CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Comet Hale–Bopp - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"549a5773-30b3-408e-beab-2970527aa724","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Comet_Hale–Bopp","wgTitle":"Comet Hale–Bopp","wgCurRevisionId":1272710818,"wgRevisionId":1272710818,"wgArticleId":7227,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","Use British English from March 2018","Use mdy dates from May 2020","Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Non-periodic comets","Great comets","Near-Earth comets","Heaven's Gate (religious group)","1997 in science","Astronomical objects discovered in 1995", "Discoveries by amateur astronomers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Comet_Hale–Bopp","wgRelevantArticleId":7227,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q69854", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/1200px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/800px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/640px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Comet Hale–Bopp - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Comet_Hale–Bopp rootpage-Comet_Hale–Bopp skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early observation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perihelion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perihelion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perihelion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perihelion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_perihelion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_perihelion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After perihelion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_perihelion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orbital changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sodium_tail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodium_tail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sodium tail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodium_tail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuterium_abundance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterium_abundance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Deuterium abundance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuterium_abundance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Organics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_argon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_argon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Detection of argon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_argon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_nucleus_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_nucleus_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Binary nucleus question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_nucleus_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFO_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFO_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>UFO claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFO_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet Hale–Bopp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet_Hale-Bopp" title="Komeet Hale-Bopp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Komeet Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8" title="مذنب هيل-بوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذنب هيل-بوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="হেল-বপ ধূমকেতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেল-বপ ধূমকেতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1995_O1_(%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="C/1995 O1 (Хейла — Бопа) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="C/1995 O1 (Хейла — Бопа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Хейл-Боп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хейл-Боп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp" title="Hale-Bopp – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp" title="Hale-Bopp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1995_O1_(Hale-Bopp)" title="C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale%27i-Boppi_komeet" title="Hale'i-Boppi komeet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hale'i-Boppi komeet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%80" title="Κομήτης Χέιλ-Μποπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομήτης Χέιλ-Μποπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometo_Hale-Bopp" title="Kometo Hale-Bopp – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kometo Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp_kometa" title="Hale-Bopp kometa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hale-Bopp kometa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="دنباله‌دار هیل-باپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنباله‌دار هیل-باپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1995_O1_(Hale-Bopp)" title="C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3im%C3%A9ad_Hale-Bopp" title="Cóiméad Hale-Bopp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cóiméad Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2-%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="હેલ-બોપ ધૂમકેતુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હેલ-બોપ ધૂમકેતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%BC-%EB%B0%A5_%ED%98%9C%EC%84%B1" title="헤일-밥 혜성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤일-밥 혜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%AC-%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB_(C/1995_01)_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Հեյլ-Բոպպի (C/1995 01) գիսաստղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեյլ-Բոպպի (C/1995 01) գիսաստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="हेल-बॉप धूमकेतु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेल-बॉप धूमकेतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet_Hale-Bopp" title="Komet Hale-Bopp – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komet Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometo_Hale-Bopp" title="Kometo Hale-Bopp – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kometo Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet_Hale-Bopp" title="Komet Hale-Bopp – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komet Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A4" title="שביט הייל-בופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שביט הייל-בופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ჰეილ-ბოპის კომეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეილ-ბოპის კომეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%E2%80%93%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Хейл–Бопп кометасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хейл–Бопп кометасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heila%E2%80%94Bopa_kom%C4%93ta" title="Heila—Bopa komēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heila—Bopa komēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp" title="Hale-Bopp – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilo-Bopo_kometa" title="Heilo-Bopo kometa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heilo-Bopo kometa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale%E2%80%93Bopp-%C3%BCst%C3%B6k%C3%B6s" title="Hale–Bopp-üstökös – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hale–Bopp-üstökös" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хејл-Бопова комета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хејл-Бопова комета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഹെയ്ൽ ബോപ്പ് വാൽനക്ഷത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെയ്ൽ ബോപ്പ് വാൽനക്ഷത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA" title="हेल-बॉप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेल-बॉप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ჰეილ-ბოპიშ კომეტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰეილ-ბოპიშ კომეტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Komet Hale–Bopp – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komet Hale–Bopp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet_Hale-Bopp" title="Komeet Hale-Bopp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komeet Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="ヘール・ボップ彗星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘール・ボップ彗星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp" title="Hale-Bopp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp" title="Hale-Bopp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87-%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਹਾਲੇ-ਬੌਪ ਧੂਮਕੇਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਲੇ-ਬੌਪ ਧੂਮਕੇਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%92-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="ہیلے-بوپ دمدار سیارہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیلے-بوپ دمدار سیارہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa_Hale%E2%80%99a-Boppa" title="Kometa Hale’a-Boppa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kometa Hale’a-Boppa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp" title="Hale-Bopp – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Cometa Hale-Bopp – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1995_O1_(%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="C/1995 O1 (Хейла — Боппа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="C/1995 O1 (Хейла — Боппа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Comet Hale–Bopp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Kometa Hale-Bopp – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumeta_di_Hale-Bopp" title="Cumeta di Hale-Bopp – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cumeta di Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="හේල්-බෝප් ධූමකේතුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හේල්-බෝප් ධූමකේතුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comet Hale–Bopp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9ta_Hale-Bopp" title="Kométa Hale-Bopp – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kométa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet_Hale-Bopp" title="Komet Hale-Bopp – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komet Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хејл-Бопова комета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хејл-Бопова комета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kometa_Hale-Bopp" title="Kometa Hale-Bopp – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kometa Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Hale–Bopp – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hale–Bopp" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Hale–Bopp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hale–Bopp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="ஏல்-பாப் வால்வெள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏல்-பாப் வால்வெள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวหางเฮล-บอปป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวหางเฮล-บอปป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale-Bopp_kuyruklu_y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Hale-Bopp kuyruklu yıldızı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hale-Bopp kuyruklu yıldızı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Комета Гейла — Боппа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комета Гейла — Боппа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%92-_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE" title="دمدار سیارہ ہیلے- بوپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دمدار سیارہ ہیلے- بوپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_ch%E1%BB%95i_Hale-Bopp" title="Sao chổi Hale-Bopp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao chổi Hale-Bopp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94-%E5%8D%9A%E6%99%AE%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="海尔-博普彗星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海尔-博普彗星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE-%E5%8D%9A%E6%99%AE%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="海爾-博普彗星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海爾-博普彗星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q69854#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&oldid=1272710818" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&id=1272710818&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FComet_Hale%25E2%2580%2593Bopp"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FComet_Hale%25E2%2580%2593Bopp"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comet_Hale-Bopp" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q69854" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Great Comet of 1997</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hale Bopp" redirects here. For the composition by Graham Waterhouse, see <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Voices_and_Hale_Bopp" title="Celtic Voices and Hale Bopp">Celtic Voices and Hale Bopp</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)<br />(Great Comet of 1997)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/290px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/435px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg/580px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.2em;">Comet Hale–Bopp, shortly after passing <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> on April 4, 1997</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFE0C2">Discovery<sup id="cite_ref-IAUC_6187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUC_6187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hale_(astronomer)" title="Alan Hale (astronomer)">Alan Hale</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bopp" title="Thomas Bopp">Thomas Bopp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes" title="List of observatory codes">Discovery site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 23, 1995</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFE0C2">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative designations</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">CJ95O010<sup id="cite_ref-MPEC_1995-P01_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEC_1995-P01-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFE0C2"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">JD</a> 2459837.5)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Observation_arc" title="Observation arc">Observation arc</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29.2 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Number of<br />observations</th><td class="infobox-data">66</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">354 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.914 AU<sup id="cite_ref-jpl1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">177.43 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.99498</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycentric coordinates (astronomy)">Barycentric</a> 2,399 yr)<sup id="cite_ref-barycenter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barycenter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap">2,364–2,520<sup id="cite_ref-NK1553_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NK1553-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">89.287°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of<br />ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">282.73°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of<br />periapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">130.41°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Last perihelion</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>April 1, 1997<sup id="cite_ref-jpl1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEC1995-P01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEC1995-P01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>2215 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Next perihelion</th><td class="infobox-data">~4383–4387 AD<sup id="cite_ref-Hale-Bopp4385_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale-Bopp4385-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tisserand%27s_parameter" title="Tisserand's parameter">T<sub>Jupiter</sub></a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.044</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Earth <a href="/wiki/Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance" title="Minimum orbit intersection distance">MOID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.088 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;">Jupiter <a href="/wiki/Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance" title="Minimum orbit intersection distance">MOID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.079 AU</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFE0C2"><span class="anchor" id="Infobox_Physical_characteristics"></span> Physical characteristics<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kidger_1997_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidger_1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">Dimensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40–80 km (25–50 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean diameter</div></th><td class="infobox-data">60 km (37 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 km (19 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">Geometric albedo</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.01–0.07</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Cometary_magnitudes" title="Absolute magnitude">Comet total<br />magnitude</a> (M1)</th><td class="infobox-data">–1.