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id="toc-Third_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political ideology and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أغوستينو دبريتيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أغوستينو دبريتيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آگوستینو دپرتیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوستینو دپرتیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8_%EB%8D%B0%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아고스티노 데프레티스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아고스티노 데프레티스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אגוסטינו דפרטיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגוסטינו דפרטיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_Depretis" title="Augustinus Depretis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustinus Depretis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اجوستينو دبريتيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اجوستينو دبريتيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="アゴスティーノ・デプレーティス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アゴスティーノ・デプレーティス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Депретис, Агостино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Депретис, Агостино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81" title="Агостіно Депретіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агостіно Депретіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Agostino Depretis" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="阿戈斯蒂诺·德普雷蒂斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿戈斯蒂诺·德普雷蒂斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q356711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Agostino Depretis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Agostino_Depretis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Agostino_Depretis.jpg/220px-Agostino_Depretis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Agostino_Depretis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 May 1881 – 29 July 1887</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1878 – 14 July 1879</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Umberto I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benedetto Cairoli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benedetto Cairoli</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1876 – 24 March 1878</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> <br /> Umberto I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Marco Minghetti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benedetto Cairoli</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 November 1879 – 29 July 1887</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a><br /><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Tommaso Villa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Francesco Crispi</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 April 1886 – 29 July 1886</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Felice_Nicolis,_conte_di_Robilant" title="Carlo Felice Nicolis, conte di Robilant">Carlo Felice Nicolis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Francesco Crispi</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 June 1885 – 6 October 1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Stanislao_Mancini" title="Pasquale Stanislao Mancini">Pasquale Stanislao Mancini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Carlo Felice Nicolis</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1878 – 14 July 1879</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benedetto Cairoli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benedetto Cairoli</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 December 1877 – 24 March 1878</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo_Melegari" title="Luigi Amedeo Melegari">Luigi Amedeo Melegari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lodovico,_Count_Corti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodovico, Count Corti">Luigi Corti</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Finance">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1876 – 26 December 1877</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Girolamo Cantelli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Magliani" title="Agostino Magliani">Agostino Magliani</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 February 1867 – 10 April 1867</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Antonio Scialoja</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ferrara" title="Francesco Ferrara">Francesco Ferrara</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Navy_(Italy)" title="Minister of the Navy (Italy)">Minister of the Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 June 1866 – 17 February 1867</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Angioletti" title="Diego Angioletti">Diego Angioletti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Giuseppe Biancheri</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Public_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Public Works">Minister of Public Works</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 March 1862 – 8 December 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Urbano Rattazzi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ubaldino_Peruzzi" title="Ubaldino Peruzzi">Ubaldino Peruzzi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federico_Menabrea" title="Luigi Federico Menabrea">Luigi Federico Menabrea</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 February 1861 – 29 July 1887</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy" title="Stradella, Lombardy">Stradella</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1813-01-31</span>)</span>31 January 1813<br /><a href="/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy" title="Stradella, Lombardy">Stradella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1887<span style="display:none">(1887-07-29)</span> (aged 74)<br />Stradella, Lombardy,<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Agostino Depretis</b> (31 January 1813 – 29 July 1887) was an Italian statesman and politician. He served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> for several stretches between 1876 and 1887, and was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a> parliamentary group for more than a decade. He is the fourth-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, and at the time of his death he was the longest-served. Depretis is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history, having enacted numerous reforms that modernized Italy, such as expanding <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">male suffrage</a> and free education.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a master in the political art of <i><a href="/wiki/Trasformismo" title="Trasformismo">Trasformismo</a></i>, the method of making a flexible, centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> in Italian politics after the unification.