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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27EFEO" title="Romanisation de l'EFEO – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation de l'EFEO" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%95%EA%B3%A0%EC%9B%90_%EB%B3%91%EC%9D%8C%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%84" title="원동박고원 병음체계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원동박고원 병음체계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizzazione_dell%27EFEO" title="Romanizzazione dell'EFEO – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romanizzazione dell'EFEO" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFEO-transkripsjon_av_kinesisk" title="EFEO-transkripsjon av kinesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="EFEO-transkripsjon av kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFEO" title="EFEO – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="EFEO" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="法國遠東學院拼音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Francophone romanization system for Mandarin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling conventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Mandarin_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Mandarin transcription systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Late imperial Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morrison_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morrison romanization (page does not exist)">Morrison romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal romanization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">EFEO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese dialect">Sichuanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuanxua_Ladinxua_Xin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz">Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">General Wu</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese_romanisation" title="Wenzhounese romanisation">Wenzhounese romanization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong (romanization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Cantonese_romanization_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Cantonese romanization systems"> <i>Comparison chart</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Fuzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Shaowu" title="Romanized Shaowu">Romanized Shaowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang-Du</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" title="Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Yi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang–Yi dialects">Chang–Yi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">Polylectal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">General Chinese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Romanized_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Romanized General Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other transliterations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Character-based_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Character-based General Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By place</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Romanization in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Romanization in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Romanization in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The Chinese transcription system invented by the <a href="/wiki/French_School_of_the_Far_East" title="French School of the Far East">French School of the Far East</a> (EFEO) was the most widely used in the <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking world">French-speaking world</a> until the mid-20th century. While it is often deemed to have been devised by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9raphin_Couvreur" title="Séraphin Couvreur">Séraphin Couvreur</a>, who was not an EFEO member, its actual creator was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Vissi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Vissière (page does not exist)">Arnold Vissière</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Vissi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Arnold Vissière">fr</a>]</span> (1858–1930).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. </p><p>The transcription of the EFEO did not borrow its phonetics from the national official <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>. Rather, it was synthesized independently to be a mean of Chinese dialects, and shows a state of sounds a little older in form (as in <a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a> and the older version of <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a>). Hence, the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span> (Pinyin: <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span>), is transcribed as either <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>; before the <i>jian-tuan merger</i> in contemporary Mandarin, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Merger_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger (phonology)">merger</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar consonants">alveolar consonants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal consonants">alveolo-palatal consonants</a>, before the high front vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span>. </p><p>Since EFEO makes use, to a large extent, of the phonetic values of Latin letters as used in French, the transcription of many Chinese syllables into the EFEO system is quite similar to how they were transcribed by French missionaries in the late 17th to 19th centuries (e.g., as seen in <i>Description ... de la Chine</i> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Du_Halde" title="Jean-Baptiste Du Halde">Jean-Baptiste Du Halde</a>); for example, "<a href="/wiki/Yanzhou_Prefecture_(Zhejiang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzhou Prefecture (Zhejiang)">Yanzhou Fou</a>" is "Yen-tcheou-fou" in both cases. However, a few features (notably, the wide use of "ts", and the use of apostrophes to show aspiration) distinguishes it from the early French missionary systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table">Table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal"><b><big>m</big></b> [m]</a><br />ㄇ m</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal"><b><big>n</big></b> [n]</a><br />ㄋ n</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive"><b><big>p</big></b> [p]</a><br />ㄅ b</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive"><b><big>t</big></b> [t]</a><br />ㄉ d</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive"><b><big>k</big></b> [k]</a><br />ㄍ g </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive"><b><big>p'</big></b> [pʰ]</a><br />ㄆ p</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive"><b><big>t'</big></b> [tʰ]</a><br />ㄊ t</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive"><b><big>k'</big></b> [kʰ]</a><br />ㄎ k </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><b><big>ts</big></b> [ts]</a><br />ㄗ z</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate"><b><big>tch</big></b> [ʈʂ]</a><br />ㄓ zh</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate"><b><big>k</big></b> <i>or</i> <b><big>ts</big></b> [tɕ]</a><br />ㄐ j</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><b><big>ts'</big></b> [tsʰ]</a><br />ㄘ c</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate"><b><big>tch'</big></b> [ʈʂʰ]</a><br />ㄔ ch</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate"><b><big>k'</big></b> <i>or</i> <b><big>ts'</big></b> [tɕʰ]</a><br />ㄑ q</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative"><b><big>f</big></b> [f]</a><br />ㄈ f </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant"><b><big>s</big></b> [s]</a><br />ㄙ s</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant"><b><big>ch</big></b> [ʂ]</a><br />ㄕ sh</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant"><b><big>h</big></b> <i>or</i> <b><big>s</big></b> [ɕ]</a><br />ㄒ x </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative"><b><big>h</big></b> [x]</a><br />ㄏ h </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant"><b><big>l</big></b> [l]</a><br />ㄌ l</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex sibilant"><b><big>j</big></b> [ɻ~ʐ]</a><br />ㄖ r</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="13">Coda </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">∅</th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></th> <th colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɻ/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Medial </th> <th>∅ </th> <td><b><big>e/eu</big></b> [ɨ]<br />ㄭ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg/15px-MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg/23px-MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg/30px-MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> -i</td> <td><b><big>ö/é</big></b> [ɤ]<br />ㄜ e</td> <td><b><big>a</big></b> [a]<br />ㄚ a </td> <td><b><big>ei</big></b> [ei̯]<br />ㄟ ei</td> <td><b><big>ai</big></b> [ai̯]<br />ㄞ ai </td> <td><b><big>eou</big></b> [ou̯]<br />ㄡ ou</td> <td><b><big>ao</big></b> [au̯]<br />ㄠ ao </td> <td><b><big>en</big></b> [ən]<br />ㄣ en</td> <td><b><big>an</big></b> [an]<br />ㄢ an </td> <td><b><big>ong</big></b> [ʊŋ]<br />ㄨㄥ ong</td> <td><b><big>eng</big></b> [əŋ]<br />ㄥ eng</td> <td><b><big>ang</big></b> [aŋ]<br />ㄤ ang </td> <td><b><big>eul</big></b> [aɚ̯]<br />ㄦ er </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </th> <td><b><big>i</big></b> [i]<br />ㄧ i</td> <td><b><big>ie</big></b> [je]<br />ㄧㄝ ie</td> <td><b><big>ia</big></b> [ja]<br />ㄧㄚ ia </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>ieou</big></b> [jou̯]<br />ㄧㄡ iu</td> <td><b><big>iao</big></b> [jau̯]<br />ㄧㄠ iao </td> <td><b><big>in</big></b> [in]<br />ㄧㄣ in</td> <td><b><big>ien</big></b> [jɛn]<br />ㄧㄢ ian </td> <td><b><big>iong</big></b> [jʊŋ]<br />ㄩㄥ iong</td> <td><b><big>ing</big></b> [iŋ]<br />ㄧㄥ ing</td> <td><b><big>iang</big></b> [jaŋ]<br />ㄧㄤ iang </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </th> <td><b><big>ou</big></b> [u]<br />ㄨ u</td> <td><b><big>ouo</big></b> [wo]<br />ㄨㄛ uo</td> <td><b><big>oua</big></b> [wa]<br />ㄨㄚ ua </td> <td><b><big>ouei</big></b> [wei̯]<br />ㄨㄟ ui</td> <td><b><big>ouai</big></b> [wai̯]<br />ㄨㄞ uai </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>ouen</big></b> [wən]<br />ㄨㄣ un</td> <td><b><big>ouan</big></b> [wan]<br />ㄨㄢ uan </td> <td><b><big>ouong</big></b> [wəŋ]<br />ㄨㄥ ueng</td> <td></td> <td><b><big>ouang</big></b> [waŋ]<br />ㄨㄤ uang </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> </th> <td><b><big>iu</big></b> [y]<br />ㄩ ü</td> <td><b><big>iue</big></b> [ɥe]<br />ㄩㄝ üe</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>iun</big></b> [yn]<br />ㄩㄣ ün</td> <td><b><big>iuan</big></b> [ɥɛn]<br />ㄩㄢ üan </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Drettas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35116383/Fact_Checking_Against_Diluted_Knowledge_Setting_the_Record_Straight_on_Séraphin_Couvreur_and_the_EFEO_Romanization_System">“Fact-Checking Against Diluted Knowledge: Setting the Record Straight on Séraphin Couvreur and the EFEO Romanization System.”</a> <i>Sinology News</i> 稷風 [Newsletter of the Jao Tsung-I Academy of Sinology], 2016, Issue 2, pp. 39-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. the transcription of place names, including "Yen tcheou fou", in du Halde, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog01duha#page/10/mode/2up">pp. 10-11</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrettas2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Drettas, Dimitri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35116383/Fact_Checking_Against_Diluted_Knowledge_Setting_the_Record_Straight_on_Séraphin_Couvreur_and_the_EFEO_Romanization_System">"Fact-Checking Against Diluted Knowledge: Setting the Record Straight on Séraphin Couvreur and the EFEO Romanization System"</a>. <i>Sinology News 稷風</i>. No. 2. Jao Tsung-I Academy of Sinology. pp. 39–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sinology+News+%E7%A8%B7%E9%A2%A8&rft.atitle=Fact-Checking+Against+Diluted+Knowledge%3A+Setting+the+Record+Straight+on+S%C3%A9raphin+Couvreur+and+the+EFEO+Romanization+System&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=39-41&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Drettas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35116383%2FFact_Checking_Against_Diluted_Knowledge_Setting_the_Record_Straight_on_S%C3%A9raphin_Couvreur_and_the_EFEO_Romanization_System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEFEO+Chinese+transcription" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204841/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D32315%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">UNESCO transcription norms for Chinese</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&oldid=1222962031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EFEO_Chinese_transcription&oldid=1222962031</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Chinese" title="Category:Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Category:Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use Canadian English from February 2019">Use Canadian English from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2015">Use dmy dates from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 May 2024, at 00:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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