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">–1.8<br /><small>(1997 apparition)</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Comet Hale–Bopp</b> (formally designated <b>C/1995 O1</b>) is a long-period <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> that was one of the most widely observed of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen for many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-ICQ2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICQ2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICQ3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICQ3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpl2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hale_(astronomer)" title="Alan Hale (astronomer)">Alan Hale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bopp" title="Thomas Bopp">Thomas Bopp</a> discovered Comet Hale–Bopp separately on July 23, 1995, before it became visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>. It is difficult to predict the maximum brightness of new comets with any degree of certainty, but Hale–Bopp exceeded most predictions when it passed <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> on April 1, 1997, reaching about magnitude −1.8. It was visible to the naked eye for a record 18 months, due to its massive nucleus size. This is twice as long as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">Great Comet of 1811</a>, the previous record holder. Accordingly, Hale–Bopp was dubbed the <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Comet">Great Comet</a> of 1997</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comet was discovered independently on July 23, 1995, by two observers, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hale_(astronomer)" title="Alan Hale (astronomer)">Alan Hale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bopp" title="Thomas Bopp">Thomas Bopp</a>, both in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hale had spent many hundreds of hours searching for comets without success, and was tracking known comets from his driveway in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> when he chanced upon Hale–Bopp just after midnight. The comet had an <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of 10.5 and lay near the <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster_M70" class="mw-redirect" title="Globular cluster M70">globular cluster M70</a> in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Circ6187_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circ6187-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mobberley2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mobberley2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hale first established that there was no other <a href="/wiki/Deep-sky_object" title="Deep-sky object">deep-sky object</a> near M70, and then consulted a directory of known comets, finding that none were known to be in this area of the sky. Once he had established that the object was moving relative to the background stars, he emailed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_for_Astronomical_Telegrams" title="Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams">Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams</a>, the clearing house for astronomical discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeDiscovery_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeDiscovery-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bopp did not own a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>. He was out with friends near <a href="/wiki/Stanfield,_Arizona" title="Stanfield, Arizona">Stanfield, Arizona</a>, observing star clusters and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> when he chanced across the comet while at the eyepiece of his friend's telescope. He realized he might have spotted something new when, like Hale, he checked his star maps to determine if any other deep-sky objects were known to be near M70, and found none. He alerted the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams through a <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> telegram. <a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden" title="Brian G. Marsden">Brian G. Marsden</a>, who had run the bureau since 1968, laughed, "Nobody sends telegrams anymore. I mean, by the time that telegram got here, Alan Hale had already e-mailed us three times with updated coordinates."<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following morning, it was confirmed that this was a new comet, and it was given the designation C/1995 O1. The discovery was announced in <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> circular 6187.<sup id="cite_ref-Circ6187_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circ6187-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_observation">Early observation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hale–Bopp's orbital position was calculated as 7.2 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical units">astronomical units</a> (au) from the Sun, placing it between <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> and by far the greatest distance from Earth at which a comet had been discovered by amateurs.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEC1995-P01_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEC1995-P01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most comets at this distance are extremely faint, and show no discernible activity, but Hale–Bopp already had an observable <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Circ6187_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circ6187-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Precovery" title="Precovery">precovery</a> image taken at the <a href="/wiki/UK_Schmidt_Telescope" title="UK Schmidt Telescope">UK Schmidt Telescope</a> in 1993 was found to show the then-unnoticed comet some 13 au from the Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a distance at which most comets are essentially unobservable. (<a href="/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Halley's Comet</a> was more than 100 times fainter at the same distance from the Sun.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis indicated later that its <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">comet nucleus</a> was 60±20 kilometres in diameter, approximately six times the size of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its great distance and surprising activity indicated that comet Hale–Bopp might become very bright when it reached <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> in 1997. However, comet scientists were wary – comets can be extremely unpredictable, and many have large outbursts at great distances only to diminish in brightness later. <a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Comet Kohoutek</a> in 1973 had been touted as a "comet of the century" and turned out to be unspectacular.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeDiscovery_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeDiscovery-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perihelion">Perihelion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perihelion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg/170px-Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg/255px-Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg/340px-Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997_hires_adj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption>The comet became a spectacular sight in early 1997.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png/220px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png/330px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png/440px-Comet_Hale-Bopp_starmap_1997.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Star map of path with 14-day motion marked</figcaption></figure> <p>Hale–Bopp became visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> in May 1996, and although its rate of brightening slowed considerably during the latter half of that year,<sup id="cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidger2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scientists were still cautiously optimistic that it would become very bright. It was too closely aligned with the Sun to be observable during December 1996, but when it reappeared in January 1997 it was already bright enough to be seen by anyone who looked for it, even from large cities with <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light-polluted</a> skies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">The Internet</a> was a growing phenomenon at the time, and numerous websites that tracked the comet's progress and provided daily images from around the world became extremely popular. The Internet played a large role in encouraging the unprecedented public interest in comet Hale–Bopp.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the comet approached the Sun, it continued to brighten, shining at 2nd magnitude in February, and showing a growing pair of <a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">tails</a>, the blue gas tail pointing straight away from the Sun and the yellowish dust tail curving away along its orbit. On March 9, a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_1997" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 1997">solar eclipse</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> allowed observers there to see the comet in the daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hale–Bopp had its closest approach to Earth on March 22, 1997, at a distance of 1.315 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">au</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stardust_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stardust-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it passed perihelion on April 1, 1997, the comet developed into a spectacular sight. It shone brighter than any star in the sky except <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, and its dust tail stretched 40–45 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a> across the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet was visible well before the sky got fully dark each night, and while many great comets are very close to the Sun as they pass perihelion, comet Hale–Bopp was visible all night to <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> observers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_perihelion">After perihelion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After perihelion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After its perihelion passage, the comet moved into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Southern celestial hemisphere">southern celestial hemisphere</a>. The comet was much less impressive to <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a> observers than it had been in the northern hemisphere, but southerners could see the comet gradually fade from view during the second half of 1997. The last naked-eye observations were reported in December 1997, which meant that the comet had remained visible without aid for 569 days, or about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">18<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> months.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidger2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record had been set by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">Great Comet of 1811</a>, which was visible to the naked eye for about 9 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidger2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comet continued to fade as it receded, but was still tracked by astronomers. In October 2007, 10 years after the perihelion and at a distance of 25.7 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">au</a> from the Sun, the comet was still active as indicated by the detection of the CO-driven coma.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a> images taken in 2010 suggest comet Hale–Bopp is covered in a fresh frost layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Szabó2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szabó2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hale–Bopp was again detected in December 2010 when it was 30.7 au away from the Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-Szabó2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szabó2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2012, at 33.2 au from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Herald2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herald2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> observed Hale–Bopp in 2022, when it was 46.2 au from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEC2022-S20_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEC2022-S20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbital_changes">Orbital changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orbital changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg/220px-Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg/330px-Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg/440px-Hale-Bopp_orbit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Hale–Bopp at perihelion on April 1, 1997</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of Hale–Bopp orbit</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif/220px-Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif/330px-Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif/440px-Animation_of_Hale-Bopp_orbit.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Polar view</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif/220px-Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif/330px-Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif/440px-Animation_of_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp_orbit_-_equatorial_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Equatorial view</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  Hale–Bopp </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Royalblue; color:white;"> </span> Earth</span>  <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </span></div></div></div></div> <p>The comet likely made its previous <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> approximately 4,200 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-perturb_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perturb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly the year 2215 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated closest approach to Earth was 1.4 au, and it may have been observed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/6th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="6th dynasty">6th dynasty</a> reign of the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi II">Pepi II</a> (Reign: 2247 – c. 2216 BC). Pepi's <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> contains a text referring to an "nhh-star" as a companion of the pharaoh in the heavens, where "<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">nhh</i></span>" is the <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a> for long hair.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hale–Bopp may have had a near collision with Jupiter in 2215 BC, which probably caused a dramatic change in its orbit, and 2215 BC may have been its first passage through the inner Solar System from the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet's current orbit is almost <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the plane of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, so further close approaches to planets will be rare. However, in April 1996 the comet passed within 0.77 au of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, close enough for its orbit to be measurably affected by the planet's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perturb_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perturb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet's orbit was shortened considerably to a period of roughly 2,399 years,<sup id="cite_ref-barycenter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barycenter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it will next return to the inner <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> around the year 4385.<sup id="cite_ref-Hale-Bopp4385_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale-Bopp4385-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its greatest distance from the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>) will be about 354 au,<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced from about 525 au.<sup id="cite_ref-epoch1600_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoch1600-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cometfact_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cometfact-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated probability of Hale–Bopp's striking Earth in future passages through the inner Solar System is remote, about 2.5×10<sup>−9</sup> per orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-Weissman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weissman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, given that the comet nucleus is around 60 km in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the consequences of such an impact would be apocalyptic. Weissman conservatively estimates the diameter at 35 km; an estimated density of 0.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> then gives a cometary mass of 1.3×10<sup>19</sup> g. At a probable impact velocity of 52.5 km/s, impact energy can be calculated as 1.9×10<sup>32</sup> <a href="/wiki/Erg" title="Erg">ergs</a>, or 4.4×10<sup>9</sup> <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons</a>, about 44 times the estimated energy of the <a href="/wiki/Alvarez_hypothesis" title="Alvarez hypothesis">K-T impact event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weissman_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weissman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over many orbits, the cumulative effect of gravitational perturbations on comets with high orbital <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclinations</a> and small perihelion distances is generally to reduce the perihelion distance to very small values. Hale–Bopp has about a 15% chance of eventually becoming a <a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">sungrazing comet</a> through this process.