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id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>History of regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>1970–2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nixon_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3.1</span> <span>Nixon administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ford_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ford_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3.2</span> <span>Ford administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ford_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carter_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carter_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3.3</span> <span>Carter administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carter_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_deregulation_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_deregulation_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3.4</span> <span>1970s deregulation effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_deregulation_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reagan_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3.5</span> <span>Reagan administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.4</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.5</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.6</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.7</span> <span>Related legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>For deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Against deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deregulation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="رفع القيود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفع القيود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="নিয়ন্ত্রণহীনতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিয়ন্ত্রণহীনতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desregulaci%C3%B3" title="Desregulació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desregulació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulace" title="Deregulace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deregulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulering" title="Deregulering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deregulering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulierung" title="Deregulierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deregulierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desregulaci%C3%B3n" title="Desregulación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desregulación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مقررات‌زدایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقررات‌زدایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9r%C3%A9glementation" title="Déréglementation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déréglementation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%9C_%EC%99%84%ED%99%94" title="규제 완화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="규제 완화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulasi" title="Deregulasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deregulasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregolazione" title="Deregolazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deregolazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregolamentazion" title="Deregolamentazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Deregolamentazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregul%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Dereguláció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dereguláció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulering" title="Deregulering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deregulering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%88%B6%E7%B7%A9%E5%92%8C" title="規制緩和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="規制緩和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulering" title="Deregulering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deregulering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulacja" title="Deregulacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deregulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desregulamenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Desregulamentação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desregulamentação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereglementare" title="Dereglementare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dereglementare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Дерегулирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дерегулирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deregulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulaatio" title="Deregulaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Deregulaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avreglering" title="Avreglering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avreglering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereg%C3%BClasyon" title="Deregülasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deregülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дерегулювання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дерегулювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%8C%96" title="去管制化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="去管制化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Remove or reduce state regulations</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg/250px-France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg/375px-France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg/500px-France_Telecom_Wellington_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>As a result of deregulation of telecommunications in New Zealand, France Télécom (now <a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." title="Orange S.A.">Orange</a>) operated phone booths in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> and across New Zealand in the 2000s.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Deregulation</b> is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the repeal of governmental <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">regulation of the economy</a>. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new trends in economic thinking about the inefficiencies of government regulation, and the risk that regulatory agencies would be controlled by the regulated industry to its benefit, and thereby hurt consumers and the wider economy. Economic regulations were promoted during the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">progressive</a> reforms were claimed as necessary to limit <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a> like corporate abuse, unsafe <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">monopolization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and to mitigate boom and bust cycles. Around the late 1970s, such reforms were deemed burdensome on economic growth and many politicians espousing <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> started promoting deregulation. </p><p>The stated rationale for deregulation is often that fewer and simpler regulations will lead to raised levels of competitiveness, therefore higher <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Productivity (economics)">productivity</a>, more efficiency and lower prices overall. Opposition to deregulation may involve apprehension regarding <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environmental pollution</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and environmental quality standards (such as the removal of regulations on hazardous materials), financial uncertainty, and <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">constraining monopolies</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_reform" title="Regulatory reform">Regulatory reform</a> is a parallel development alongside deregulation. Regulatory reform refers to organized and ongoing programs to review