<sup id="cite_ref-killinger127_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killinger127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_Italian_Unification">Early life and Italian Unification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and Italian Unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depretis was born at Bressana Bottarone, near <a href="/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy" title="Stradella, Lombardy">Stradella</a>, which at the time was a province of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and now is in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">province of Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Napoleon's defeat and restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, Depretis graduated in <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and started working as <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>. </p><p>From early manhood he was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and affiliated with the <i><a href="/wiki/La_Giovine_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Giovine Italia">La Giovine Italia</a></i>. He took an active part in the Mazzinian conspiracies and was nearly captured by the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrians</a> while smuggling arms into <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Elected deputy in 1848, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Left</a> and founded the newspaper <i>Il Diritto</i>, but he held no political offices.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg/180px-Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg/270px-Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg/360px-Depretis_in_Sicilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Agostino Depretis in 1860</figcaption></figure><p>In the same period he strongly opposed the policies of the Piedmontese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> and voted against the main reforms that he presented, including the bill regarding the Piedmontese participation to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. Despite their struggles, after the annexation of Lombardy by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859, Cavour appointed Depretis governor of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> sailed with his <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The Expedition was formed by corps of volunteers led by Garibaldi in order to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbons">Bourbons</a>. The project was an ambitious and risky venture aiming to conquer, with a thousand men, a kingdom with a larger regular army and a more powerful navy. The expedition was a success and concluded with a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> that brought Naples and Sicily into the Kingdom of Sardinia, the last territorial conquest before the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> on 17 March 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea venture was the only desired action that was jointly decided by the "four fathers of the nation" Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, and Camillo Cavour, pursuing divergent goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Duggan_2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Duggan_2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various groups participated in the expedition for a variety of reasons: for Garibaldi, it was to achieve a united Italy; to the Sicilian bourgeoisie, an independent Sicily as part of the kingdom of Italy, and for the mass farmers, land distribution and the end of oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Duggan_2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Duggan_2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860 Depretis went to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> on a mission to reconcile the policy of Cavour, who desired the immediate incorporation of the island in the Kingdom of Italy, with that of Garibaldi, who wished to postpone the Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> until after the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and Rome. Depretis replaced Garibaldi's close councilor <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> as pro-dictator (<i>prodittatore</i>) of Sicily, during the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">dictatorial government</a>; however he failed in his attempt to win round <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Garibaldi and his comrades</a> to the idea of immediately incorporating Sicily into the new Italian kingdom, and resigned in September 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_government">In government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Public_Works">Minister of Public Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minister of Public Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Cavour's death king Victor Emmanuel II gave the task to form a new government firstly to <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Urbano Rattazzi</a>; Rattazzi was the leader of the Left and created a cabinet composed by both political groups. On 3 March 1862, Depretis was appointed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Public_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Public Works">Minister of Public Works</a>, and served as intermediary in arranging with Garibaldi.<sup id="cite_ref-ea20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in August 1862 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspromonte" title="Battle of Aspromonte">defeated</a> Garibaldi's army of volunteers, who were marching from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, with the intent of annexing it into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. In the battle, which took place a few kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Gambarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambarie">Gambarie</a>, Garibaldi was wounded and taken as prisoner. Rattazzi's policy of repression towards Garibaldi at <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a>, caused lot of public protests and the Prime Minister was forced to resign in September 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Francesco Crispi accused Depretis of having mounted the Mazzinian riots in <a href="/wiki/Sarnico" title="Sarnico">Sarnico</a> in May 1862 to discredit Garibaldi. After the fall of the Rattazzi government, therefore, it was easy to predict the end of Depretis's political career, when Crispi was elected leader of the Left.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depretis remained on the sidelines during the 8th legislature (1863–65), but he regularly participated in the parliamentary works, intervening regarding the laws for administrative unification and declaring himself hostile to <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>. He was particularly active during the <a href="/wiki/1865_Italian_general_election" title="1865 Italian general election">electoral campaign of 1865</a> and at the beginning of the 9th legislature he was elected vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Navy">Minister of Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1866, in anticipation of the war with the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Prussian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Prussian alliance">Italo-Prussian alliance</a>, Ricasoli was appointed prime minister by the king to replace General <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora" title="Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora">Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora</a>, who would lead the Italian troops during the war. The king wanted to established a government of "national conciliation" that included members both form the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Right</a> and the Left. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg/220px-Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg/330px-Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg/440px-Soerensen_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa_1866_Rammstoss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15500" data-file-height="11073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Battle of Lissa</a> in 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 June, Depretis was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Navy_(Italy)" title="Minister of the Navy (Italy)">Minister of the Navy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the same day the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Italian defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1866)" title="Battle of Custoza (1866)">Battle of Custoza</a>, Depretis insisted with admiral <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pellion_di_Persano" title="Carlo Pellion di Persano">Carlo Persano</a> on the attack against the island of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Lissa</a>, as a revenge for Custoza. But he also refused to give to admiral Persano detailed orders about the expedition in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> against the fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a>. However the Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i> ("Royal Navy") was soundly defeated. To quell the public outcry after the two defeats, Depretis called for process Persano, who was judged by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Italian Senate</a>, condemned for incompetence in 1867 and cashiered from duty.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the war ended in an Austrian defeat, with Austria conceding the region of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Venetia</a> to Italy. Italy's acquisition of this wealthy and populous territory represented a major step in the process of Italian unification.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 February 1867, Depretis resigned as minister of the Navy. His tenure as minister was quite controversial; his apologists contend, however, that, as an inexperienced civilian, he could not have made sudden changes in naval arrangements without disorganizing the fleet, and that in view of the impending hostilities he was obliged to accept the dispositions of his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Left">Leader of the Left</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leader of the Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agostino_Depretis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Agostino_Depretis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Depretis during 1870s</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 February 1867 Depretis was appointed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Finance">Minister of Finance</a> in the second cabinet of Ricasoli; however after few months, on 10 April, Ricasoli resigned and Depretis returned to be a simple deputy. </p><p>Upon the death of Rattazzi in 1873, Depretis became leader of the Left. On 25 June 1873, the conservative government of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanza" title="Giovanni Lanza">Giovanni Lanza</a> fell, beaten by a vote that saw the Depretis's moderate Left united with a large part of the Right, no longer in support of the Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Quintino_Sella" title="Quintino Sella">Quintino Sella</a>; in fact Sella abandoned the proposal of a further fiscal tightening in order to achieve a balanced <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victor Emmanuel II then asked the conservative <a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Marco Minghetti</a> to form a new government, inviting him to include also members from the Left. Minghetti accepted the suggestion but his efforts to agree with Depretis were vain. </p><p>Minghetti and Sella were involved into an ambitious program of <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> which needed a strong majority, for which they tried to oblige the <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independents</a> to choose their side, beginning to build a two-party system as <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the Italian <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">non-partisan</a> political system, hugely affected by <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, their bet was equivalent to an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/all_in" class="extiw" title="wikt:all in">all-in</a> that afterwards they lost.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1874_Italian_general_election" title="1874 Italian general election">1874 election</a> did not give to Minghetti the advantage he was hoping, especially for the high support to Depretis's opposition in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minghetti's government survived, but the bipolarisation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a> he had imposed, strengthened the Left so that it could take the leadership of the country. Two years later, MPs from <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> became dissatisfied with the government after it refused to intervene in the financial problems of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. The government was defeated on a vote on nationalising railways on 18 March 1876 and Minghetti was forced to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Depretis became prime minister, with 414 of the 508 MPs supporting the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of the Minghetti's cabinet was called, by political commentators, the "parliamentary revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prime Minister of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depretis_primo_governo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Depretis_primo_governo.jpg/180px-Depretis_primo_governo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Depretis_primo_governo.jpg/270px-Depretis_primo_governo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Depretis_primo_governo.jpg/360px-Depretis_primo_governo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Depretis first cabinet</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 March 1876, Depretis sworn in as prime minister; <a href="/wiki/First_Depretis_government" title="First Depretis government">his cabinet</a> was the first one to be composed only by members of the Left. Prominent ministers were <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Nicotera" title="Giovanni Nicotera">Giovanni Nicotera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Stanislao_Mancini" title="Pasquale Stanislao Mancini">Pasquale Stanislao Mancini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Coppino" title="Michele Coppino">Michele Coppino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Giuseppe Zanardelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Brin" title="Benedetto Brin">Benedetto Brin</a>. </p><p>To strengthen his position, Depretis called for a new <a href="/wiki/1876_Italian_general_election" title="1876 Italian general election">election in November</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, the left-wing won an election, gaining almost 70% of votes and taking 414 of the 508 seats, of which 12 were extreme