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such is the case, it could undergo huge mass loss, or break up into smaller pieces like the <a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz sungrazers</a>. It would also be extremely bright, due to a combination of closeness to the Sun and nuclei size, potentially exceeding Halley's Comet in 837 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_results">Scientific results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scientific results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the massive size of its nucleus, Comet Hale–Bopp was observed intensively by <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> during its perihelion passage, and several important advances in cometary science resulted from these observations. The dust production rate of the comet was very high (up to 2.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000600000000000000♠"></span>6</span></sup> kg/s),<sup id="cite_ref-Jewitt1999_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewitt1999-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have made the inner coma <a href="/wiki/Optical_thickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical thickness">optically thick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the properties of the dust grains – high temperature, high <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> and strong 10 μm silicate emission feature – the astronomers concluded the dust grains are smaller than observed in any other comet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hale–Bopp showed the highest ever linear polarization detected for any comet. Such polarization is the result of solar radiation getting scattered by the dust particles in the coma of the comet and depends on the nature of the grains. It further confirms that the dust grains in the coma of comet Hale–Bopp were smaller than inferred in any other comet.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodium_tail">Sodium tail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sodium tail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif/220px-Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif/330px-Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif/440px-Hale-Bopp_sodium_tail.gif 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Comet Hale–Bopp's neutral sodium tail (the straight tail extending up to the left from the nucleus)<sup id="cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cremonese1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most remarkable discoveries was that the comet had a third type of tail. In addition to the well-known gas and dust tails, Hale–Bopp also exhibited a faint <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> tail, only visible with powerful instruments with dedicated filters. Sodium emission had been previously observed in other comets, but had not been shown to come from a tail. Hale–Bopp's sodium tail consisted of <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">neutral atoms</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>), and extended to some 50 million kilometres in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cremonese1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source of the sodium appeared to be the inner <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>, although not necessarily the <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">nucleus</a>. There are several possible mechanisms for generating a source of sodium atoms, including collisions between dust grains surrounding the nucleus, and "sputtering" of sodium from dust grains by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. It is not yet established which mechanism is primarily responsible for creating Hale–Bopp's sodium tail, and the narrow<sup id="cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cremonese1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diffuse<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> components of the tail may have different origins.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the comet's dust tail roughly followed the path of the comet's orbit and the gas tail pointed almost directly away from the Sun, the sodium tail appeared to lie between the two. This implies that the sodium atoms are driven away from the comet's head by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cremonese1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deuterium_abundance">Deuterium abundance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deuterium abundance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abundance of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> in comet Hale–Bopp in the form of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> was found to be about twice that of Earth's oceans. If Hale–Bopp's deuterium abundance is typical of all comets, this implies that although cometary impacts are thought to be the source of a significant amount of the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">water on Earth</a>, they cannot be the only source.<sup id="cite_ref-Cometwater_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cometwater-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deuterium was also detected in many other <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> compounds in the comet. The ratio of deuterium to normal hydrogen was found to vary from compound to compound, which astronomers believe suggests that cometary ices were formed in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar clouds</a>, rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>. Theoretical modelling of ice formation in interstellar clouds suggests that comet Hale–Bopp formed at temperatures of around 25–45 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cometwater_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cometwater-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organics">Organics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spectroscopic observations of Hale–Bopp revealed the presence of many <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemicals</a>, several of which had never been detected in comets before. These complex molecules may exist within the cometary nucleus, or might be synthesised by reactions in the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-Cometorganic_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cometorganic-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_argon">Detection of argon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Detection of argon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hale–Bopp was the first comet where the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> was detected.<sup id="cite_ref-Argon_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argon-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noble gases are chemically inert and vary from low to high <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatility</a>. Since different noble elements have different <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> temperatures, and don't interact with other elements, they can be used for probing the temperature histories of the cometary ices. <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> has a sublimation temperature of 16–20 K and was found to be depleted more than 25 times relative to the solar abundance,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while argon with its higher sublimation temperature was enriched relative to the solar abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-Argon_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argon-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together these observations indicate that the interior of Hale–Bopp has always been colder than 35–40 K, but has at some point been warmer than 20 K. Unless the solar nebula was much colder and richer in argon than generally believed, this suggests that the comet formed beyond Neptune in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> region and then migrated outward to the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Argon_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argon-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comet Hale–Bopp's activity and outgassing were not spread uniformly over its nucleus, but instead came from several specific jets. Observations of the material streaming away from these jets<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed astronomers to measure the rotation period of the comet, which was found to be about 11 hours 46 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_nucleus_question">Binary nucleus question</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Binary nucleus question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997 a paper was published that hypothesised the existence of a binary <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">nucleus</a> to fully explain the observed pattern of comet Hale–Bopp's dust emission observed in October 1995. The paper was based on theoretical analysis, and did not claim an observational detection of the proposed satellite nucleus, but estimated that it would have a diameter of about 30 km, with the main nucleus being about 70 km across, and would orbit in about three days at a distance of about 180 km.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This analysis was confirmed by observations in 1996 using Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> which had taken images of the comet that revealed the satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although observations using <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> in late 1997 and early 1998 showed a double peak in the brightness of the nucleus,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> controversy still exists over whether such observations can only be explained by a binary nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2002_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the satellite was not confirmed by other observations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, while comets have been observed to break up before,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no case had been found of a stable binary nucleus until the subsequent discovery of <a href="/wiki/P/2006_VW139" class="mw-redirect" title="P/2006 VW139"><span class="nowrap">P/2006 VW<sub>139</sub></span></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UFO_claims">UFO claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: UFO claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate (religious group)</a></div> <p>In November 1996, amateur astronomer Chuck Shramek of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas took a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> image of the comet which showed a fuzzy, slightly elongated object nearby. His computer sky-viewing program did not identify the star, so Shramek called the <a href="/wiki/Art_Bell" title="Art Bell">Art Bell</a> radio program <i><a href="/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a></i> to announce that he had discovered a "Saturn-like object" following Hale–Bopp. UFO enthusiasts, such as <a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">remote viewing</a> proponent and <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> political science professor <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Brown_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtney Brown (researcher)">Courtney Brown</a>, soon concluded that there was an alien spacecraft following the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-time_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several astronomers, including Alan Hale, stated that the object was simply the 8.5-magnitude star SAO141894.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted that the star did not appear on Shramek's computer program because the user preferences were set incorrectly.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art Bell claimed to have obtained an image of the object from an anonymous astrophysicist who was about to confirm its discovery. However, astronomers <a href="/wiki/Olivier_R._Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier R. Hainaut">Olivier Hainaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Tholen" title="David J. Tholen">David Tholen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> stated that the alleged photo was an altered copy of one of their own comet images.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirty-nine members of the <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a> cult died in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a>, in March 1997 with the intention of teleporting to a spaceship which they believed was flying behind the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nancy Lieder, who claims to receive messages from aliens through an implant in her brain, stated that Hale–Bopp was a fiction designed to distract the population from the coming arrival of <a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">"Nibiru"</a> or "Planet X", a giant planet whose close passage would disrupt the Earth's rotation, causing global cataclysm.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her original date for the apocalypse was May 2003, which passed without incident, but various conspiracy websites continued to predict the coming of Nibiru, most of whom tied it to the <a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lieder and others' claims of the planet Nibiru have been repeatedly debunked by scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg/220px-ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg/330px-ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg/440px-ESO-Comet_Hale-Bopp-Phot-07a-01-hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption> Comet Hale–Bopp in 2001, at a distance of nearly two billion kilometres from the Sun. Credit: <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Its lengthy period of visibility and extensive coverage in the media meant that Hale–Bopp was probably the most-observed comet in history, making a far greater impact on the general public than the return of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Halley's Comet</a> in 1986, and certainly seen by a greater number of people than witnessed any of Halley's previous appearances. For instance, 69% of Americans had seen Hale–Bopp by April 9, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Aguirre_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguirre-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hale–Bopp was a record-breaking comet – the farthest comet from the Sun discovered by amateurs,<sup id="cite_ref-stardust_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stardust-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the largest well-measured cometary nucleus known after <a href="/wiki/95P/Chiron" class="mw-redirect" title="95P/Chiron">95P/Chiron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2002_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was visible to the naked eye for twice as long as the previous record-holder.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidger2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also brighter than magnitude 0 for eight weeks, longer than any other recorded comet.<sup id="cite_ref-stardust_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stardust-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_S._Shoemaker" title="Carolyn S. Shoemaker">Carolyn Shoemaker</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Merle_Shoemaker" title="Eugene Merle Shoemaker">Gene</a>, co-discoverers of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a>, were involved in a car crash after photographing the comet. Gene died in the crash and his ashes were sent to the Moon aboard NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></i> mission along with an image of Hale–Bopp, "the last comet that the Shoemakers observed together".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composer Dmitry Kayukin created the music album “Comet 97” based on his memories of observing Comet Hale–Bopp.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Comet Hyakutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Bopp_(Waterhouse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hale Bopp (Waterhouse)"><i>Hale Bopp</i> (Waterhouse)</a>, a 1997 string orchestra composition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Lists of comets</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IAUC_6187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAUC_6187_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFD._W._Green1997" class="citation journal cs1">D. W. Green (July 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06100/06187.html">"Comet 1995 O1"</a>. <i>International Astronomical Union Circular</i>. <b>6187</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Astronomical+Union+Circular&rft.atitle=Comet+1995+O1&rft.volume=6187&rft.date=1997-07-23&rft.au=D.+W.+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbat.eps.harvard.edu%2Fiauc%2F06100%2F06187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEC_1995-P01-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPEC_1995-P01_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._G._Marsden1995" class="citation web cs1">B. G. Marsden (August 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/J95/J95P01.html">"MPEC 1995-P01 : Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)"</a>. <i>www.minorplanetcenter.