regulations with a view to minimizing, simplifying, and making them more cost effective. Such efforts, given impetus by the <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> of 1980, are embodied in the United States Office of Management and Budget's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a>, and the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Better_Regulation_Commission" title="Better Regulation Commission">Better Regulation Commission</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a> is frequently used in such reviews. In addition, there have been regulatory innovations, usually suggested by economists, such as <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a>. </p><p>Deregulation can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, which transfers state-owned businesses to the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> underwent heavy economic deregulation, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, and had a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed exchange rate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Carlos_Menem" title="Presidency of Carlos Menem">Menem administration</a> (1989–1999). In December 2001, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> compared <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a> with Argentina, claiming that both were experiencing economic collapse due to excessive deregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, Herbert Inhaber claimed that Krugman <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">confused correlation with causation</a>, and neither collapse was due to excessive deregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having announced a wide range of deregulatory policies, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> announced the policy of "Minimum Effective Regulation" in 1986. This introduced now-familiar requirements for "regulatory impact statements", but compliance by governmental agencies took many years. The labor market under the Hawke/Keating governments operated under the <a href="/wiki/Prices_and_Incomes_Accord" title="Prices and Incomes Accord">Prices and Incomes Accord</a>. In the mid-90s <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> began deregulation of the labor market with the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_Relations_Act_1996" title="Workplace Relations Act 1996">Workplace Relations Act 1996</a>, going much further in 2005 through its <a href="/wiki/WorkChoices" title="WorkChoices">WorkChoices</a> policy. However, this was reversed under the following <a href="/wiki/Rudd_Government_(2007%E2%80%9310)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudd Government (2007–10)">Rudd Labor government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">Dilma's impeachment</a>, Michel Temer introduced a <a href="/wiki/Brazil_labor_reform_(2017)" title="Brazil labor reform (2017)">labor reform</a>, besides allowing up to 100% of foreign capital on Brazilian air companies<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and giving more protection to state-owned enterprises from political pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolsonaro administration also promoted deregulations (even the expression "Bolsonomics" was created),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Economic Freedom Law,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural Gas Law,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic Sanitation Legal Framework,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> besides allowing the direct sale of ethanol by fuel stations<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opening rail transport industry to private investment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deregulating the use of foreign currency.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deregulation" title="Special:EditPage/Deregulation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Deregulation%22">"Deregulation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Deregulation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Deregulation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Deregulation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Deregulation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Deregulation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_policy_of_Ontario" title="Electricity policy of Ontario">Electricity policy of Ontario</a></div> <p>Natural gas is deregulated in most of the country, with the exception of some Atlantic provinces and some pockets like Vancouver Island and Medicine Hat. Most of this deregulation happened in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-PIAC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIAC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">Comparison shopping websites</a> operate in some of these jurisdictions, particularly Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. The other provinces are small markets and have not attracted suppliers. Customers have the choice of purchasing from a local distribution company (LDC) or a deregulated supplier. In most provinces the LDC is not allowed to offer a term contract, just a variable price based on the spot market. LDC prices are changed either monthly or quarterly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> began deregulation of electricity supply in 2002, but pulled back temporarily due to voter and consumer backlash at the resulting price volatility.<sup id="cite_ref-PIAC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIAC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government is still searching for a stable working regulatory framework. </p><p>The current status is a partially regulated structure in which consumers have received a capped price for a portion of the publicly owned generation. The remainder has been at market price and there are numerous competing energy contract providers. However, Ontario is installing Smart Meters in all homes and small businesses and is changing the pricing structure to Time of Use pricing. All small volume consumers were scheduled to shift to the new rate structure by the end of 2012. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> has deregulated its electricity provision. Customers are free to choose which company they sign up with, but there are few companies to choose from and the consumer price of electricity has increased substantially as it has in all other Canadian provinces.. Consumers may choose to remain with the public utility at the Regulated Rate Option. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, there were amendments to EU directive on <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2006, the <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a> has given carriers from one EU country the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the air">freedom of the air</a> in most others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The taxi industry was deregulated in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-ii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the price of a license dropped overnight to €5,000. The number of taxis increased dramatically. </p><p>However, some existing taxi drivers were unhappy with the change, as they had invested up to €100,000 to purchase licenses from existing holders, and regarded them as assets. In October 2013 they brought a test case in the High Court for damages.<sup id="cite_ref-ii_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their claim was dismissed two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-Postal_deregulation_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Since the deregulation of the postal sector, different postal operators can install mail collection boxes in New Zealand's streets.