; more than 50,000 people died in both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-MelgarEtAl23_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MelgarEtAl23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear earthquake</a> ruptures are known to have propagated at speeds greater than the S wave velocity. These have so far all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of damage caused by the <a href="/wiki/2001_Kunlun_earthquake" title="2001 Kunlun earthquake">2001 Kunlun earthquake</a> has been attributed to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a> developed in such earthquakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slow_earthquakes">Slow earthquakes</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow earthquake</a> ruptures travel at unusually low velocities. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">tsunami earthquake</a>, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighboring coast, as in the <a href="/wiki/1896_Sanriku_earthquake" title="1896 Sanriku earthquake">1896 Sanriku earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRS_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-seismic_overpressuring_and_effect_of_pore_pressure">Co-seismic overpressuring and effect of pore pressure</h4></div> <p>During an earthquake, high temperatures can develop at the fault plane, increasing pore pressure and consequently vaporization of the groundwater already contained within the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Sibson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sibson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudnicki_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudnicki-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guerriero_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerriero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the coseismic phase, such an increase can significantly affect slip evolution and speed, in the post-seismic phase it can control the <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a> sequence because, after the main event, pore pressure increase slowly propagates into the surrounding fracture network.<sup id="cite_ref-Nur_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nur-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guerriero_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerriero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the point of view of the <a href="/wiki/Mohr-Coulomb_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohr-Coulomb theory">Mohr-Coulomb strength theory</a>, an increase in fluid pressure reduces the normal stress acting on the fault plane that holds it in place, and fluids can exert a lubricating effect. As thermal overpressurization may provide positive feedback between slip and strength fall at the fault plane, a common opinion is that it may enhance the faulting process instability. After the mainshock, the pressure gradient between the fault plane and the neighboring rock causes a fluid flow that increases pore pressure in the surrounding fracture networks; such an increase may trigger new faulting processes by reactivating adjacent faults, giving rise to aftershocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Nur_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nur-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guerriero_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerriero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogously, artificial pore pressure increase, by fluid injection in Earth's crust, may <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">induce seismicity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_forces">Tidal forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_triggering_of_earthquakes" title="Tidal triggering of earthquakes">Tidal triggering of earthquakes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">Tides</a> may trigger some <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clusters">Clusters</h3></div> <p>Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAFEC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAFEC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earthquake clustering has been observed, for example, in Parkfield, California where a long-term research study is being conducted around the <a href="/wiki/Parkfield_earthquake" title="Parkfield earthquake">Parkfield earthquake</a> cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftershocks">Aftershocks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg/280px-2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg/420px-2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg/560px-2016_Central_Italy_earthquake_wide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>Magnitude of the <a href="/wiki/August_2016_Central_Italy_earthquake" title="August 2016 Central Italy earthquake">Central Italy earthquakes of August</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_2016_Central_Italy_earthquakes" title="October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes">October 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/January_2017_Central_Italy_earthquakes" title="January 2017 Central Italy earthquakes">January 2017</a> and the aftershocks (which continued to occur after the period shown here)</figcaption></figure> <p>An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. Rapid changes of stress between rocks, and the stress from the original earthquake are the main causes of these aftershocks,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the crust around the ruptured <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault plane</a> as it adjusts to the effects of the mainshock.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAFEC_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAFEC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An aftershock is in the same region as the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude, however, they can still be powerful enough to cause even more damage to buildings that were already previously damaged from the mainshock.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an aftershock is larger than the mainshock, the aftershock is redesignated as the mainshock and the original main shock is redesignated as a <a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">foreshock</a>. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault plane</a> adjusts to the effects of the mainshock.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAFEC_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAFEC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swarms">Swarms</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a></div> <p>Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershocks</a> by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is the main shock, so none has a notably higher magnitude than another. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, a swarm of earthquakes shook <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a>, showing the most recorded activity in the area since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in what has been called an <i>earthquake storm</i>, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_stress_transfer" title="Coulomb stress transfer">stress redistribution</a> of the previous earthquakes. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershocks</a> but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a> in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency">Frequency</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comerio,_Luca_(1878-1940)_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_(dicembre_1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg/220px-Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg/330px-Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg/440px-Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">Messina earthquake</a> and tsunami took about 80,000 lives on December 28, 1908, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CFTI5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFTI5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsfacts_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsfacts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp100414_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp100414-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor earthquakes occur very frequently around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile, Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, India, Nepal, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg%E2%80%93Richter_law" title="Gutenberg–Richter law">exponential</a>; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg%E2%80%93Richter_law" title="Gutenberg–Richter law">Gutenberg–Richter law</a>. </p><p>The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the United States Geological Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-kilometre-long (25,000 mi), horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, which for the most part bounds the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries too, such as along the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan Mountains">Himalayan Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">mega-cities</a> such as Mexico City, Tokyo, and Tehran in areas of high <a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">seismic risk</a>, some seismologists are warning that a single earthquake may claim the lives of up to three million people.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induced_seismicity">Induced seismicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></div> <p>While most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Activities both above ground and below may change the stresses and strains on the crust, including building reservoirs, extracting resources such as coal or oil, and injecting fluids underground for waste disposal or <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these earthquakes have small magnitudes. The 5.7 magnitude <a href="/wiki/2011_Oklahoma_earthquake" title="2011 Oklahoma earthquake">2011 Oklahoma earthquake</a> is thought to have been caused by disposing wastewater from oil production into <a href="/wiki/Injection_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection wells">injection wells</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studies point to the state's oil industry as the cause of other earthquakes in the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> paper suggested that the 8.0 magnitude <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a> was induced by loading from the <a href="/wiki/Zipingpu_Dam" title="Zipingpu Dam">Zipingpu Dam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the link has not been conclusively proved.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_and_location">Measurement and location</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></div> <p>The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the <a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a> in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Seismic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic waves">Seismic waves</a> travel through the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's interior">Earth's interior</a> and can be recorded by <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> at great distances. The <a href="/wiki/Surface-wave_magnitude" title="Surface-wave magnitude">surface-wave magnitude</a> was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude scale</a> not only measures the amplitude of the shock but also takes into account the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_moment" title="Seismic moment">seismic moment</a> (total rupture area, average slip of the fault, and rigidity of the rock). The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency_seismic_intensity_scale" title="Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale">Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Sponheuer%E2%80%93Karnik_scale" title="Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale">Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity scale</a> are based on the observed effects and are related to the intensity of shaking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity_and_magnitude"><span class="anchor" id="Magnitude"></span>Intensity and magnitude</h3></div> <p>The shaking of the earth is a common phenomenon that has been experienced by humans from the earliest of times. Before the development of strong-motion accelerometers, the intensity of a seismic event was estimated based on the observed effects. Magnitude and intensity are not directly related and calculated using different methods. The magnitude of an earthquake is a single value that describes the size of the earthquake at its source. Intensity is the measure of shaking at different locations around the earthquake. Intensity values vary from place to place, depending on the distance from the earthquake and the underlying rock or soil makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Richter" title="Seismic magnitude scales">first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Richter">Charles Francis Richter</a> in 1935. Subsequent scales (<a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">seismic magnitude scales</a>) have retained a key feature, where each unit represents a ten-fold difference in the amplitude of the ground shaking and a 32-fold difference in energy. Subsequent scales are also adjusted to have approximately the same numeric value within the limits of the scale.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the mass media commonly reports earthquake magnitudes as "Richter magnitude" or "Richter scale", standard practice by most seismological authorities is to express an earthquake's strength on the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_scale#Mw" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic scale">moment magnitude</a> scale, which is based on the actual energy released by an earthquake, the static seismic moment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_waves">Seismic waves</h3></div> <p>Every earthquake produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities: </p> <ul><li>Longitudinal <a href="/wiki/P_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="P waves">P waves</a> (shock- or pressure waves)</li> <li>Transverse <a href="/wiki/S_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="S waves">S waves</a> (both body waves)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave" title="Surface wave">Surface waves</a> – (<a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_wave" title="Rayleigh wave">Rayleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love_wave" title="Love wave">Love waves</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_of_seismic_waves">Speed of seismic waves</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Propagation_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagation velocity">Propagation velocity</a> of the seismic waves through solid rock ranges from approx. 