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minorplanetcenter.net&rft.atitle=MPEC+1995-P01+%3A+Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft.date=1995-08-01&rft.au=B.+G.+Marsden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fmpec%2FJ95%2FJ95P01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpl1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpl1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214105/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?soln=J971A%2F1&sstr=Hale-Bopp&cad=1">"JPL SBDB Epoch 1996"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?soln=J971A%2F1&sstr=Hale-Bopp&cad=1">the original</a> on July 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+SBDB+Epoch+1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsoln%3DJ971A%252F1%26sstr%3DHale-Bopp%26cad%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barycenter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barycenter_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barycenter_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorizons_output" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">Horizons</a> output. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Hale-Bopp%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272022-Sep-15%27&STOP_TIME=%272022-Sep-16%27&STEP_SIZE=%27100%20years%27&CENTER=%27@0%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">"Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barycentric+Osculating+Orbital+Elements+for+Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft.au=Horizons+output&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527Hale-Bopp%2527%26TABLE_TYPE%3D%2527ELEMENTS%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272022-Sep-15%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272022-Sep-16%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%2527100%2520years%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527%400%2527%26OUT_UNITS%3D%2527AU-D%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span> (Solution using the Solar System <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a>. "PR = 8.763E+05 / 365.25 days" = 2399 years)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NK1553-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NK1553_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyuichi_Nakano2008" class="citation web cs1">Syuichi Nakano (February 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk1553.htm">"OAA computing section circular NK 1553"</a>. OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OAA+computing+section+circular+NK+1553&rft.pub=OAA+Computing+and+Minor+Planet+Sections&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.au=Syuichi+Nakano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaa.gr.jp%2F~oaacs%2Fnk%2Fnk1553.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEC1995-P01-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPEC1995-P01_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEC1995-P01_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden" title="Brian G. Marsden">Marsden, B. G.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/J95/J95P01.html">"Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Electronic Circular</i>. 1995-P01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Electronic+Circular&rft.atitle=Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale-Bopp%29&rft.volume=1995-P01&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fmpec%2FJ95%2FJ95P01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden1997_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden" title="Brian G. Marsden">Marsden, B. G.</a> (1997). "Orbit Determination and Evolution of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>79</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...79....3M">1997EM&P...79....3M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006268813208">10.1023/A:1006268813208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121368997">121368997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Orbit+Determination+and+Evolution+of+Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121368997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006268813208&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EM%26P...79....3M&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale-Bopp4385-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hale-Bopp4385_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hale-Bopp4385_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810085857/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Hale-Bopp4385.txt">"Solex 10 estimate for Next Perihelion of C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Hale-Bopp4385.txt">the original</a> on August 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solex+10+estimate+for+Next+Perihelion+of+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FHale-Bopp4385.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpldata-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale-Bopp&view=OPC">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)"</a> (2022-07-09 last obs)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser%3A+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Ftools%2Fsbdb_lookup.html%23%2F%3Fsstr%3DHale-Bopp%26view%3DOPC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidger_1997-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kidger_1997_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._R._Kidger1997" class="citation web cs1">M. R. Kidger (April 3, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407204015/https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/news66.html">"Comet Hale–Bopp Light Curve"</a>. <i>jpl.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/news66.html">the original</a> on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+Light+Curve&rft.date=1997-04-03&rft.au=M.+R.+Kidger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcomet%2Fnews66.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICQ2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICQ2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._E._Bortle1998" class="citation web cs1">J. E. Bortle (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/bortle.html">"The Bright Comet Chronicles"</a>. <i>International Comet Quarterly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Comet+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Bright+Comet+Chronicles&rft.date=1998&rft.au=J.+E.+Bortle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icq.eps.harvard.edu%2Fbortle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICQ3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICQ3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/brightest.html">"Brightest comets seen since 1935"</a>. <i>International Comet Quarterly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Comet+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Brightest+comets+seen+since+1935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icq.eps.harvard.edu%2Fbrightest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpl2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._K._Yeomans" class="citation web cs1">D. K. Yeomans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sb/great_comets.html">"Great Comets of History"</a>. <i>ssd.jpl.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Great+Comets+of+History&rft.au=D.+K.+Yeomans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsb%2Fgreat_comets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanklin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Shanklin, Jonathan D. (2000). "The comets of 1995". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>110</b> (6): 311. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110..311S">2000JBAA..110..311S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=The+comets+of+1995&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=311&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JBAA..110..311S&rft.aulast=Shanklin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circ6187-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Circ6187_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circ6187_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circ6187_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleBopp,_T.Stevens,_J.1995" class="citation web cs1">Hale, A.; Bopp, T.; Stevens, J. (July 23, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06100/06187.html#Item1">"IAU Circular No. 6187"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAU+Circular+No.+6187&rft.pub=IAU&rft.date=1995-07-23&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bopp%2C+T.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbat.eps.harvard.edu%2Fiauc%2F06100%2F06187.html%23Item1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mobberley2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mobberley2013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobberley2013" class="citation cs2">Mobberley, Martin (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfO7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA483"><i>It Came From Outer Space Wearing an RAF Blazer!: A Fan's Biography of Sir Patrick Moore</i></a>, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 483, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319006093" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319006093"><bdi>978-3319006093</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Came+From+Outer+Space+Wearing+an+RAF+Blazer%21%3A+A+Fan%27s+Biography+of+Sir+Patrick+Moore&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3319006093&rft.aulast=Mobberley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdfO7BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeDiscovery-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimeDiscovery_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimeDiscovery_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonick1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Lemonick, Michael D. (March 17, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081130085357/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986055,00.html">"Comet of the decade Part II"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986055,00.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Comet+of+the+decade+Part+II&rft.date=1997-03-17&rft.aulast=Lemonick&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C986055%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcott1997" class="citation web cs1">Newcott, William (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829081936/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/comets-age.html">"The Age of Comets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/comets-age.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Nobody sends telegrams anymore...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Comets&rft.date=1997-12&rft.aulast=Newcott&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fsolar-system%2Fcomets-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopp1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bopp, Thomas (1997). "Amateur Contributions in the study of Comet Hale–Bopp". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>79</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...79..307B">1997EM&P...79..307B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006262006364">10.1023/A:1006262006364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117124838">117124838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Amateur+Contributions+in+the+study+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117124838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006262006364&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EM%26P...79..307B&rft.aulast=Bopp&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidgerSerra-RicartBellot-RubioCasas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kidger, M. R.; Serra-Ricart, Miquel; Bellot-Rubio, Luis R.; Casas, Ricard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310008">"Evolution of a Spiral Jet in the Inner Coma of Comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1)"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>461</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">L119 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L122</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...461L.119K">1996ApJ...461L.119K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310008">10.1086/310008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121572975">121572975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+a+Spiral+Jet+in+the+Inner+Coma+of+Comet+Hale-Bopp+%281995+O1%29&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL119+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL122%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121572975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F310008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ApJ...461L.119K&rft.aulast=Kidger&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Serra-Ricart%2C+Miquel&rft.au=Bellot-Rubio%2C+Luis+R.&rft.au=Casas%2C+Ricard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F310008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNaughtWest,_R._M.1995" class="citation web cs1">McNaught, R. H.; West, R. M. (August 2, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06100/06198.html">"Circular No. 6198"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+No.+6198&rft.pub=IAU&rft.date=1995-08-02&rft.aulast=McNaught&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=West%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbat.eps.harvard.edu%2Fiauc%2F06100%2F06198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiverRauerDespoisMoreno1996" class="citation journal cs1">Biver, N.; Rauer, H; Despois, D; Moreno, R; Paubert, G; <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Bockel%C3%A9e-Morvan" title="Dominique Bockelée-Morvan">Bockelée-Morvan, D</a>; Colom, P; Crovisier, J; et al. (1996). "Substantial outgassing of CO from Comet Hale–Bopp at large heliocentric distance". <i>Nature</i>. <b>380</b> (6570): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..137B">1996Natur.380..137B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F380137a0">10.1038/380137a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8600385">8600385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4342525">4342525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Substantial+outgassing+of+CO+from+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+at+large+heliocentric+distance&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=6570&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F380137a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4342525%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8600385&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.380..137B&rft.aulast=Biver&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Rauer%2C+H&rft.au=Despois%2C+D&rft.au=Moreno%2C+R&rft.au=Paubert%2C+G&rft.au=Bockel%C3%A9e-Morvan%2C+D&rft.au=Colom%2C+P&rft.au=Crovisier%2C+J&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard%2C+E&rft.au=Jorda%2C+Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez2002_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez2002_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez2002_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Yanga R. (2002). "The Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1): Size and Activity". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>89</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EM&P...89....3F">2002EM&P...89....3F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021545031431">10.1023/A:1021545031431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189899565">189899565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=The+Nucleus+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28C%2F1995+O1%29%3A+Size+and+Activity&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189899565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021545031431&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EM%26P...89....3F&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Yanga+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidger2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidger2004_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidgerHurstJames2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kidger, M.R.; Hurst, G.; James, N. (2004). "The Visual Light Curve Of C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) From Discovery To Late 1997". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>78</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...78..169K">1997EM&P...78..169K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006228113533">10.1023/A:1006228113533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120776226">120776226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=The+Visual+Light+Curve+Of+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29+From+Discovery+To+Late+1997&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120776226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006228113533&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EM%26P...78..169K&rft.aulast=Kidger&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Hurst%2C+G.&rft.au=James%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1997" class="citation news cs1">Browne, Malcolm R. (March 9, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/comet-holds-clues-to-birth-of-time.html?pagewanted=1">"Comet Holds Clues to Birth of Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Comet+Holds+Clues+to+Birth+of+Time&rft.date=1997-03-09&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F03%2F09%2Fus%2Fcomet-holds-clues-to-birth-of-time.