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a></div> <p>New Zealand Governments adopted policies of extensive deregulation from 1984 to 1995. Originally initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the policies of deregulation were later continued by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth National Government of New Zealand">Fourth National Government of New Zealand</a>. The policies had the goal of liberalizing the economy and were notable for their very comprehensive coverage and innovations. Specific policies included: floating the exchange rate; establishing an independent reserve bank; performance contracts for senior civil servants; <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> finance reform based on accrual accounting; tax neutrality; subsidy-free agriculture; and industry-neutral competition regulation. Economic growth was resumed in 1991. New Zealand was changed from a somewhat closed and centrally controlled economy to one of the most open economies in the OECD.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, New Zealand, went from having a reputation as an almost socialist country to being considered one of the most business-friendly countries of the world, next to Singapore. However, critics charge that the deregulation has brought little benefit to some sections of society, and has caused much of New Zealand's economy (including almost all of the banks) to become foreign-owned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia went through wide-ranging deregulation (and concomitant privatization) efforts in the late 1990s under <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, now partially reversed under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. The main thrust of deregulation has been the electricity sector (see <a href="/wiki/RAO_UES" title="RAO UES">RAO UES</a>), with railroads and communal utilities tied in second place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Deregulation of the natural gas sector (<a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>) is one of the more frequent demands placed upon Russia by the United States and European Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> started a programme of deregulation and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> after the party's victory at the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Building_Act_1984" title="Building Act 1984">Building Act 1984</a> reduced building regulations from 306 pages to 24, while <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_competitive_tendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory competitive tendering">compulsory competitive tendering</a> required local government to compete with the private sector in delivering services.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other steps included <a href="/wiki/Coach_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coach transport in the United Kingdom">express coach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1980" title="Transport Act 1980">Transport Act 1980</a>), <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">British Telecom</a> (completed in 1984), <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_London_bus_services" title="Privatisation of London bus services">privatization of London bus services</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_Great_Britain" title="Bus deregulation in Great Britain">local bus services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1985" title="Transport Act 1985">Transport Act 1985</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_British_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization of British Rail">the railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a>). The feature of all those privatizations was that their shares were offered to the general public. This continued under Thatcher's successor <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1997 to 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> governments of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> developed a programme called "<a href="/wiki/Better_Regulation_Commission" title="Better Regulation Commission">better regulation</a>". This required government departments to review, simplify or abolish existing regulations, and a "one in, one out" approach to new regulations. In 1997, Chancellor Brown announced the "freeing" of the Bank of England to set monetary policy, so the Bank was no longer under direct government control. In 2006, new primary legislation (the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_and_Regulatory_Reform_Act_2006" title="Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006">Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006</a>) was introduced to establish statutory principles and a code of practice and it permits ministers to make <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Reform_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory Reform Order">Regulatory Reform Orders</a> (RROs) to deal with older laws which they deem to be out of date, obscure or irrelevant. This act has often been criticized and was described in Parliament by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Lord (Patrick) Jenkin</a> as the "Abolition of Parliament Act".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> privatized only a few services, such as <a href="/wiki/Qinetiq" title="Qinetiq">Qinetiq</a>. But a great deal of infrastructure and maintenance work previously carried out by government departments was contracted out (outsourced) to private enterprise under the <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnership</a>, with competitive bidding for contracts within a regulatory framework. This included large projects such as building new hospitals for the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>, building new state schools, and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. These were never privatized by public offer, but instead by tendering commercial interests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_regulation">History of regulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History of regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One problem that encouraged deregulation was the way in which regulated industries often come to control the government <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulatory agencies</a> in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">regulatory capture</a>. Industries then use regulation to serve their own interests, at the expense of the consumer. A similar pattern has been seen with the deregulation process itself, often effectively controlled by regulated industries through lobbying. Such political forces, however, exist in many other forms for other <a href="/wiki/Lobby_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby group">lobby groups</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of deregulated industries in the United States are banking, telecommunications, airlines, and natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (1890s–1920), <a href="/wiki/POTUS" class="mw-redirect" title="POTUS">Presidents</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> instituted regulation on parts of the American economy, most notably big business and industry. Some prominent reforms were <a href="/wiki/Trust-busting" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust-busting">trust-busting</a> (the destruction and banning of monopolies), the creation of laws protecting the American consumer, the creation of a federal income tax (by the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth Amendment</a>; the income tax used a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax structure</a> with especially high taxes on the wealthy), the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>, the institution of shorter <a href="/wiki/Working_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Working hours">working hours</a>, higher <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a>, better living conditions, better rights and privileges to trade unions, protection of the rights of <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikers</a>, banning of unfair labor practices, and the delivery of more <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social services</a> to the working classes and <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety nets</a> to many unemployed workers, thus helping to create a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Warren Harding</a> (1921–23) and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1923–29), the federal government generally pursued <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economic policies. After the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> implemented many economic regulations, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a> (which was struck down by the Supreme Court), regulation of trucking, airlines and communications, the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> of 1933. These regulations stayed largely in place until <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In supporting his competition-limiting regulatory initiatives President Roosevelt blamed the excesses of big business for causing an <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubble</a>. However, historians lack consensus in describing the causal relationship between various events and the role of government economic policy in causing or ameliorating the Depression.