3 km/s (1.9 mi/s) up to 13 km/s (8.1 mi/s), depending on the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> of the medium. In the Earth's interior, the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7:1). The differences in travel time from the <a href="/wiki/Epicentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicentre">epicenter</a> to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of earthquakes and structures within the Earth. Also, the depth of the <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a> can be computed roughly. </p><p><b>P wave speed</b> </p> <ul><li>Upper crust soils and unconsolidated sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second</li> <li>Upper crust solid rock: 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) per second</li> <li>Lower crust: 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) per second</li> <li>Deep mantle: 13 km (8.1 mi) per second.</li></ul> <p><b>S waves speed</b> </p> <ul><li>Light sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second</li> <li>Earths crust: 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) per second</li> <li>Deep mantle: 7 km (4.3 mi) per second</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seismic_wave_arrival">Seismic wave arrival</h4></div> <p>As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle. </p><p>On average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P- and S wave times 8.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analysis of seismograms, the Earth's core was located in 1913 by <a href="/wiki/Beno_Gutenberg" title="Beno Gutenberg">Beno Gutenberg</a>. </p><p>S waves and later arriving surface waves do most of the damage compared to P waves. P waves squeeze and expand the material in the same direction they are traveling, whereas S waves shake the ground up and down and back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_reporting">Location and reporting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></div> <p>Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754 <a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a> (F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions. </p><p>Standard reporting of earthquakes includes its <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a>, date and time of occurrence, <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinates">geographic coordinates</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>, depth of the epicenter, geographical region, distances to population centers, location uncertainty, several parameters that are included in USGS earthquake reports (number of stations reporting, number of observations, etc.), and a unique event ID.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurement could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tohoku-Oki</a> ("Fukushima") earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/220px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/330px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/440px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1755 copper engraving depicting <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in ruins and in flames after the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a>, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. A <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> overwhelms the ships in the harbor.</figcaption></figure> <p>The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaking_and_ground_rupture">Shaking and ground rupture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg/220px-Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg/330px-Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg/440px-Haiti_earthquake_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Damaged buildings in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">Haiti</a>, January 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Shaking and <a href="/wiki/Surface_rupture" title="Surface rupture">ground rupture</a> are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a>, the distance from the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce <a href="/wiki/Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">wave propagation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground-shaking is measured by <a href="/wiki/Ground_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground acceleration">ground acceleration</a>. </p><p>Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and the effects of seismic energy focalization owing to the typical geometrical setting of such deposits. </p><p>Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several meters in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a>, bridges, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power stations">nuclear power stations</a> and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any that are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></div> <p>Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated <a href="/wiki/Granular" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular">granular</a> material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a>, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impacts">Human impacts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG/220px-Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG/330px-Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG/440px-Ghajn_Hadid_Tower_closer_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ajn_%C4%A6adid_Tower" title="Għajn Ħadid Tower">Għajn Ħadid Tower</a>, which collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/1856_Heraklion_earthquake" title="1856 Heraklion earthquake">1856 Heraklion earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Physical damage from an earthquake will vary depending on the intensity of shaking in a given area and the type of population. Underserved and developing communities frequently experience more severe impacts (and longer lasting) from a seismic event compared to well-developed communities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impacts may include: </p> <ul><li>Injuries and loss of life</li> <li>Damage to critical infrastructure (short and long-term) <ul><li>Roads, bridges, and public transportation networks</li> <li>Water, power, sewer and gas interruption</li> <li>Communication systems</li></ul></li> <li>Loss of critical community services including hospitals, police, and