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-trail-of-hale-bopp">"The Trail of Hale–Bopp"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. March 17, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Trail+of+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&rft.date=1997-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-trail-of-hale-bopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeePoitevin1997" class="citation journal cs1">McGee, H. W.; Poitevin, P. (1997). "The total solar eclipse of 1997 March 9". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>107</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JBAA..107..112M">1997JBAA..107..112M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=The+total+solar+eclipse+of+1997+March+9&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JBAA..107..112M&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Poitevin%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stardust-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stardust_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stardust_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stardust_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/science/hb.html">"Comet Hale–Bopp"</a>. <i>Stardust</i>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA. November 26, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stardust&rft.atitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&rft.date=2003-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstardust.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fhb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_West" title="Richard Martin West">West, Richard M.</a> (April 13, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524134423/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/comet-hale-bopp-summary-apr13-97-rw.html">"Comet Hale–Bopp (April 13, 1997)"</a>. European Southern Observatory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public//events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/comet-hale-bopp-summary-apr13-97-rw.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28April+13%2C+1997%29&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=1997-04-13&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2F%2Fevents%2Fastro-evt%2Fhale-bopp%2Fcomet-hale-bopp-summary-apr13-97-rw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShylaja1997" class="citation journal cs1">Shylaja, B. S. (1997). "What's New With Hale Bopp?". <i>Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BASI...25..155S">1997BASI...25..155S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+India&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+With+Hale+Bopp%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997BASI...25..155S&rft.aulast=Shylaja&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_West" title="Richard Martin West">West, Richard M.</a> (March 7, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524135044/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/comet-hale-bopp-summary-mar07-97-rw.html">"Comet Hale–Bopp (March 7, 1997)"</a>. European Southern Observatory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public//events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/comet-hale-bopp-summary-mar07-97-rw.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28March+7%2C+1997%29&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=1997-03-07&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2F%2Fevents%2Fastro-evt%2Fhale-bopp%2Fcomet-hale-bopp-summary-mar07-97-rw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabóKissSárneczky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Szabó, Gy. M.; Kiss, L. L.; Sárneczky, K. (2008). "Cometary Activity at 25.7 au: Hale–Bopp 11 Years after Perihelion". <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>677</b> (2): 121. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.1505">0803.1505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...677L.121S">2008ApJ...677L.121S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F588095">10.1086/588095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13344162">13344162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Cometary+Activity+at+25.7+au%3A+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+11+Years+after+Perihelion&rft.volume=677&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0803.1505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13344162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F588095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApJ...677L.121S&rft.aulast=Szab%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gy.+M.&rft.au=Kiss%2C+L.+L.&rft.au=S%C3%A1rneczky%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szabó2012-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szabó2012_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabóKiss,_L._L.Kiss,_Cs.Pál,_A.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Szabó, Gy. M.; Kiss, L. L.; Kiss, Cs.; Pál, A.; Sárneczky, K.; Juhász, A.; Hogerheijde, M. R. (2012). "Evidence for fresh frost layer on the bare nucleus of comet Hale–Bopp at 32 au distance". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>761</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.2785">1210.2785</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...761....8S">2012ApJ...761....8S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F1%2F8">10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119197339">119197339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+fresh+frost+layer+on+the+bare+nucleus+of+comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+at+32+au+distance&rft.volume=761&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1210.2785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119197339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F1%2F8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ApJ...761....8S&rft.aulast=Szab%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gy.+M.&rft.au=Kiss%2C+L.+L.&rft.au=Kiss%2C+Cs.&rft.au=P%C3%A1l%2C+A.&rft.au=S%C3%A1rneczky%2C+K.&rft.au=Juh%C3%A1sz%2C+A.&rft.au=Hogerheijde%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szabó2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szabó2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabóSárneczky,_K.Kiss,_L._L.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Szabó, M.; Sárneczky, K.; Kiss, L. L. (2011). "Frozen to death? – Detection of comet Hale–Bopp at 30.7 au". <i>Earth and Planetary Astrophysics</i>. <b>1104</b>: 4351. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.4351">1104.4351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...531A..11S">2011A&A...531A..11S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201116793">10.1051/0004-6361/201116793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119113598">119113598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Frozen+to+death%3F+%E2%80%93+Detection+of+comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+at+30.7+au&rft.volume=1104&rft.pages=4351&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1104.4351&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119113598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201116793&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011A%26A...531A..11S&rft.aulast=Szab%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=S%C3%A1rneczky%2C+K.&rft.au=Kiss%2C+L.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herald2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herald2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Herald2012" class="citation web cs1">Dave Herald (August 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105121110/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/comets-ml/message/19755">"Comet Hale–Bopp C/1995 O1 – observed tonite"</a>. Yahoo Groups. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/comets-ml/message/19755">the original</a> on January 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+C%2F1995+O1+%E2%80%93+observed+tonite&rft.pub=Yahoo+Groups&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft.au=Dave+Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomets-ml%2Fmessage%2F19755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEC2022-S20-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPEC2022-S20_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K22/K22S20.html">MPEC 2022-S20 : Observations and Orbits of Comets and A/ Objects</a> (2022 September 18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perturb-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perturb_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perturb_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans,_Don1997" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans, Don (April 10, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/ephemjpl8.html">"Comet Hale–Bopp Orbit and Ephemeris Information"</a>. JPL/NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+Orbit+and+Ephemeris+Information&rft.pub=JPL%2FNASA&rft.date=1997-04-10&rft.au=Yeomans%2C+Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcomet%2Fephemjpl8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Lost Tomb", <a href="/wiki/Kent_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Weeks">Kent Weeks</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81847-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81847-3">0-297-81847-3</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epoch1600-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epoch1600_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorizons_output" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">Horizons</a> output. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Hale-Bopp%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%271600-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%271600-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27100%20years%27&CENTER=%27@0%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">"Barycentric Orbital Elements for Epoch 1600"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barycentric+Orbital+Elements+for+Epoch+1600&rft.au=Horizons+output&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527Hale-Bopp%2527%26TABLE_TYPE%3D%2527ELEMENTS%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25271600-01-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25271600-01-02%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%2527100%2520years%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527%400%2527%26OUT_UNITS%3D%2527AU-D%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span> (Solution using the Solar System <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a>. "AD = 5.24E+02 and PR = 1.5536E+06 / 365.25 days" = 4254 years)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cometfact-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cometfact_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_David_R.2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (December 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/cometfact.html">"Comet Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA (National Space Science Data Center)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comet+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA+%28National+Space+Science+Data+Center%29&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fcometfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span> (pre-<a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbation</a> orbit: semi-major axis 250 au; period 4000yr)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weissman-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weissman_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weissman_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Weissman, Paul R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921307003559">"The cometary impactor flux at the Earth"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union</i>. <b>2</b> (S236). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">441–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IAUS..236..441W">2007IAUS..236..441W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921307003559">10.1017/S1743921307003559</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86345-2"><bdi>978-0-521-86345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&rft.atitle=The+cometary+impactor+flux+at+the+Earth&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=S236&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921307003559&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007IAUS..236..441W&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86345-2&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1743921307003559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyEmel'YanenkoHahnHarris1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, M. E.; Emel'Yanenko, V. V.; Hahn, G.; Harris, N. W.; Hughes, K. A.; Muinonen, K.; Scotti, J. V. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F281.3.916">"Orbit Determination and Evolution of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>281</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">916–</span>924. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.281..916B">1996MNRAS.281..916B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.6010">10.1.1.29.6010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F281.3.916">10.1093/mnras/281.3.916</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Orbit+Determination+and+Evolution+of+Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E916-%3C%2Fspan%3E924&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.29.6010%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F281.3.916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996MNRAS.281..916B&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=Emel%27Yanenko%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+G.&rft.au=Harris%2C+N.+W.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Muinonen%2C+K.&rft.au=Scotti%2C+J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F281.3.916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewitt1999-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jewitt1999_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewittMatthews1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jewitt, David; Matthews, Henry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300743">"Particulate Mass Loss from Comet Hale–Bopp"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>117</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1056–</span>1062. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....117.1056J">1999AJ....117.1056J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300743">10.1086/300743</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120740179">120740179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Particulate+Mass+Loss+from+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1056-%3C%2Fspan%3E1062&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120740179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300743&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999AJ....117.1056J&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F300743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezWellnitzBuieDunham1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Yanga R.; Wellnitz, Dennis D.; Buie, Marc W.; Dunham, Edward W.; Millis, Robert L.; Nye, Ralph A.; Stansberry, John A.; Wasserman, Lawrence H.; a'Hearn, Michael F.; Lisse, Carey M.; Golden, Meg E.; Person, Michael J.; Howell, Robert R.; Marcialis, Robert L.; Spitale, Joseph N. (1999). "The Inner Coma and Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp: Results from a Stellar Occultation". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>140</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..140..205F">1999Icar..140..205F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6127">10.1006/icar.1999.6127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43229796">43229796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Inner+Coma+and+Nucleus+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%3A+Results+from+a+Stellar+Occultation&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43229796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6127&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Icar..140..205F&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Yanga+R.&rft.au=Wellnitz%2C+Dennis+D.&rft.au=Buie%2C+Marc+W.&rft.au=Dunham%2C+Edward+W.&rft.au=Millis%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Nye%2C+Ralph+A.&rft.au=Stansberry%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+Lawrence+H.&rft.au=a%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Lisse%2C+Carey+M.&rft.au=Golden%2C+Meg+E.&rft.au=Person%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Howell%2C+Robert+R.&rft.au=Marcialis%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Spitale%2C+Joseph+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonGehrzJonesWoodward2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, C. G.; Gehrz, R. D.; Jones, T. J.; Woodward, C E.; Hanner, M. S.; Williams, D. M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F319039">"Observations of Unusually Small Dust Grains in the Coma of Comet Hale–Bopp C/1995 O1"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>549</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>646. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...549..635M">2001ApJ...549..635M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F319039">10.1086/319039</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Observations+of+Unusually+Small+Dust+Grains+in+the+Coma+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+C%2F1995+O1&rft.volume=549&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E646&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F319039&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ApJ...549..635M&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rft.au=Gehrz%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+C+E.