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4 Natural satellites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Planetary rings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_observation_and_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_observation_and_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History of observation and exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_observation_and_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of observation and exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_observation_and_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-telescopic_observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-telescopic_observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pre-telescopic observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-telescopic_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telescopic_pre-spaceflight_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telescopic_pre-spaceflight_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Telescopic pre-spaceflight observations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telescopic_pre-spaceflight_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spaceflight_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spaceflight_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Spaceflight missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spaceflight_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pioneer_11_flyby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneer_11_flyby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Pioneer 11 flyby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneer_11_flyby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voyager_flybys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyager_flybys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Voyager flybys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyager_flybys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cassini–Huygens_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassini–Huygens_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Cassini–Huygens spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassini–Huygens_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Possible future missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saturn</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 233 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-233" aria-hidden="true" > 233 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%85%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ማህፈድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማህፈድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="शनि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शनि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6tern_(tungol)" title="Sætern (tungol) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sætern (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Saturno (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Saturno (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শনি গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শনি গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(planeta)" title="Saturnu (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saturnu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनि ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शनि ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BAyno" title="Satúyno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Satúyno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" title="Saturn (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saturn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زوحل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زوحل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শনি গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শনি গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Thó͘-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनि ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शनि ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤེན་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤེན་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(planedenn)" title="Sadorn (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sadorn (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Бимба (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бимба (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)" title="Saturn (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saturn (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)" title="Saturn (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saturn (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirema_(chindeya)" title="Chirema (chindeya) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirema (chindeya)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Mlisko" title="Chanya la Mlisko – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Mlisko" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu" title="Saturnu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Saturnu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadwrn_(planed)" title="Sadwrn (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sadwrn (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ساتورن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ساتورن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9etin" title="Séetin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séetin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" title="Saturn (planet) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Saturn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनिग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शनिग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="སྤེན་པ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སྤེན་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Κρόνος (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρόνος (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBren" title="Satûren – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Satûren" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planedo)" title="Saturno (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saturno (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(praneta)" title="Saturnu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Saturnu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanigrah" title="Sanigrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanigrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Saturne (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saturne (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarn_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Satarn (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Satarn (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarn_(planaid)" title="Sarn (planaid) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sarn (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarn" title="Satarn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Satarn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A4%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زؤحل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زؤحل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="શનિ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શનિ (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-s%C3%AAn" title="Thú-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Сатурн һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Сатурн һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B1" title="토성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makulu" title="Makulu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makulu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Սատուրն (մոլորակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սատուրն (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="शनि (ग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शनि (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Сатурн (планетæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сатурн (планетæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISaturn_(i-astronomy)" title="ISaturn (i-astronomy) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISaturn (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNomaxhama" title="UNomaxhama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNomaxhama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BArnus_(reikistjarna)" title="Satúrnus (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Satúrnus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia)" title="Saturno (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saturno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99" title="שבתאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבתאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirini" title="Satirini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Satirini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9)" title="ಶನಿ (ಗ್ರಹ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶನಿ (ಗ್ರಹ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu" title="Saturnu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saturnu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სატურნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატურნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86" title="شیٚن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شیٚن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturna" title="Saturna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Saturna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(planet)" title="Sadorn (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sadorn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohali" title="Zohali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zohali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne" title="Saturne – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Saturne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Satin (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Satin (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirn_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Satirn (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Satirn (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Saturn (gerstêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saturn (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2" title="ດາວເສົາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວເສົາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeta)" title="Saturnus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saturnus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturns_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Saturns (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saturns (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Saturn (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saturn (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnas" title="Saturnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saturnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBrno_(astronomia)" title="Satûrno (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Satûrno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saturnus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun%C3%A9" title="Satuné – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Satuné" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/saturn" title="saturn – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="saturn" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(pianeta)" title="Saturno (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saturno (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaturnusz" title="Szaturnusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaturnusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiorna_(planeta)" title="Satiorna (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Satiorna (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ശനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(pjaneta)" title="Saturnu (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Saturnu (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनी ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शनी ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="მარსქული (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარსქული (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="کنوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhal" title="Zuhal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zuhal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%86_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯊꯥꯡꯆ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯥꯡꯆ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-s%C4%ADng" title="Tū-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Сатурн (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сатурн (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Санчир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Санчир" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="စနေဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စနေဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzimic%C4%ABtlalli" title="Tzitzimicītlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tzitzimicītlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satuni" title="Satuni – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Satuni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saturnus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Saturnus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनिग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शनिग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="संनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%AE" title="ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Saturn" title="Planeten Saturn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Saturn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(planete)" title="Saturne (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Saturne (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(planeta)" title="Saturne (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saturne (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF" title="ଶନି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶନି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafqubeellaa" title="Lafqubeellaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafqubeellaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਸ਼ਨੀ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਨੀ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoern" title="Satoern – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Satoern" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%8D" title="ភពសៅរ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពសៅរ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(pianeta)" title="Saturn (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saturn (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)" title="Saturn (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Saturn (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zual" title="Zual – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Zual" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani" title="Shani – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shani" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" title="Saturn (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Saturn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawcha" title="Hawcha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hawcha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="शनिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शनिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(praneta)" title="Saturnu (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saturnu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturni" title="Saturni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Saturni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(pianeta)" title="Saturnu (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saturnu (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="සෙනසුරු ග්‍රහලොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙනසුරු ග්‍රහලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Кронъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кронъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raage" title="Raage – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Raage" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کەیوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەیوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="சனி (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சனி (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="శని గ్రహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శని గ్రహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(planeta)" title="Saturnu (planeta) – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Saturnu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวเสาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเสาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Зуҳал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зуҳал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82" title="ᏌᏓᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏌᏓᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BCrn" title="Satürn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satürn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun" title="Satun – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Satun" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ساتۇرن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ساتۇرن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqnamh" title="Ndaundeiqnamh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqnamh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia)" title="Saturno (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Saturno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Th%E1%BB%95" title="Sao Thổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Thổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBne_(planete)" title="Satûne (planete) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Satûne (planete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planete)" title="Saturnus (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Saturnus (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="סאטורן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאטורן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1t%C3%BArn%C3%B9" title="Sátúrnù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sátúrnù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planete)" title="Saturnus (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Saturnus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satorns" title="Satorns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Satorns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johal" title="Johal – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Johal" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sixth planet from the Sun</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the planet. For the deity, see <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saturn (disambiguation)">Saturn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sixth planet" redirects here. For other systems of numbering planets, see <a href="/wiki/Planet#History_and_etymology" title="Planet">Planet § History and etymology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Saturn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/330px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/500px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/960px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4613" data-file-height="2233" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Saturn and its prominent rings, as captured by the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> orbiter<a href="#cite_note-titan-1">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsætərn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/En-us-Saturn.ogg\/En-us-Saturn.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Saturn.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/En-us-Saturn.ogg/En-us-Saturn.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Saturn.ogg" title="File:En-us-Saturn.