fire</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a></li> <li>Collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings</li></ul> <p>With these impacts and others, the aftermath may bring disease, a lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks and depression to survivors,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher insurance premiums. Recovery times will vary based on the level of damage and the socioeconomic status of the impacted community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landslides">Landslides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></div> <p>China stood out in several categories in a study group of 162 earthquakes (from 1772 to 2021) that included landslide fatalities. Due to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a>, it had 42% of all landslide fatalities within the study (total event deaths were higher). They were followed by Peru (22%) from the <a href="/wiki/1970_Ancash_earthquake" title="1970 Ancash earthquake">1970 Ancash earthquake</a>, and Pakistan (21%) from the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a>. China was also on top with the highest area affected by landslides with more than 80,000 km<sup>2</sup>, followed by Canada with 66,000 km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/1988_Saguenay_earthquake" title="1988 Saguenay earthquake">1988 Saguenay</a> and <a href="/wiki/1946_Vancouver_Island_earthquake" title="1946 Vancouver Island earthquake">1946 Vancouver Island</a>). Strike-slip (61 events) was the dominant fault type listed, followed closely by thrust/reverse (57), and normal (33).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fires">Fires</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfearthquake3b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sfearthquake3b.jpg/220px-Sfearthquake3b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sfearthquake3b.jpg/330px-Sfearthquake3b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sfearthquake3b.jpg/440px-Sfearthquake3b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>Fires of the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">Conflagration</a></div> <p>Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami">Tsunami</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/220px-2004-tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/330px-2004-tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/440px-2004-tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>The tsunami of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a></div> <p>Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water—including when an earthquake <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">occurs at sea</a>. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometres (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600–800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.<sup id="cite_ref-Noson_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Noson_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floods">Floods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a></div> <p>Floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terrain below the <a href="/wiki/Sarez_Lake" title="Sarez Lake">Sarez Lake</a> in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flooding if the <a href="/wiki/Landslide_dam" title="Landslide dam">landslide dam</a> formed by the earthquake, known as the <a href="/wiki/Usoi_Dam" title="Usoi Dam">Usoi Dam</a>, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly five million people.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prediction">Prediction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Earthquake prediction</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Earthquake prediction</a> is a branch of the science of <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a> concerned with the specification of the time, location, and <a href="/wiki/Seismic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic scale">magnitude</a> of future earthquakes within stated limits.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by <a href="/wiki/Seismologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologist">seismologists</a>, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month.<sup id="cite_ref-ludwin_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludwin-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular belief holds earthquakes are preceded by <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_weather" title="Earthquake weather">earthquake weather</a>, in the early morning.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forecasting">Forecasting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Earthquake forecasting</a></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">forecasting</a> is usually considered to be a type of <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">prediction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">earthquake forecasting</a> is often differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">earthquake prediction</a>. Earthquake forecasting is concerned with the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazards, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_warning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake warning system">Earthquake warning systems</a> have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparedness">Preparedness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_preparedness" title="Earthquake preparedness">Earthquake preparedness</a></div> <p>The objective of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a> is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings, bridges, tunnels, roadways, and other structures, and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by <a href="/wiki/Seismic_retrofitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic retrofitting">seismic retrofitting</a> to improve their resistance to earthquakes. <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake insurance</a> can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a> strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> may help to assess buildings and plan precautionary operations. The Igor <a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert system</a> is part of a mobile laboratory that supports the procedures leading to the seismic assessment of masonry buildings and the planning of retrofitting operations on them. It has been applied to assess buildings in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals can also take preparedness steps like securing <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heaters</a> and heavy items that could injure someone, locating shutoffs for utilities, and being educated about what to do when the shaking starts. For areas near large bodies of water, earthquake preparedness encompasses the possibility of a tsunami caused by a large earthquake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_views">Historical views</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycosth%C3%A8ne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lycosth%C3%A8ne.jpg/220px-Lycosth%C3%A8ne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lycosth%C3%A8ne.jpg/330px-Lycosth%C3%A8ne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Lycosth%C3%A8ne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>An image from a 1557 book depicting an earthquake in Italy in the 4th century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-World_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a> of Miletus (625–547 BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water.