left-wingers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to the previous right-wing governments, whose members were largely aristocrats representing <a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">rentiers</a> from the north of the country, and held moderate political views including loyalty to the crown and low government spending,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the left-wing government represented the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> of the south of the country and supported low taxation, secularism, a strong foreign policy and public jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main reform proposed by the government was the school one that took its name from Minister Coppino and was presented on 15 July 1877. The law introduced compulsory, <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> and free primary education for children aged six to nine. On the other hand, while maintaining the electoral promises, Depretis raised the minimum exemption for the mobile wealth tax from 250 to 800 <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a>, granting greater deductions for industrial income. Important, although not very effective, was the decree of 25 August 1876 which regulated the office of the prime minister with the will to contain the monarchical power and above all the conflict of ministers. </p><p>The foreign policy of his first government was prudent, similar to that of the cabinets which had preceded it. His policies created criticisms from the progressives who were pushing for an approach to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> to fight <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Francophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophobic">francophobic</a> attitude increased in May 1877 when the government of <a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert de Broglie">Albert de Broglie</a>, favorable to clericals positions, sworn in Paris. The government however had to face the violent attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a> Nicotera, who was considered guilty, according to a part of the majority, of abuses and illegality; unable to cope with the crisis, Depretis decided to resign in December 1877. </p><p>The king, gave again to Depretis the task of forming a new cabinet; it was the last political act of the king who would die after few months. Depretis failed in stopping the contrasts within the Left. He was criticized for having abolished the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Italy)">Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce</a> and having established the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Treasury">Ministry of Treasury</a> in order to achieve greater control over state budget. On 11 March 1878, Depretis resigned from his office, when his candidate lost the election to become president of the Chamber of Deputies; the following cabinet was led by another prominent leftist member <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1879, Depretis joined the Cairoli cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a>. In the same period, a general irritation was caused by Cairoli and <a href="/wiki/Lodovico,_count_Corti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodovico, count Corti">Count Corti</a>'s policy of clean hands at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">Berlin Congress</a>, where Italy obtained nothing, while <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> secured a European mandate to occupy <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. A few months later the attempt of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante" title="Giovanni Passannante">Giovanni Passannante</a> to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">King Humbert I</a> at Naples on 12 December 1878, caused Cairoli's downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depretis was appointed prime minister by the king; <a href="/wiki/Second_Depretis_government" title="Second Depretis government">his cabinet</a> was formed by members of the Left and of the Right. On 24 June 1879 the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Italian Senate</a> approved, with significant amendments, the bill on the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mill</a>. However, on 3 July, the Chamber rejected the law and voted down the government; third cabinet of Depretis therefore had to resign after only six months of troubled political life and the next government was again led by Cairoli, on 14 July. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_term">Third term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg/180px-Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg/270px-Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg/360px-Depretis_Illustrazione_Italiana_1885.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Agostino Depretis in 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the French occupation of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> on 11 May 1881, in view of popular indignation Cairoli resigned in order to avoid making inopportune declarations to the Chamber. The king, after the failed attempt by <a href="/wiki/Quintino_Sella" title="Quintino Sella">Quintino Sella</a> to establish a new cabinet, appointed Depretis once again prime minister to form his <a href="/wiki/Third_Depretis_government" title="Third Depretis government">third government</a>. </p><p>On 20 May 1882, Depretis signed the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a>, a secret military agreement between Italy, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> to oppose the power of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a> ambitions to the French. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power. The treaty provided that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral. </p><p>In domestic policy, 1882 saw the approval of the electoral reform of which Depretis had also become the main spokesman and on 22 January the parliament approved what the Prime Minister had called "the only possible <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>". All men of at least 21 years of age who had attended at least the first two years of elementary school or who contributed an annual tax of no less than 19.80 lire were entitled to vote. the voting age was lowered from 25 to 21 and the tax requirement lowered from <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">₤</a>40 to ₤19.80, whilst men with three years of primary education were exempted from it.<sup id="cite_ref-NS2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the number of eligible voters increasing from 621,896 at the <a href="/wiki/1880_Italian_general_election" title="1880 Italian general election">1880 elections</a> to 2,017,829.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral system was changed from one based on single-member constituencies to one based on small multi-member constituencies with between two and five seats.<sup id="cite_ref-NS2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters had as many votes as there were candidates, except in constituencies with five seats, in which they were limited to four votes.<sup id="cite_ref-NS3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be elected in the first round a candidate needed an absolute majority of the votes cast and to receive a number of votes equivalent to at least one-eighth of the number registered voters. If a second round was required, the number of candidates going through was double the number of seats available.