&rft.au=Hanner%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F319039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaneshJoshiBaliyanDeshpande1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ganesh, S.; Joshi, U. C.; Baliyan, K. S.; Deshpande, M. R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Faas%3A1998201">"Polarimetric observations of the comet Hale–Bopp"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement</i>. <b>129</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">489–</span>493. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&AS..129..489G">1998A&AS..129..489G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Faas%3A1998201">10.1051/aas:1998201</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Supplement&rft.atitle=Polarimetric+observations+of+the+comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E493&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Faas%3A1998201&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998A%26AS..129..489G&rft.aulast=Ganesh&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+U.+C.&rft.au=Baliyan%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Faas%253A1998201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cremonese1997-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cremonese1997_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremonese,_GBoehnhardt,_HCrovisier,_JRauer,_H1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cremonese, G; Boehnhardt, H; Crovisier, J; Rauer, H; Fitzsimmons, A; Fulle, M; Licandro, J; Pollacco, D; et al. (1997). "Neutral Sodium from Comet Hale–Bopp: A Third Type of Tail". <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>490</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">L199 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L202</span>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710022">astro-ph/9710022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...490L.199C">1997ApJ...490L.199C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311040">10.1086/311040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119405749">119405749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Neutral+Sodium+from+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%3A+A+Third+Type+of+Tail&rft.volume=490&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL199+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL202%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9710022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119405749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F311040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...490L.199C&rft.au=Cremonese%2C+G&rft.au=Boehnhardt%2C+H&rft.au=Crovisier%2C+J&rft.au=Rauer%2C+H&rft.au=Fitzsimmons%2C+A&rft.au=Fulle%2C+M&rft.au=Licandro%2C+J&rft.au=Pollacco%2C+D&rft.au=Tozzi%2C+G+P&rft.au=West%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonBaumgardnerMendillo1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, J. K.; Baumgardner, J.; Mendillo, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97GL03704">"Three tails of comet Hale–Bopp"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998GeoRL..25..225W">1998GeoRL..25..225W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97GL03704">10.1029/97GL03704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129323918">129323918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Three+tails+of+comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129323918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F97GL03704&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998GeoRL..25..225W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft.au=Baumgardner%2C+J.&rft.au=Mendillo%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F97GL03704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremoneseFulle1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cremonese, G.; Fulle, Marco (1997). "Sodium In Comets". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>79</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...79..209C">1997EM&P...79..209C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006245619568">10.1023/A:1006245619568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118693620">118693620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Sodium+In+Comets&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118693620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006245619568&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EM%26P...79..209C&rft.aulast=Cremonese&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Fulle%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cometwater-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cometwater_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cometwater_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierOwen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Meier, Roland; Owen, Tobias C. (1999). "Cometary Deuterium". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>90</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SSRv...90...33M">1999SSRv...90...33M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005269208310">10.1023/A:1005269208310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11543290">11543290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34317575">34317575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Cometary+Deuterium&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005269208310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34317575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11543290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SSRv...90...33M&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Owen%2C+Tobias+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cometorganic-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cometorganic_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgersCharnley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, S. D.; Charnley, S. B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2001.04208.x">"Organic synthesis in the coma of Comet Hale–Bopp?"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>320</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">L61 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L64</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.320L..61R">2001MNRAS.320L..61R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2001.04208.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04208.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Organic+synthesis+in+the+coma+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%3F&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL61+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL64%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2001.04208.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001MNRAS.320L..61R&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rft.au=Charnley%2C+S.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-8711.2001.04208.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argon-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Argon_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argon_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argon_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternSlaterFestouParker2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, S. A.; Slater, D. C.; Festou, M. C.; Parker, J. Wm.; Gladstone, G. R.; A'hearn, M. F.; Wilkinson, E. (2000). "The Discovery of Argon in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>544</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">L169 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L172</span>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0011327">astro-ph/0011327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...544L.169S">2000ApJ...544L.169S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F317312">10.1086/317312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16759616">16759616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Argon+in+Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29&rft.volume=544&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL169+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL172%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0011327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16759616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F317312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApJ...544L.169S&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Slater%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Festou%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Parker%2C+J.+Wm.&rft.au=Gladstone%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=A%27hearn%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnopolskyMummaAbbottFlynn1997" class="citation journal cs1">Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.; Mumma, MJ; Abbott, M; Flynn, BC; Meech, KJ; Yeomans, DK; Feldman, PD; Cosmovici, CB (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1231120">"Detection of Soft X-rays and a Sensitive Search for Noble Gases in Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>277</b> (5331): <span class="nowrap">1488–</span>1491. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...277.1488K">1997Sci...277.1488K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1488">10.1126/science.277.5331.1488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278508">9278508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Detection+of+Soft+X-rays+and+a+Sensitive+Search+for+Noble+Gases+in+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28C%2F1995+O1%29&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=5331&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1488-%3C%2Fspan%3E1491&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9278508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.277.5331.1488&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Sci...277.1488K&rft.aulast=Krasnopolsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&rft.au=Mumma%2C+MJ&rft.au=Abbott%2C+M&rft.au=Flynn%2C+BC&rft.au=Meech%2C+KJ&rft.au=Yeomans%2C+DK&rft.au=Feldman%2C+PD&rft.au=Cosmovici%2C+CB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1231120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/anim30.html">"Bergeron Comet Hale–Bopp Animation"</a>. <i>Stardust</i>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stardust&rft.atitle=Bergeron+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+Animation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcomet%2Fanim30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarell,_J.Lagerkvist,_C.-I.Lagerros,_J._S._V.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Warell, J.; Lagerkvist, C.-I.; Lagerros, J. S. V. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Faas%3A1999213">"Dust continuum imaging of C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp): Rotation period and dust outflow velocity"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series</i>. <b>136</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A&AS..136..245W">1999A&AS..136..245W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Faas%3A1999213">10.1051/aas:1999213</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Dust+continuum+imaging+of+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29%3A+Rotation+period+and+dust+outflow+velocity&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Faas%3A1999213&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999A%26AS..136..245W&rft.au=Warell%2C+J.&rft.au=Lagerkvist%2C+C.-I.&rft.au=Lagerros%2C+J.+S.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Faas%253A1999213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekanina1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sekanina, Z. (1997). "Detection of a Satellite Orbiting The Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>77</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...77..155S">1997EM&P...77..155S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006230712665">10.1023/A:1006230712665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122481110">122481110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Detection+of+a+Satellite+Orbiting+The+Nucleus+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28C%2F1995+O1%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122481110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006230712665&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EM%26P...77..155S&rft.aulast=Sekanina&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekanina1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sekanina, Z. (1997). "Detection of a Satellite orbiting the Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>77</b> (3). European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...77..155S">1997EM&P...77..155S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006230712665">10.1023/A:1006230712665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122481110">122481110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Detection+of+a+Satellite+orbiting+the+Nucleus+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28C%2F1995+O1%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122481110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006230712665&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EM%26P...77..155S&rft.aulast=Sekanina&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchisBoehnhardtHainautLe_Mignant1999" class="citation journal cs1">Marchis, F.; Boehnhardt, H.; Hainaut, O. R.; Le Mignant, D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031064051/http://aa.springer.de/papers/9349003/2300985.pdf">"Adaptive optics observations of the innermost coma of C/1995 O1. Are there a "Hale" and a "Bopp" in comet Hale–Bopp?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>349</b>: <span class="nowrap">985–</span>995. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A&A...349..985M">1999A&A...349..985M</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.springer.de/papers/9349003/2300985.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Adaptive+optics+observations+of+the+innermost+coma+of+C%2F1995+O1.+Are+there+a+%22Hale%22+and+a+%22Bopp%22+in+comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%3F&rft.volume=349&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E985-%3C%2Fspan%3E995&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999A%26A...349..985M&rft.aulast=Marchis&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Boehnhardt%2C+H.&rft.au=Hainaut%2C+O.+R.&rft.au=Le+Mignant%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.springer.de%2Fpapers%2F9349003%2F2300985.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyStolovyCampinsLarson2007" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, D. W.; Stolovy, S; Campins, H; Larson, S; Samarasinha, N; Kern, S (2007). "Comet Hale–Bopp in outburst: Imaging the dynamics of icy particles with HST/NICMOS". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>189</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">184–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..189..184M">2007Icar..189..184M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.01.019">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.01.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+in+outburst%3A+Imaging+the+dynamics+of+icy+particles+with+HST%2FNICMOS&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.01.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..189..184M&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft.au=Stolovy%2C+S&rft.au=Campins%2C+H&rft.au=Larson%2C+S&rft.au=Samarasinha%2C+N&rft.au=Kern%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaverFeldmana'HearnArpigny1999" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, H. A.; Feldman, P. D.; a'Hearn, M. F.; Arpigny, C.; Brandt, J. C.; Stern, S. A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6159">"Post-Perihelion HST Observations of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>141</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..141....1W">1999Icar..141....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6159">10.1006/icar.1999.6159</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Post-Perihelion+HST+Observations+of+Comet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+%28C%2F1995+O1%29&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1999.6159&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Icar..141....1W&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=a%27Hearn%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Arpigny%2C+C.&rft.au=Brandt%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Stern%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Ficar.1999.6159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekanina1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sekanina, Z. (1997). "The problem of split comets revisited". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters</i>. <b>318</b>: <span class="nowrap">L5 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L8</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A&A...318L...5S">1997A&A...318L...5S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Letters&rft.atitle=The+problem+of+split+comets+revisited&rft.volume=318&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL5+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL8%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997A%26A...318L...5S&rft.aulast=Sekanina&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroffWillwerth,_James1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Jaroff, Leon; Willwerth, James (April 14, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051121060305/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986171,00.html">"The man who spread the myth"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986171,00.