<sup id="cite_ref-World_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-World_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> called earthquakes "underground thunderstorms".<sup id="cite_ref-World_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology_and_religion">Mythology and religion</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggle of the god <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>. When Loki, <a href="/wiki/Aesir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesir">god</a> of mischief and strife, murdered <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife <a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a> stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl, the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a>, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimock1990_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimock1990-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namazu" title="Namazu">Namazu</a> (鯰) is a giant <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth and is guarded by the god <a href="/wiki/Kashima_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashima (god)">Kashima</a>, who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew's Gospel</a> refers to earthquakes occurring both after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Jesus">death of Jesus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_27:51" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 27:51">Matthew 27:51</a>, 54) and at his <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_28:2" title="Matthew 28:2">Matthew 28:2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earthquakes form part of the picture through which Jesus portrays the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <p>In modern popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Kobe in 1995</a> or <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">San Francisco in 1906</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_60_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_60_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in <i>Short Walk to Daylight</i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_the_Skin" title="A Wrinkle in the Skin">The Ragged Edge</a></i> (1968) or <i><a href="/wiki/Aftershock:_Earthquake_in_New_York" title="Aftershock: Earthquake in New York">Aftershock: Earthquake in New York</a></i> (1999).<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_60_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Earthquake_in_Chile" title="The Earthquake in Chile">The Earthquake in Chile</a></i>, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>'s short fiction collection <i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Quake" title="After the Quake">After the Quake</a></i> depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="big_one"></span>The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of California's <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> someday, as depicted in the novels <i><a href="/wiki/Richter_10" title="Richter 10">Richter 10</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye_California_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodbye California (novel)">Goodbye California</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="/wiki/2012_(film)" title="2012 (film)">2012</a></i> (2009), and <i><a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_(film)" title="San Andreas (film)">San Andreas</a></i> (2015), among other works.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_60_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob M. Appel's widely anthologized short story, <i>A Comparative Seismology</i>, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, and loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who can protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake and help them make sense of what has befallen them is more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, recently observed in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>, it is also believed to be important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate the reactions to support constructive problem-solving and reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_of_Earth">Outside of Earth</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quake (natural phenomenon)</a></div> <p>Phenomena similar to earthquakes have been observed on other planets (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">marsquakes</a></i> on Mars) and on the Moon (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Moonquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonquake">moonquakes</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a> – Belt of Eurasian mountain ranges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European-Mediterranean_Seismological_Centre" title="European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre">European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre</a> (<abbr>EMSC</abbr>), also known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a> – Study of the structure and dynamics of the Sun through its oscillation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a> – Device that places fluid deep underground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIS_Consortium" title="IRIS Consortium">IRIS Consortium</a> – university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">Lists of earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismological_Society_of_America" title="Seismological Society of America">Seismological Society of America</a> (<abbr>SSA</abbr>) – International scientific society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismotectonics" title="Seismotectonics">Seismotectonics</a> – study of how tectonic faults influence earthquakes<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_displacement" title="Vertical displacement">Vertical displacement</a> – Vertical shift of land in plate tectonics</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414014457/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/mag8/magnitude8_1900_date.php">"USGS: Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Historical+Earthquakes&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakes.bgs.ac.uk%2Fearthquakes%2Fhistorical%2Fhistorical_listing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3120693.stm">"Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat"</a>. BBC News. 2003-08-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122134305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3120693.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fresh+alert+over+Tajik+flood+threat&rft.date=2003-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F3120693.