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970–2000"><span id="1970.E2.80.932000"></span>1970–2000<span class="anchor" id="Deregulation_1970–2000"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1970–2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deregulation gained momentum in the 1970s, influenced by research by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a> and the theories of <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Kahn" title="Alfred E. Kahn">Alfred E. Kahn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kahn_obit_nytimes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahn_obit_nytimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new ideas were widely embraced by both liberals and conservatives. Two leading think tanks in Washington, the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, were active in holding seminars and publishing studies advocating deregulatory initiatives throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Cornell economist Alfred E. Kahn played a central role in both theorizing and participating in the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter Administration">Carter Administration</a>'s efforts to deregulate transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-kahn_obit_nytimes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahn_obit_nytimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nixon_administration">Nixon administration</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nixon administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first comprehensive proposal to deregulate a major industry, transportation, originated in the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> Administration and was forwarded to Congress in late 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseSeelyBarrett2006154_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseSeelyBarrett2006154-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was initiated and developed by an interagency group that included the Council of Economic Advisors (represented by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik Houthakker</a> and Thomas Gale Moore<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), White House Office of Consumer Affairs (represented by Jack Pearce), Department of Justice, Department of Transportation, Department of Labor, and other agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseSeelyBarrett2006152–60_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseSeelyBarrett2006152–60-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposal addressed both rail and truck transportation, but not air carriage. (92d Congress, Senate Bill 2842) The developers of this legislation in this Administration sought to cultivate support from commercial buyers of transportation services, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">consumer organizations</a>, economists, and environmental organization leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseSeelyBarrett2006154–56_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseSeelyBarrett2006154–56-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 'civil society' coalition became a template for coalitions influential in efforts to deregulate trucking and air transport later in the decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ford_administration">Ford administration</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ford administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Nixon left office, the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> presidency, with the allied interests, secured passage of the first significant change in regulatory policy in a pro-competitive direction, in the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Revitalization_and_Regulatory_Reform_Act_of_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976">Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Carter_administration">Carter administration</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Carter administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> – aided by economic adviser Alfred E. Kahn<sup id="cite_ref-kahn_obit_nytimes_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahn_obit_nytimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – devoted substantial effort to transportation deregulation, and worked with Congressional and civil society leaders to pass the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a> on October 24, 1978 – the first federal government regulatory regime, since the 1930s, to be completely dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-jimmy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimmy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kahn_cornell_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahn_cornell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter also worked with Congress to produce the <a href="/wiki/Staggers_Rail_Act" title="Staggers Rail Act">Staggers Rail Act</a> (signed October 14, 1980), and the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Carrier_Act_of_1980" title="Motor Carrier Act of 1980">Motor Carrier Act of 1980</a> (signed July 1, 1980). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1970s_deregulation_effects">1970s deregulation effects</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1970s deregulation effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These were the major deregulation acts in transportation that set the general conceptual and legislative framework, which replaced the regulatory systems put in place between the 1880s and the 1930s. The dominant common theme of these Acts was to lessen <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a> in transport markets and promote more independent, competitive pricing among transport service providers, substituting the freed-up competitive market forces for detailed regulatory control of entry, exit, and price making in transport markets. Thus deregulation arose, though regulations to promote competition were put in place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reagan_administration">Reagan administration</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reagan administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> campaigned on the promise of rolling back environmental regulations. His devotion to the economic beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> led him to promote the deregulation of finance, agriculture, and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinknecht2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinknecht2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of substantial enactments were needed to work out the process of encouraging competition in transportation. Interstate buses were addressed in 1982, in the <a href="/wiki/Bus_Regulatory_Reform_Act" title="Bus Regulatory Reform Act">Bus Regulatory Reform Act</a> of 1982. Freight forwarders (freight aggregators) got more freedoms in the <a href="/wiki/Surface_Freight_Forwarder_Deregulation_Act_of_1986" title="Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986">Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986</a>. As