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-walter2003-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Saturnian <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈtɜːrniən/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Cronian<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> / Kronian<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkroʊniən/</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,514.50 million km (10.1238 AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,352.55 million km (9.0412 AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,433.53 million km (9.5826 AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0565</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>29.4475 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></li> <li>10,755.70 d</li> <li>24,225 Saturnian <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a><a href="#cite_note-JPL-8">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">378.09 days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.68 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">317.020°<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>2.485° to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9">[8]</a></li> <li>5.51° to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9">[8]</a></li> <li>0.93° to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-10">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">113.665°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2032-Nov-29<a href="#cite_note-horizons-perihelion-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">339.392°<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">274</a> with formal designations; innumerable additional <a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JPLmoons-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-UBC-20230511-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Physical characteristics<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">58232 km<a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a> 9.1402 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>60268 km<a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></li> <li>9.449 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>54364 km<a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></li> <li>8.552 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.09796</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Circumference</th><td class="infobox-data">365882.4 km (<a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a>)<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4.27×1010 km2<a href="#cite_note-nasafact-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></li> <li>83.703 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>8.2713×1014 km3<a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></li> <li>763.59 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>5.6834×1026 kg</li> <li>95.159 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.687 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-1bar_b-17">[c]</a> 0.1246 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10.44 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s2</a> 1.065 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.22<a href="#cite_note-Fortney2018-18">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">35.5 km/s<a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 h 32 m 36 s; 10.5433 hours,<a href="#cite_note-CSeligman-19">[16]</a> 10 h 39 m; 10.7 hours<a href="#cite_note-JPL-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10h 33m 38s + 1m 52s − 1m 19s <a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190118-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-APJ-20190117-21">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.87 km/s<a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">26.73° (to orbit)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40.589°; 2h 42m 21s<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-22">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">83.537°<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-22">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>0.342 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Hanel_et_al-23">[20]</a></li> <li>0.499 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-24">[21]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">134 K</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">0.1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">88 K<a href="#cite_note-min_max-25">[22]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">97 K<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">151 K<a href="#cite_note-min_max-25">[22]</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−0.55<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27">[24]</a> to +1.17<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−9.7<a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-28">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.5″ to 20.1″ (excludes rings)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">>>1000 bars<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">Scale height</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">59.5 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>96.3%±2.4% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li> <li>3.25%±2.4% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li> <li>0.45%±0.2% <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></li> <li>0.0125%±0.0075% <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li> <li>0.0110%±0.0058% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li>0.0007%±0.00015% <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a></li> <li>Icy <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1280115419">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Saturn is the sixth <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the second largest in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a>, with an average radius of about nine times that of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radius_ref-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radius_ref_2-31">[28]</a> It has an eighth the average density of Earth, but is over 95 times more massive.<a href="#cite_note-Mass_ref-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mass_ref_2-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mass_ref_3-34">[31]</a> Even though Saturn is almost as big as Jupiter, Saturn has less than a third its mass. Saturn orbits the Sun at a distance of 9.59 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (1,434 million <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>), with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of 29.45 years. Saturn's interior is thought to be composed of a rocky core, surrounded by a deep layer of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a>, an intermediate layer of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>, and an outer layer of gas. Saturn has a pale yellow hue, due to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> crystals in its upper atmosphere. An <a href="/wiki/Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">electrical current</a> in the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn's planetary <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, which is weaker than Earth's, but has a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> 580 times that of Earth because of Saturn's greater size. Saturn's magnetic field strength is about a twentieth that of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-mag-35">[32]</a> The outer <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. <a href="/wiki/Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">Wind speeds</a> on Saturn can reach 1,800 kilometres per hour (1,100 miles per hour). The planet has a bright and extensive <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">system of rings</a>, composed mainly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a>. At least <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">274 moons</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2025-03-13-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPEC-2023-J49-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> orbit the planet, of which 63 are officially named; these do not include the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a> in the rings. <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, Saturn's largest moon and the second largest in the Solar System, is larger (but less massive) than the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and is the only moon in the Solar System that has a substantial atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Titan_ref-41">[38]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbol">Name and symbol</h2></div> Saturn is named after the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">god of wealth and agriculture</a>, who was the father of the god Jupiter. Its <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>) has been traced back to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a>, where it can be seen to be a Greek <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> ligature with a <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation#Forms" title="Scribal abbreviation">horizontal stroke</a>, as an abbreviation for Κρονος (<a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>), the Greek name for the planet (<a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(late_classical_and_medieval_mss).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png/41px-Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png/62px-Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png/82px-Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="91" /></a>).<a href="#cite_note-jones-1999-42">[39]</a> It later came to look like a lower-case Greek <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>, with the cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize this pagan symbol. The Romans named the seventh day of the week <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a>, Sāturni diēs, "Saturn's Day", for the planet Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-days-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png/250px-Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png/330px-Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png/500px-Saturn_compared_to_Earth_and_the_Moon.png 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption>Size of Saturn compared to Earth and Earth's Moon</figcaption></figure> Saturn is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a>, composed predominantly of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it is likely to have a solid core.