<sup id="cite_ref-NS3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1882_Italian_general_election" title="1882 Italian general election">1882 general election</a> the Left emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 289 of the 508 seats; the Right arrived second with 147 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depretis was confirmed prime minister by the king. </p><p>During his long tenure Depretis recomposed his cabinet four times, first throwing out <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Giuseppe Zanardelli</a> and Alfredo Baccarini in order to please the Right, and subsequently bestowing portfolios upon <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Ricotti-Magnani" title="Cesare Ricotti-Magnani">Cesare Ricotti-Magnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Felice_Nicolis,_conte_di_Robilant" title="Carlo Felice Nicolis, conte di Robilant">Robilant</a> and other Conservatives, so as to complete the political process known as <i><a href="/wiki/Trasformismo" title="Trasformismo">Trasformismo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Depretis also completed the <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> system and initiated <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial policy</a> by the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>; but, at the same time, he increased indirect taxation, corrupted the parliamentary parties, and, by extravagance in public works, impaired the stability of Italian finance.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that a wider suffrage would give citizens a moral dignity and sense of responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite an insistent <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, Depretis remained Prime Minister until his death. More and more often he gathered the government in the living room of his house, at <a href="/wiki/Via_Nazionale_(Rome)" title="Via Nazionale (Rome)">Via Nazionale</a> in Rome. Transferred to <a href="/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy" title="Stradella, Lombardy">Stradella</a> due to the aggravation of the disease, he died there on 29 July 1887, at 74 years old. After the <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> he was buried in the cemetery of his home town. He was replaced at the head of the Left and at the head of the government by Francesco Crispi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology_and_legacy">Political ideology and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political ideology and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg/220px-Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg/330px-Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg/440px-Depretis_e_il_trasformismo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon about Depretis, accusing him of being a <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleonic</a> politician</figcaption></figure> <p>Depretis was the founder and the main proponent of <i><a href="/wiki/Trasformismo" title="Trasformismo">Trasformismo</a></i> ("Transformism"), a method of making a flexible <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> coalition of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> which isolated the extremes of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>. The process was initiated in 1883, when he moved to the right and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_reshuffle" title="Cabinet reshuffle">reshuffled his government</a> to include <a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Marco Minghetti</a>'s conservatives. This was a move Depretis had been considering for a while before 1883. The aim was to ensure a stable government that would avoid weakening the institutions by extreme shifts to the left or right. Depretis felt that a secure government could ensure calm in Italy. </p><p>At this time middle class politicians were more concerned with making deals with each other and less about political philosophies and principles. Large coalitions were formed, with members being bribed to join them. The liberals, the main political group, was tied together by informal "gentleman's agreements", but these were always in matters of enriching themselves. Indeed, actual governing did not seem to be happening at all, but since only 2 million men had franchises, most of these wealthy landowners did not have to concern themselves with such things as improving the lives of the people they were supposedly representing democratically. </p><p>However <i>trasformismo</i> fed into the debates that the Italian parliamentary system was weak and actually failing; it ultimately became associated with <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>. It was perceived as the sacrifice of principles and policies for short term gain. The system of <i>trasformismo</i> was little loved and seemed to be creating a huge gap between 'Legal' (parliamentary and political) Italy, and 'Real' Italy where the politicians became increasingly isolated. This system brought almost no advantages, illiteracy remained the same in 1912 as before the unification era, and backward economic policies, combined with poor sanitary conditions, continued to prevent the country's rural areas from improving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesionline.it/mobile/appuntoPar.jsp?id=739&p=38">La dittatura parlamentare di Giolitti</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-killinger127-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-killinger127_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Killinger, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stSxECsf0F4C">The history of Italy</a></i>, p. 127–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/agostino-depretis_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">Agostino Depretis – Dizionario Biografico</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depretis Agostino, pages 60-61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Il presidente del Consiglio</i>, in <i>Illustrazione Italiana</i>, Anno XII, N. 47, 22 November 1885, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Raccolta degli atti del governo dittatoriale e prodittatoriale in Sicilia</i>, 1860, Stabilimento tipografico Francesco Lao, Palermo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_Duggan_2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Duggan_2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Duggan_2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Duggan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Duggan (historian)">Christopher Duggan</a> (2000). <i>Creare la nazione. Vita di Francesco Crispi</i>. Laterza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creare+la+nazione.