many states continued to regulate the operations of motor carriers within their own state, the intrastate aspect of the trucking and bus industries was addressed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Aviation_Administration_Authorization_Act_of_1994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (page does not exist)">Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994</a>, which provided that "a State, political subdivision of a State, or political authority of two or more States may not enact or enforce a law, regulation, or other provision having the force and effect of law related to a price, route, or service of any motor carrier." <a href="/wiki/Title_49_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 49 of the United States Code">49 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/14501">§ 14501</a>(c)(1) (Supp. V 1999). </p><p>Ocean transportation was the last to be addressed. This was done in two acts, the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_Act_of_1984" title="Shipping Act of 1984">Shipping Act of 1984</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Shipping_Reform_Act_of_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998 (page does not exist)">Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998</a>. These acts were less thoroughgoing than the legislation dealing with U.S. domestic transportation, in that they left in place the "conference" system in international ocean liner shipping, which historically embodied cartel mechanisms. However, these acts permitted independent rate-making by conference participants, and the 1998 Act permitted secret contract rates, which tend to undercut collective carrier pricing. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Maritime_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Maritime Commission">United States Federal Maritime Commission</a>, in an assessment in 2001, this appears to have opened up substantial competitive activity in ocean shipping, with beneficial economic results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Petroleum_Allocation_Act" title="Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act">Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act</a> was a regulating law, consisting of a mix of regulations and deregulation, which passed in response to <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> price hikes and domestic price controls which affected the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> in the United States. After adoption of this federal legislation, numerous state legislation known as <a href="/wiki/Natural_Gas_Choice" title="Natural Gas Choice">Natural Gas Choice</a> programs have sprung up in several states, as well as the District of Columbia. Natural Gas Choice programs allow residential and small volume natural gas users to compare purchases from natural gas suppliers with traditional utility companies. There are currently hundreds of federally unregulated natural gas suppliers operating in the US. Regulation characteristics of Natural Gas Choice programs vary between the laws of the currently adoptive 21 states (as of 2008). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="U.S._electricity"></span> Deregulation of the electricity sector in the U.S. began in 1992. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act of 1992</a> eliminated obstacles for wholesale electricity competition, but deregulation has yet to be introduced in all states.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2014, 16 U.S. states (<a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> have introduced deregulated <a href="/wiki/Electricity_market" title="Electricity market">electricity markets</a> to consumers in some capacity. Additionally, seven states (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>) began the process of electricity deregulation in some capacity but have since suspended deregulation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications">Communications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></div> <p>Deregulation was put into effect in the communications industry by the government at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Multi-Channel_Transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-Channel Transition">Multi-Channel Transition</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELotz200747_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELotz200747-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deregulation put into place a division of labor between the studios and the networks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELotz200782_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELotz200782-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communications in the United States (and internationally) are areas in which both technology and regulatory policy have been in flux. The rapid development of computer and communications technology – particularly the Internet – have increased the size and variety of communications offerings. Wireless, traditional landline telephone, and cable companies increasingly invade each other's traditional markets and compete across a broad spectrum of activities. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> and Congress appear to be attempting to facilitate this evolution. In mainstream economic thinking, development of this competition would militate against detailed regulatory control of prices and service offerings, and hence favor deregulation of prices and entry into markets.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there exists substantial concern about concentration of media ownership resulting from relaxation of historic controls on media ownership designed to safeguard diversity of viewpoint and open discussion in the society, and about what some perceive as high prices in cable company offerings at this point.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finance">Finance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial sector">financial sector</a> in the U.S. has been considerably deregulated in recent decades, which has allowed for greater <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risktaking</a>. The financial sector used its considerable political sway in <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">Congress</a> and in the political establishment and influenced the ideology of political institutions to press for more and more deregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonKwak201020,_133,_150_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonKwak201020,_133,_150-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most important of the regulatory changes was the <a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a> of 1980, which repealed the parts of the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> regarding interest rate regulation via retail banking. The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Modernization_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Services Modernization Act">Financial Services Modernization Act</a> of 1999 repealed part of the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933, removing barriers in the market that prohibited any one institution from acting as any combination of an investment bank, a commercial bank, and an insurance company. </p><p>Such deregulation of the financial sector in the United States fostered greater risktaking by finance sector firms through the creation of <a href="/wiki/Financial_innovation" title="Financial innovation">innovative financial</a> <a href="/wiki/Financial_instrument" title="Financial instrument">instruments</a> and practices, including <a href="/wiki/Securitization" title="Securitization">securitization</a> of loan obligations of various sorts and <a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonKwak201088–90_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonKwak201088–90-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused a series of financial crises, including the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Capital_Management" title="Long-Term Capital Management">Long-Term Capital Management</a> (LTCM) crisis, each of which