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellerJacksonKaganMulargia1997">Geller et al. 1997</a>, p. 1616, following <a href="#CITEREFAllen1976">Allen (1976</a>, p. 2070), who in turn followed <a href="#CITEREFWoodGutenberg1935">Wood & Gutenberg (1935)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludwin-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ludwin_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geophys.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/INFO_GENERAL/eq_prediction.html">Earthquake Prediction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007165545/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/INFO_GENERAL/eq_prediction.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafee2010" class="citation news cs1">Lafee, Scott (April 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2010/04/09/quake-myths-rely-on-cloudy-facts/">"Quake myths rely on cloudy facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Quake+myths+rely+on+cloudy+facts&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.aulast=Lafee&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2F2010%2F04%2F09%2Fquake-myths-rely-on-cloudy-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/there-earthquake-weather">"Is there earthquake weather?"</a>. United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303155939/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/there-earthquake-weather">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+there+earthquake+weather%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Ffaqs%2Fthere-earthquake-weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKanamori2003">Kanamori 2003</a>, p. 1205. See also <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Earthquake_Forecasting_for_Civil_Protection2011">International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection 2011</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218174649/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/index.php">"Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/index.php">the original</a> on 2017-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Seismology</i>, International Geophysics, <b>616</b>: <span class="nowrap">1205–</span>1216, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0074-6142%2803%2980186-9">10.1016/s0074-6142(03)80186-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-440658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-440658-2"><bdi>978-0-12-440658-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Handbook+of+Earthquake+and+Engineering+Seismology&rft.atitle=Earthquake+Prediction%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=616&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1205-%3C%2Fspan%3E1216&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0074-6142%2803%2980186-9&rft.isbn=978-0-12-440658-2&rft.aulast=Kanamori&rft.aufirst=Hiroo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodGutenberg1935" class="citation cs2">Wood, H.O.; Gutenberg, B. (6 September 1935), "Earthquake prediction", <i>Science</i>, <b>82</b> (2123): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>320, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935Sci....82..219W">1935Sci....82..219W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.82.2123.219">10.1126/science.82.2123.219</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17818812">17818812</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Earthquake+prediction&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2123&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=1935-09-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17818812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.82.2123.219&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935Sci....82..219W&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=H.O.&rft.au=Gutenberg%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Earthquakes</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=earthquakes&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=earthquakes">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=earthquakes&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyndmanHyndman2009" class="citation book cs1">Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jg5oRWHXmcC&pg=PT54">"Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes"</a>. <i>Natural Hazards and Disasters</i> (2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-31667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-31667-1"><bdi>978-0-495-31667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Earthquakes+and+their+causes&rft.btitle=Natural+Hazards+and+Disasters&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole%3A+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-31667-1&rft.aulast=Hyndman&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Hyndman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jg5oRWHXmcC%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLindeSacks2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, ChiChing; Linde, Alan T.; Sacks, I. Selwyn (2009). "Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons". <i>Nature</i>. <b>459</b> (7248): <span class="nowrap">833–</span>836. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..833L">2009Natur.459..833L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08042">10.1038/nature08042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19516339">19516339</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4424312">4424312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Slow+earthquakes+triggered+by+typhoons&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7248&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E836&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4424312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..833L&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08042&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19516339&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=ChiChing&rft.au=Linde%2C+Alan+T.&rft.au=Sacks%2C+I.+Selwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthquake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/earthquake" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/earthquake">earthquake</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/">Earthquake Hazards Program</a> of the U.S. Geological Survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iris.edu/dms/seismon.htm">IRIS Seismic Monitor</a> – IRIS Consortium</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br />and<br />instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br />testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />(<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br />problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="/wiki/Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br />software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEEP2D" title="SEEP2D">SEEP2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STABL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STABL (page does not exist)">STABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earthquake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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