+Vita+di+Francesco+Crispi&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Christopher+Duggan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgostino+Depretis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rattazzi,_Urbano" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rattazzi, Urbano">Rattazzi, Urbano</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattazzi%2C+Urbano&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=919&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgostino+Depretis" class="Z3988"></span> This work in turn cites: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRattazzi1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laetitia_Marie_Wyse_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Laetitia Marie Wyse Bonaparte">Rattazzi, Laetitia</a> (1881). <i>Rattazzi et son temps</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rattazzi+et+son+temps&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Rattazzi&rft.aufirst=Laetitia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgostino+Depretis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1899" class="citation book cs1">King, Bolton (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryitalian00kinggoog"><i>History of Italian Unity</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Italian+Unity&rft.place=London&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bolton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryitalian00kinggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgostino+Depretis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ea20-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ea20_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRines1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattazzi, Urbano"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Rattazzi,_Urbano">"Rattazzi, Urbano" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattazzi%2C+Urbano&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgostino+Depretis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulvio Cammarano, <i>Storia dell'Italia liberale</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan" title="Christopher Duggan">Christopher Duggan</a>, <i>Creare la nazione. Vita di Francesco Crispi</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biografieonline.it/biografia-agostino-depretis">Biografia di Agostino Depretis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/risorgimento/">Il Risorgimento – Enciclopedia Treccani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storia Militare n. 215, Parma 2011, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php/iii-guerra-indipendenza">La Terza Guerra d'Indipendenza</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giancarlo Giordano, <i>Cilindri e feluche. La politica estera dell'Italia dopo l'Unità</i>, Roma, Aracne, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,perdata/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1271_01_1874_0301_0001_18632449/anews,true/">La Stampa</a>, Thursday, 5 November 1874</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,perdata/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1271_01_1874_0301_0001_18632449/anews,true/">La Stampa</a>, Sunday, 8 November 1874</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,perdata/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1271_01_1874_0301_0001_18632449/anews,true/">La Stampa</a>, Monday, 16 November 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_&_Stöver,_p1029_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, p1029</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flynn_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Flynn" title="John T. Flynn">Flynn, John T.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/5194/PreFascist-Italy-Tax-and-Borrow-and-Spend">Pre-Fascist Italy: Tax and Borrow and Spend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/extra-per-voi/2016/08/09/1976-rivoluzione-parlamentare-che-segno-storia-d-italia-6a649902-5e31-11e6-bfed-33aa6b5e1635.shtml">La rivoluzione parlamentare che segnò la storia d’Italia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, p1028</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, pp1029-1030</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, p1049</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, p1039</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, p1082</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank J. Coppa, <i>Planning, protectionism, and politics in liberal Italy: economics and politics in the Giolittian age</i> (Catholic University of America Press, 1971.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/113px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Rattazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Carlo_Farini" title="Luigi Carlo Farini">Farini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Minghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora" title="Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora">La Marmora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Rattazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federico_Menabrea" title="Luigi Federico Menabrea">Menabrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanza" title="Giovanni Lanza">Lanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Minghetti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Cairoli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Cairoli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Starabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Starabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pelloux" title="Luigi Pelloux">Pelloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saracco" title="Giuseppe Saracco">Saracco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Zanardelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Tittoni" title="Tommaso Tittoni">Tittoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Fortis" title="Alessandro Fortis">Fortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sonnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sonnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luzzatti" title="Luigi Luzzatti">Luzzatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salandra" title="Antonio Salandra">Salandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Nitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Bonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Facta" title="Luigi Facta">Facta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Bonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Parri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/75px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/113px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Scelba" title="Mario Scelba">Scelba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adone_Zoli" title="Adone Zoli">Zoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Tambroni" title="Fernando Tambroni">Tambroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Rumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Colombo</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%;line-height:11pt;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Rattazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pasolini" title="Giuseppe Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Visconti_Venosta" title="Emilio Visconti Venosta">Visconti-Venosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora" title="Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora">La Marmora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Visconti_Venosta" title="Emilio Visconti Venosta">Visconti-Venosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Di_Campello" title="Pompeo Di Campello">Campello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federico_Menabrea" title="Luigi Federico Menabrea">Menabrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Visconti_Venosta" title="Emilio Visconti Venosta">Visconti-Venosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo_Melegari" title="Luigi Amedeo