necessitated major bailouts, and the derivatives scandals of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These warning signs were ignored as financial deregulating continued, even in view of the inadequacy of <a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">industry self-regulation</a> as shown by the financial collapses and bailout. The 1998 bailout of LTCM sent the signal to large "<a href="/wiki/Too-big-to-fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Too-big-to-fail">too-big-to-fail</a>" financial firms that they would not have to suffer the <a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">consequences of the great risks</a> they take. Thus, the greater risktaking allowed by deregulation and encouraged by the bailout paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonKwak2010147–148_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonKwak2010147–148-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_legislation">Related legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Related legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Hart-Scott-Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act">Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act</a> PL 94-435</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Natural_Gas_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergency Natural Gas Act (page does not exist)">Emergency Natural Gas Act</a> PL 95-2</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a> PL 95-50</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Gas_Policy_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Gas Policy Act (page does not exist)">National Gas Policy Act</a> PL 95-621</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a> PL 96-221</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Motor_Carrier_Act_of_1980" title="Motor Carrier Act of 1980">Motor Carrier Act</a> PL 96-296</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> PL 96-354</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Staggers_Rail_Act" title="Staggers Rail Act">Staggers Rail Act</a> PL 96-448</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Garn%E2%80%93St._Germain_Depository_Institutions_Act" title="Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act">Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act</a> PL 97-320</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Bus_Regulatory_Reform_Act" title="Bus Regulatory Reform Act">Bus Regulatory Reform Act</a> PL 97-261</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_Gas_Wellhead_Decontrol_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act (page does not exist)">Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act</a> PL 101-60</li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">National Energy Policy Act</a> PL 102-486</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act</a> PL 104-104</li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act">Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act</a> PL 106-102</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The deregulation movement of the late 20th century had substantial economic effects and engendered substantial controversy. The movement was based on intellectual perspectives which prescribed substantial scope for market forces, and opposing perspectives have been in play in national and international discourse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The movement toward greater reliance on market forces has been closely related to the growth of economic and institutional <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> between about 1950 and 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_deregulation">For deregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: For deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Many economists have concluded that a trend towards deregulation will increase economic welfare long-term and a sustainable free market system. Regarding the electricity market, contemporary academic Adam Thierer, "The first step toward creating a free market in electricity is to repeal the federal statutes and regulations that hinder electricity competition and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choice</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This viewpoint stretches back centuries. Classical economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> argued the benefits of deregulation in his 1776 work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>:</p><blockquote><p>[Without trade restrictions] the obvious and simple system of natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord. Every man...is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest in his own way.... The sovereign is completely discharged from a duty [for which] no human wisdom or knowledge could ever be sufficient; the duty of superintending the industry of private people, and of directing it towards the employments most suitable to the interest of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Scholars who theorize that deregulation is beneficial to society often cite what is known as the Iron Law of Regulation, which states that all regulation eventually leads to a net loss in social welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_deregulation">Against deregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Against deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and deregulation cite the benefits of regulation, and believe that certain regulations do not distort markets and allow companies to continue to be <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive</a>, or according to some, grow in competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Cali_Ellis_te_Velde_2008_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cali_Ellis_te_Velde_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much as the state plays an important role through issues such as <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, appropriate regulation is argued by some to be "crucial to realise the benefits of service liberalisation".<sup id="cite_ref-Cali_Ellis_te_Velde_2008_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cali_Ellis_te_Velde_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of deregulation often cite the need of regulation in order to:<sup id="cite_ref-Cali_Ellis_te_Velde_2008_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cali_Ellis_te_Velde_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>create a level playing field and ensure <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition</a> (e.g., by ensuring new energy providers have competitive access to the national grid);</li> <li>maintain <a href="/wiki/Quality_management_system" title="Quality management system">quality standards for services</a> (e.g., by specifying qualification requirements for service providers);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">protect consumers</a> (e.g. from fraud);</li> <li>ensure sufficient provision of information (e.g., about the features of <a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">competing services</a>);</li> <li>prevent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> (e.g., arising from high levels of tourist development);</li> <li>guarantee wide <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">access to services</a> (e.g., ensuring poorer areas where profit margins are lower are also provided with electricity and health services); and,</li> <li>prevent <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial instability</a> and protect consumer savings from excessive risk-taking by financial institutions.</li></ul> <p>Sharon Beder, a writer with PR Watch, wrote "Electricity deregulation was supposed to bring cheaper electricity prices and more choice of suppliers to householders. Instead it has brought wildly volatile wholesale prices and undermined the reliability of the electricity supply."