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+man+who+spread+the+myth&rft.date=1997-04-14&rft.aulast=Jaroff&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Willwerth%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C986171%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hale, Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100208233213/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/hale-bopp_comet_madness">"Hale–Bopp Comet Madness"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/hale-bopp_comet_madness/">the original</a> on February 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp+Comet+Madness&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fhale-bopp_comet_madness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamLevy,_David_H.2000" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Robert; Levy, David H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatcomets00burn/page/191"><i>Great Comets</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatcomets00burn/page/191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64600-0"><bdi>978-0-521-64600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Comets&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64600-0&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Levy%2C+David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatcomets00burn%2Fpage%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTholen1997" class="citation web cs1">Tholen, David J. (January 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225155/http://www.sc.eso.org/~ohainaut/Hale_Bopp/hb_ufo_tholen.html">"Fraudulent use of an IfA/UH picture"</a>. European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc.eso.org/~ohainaut/Hale_Bopp/hb_ufo_tholen.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraudulent+use+of+an+IfA%2FUH+picture&rft.pub=European+Organisation+for+Astronomical+Research+in+the+Southern+Hemisphere&rft.date=1997-01-15&rft.aulast=Tholen&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc.eso.org%2F~ohainaut%2FHale_Bopp%2Fhb_ufo_tholen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Wendy Gale (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue3/robinson.html">"Heaven's Gate: The End"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i>. <b>3</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.1997.tb00077.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00077.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=Heaven%27s+Gate%3A+The+End&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.1997.tb00077.x&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcmc.indiana.edu%2Fvol3%2Fissue3%2Frobinson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Johnson1997" class="citation news cs1">George Johnson (March 28, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/28/us/comets-breed-fear-fascination-and-web-sites.html?sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Comets+Breed+Fear%2C+Fascination+and+Web+Sites&rft.date=1997-03-28&rft.au=George+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F03%2F28%2Fus%2Fcomets-breed-fear-fascination-and-web-sites.html%3Fsec%3Dhealth%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myth_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Morrison" class="citation web cs1">David Morrison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421022039/http://www.csicop.org/si/2008-05/morrison.html">"The Myth of Nibiru and the End of the World in 2012"</a>. Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/2008-05/morrison.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Nibiru+and+the+End+of+the+World+in+2012&rft.pub=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.au=David+Morrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2F2008-05%2Fmorrison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/15551-nibiru.html">"Nibiru: The Nonexistent Planet"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. December 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Nibiru%3A+The+Nonexistent+Planet&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F15551-nibiru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguirre-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aguirre_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguirre1997" class="citation journal cs1">Aguirre, Edwin L. (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116131943/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/skyandtelescope/access/886291661.html?dids=886291661:886291661&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:PAGE&date=Jul+1997&author=Edwin+L+Aguirre&desc=The+Great+Comet+of+1997">"The Great Comet of 1997"</a>. <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/skyandtelescope/access/886291661.html?dids=886291661:886291661&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:PAGE&date=Jul+1997&author=Edwin+L+Aguirre&desc=The+Great+Comet+of+1997">the original</a> on January 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=The+Great+Comet+of+1997&rft.date=1997-07&rft.aulast=Aguirre&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fskyandtelescope%2Faccess%2F886291661.html%3Fdids%3D886291661%3A886291661%26FMT%3DCITE%26FMTS%3DCITE%3APAGE%26date%3DJul%2B1997%26author%3DEdwin%2BL%2BAguirre%26desc%3DThe%2BGreat%2BComet%2Bof%2B1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news82.html">"Eugene Shoemaker Ashes Carried on Lunar Prospector"</a>. <i>www2.jpl.nasa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Eugene+Shoemaker+Ashes+Carried+on+Lunar+Prospector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsl9%2Fnews82.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayukin2023" class="citation web cs1">Kayukin (August 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/ru/album/comet-97-ep/1701985200">"Album "Comet 97 – EP" (Kayukin). Apple Music"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Album+%22Comet+97+%E2%80%93+EP%22+%28Kayukin%29.+Apple+Music&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft.au=Kayukin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fru%2Falbum%2Fcomet-97-ep%2F1701985200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comet_Hale-Bopp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Comet Hale-Bopp">Comet Hale-Bopp</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cometbase.net/en/observation/listObserv/478">CometBase: Comet Hale–Bopp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cometography.com/lcomets/1995o1.html">Cometography.com: Comet Hale–Bopp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/comet">NASA Hale–Bopp page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821073111/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/">Archived</a> August 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827030726/http://shadowandsubstance.com/Past%20graphics/Comet%20Hale-Bopp%20orbit.htm">Shadow and Substance.com: Static orbital diagram</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083554/http://one.revver.com/watch/90657/flv/affiliate/14715">Comet Nucleus Animation</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerFernandezLisseKelley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Emily A.; Fernandez, Yanga R.; Lisse, Carey M.; Kelley, Michael S.P.; Woodney, Laura M. (2014). "A dynamical analysis of the dust tail of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) at high heliocentric distances". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>236</b>: <span class="nowrap">136–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.2562">1404.2562</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..236..136K">2014Icar..236..136K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.03.033">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119201510">119201510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+dynamical+analysis+of+the+dust+tail+of+Comet+C%2F1995+O1+%28Hale%E2%80%93Bopp%29+at+high+heliocentric+distances&rft.volume=236&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1404.2562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119201510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.03.033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Icar..236..136K&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Emily+A.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Yanga+R.&rft.au=Lisse%2C+Carey+M.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Michael+S.P.&rft.au=Woodney%2C+Laura+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComet+Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr-astrophotography.com/comet-tails-simulations/">HDR Astrophotography: Comet tails simulations</a> by Nicolas Lefaudeux</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp">Hale–Bopp</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/JPL_Small-Body_Database" title="JPL Small-Body Database">JPL Small-Body Database</a></i> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69854#P716" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><ul class="noprint"><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&view=C">Close approach</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&view=D">Discovery</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp">Ephemeris</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&view=V">Orbit viewer</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&view=O">Orbit parameters</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&view=P">Physical parameters</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comets119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comets" title="Template:Comets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comets" title="Template talk:Comets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comets119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitail" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitail">Antitail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_dust" title="Comet dust">Comet dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyakutake_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)"><img alt="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/100px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/150px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/200px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/100px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/150px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/200px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Comet#Orbital_characteristics" title="Comet">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Numbered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-family comet">Jupiter-family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Encke-type_comets" title="Category:Encke-type comets">Encke-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Main-belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-periodic_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-periodic comets">Non-periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_with_no_meaningful_orbit" title="List of comets with no meaningful orbit">Unknown-orbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">Interstellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_comets" title="Naming of comets">Naming of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_history_of_comets" title="Observational history of comets">Observational history of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)#Similarities_to_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_comets" title="Category:Discoverers of comets">Comet discoverers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_discovered_by_the_LINEAR_project" title="List of comets discovered by the LINEAR project">LINEAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">List of missions to comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comets visited by spacecraft">List of comets visited by spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Latest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2024_S1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)">C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2024_G3_(ATLAS)" title="C/2024 G3 (ATLAS)">C/2024 G3 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_H2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)">C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_E1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)">C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_O3_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)">C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F5_(MASTER)" title="C/2020 F5 (MASTER)">C/2020 F5 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2019_LD2_(ATLAS)" title="P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)">P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 U7">C/2017 U7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_U1_(NEOWISE)" title="C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)">C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_G2_(MASTER)" title="C/2015 G2 (MASTER)">C/2015 G2 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli%E2%80%93Bernstein)" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)">C/2014 UN<sub>271</sub> (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Culture and<br />speculation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_comet" title="Antimatter comet">Antimatter comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comets_in_fiction" title="Comets in fiction">Comets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_vintages" title="Comet vintages">Comet vintages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Lists_of_comets_(more)119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Lists of comets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_comets" title="Category:Lists of comets">more</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Periodic<br />comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1985<br />(all)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">2P/Encke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4P/Faye" title="4P/Faye">4P/Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6P/d%27Arrest" title="6P/d'Arrest">6P/d'Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7P/Pons%E2%80%93Winnecke" title="7P/Pons–Winnecke">7P/Pons–Winnecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10P/Tempel" title="10P/Tempel">10P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks" title="12P/Pons–Brooks">12P/Pons–Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13P/Olbers" title="13P/Olbers">13P/Olbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14P/Wolf" title="14P/Wolf">14P/Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16P/Brooks" title="16P/Brooks">16P/Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22P/Kopff" title="22P/Kopff">22P/Kopff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23P/Brorsen%E2%80%93Metcalf" title="23P/Brorsen–Metcalf">23P/Brorsen–Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24P/Schaumasse" title="24P/Schaumasse">24P/Schaumasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28P/Neujmin" title="28P/Neujmin">28P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30P/Reinmuth" title="30P/Reinmuth">30P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32P/Comas_Sol%C3%A0" title="32P/Comas Solà">32P/Comas Solà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33P/Daniel" title="33P/Daniel">33P/Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35P/Herschel%E2%80%93Rigollet" title="35P/Herschel–Rigollet">35P/Herschel–Rigollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36P/Whipple" title="36P/Whipple">36P/Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37P/Forbes" title="37P/Forbes">37P/Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38P/Stephan%E2%80%93Oterma" title="38P/Stephan–Oterma">38P/Stephan–Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39P/Oterma" title="39P/Oterma">39P/Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40P/V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="40P/Väisälä">40P/Väisälä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41P/Tuttle%E2%80%93Giacobini%E2%80%93Kres%C3%A1k" title="41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák">41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42P/Neujmin" title="42P/Neujmin">42P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43P/Wolf%E2%80%93Harrington" title="43P/Wolf–Harrington">43P/Wolf–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44P/Reinmuth" title="44P/Reinmuth">44P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45P/Honda%E2%80%93Mrkos%E2%80%93Pajdu%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47P/Ashbrook%E2%80%93Jackson" title="47P/Ashbrook–Jackson">47P/Ashbrook–Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48P/Johnson" title="48P/Johnson">48P/Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49P/Arend%E2%80%93Rigaux" title="49P/Arend–Rigaux">49P/Arend–Rigaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50P/Arend" title="50P/Arend">50P/Arend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51P/Harrington" title="51P/Harrington">51P/Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52P/Harrington%E2%80%93Abell" title="52P/Harrington–Abell">52P/Harrington–Abell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56P/Slaughter%E2%80%93Burnham" title="56P/Slaughter–Burnham">56P/Slaughter–Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58P/Jackson%E2%80%93Neujmin" title="58P/Jackson–Neujmin">58P/Jackson–Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59P/Kearns%E2%80%93Kwee" title="59P/Kearns–Kwee">59P/Kearns–Kwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60P/Tsuchinshan" title="60P/Tsuchinshan">60P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61P/Shajn%E2%80%93Schaldach" title="61P/Shajn–Schaldach">61P/Shajn–Schaldach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62P/Tsuchinshan" title="62P/Tsuchinshan">62P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63P/Wild" title="63P/Wild">63P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64P/Swift%E2%80%93Gehrels" title="64P/Swift–Gehrels">64P/Swift–Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65P/Gunn" title="65P/Gunn">65P/Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68P/Klemola" title="68P/Klemola">68P/Klemola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70P/Kojima" title="70P/Kojima">70P/Kojima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71P/Clark" title="71P/Clark">71P/Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/74P/Smirnova%E2%80%93Chernykh" title="74P/Smirnova–Chernykh">74P/Smirnova–Chernykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76P/West%E2%80%93Kohoutek%E2%80%93Ikemura" title="76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura">76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/77P/Longmore" title="77P/Longmore">77P/Longmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78P/Gehrels" title="78P/Gehrels">78P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Hartley" title="79P/du