Melegari">Melegari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico,_Count_Corti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodovico, Count Corti">Corti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Cairoli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Cairoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Stanislao_Mancini" title="Pasquale Stanislao Mancini">Mancini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Felice_Nicolis,_conte_di_Robilant" title="Carlo Felice Nicolis, conte di Robilant">Robilant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Starabba di Rudinì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Brin" title="Benedetto Brin">Brin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Blanc" title="Alberto Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Caetani_(1842%E2%80%931917)" title="Onorato Caetani (1842–1917)">Caetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Cappelli" title="Raffaele Cappelli">Capelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Napoleone_Canevaro" title="Felice Napoleone Canevaro">Canevaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Visconti_Venosta" title="Emilio Visconti Venosta">Visconti-Venosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Prinetti" title="Giulio Prinetti">Prinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Tittoni" title="Tommaso Tittoni">Tittoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonino_Patern%C3%B2_Castello,_Marchese_di_San_Giuliano" title="Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano">Paternò Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini_(politician)" title="Francesco Guicciardini (politician)">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Tittoni" title="Tommaso Tittoni">Tittoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini_(politician)" title="Francesco Guicciardini (politician)">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonino_Patern%C3%B2_Castello,_Marchese_di_San_Giuliano" title="Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano">Paternò Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sonnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Tittoni" title="Tommaso Tittoni">Tittoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Scialoja" title="Vittorio Scialoja">Scialoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Sforza" title="Carlo Sforza">Sforza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tomasi_Della_Torretta" title="Pietro Tomasi Della Torretta">Tommasi della Torretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schanzer" title="Carlo Schanzer">Schanzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Guariglia" title="Raffaele Guariglia">Guariglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Bonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/42px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/63px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/84px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="685" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/50px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:11pt;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Nenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Sforza" title="Carlo Sforza">Sforza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Piccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Martino" title="Gaetano Martino">Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Piccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Saragat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Medici" title="Giuseppe Medici">Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Nenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Medici" title="Giuseppe Medici">Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rumor" title="Mariano Rumor">Rumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Forlani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Maria_Malfatti" title="Franco Maria Malfatti">Malfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Ruffini" title="Attilio Ruffini">Ruffini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_De_Michelis" title="Gianni De Michelis">De Michelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Scotti" title="Vincenzo Scotti">Scotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Andreatta" title="Beniamino Andreatta">Andreatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Elia" title="Leopoldo Elia">Elia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Martino" title="Antonio Martino">Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Agnelli" title="Susanna Agnelli">Agnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Dini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ruggiero" title="Renato Ruggiero">Ruggiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Frattini" title="Franco Frattini">Frattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Fini" title="Gianfranco Fini">Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">D'Alema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Frattini" title="Franco Frattini">Frattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Terzi_di_Sant%27Agata" title="Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata">Terzi di Sant'Agata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Bonino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Mogherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni" title="Paolo Gentiloni">Gentiloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelino_Alfano" title="Angelino Alfano">Alfano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Moavero_Milanesi" title="Enzo Moavero Milanesi">Moavero Milanesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Di_Maio" title="Luigi Di Maio">Di Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Tajani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356711#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061301801">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/810144">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/223623/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCDcYQycxJ73BcpVTPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118879014">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87942230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12001722x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12001722x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Depretis, Agostino"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV059706">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2018996679&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072928271">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/123121">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DEPRETIS, Agostino"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/agostino-depretis_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118879014">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028119061">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6797dpp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&oldid=1267067068">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agostino_Depretis&oldid=1267067068</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1813_births" title="Category:1813 births">1813 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1887_deaths" title="Category:1887 deaths">1887 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Pavia" title="Category:People from the Province of Pavia">People from the Province of Pavia</a></li><li><a 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