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">William K. Black</a> says that inappropriate deregulation helped create a criminogenic environment in the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loan industry</a>, which attracted opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">control frauds</a> like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Keating" title="Charles Keating">Charles Keating</a>, whose massive political campaign contributions were used successfully to further remove regulatory oversight. The combination substantially delayed effective governmental action, thereby substantially increasing the losses when the fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi schemes</a> finally collapsed and were exposed. After the collapse, regulators in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) were finally allowed to file thousands of criminal complaints that led to over a thousand felony convictions of key Savings and Loan insiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, between 2007 and 2010, the OCC and OTS combined made zero criminal referrals; Black concluded that elite financial fraud has effectively been decriminalized.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a> is of the opinion that deregulation is responsible for increasing price volatility on the commodity market. This particularly affects people and economies in developing countries. More and more homogenization of financial institution which may also be a result of deregulation turns out to be a major concern for small-scale producers in those countries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulated_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deregulated capitalism">Deregulated capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ease_of_Doing_Business_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Ease of Doing Business Index">Ease of Doing Business Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_provider_switching" title="Electricity provider switching">Electricity provider switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service_company" title="Public service company">Public service company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_reform" title="Regulatory reform">Regulatory reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_costs" title="Stranded costs">Stranded costs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlack2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">Black, William K.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestwaytorobbank0000blac"><i>The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72139-5"><bdi>978-0-292-72139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Way+to+Rob+a+Bank+Is+to+Own+One&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72139-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestwaytorobbank0000blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinknecht2010" class="citation book cs1">Kleinknecht, William (2010). <i>The Man Who Sold the World: Ronald Reagan and the Betrayal of Main Street America</i>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4433-6"><bdi>978-0-7867-4433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Sold+the+World%3A+Ronald+Reagan+and+the+Betrayal+of+Main+Street+America&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-4433-6&rft.aulast=Kleinknecht&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotz2007" class="citation book cs1">Lotz, Amanda (2007). <i>The Television Will Be Revolutionized</i>. New York, New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5219-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-5219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Television+Will+Be+Revolutionized&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5219-7&rft.aulast=Lotz&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseSeelyBarrett2006" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Mark H.; Seely, Bruce E.; Barrett, Paul F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115064430/http://www.ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?books%2Fbook%20pages%2Frose%20best.html"><i>The Best Transportation System in the World</i></a>. University of Ohio State Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?books/book%20pages/rose%20best.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Transportation+System+in+the+World&rft.pub=University+of+Ohio+State+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft.au=Seely%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Paul+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiostatepress.org%2Findex.htm%3Fbooks%2Fbook%2520pages%2Frose%2520best.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonKwak2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Johnson, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Kwak" title="James Kwak">Kwak, James</a> (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/13_Bankers" title="13 Bankers">13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=13+Bankers%3A+The+Wall+Street+Takeover+and+the+Next+Financial+Meltdown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Kwak%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyGoodland1994" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Herman; Goodland, Robert (1994). "An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT". <i>Ecological Economics</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 73–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994EcoEc...9...73D">1994EcoEc...9...73D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0921-8009%2894%2990017-5">10.1016/0921-8009(94)90017-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=An+ecological-economic+assessment+of+deregulation+of+international+commerce+under+GATT&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-92&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0921-8009%2894%2990017-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994EcoEc...9...73D&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Goodland%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman, Paul</a> (December 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/11/opinion/laissez-not-fair.html">"Laissez Not Fair"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeder" class="citation cs2">Beder, Sharon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324051222/http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2003Q3/dereg.html">"The Electricity Deregulation Con Game"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/PR_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="PR Watch">PR Watch</a></i>, <b>10</b> (3, 3rd quarter 2003), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2003Q3/dereg.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PR+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Electricity+Deregulation+Con+Game&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3%2C+3rd+quarter+2003&rft.aulast=Beder&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prwatch.org%2Fprwissues%2F2003Q3%2Fdereg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2005-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2005_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2005">Black 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">Black, Bill</a> (December 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715051234/http://www.nextnewdeal.net/2011-will-bring-more-de-facto-decriminalization-elite-financial-fraud">"2011 Will Bring More De facto Decriminalization of Elite Financial Fraud"</a>. <i>Next New Deal: Blog of the Roosevelt Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextnewdeal.net/2011-will-bring-more-de-facto-decriminalization-elite-financial-fraud">the original</a> on July 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Next+New+Deal%3A+Blog+of+the+Roosevelt+Institute&rft.atitle=2011+Will+Bring+More+De+facto+Decriminalization+of+Elite+Financial+Fraud&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextnewdeal.net%2F2011-will-bring-more-de-facto-decriminalization-elite-financial-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayati_Gosh2013" class="citation web cs1">Jayati Gosh (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/globally-harmonised-banking-regulation-does-not-serve-developing-countries-needs">"Too much of the same"</a>. D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Too+much+of+the+same&rft.pub=D%2BC+Development+and+Cooperation%2F+dandc.eu&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=Jayati+Gosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fglobally-harmonised-banking-regulation-does-not-serve-developing-countries-needs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnum1998" class="citation conference cs1">Barnum, John W (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.findlaw.com/1988/Sep/1/129304.html"><i>What Prompted Airline Deregulation 20 Years Ago?