Toit–Hartley">79P/du Toit–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/82P/Gehrels" title="82P/Gehrels">82P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84P/Giclas" title="84P/Giclas">84P/Giclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1985<br />(notable)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92P/Sanguin" title="92P/Sanguin">92P/Sanguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">96P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108P/Ciffr%C3%A9o" title="108P/Ciffréo">108P/Ciffréo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Swift%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="Comet Swift–Tuttle">109P/Swift–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126P/IRAS" title="126P/IRAS">126P/IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/141P/Machholz" title="141P/Machholz">141P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144P/Kushida" title="144P/Kushida">144P/Kushida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/147P/Kushida%E2%80%93Muramatsu" title="147P/Kushida–Muramatsu">147P/Kushida–Muramatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/153P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Zhang" title="153P/Ikeya–Zhang">153P/Ikeya–Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/156P/Russell%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="156P/Russell–LINEAR">156P/Russell–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/161P/Hartley%E2%80%93IRAS" title="161P/Hartley–IRAS">161P/Hartley–IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/162P/Siding_Spring" title="162P/Siding Spring">162P/Siding Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/168P/Hergenrother" title="168P/Hergenrother">168P/Hergenrother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169P/NEAT" title="169P/NEAT">169P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/177P/Barnard" title="177P/Barnard">177P/Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/178P/Hug%E2%80%93Bell" title="178P/Hug–Bell">178P/Hug–Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/209P/LINEAR" title="209P/LINEAR">209P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/246P/NEAT" title="246P/NEAT">246P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/249P/LINEAR" title="249P/LINEAR">249P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/252P/LINEAR" title="252P/LINEAR">252P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/255P/Levy" title="255P/Levy">255P/Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/273P/Pons%E2%80%93Gambart" title="273P/Pons–Gambart">273P/Pons–Gambart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/322P/SOHO" title="322P/SOHO">322P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/323P/SOHO" title="323P/SOHO">323P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/332P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Murakami" title="332P/Ikeya–Murakami">332P/Ikeya–Murakami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/333P/LINEAR" title="333P/LINEAR">333P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(457175)_2008_GO98" title="(457175) 2008 GO98">362P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460P/PanSTARRS" title="460P/PanSTARRS">460P/PanSTARRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Terminology" title="Asteroid">Comet-like<br />asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/596_Scheila" title="596 Scheila">596 Scheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a> (95P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">4015 Wilson–Harrington</a> (107P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7968_Elst%E2%80%93Pizarro" title="7968 Elst–Pizarro">7968 Elst–Pizarro</a> (133P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/165P/LINEAR" title="165P/LINEAR">165P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/166P/NEAT" title="166P/NEAT">166P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/167P/CINEOS" title="167P/CINEOS">167P/CINEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60558_Echeclus" title="60558 Echeclus">60558 Echeclus</a> (174P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/118401_LINEAR" title="118401 LINEAR">118401 LINEAR</a> (176P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/259P/Garradd" title="259P/Garradd">259P/Garradd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/324P/La_Sagra" title="324P/La Sagra">324P/La Sagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/331P/Gibbs" title="331P/Gibbs">331P/Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/358P/PANSTARRS" class="mw-redirect" title="358P/PANSTARRS">358P/PANSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2013_R3_(Catalina-PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)">P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(300163)_2006_VW139" title="(300163) 2006 VW139">(300163) 2006 VW139</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Recovered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/113P/Spitaler" title="113P/Spitaler">113P/Spitaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/157P/Tritton" title="157P/Tritton">157P/Tritton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/206P/Barnard%E2%80%93Boattini" title="206P/Barnard–Boattini">206P/Barnard–Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/226P/Pigott%E2%80%93LINEAR%E2%80%93Kowalski" title="226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski">226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/271P/van_Houten%E2%80%93Lemmon" title="271P/van Houten–Lemmon">271P/van Houten–Lemmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Destroyed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Not found</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexell%27s_Comet" title="Lexell's Comet">D/1770 L1 (Lexell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft#List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">Visited by<br />spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a> (2005, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-Parabolic<br />comets<br />(notable)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1106_C1" title="X/1106 C1">X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1264" title="Great Comet of 1264">C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1402" title="Great Comet of 1402">C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1472" title="Great Comet of 1472">C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1652_Y1" title="C/1652 Y1">C/1652 Y1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1680" title="Great Comet of 1680">C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1702_H1" title="C/1702 H1">C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_of_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet of 1729">C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1744" title="Great Comet of 1744">C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1760_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1760 A1">C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1769_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1769 P1">C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1807_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1807 R1">C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1819" title="Great Comet of 1819">C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1823" title="Great Comet of 1823">C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1843" title="Great Comet of 1843">C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1847_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1847 T1">C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Donati" title="Comet Donati">C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_G1_(Thatcher)" title="C/1861 G1 (Thatcher)">C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1861 J1">C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1865_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1865 B1">C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1872_X1" class="mw-redirect" title="X/1872 X1">X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1874_H1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1874 H1">C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1881_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1881 K1">C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1882" title="Great Comet of 1882">C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Comet_of_1887" title="Great Southern Comet of 1887">C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1901" title="Great Comet of 1901">C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_January_Comet_of_1910" title="Great January Comet of 1910">C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">C/1911 O1 (Brooks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1931_P1_(Ryves)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1931 P1 (Ryves)">C/1931 P1 (Ryves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Humason">C/1961 R1 (Humason)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pereyra">C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">C/1975 V1 (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">C/1980 E1 (Bowell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">C/1989 X1 (Austin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">C/1990 K1 (Levy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1998_J1_(SOHO)" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO)">C/1998 J1 (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">C/2007 N3 (Lulin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">C/2007 W1 (Boattini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">C/2010 X1 (Elenin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10_(Catalina)" title="C/2013 US10 (Catalina)">C/2013 US10 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">C/2014 E2 (Jacques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F3_(NEOWISE)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1910<br />(by name)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">Aarseth-Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">Arend–Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">Beljawsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 US10">C/2013 US10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">de Kock–Paraskevopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">Elenin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hale-Bopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Humason">Humason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Ikeya" title="Kaoru Ikeya">Ikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">Ikeya-Seki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">IRAS–Araki–Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">ISON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">Iwamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Observatory" title="Mount Lemmon Observatory">Lemmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Lovejoy" title="Terry Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._McNaught" title="Robert H. McNaught">McNaught</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">McNaught–Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">Nishimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">Oukaimeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 K2">C/2017 K2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pereyra">Pereyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">Pojmański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryves_Comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryves Comet">Ryves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">Seki–Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_Spring_Observatory" title="Siding Spring Observatory">Siding Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">Skjellerup–Maristany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">Skorichenko–George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1998_J1_(SOHO)" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO)">SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">Spacewatch–Rabinowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory#Instruments" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SWAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">Tago-Sato-Kosaka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">Tsuchinshan–ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">White–Ortiz–Bolelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">Wilson–Hubbard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">Yi–SWAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">Zhu–Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">ZTF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets" title="Category:Comets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69854#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata890" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69854#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata890" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69854#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315137105">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4530121-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97000501">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007549389005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1000132">JPL SBDB</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=CJ95O010">MPC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale–Bopp&oldid=1272710818">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale–Bopp&oldid=1272710818</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-periodic_comets" title="Category:Non-periodic comets">Non-periodic comets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_comets" title="Category:Great comets">Great comets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Near-Earth_comets" title="Category:Near-Earth comets">Near-Earth comets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Category:Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate (religious group)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1997_in_science" title="Category:1997 in science">1997 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_objects_discovered_in_1995" title="Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1995">Astronomical objects discovered in 1995</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_amateur_astronomers" title="Category:Discoveries by amateur astronomers">Discoveries by amateur astronomers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2018" title="Category:Use British English from March 2018">Use British English from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2020">Use mdy dates from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Egyptian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text">Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 23:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet Hale–Bopp</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>69 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7f7b9dd5f8-5xzjl","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.239","walltime":"1.435","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8600,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":349151,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7214,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":299246,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1232.232 1 -total"," 39.32% 484.466 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.93% 270.218 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.55% 154.610 1 Template:Infobox_Comet"," 12.00% 147.920 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.03% 111.242 1 Template:Comets"," 8.77% 108.119 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 8.50% 104.758 27 Template:Cite_web"," 8.22% 101.280 1 Template:Lang"," 5.03% 62.022 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.741","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27412154,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-5m8d2","timestamp":"20250219123008","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Comet Hale\u2013Bopp","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q69854","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q69854","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-24T19:15:41Z","dateModified":"2025-01-29T23:04:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/ba\/Comet_Hale-Bopp_1995O1.jpg","headline":"long-period comet"}</script> </body> </html>