</i></a>. Annual Meeting of the International Bar Association. Vancouver, BC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=What+Prompted+Airline+Deregulation+20+Years+Ago%3F&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=John+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.findlaw.com%2F1988%2FSep%2F1%2F129304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baskin, J. and P. Miranti. <i>A History of Corporate Finance</i> (Cambridge UP, 1997), worldwide.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelzer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Belzer" title="Michael H. Belzer">Belzer, Michael H.</a> (August 24, 2000). <i>Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation</i> (Hardcover). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512886-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512886-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweatshops+on+Wheels%3A+Winners+and+Losers+in+Trucking+Deregulation&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2000-08-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512886-4&rft.aulast=Belzer&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerthickQuirk1985" class="citation cs2">Derthick, Martha; Quirk, Paul J. 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"Deregulation: looking backward and looking forward." <i>Yale Journal on Regulation</i> 7 (1990): pp. 325+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.uoa.gr/~gdellis/conf/Kahn-1990_Deregulation_looking_backward_and_forward.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn" class="citation cs2">Kahn, Alfred E., "Airline deregulation", <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Airline+deregulation&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Alfred+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1988" class="citation cs2">Moore, Thomas Gale (November–December 1988), "Rail and Truck Reform: The Record So Far", <i><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(magazine)" title="Regulation (magazine)">Regulation</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regulation&rft.atitle=Rail+and+Truck+Reform%3A+The+Record+So+Far&rft.date=1988-11%2F1988-12&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Gale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobyn1987" class="citation cs2">Robyn, Dorothy (1987), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brakingspecialin00roby"><i>Braking the Special Interests</i></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72328-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72328-0"><bdi>978-0-226-72328-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braking+the+Special+Interests&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72328-0&rft.aulast=Robyn&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrakingspecialin00roby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, Catherine R. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+History+Review&rft.atitle=Regulatory+foundations+of+financialisation%3A+May+Day%2C+Big+Bang+and+international+banking%2C+1975%E2%80%931990&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=397-417&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0968565020000189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228823500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Catherine+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ad208a85c-0b14-46ce-bb5c-697a8aeee71b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deregulation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrews2000" class="citation cs2">Crews, Clyde Wayne (28 February 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201151309/http://cei.org/gencon/025%2C01722.cfm"><i>Jump, Jive an' Reform Regulation: How Washington Can Take a Swing at Regulatory Reform</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cei.org/gencon/025,01722.cfm">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jump%2C+Jive+an%27+Reform+Regulation%3A+How+Washington+Can+Take+a+Swing+at+Regulatory+Reform&rft.pub=Competitive+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2000-02-28&rft.aulast=Crews&rft.aufirst=Clyde+Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cei.org%2Fgencon%2F025%2C01722.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/"><i>Powering a Generation of Change</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powering+a+Generation+of+Change&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fpowering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuravskayaYakovlev2008" class="citation cs2">Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Yakovlev, Evgeny (14 March 2008), <i>Deregulation of Business</i>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=965838">965838</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deregulation+of+Business&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D965838%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Zhuravskaya&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft.au=Yakovlev%2C+Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachshon_Draiman_CEO2000" class="citation cs2">Nachshon Draiman CEO (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107015523/http://www.multiut.com/article.htm"><i>The deregulation of the natural gas industry and other utilities</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiut (page does not exist)">Multiut</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="new" title="US GAS ELECTRIC (page does not exist)">US GAS ELECTRIC</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgaselectric.net/page10.html">the original</a> on 2010-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Deregulation&rft.pub=US+GAS+ELECTRIC&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Jay+Draiman%2C+Dir.+of+Utilities+%26+Sustainability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgaselectric.net%2Fpage10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachshon_Draiman_CEO" class="citation cs2">Nachshon Draiman CEO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106164019/http://multiut.net/"><i>Fraud</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+project&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doingbusiness.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeregulation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/theme_papers/final_thm8_v4.htm"><i>Regulation: From Economic Deregulation to Safety Regulation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>, 8 November 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018143938/http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/theme_papers/final_thm8_v4.htm">archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span 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This comprehensive study indicating, among other things, that transport deregulation reduced distribution costs in the United States from about 14% of gross domestic product to under 11% (If this measure is selected, current dollar savings can be calculated by multiplying current GDP by @3%).<sup>[Misplaced in article]</sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902410#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4201191-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Deregulation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86007789">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Déréglementation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043891b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Déréglementation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043891b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01179112">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deregulace"><a rel="nofollow" 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