<a href="#cite_note-melosh2011-44">[41]</a> The planet's rotation makes it an <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate spheroid</a>—a ball <a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">flattened</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">bulging</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Its equatorial radius is more than 10% larger than the polar radius: 60,268 km versus 54,364 km (37,449 mi versus 33,780 mi).<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a> Jupiter, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are less oblate. The combination of the bulge and the rotation rate means that the effective surface gravity along the equator, 8.96 m/s2, is 74% of what it is at the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth. However, the equatorial <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>, nearly 36 km/s, is much higher than that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Gregersen2010-45">[42]</a> Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less.<a href="#cite_note-preserve-46">[43]</a> Although Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> is considerably denser than water, the average <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">specific density</a> of the planet is 0.69 g/cm3, because of the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth's mass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jupiter_fact-47">[44]</a> and Saturn is 95 times Earth's mass.<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a> Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/330px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/495px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/660px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Saturn, to scale</figcaption></figure>Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's mass is not in the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a>, because hydrogen becomes a <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">non-ideal liquid</a> when the density is above 0.01 g/cm3, which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn's mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to be a metal in the deeper layers.<a href="#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-48">[45]</a> Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a small rocky core surrounded by hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of various <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-49">[46]</a> Analysis of the distortion shows that Saturn is substantially more centrally condensed than <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and therefore contains much more material denser than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> near its center. Saturn's central regions are about 50% hydrogen by mass, and Jupiter's are about 67% hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> This core is similar in composition to Earth, but is more dense. The examination of Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational moment">gravitational moment</a>, in combination with physical models of the interior, has allowed constraints to be placed on the mass of Saturn's core. In 2004, scientists estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of Earth,<a href="#cite_note-science305_5689_1414-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj609_2_1170-52">[49]</a> which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000 km (16,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> However, measurements of Saturn's rings suggest a much more diffuse core, with a mass equal to about 17 Earths and a radius equal to about 60% of Saturn's entire radius.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> This is surrounded by a thicker, liquid <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a> layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>, which gradually transitions to a gas as altitude increases. The outermost layer spans about 1,000 km (620 mi) and consists of gas.<a href="#cite_note-faure_mensing2007-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700 °C (21,100 °F) at its core, and radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> is generated by the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a> of slow <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_compression" title="Gravitational compression">gravitational compression</a>; but such a process alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for Saturn, because it is less massive. An alternative or additional mechanism may be the generation of heat through the "raining out" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior. As the droplets descend through the lower-density hydrogen, the process releases heat by <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> and leaves Saturn's outer layers depleted of helium.<a href="#cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa_saturn-59">[56]</a> These descending droplets may have accumulated into a helium shell surrounding the core.<a href="#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-49">[46]</a> Rainfalls of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> have been suggested to occur within Saturn, as well as in Jupiter<a href="#cite_note-SC-20131009-60">[57]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a> Uranus and Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-WP-20170825-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3></div> The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium by volume. The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-49">[46]</a> The quantity of elements heavier than helium (<a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>) is not known precisely, but the proportions are assumed to match the primordial abundances from the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the Solar System">formation of the Solar System</a>. The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19–31 times the mass of Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region.<a href="#cite_note-science286-62">[59]</a> Trace amounts of ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> have been detected in Saturn's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-baas15_831-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-cain2009_24029-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-pfsaa2008-65">[62]</a> The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, while the lower level clouds appear to consist of either <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NH4SH) or water.<a href="#cite_note-martinez20050905-66">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">Ultraviolet radiation</a> from the Sun causes methane <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> in the upper atmosphere, leading to a series of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> chemical reactions with the resulting products being carried downward by <a href="/wiki/Eddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddies">eddies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical cycle">photochemical cycle</a> is modulated by Saturn's annual seasonal cycle.<a href="#cite_note-pfsaa2008-65">[62]</a> Cassini observed a series of cloud features found in northern latitudes, nicknamed the "String of Pearls". These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloud_layers">Cloud layers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/220px-Saturn_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/330px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/440px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>A global storm girdles the planet in 2011. The storm passes around the planet, such that the storm's head (bright area) passes its tail.</figcaption></figure> Saturn's atmosphere exhibits a banded pattern similar to Jupiter's, but Saturn's bands are much fainter and are much wider near the equator. The nomenclature used to describe these bands is the same as on Jupiter. Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Space_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Space Probe">Voyager</a> spacecraft during the 1980s. Since then, Earth-based <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopy</a> has improved to the point where regular observations can be made.<a href="#cite_note-emp105_2_143-68">[65]</a> The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure. In the upper cloud layers, with temperatures in the range of 100–160 K and pressures extending between 0.5–2 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>, the clouds consist of ammonia ice. Water <a href="/wiki/Ice_cloud" title="Ice cloud">ice clouds</a> begin at a level where the pressure is about 2.5 bar and extend down to 9.5 bar, where temperatures range from 185 to 270 K. Intermixed in this layer is a band of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, lying in the pressure range 3–6 bar with temperatures of 190–235 K. Finally, the lower layers, where pressures are between 10 and 20 bar and temperatures are 270–330 K, contains a region of water droplets with ammonia in aqueous solution.<a href="#cite_note-dougherty_esposito2009-69">[66]</a> Saturn's usually bland atmosphere occasionally exhibits long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter. In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the Voyager encounters, and in 1994 another smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was an example of a <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a>, a short-lived phenomenon that occurs once every Saturnian year, roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icarus176_1_155-70">[67]</a> Previous Great White Spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960, with the 1933 storm being the best observed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The latest giant storm was observed in 2010. In 2015, researchers used <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> telescope to study Saturnian atmosphere, and reported that they found "long-lasting signatures of all mid-latitude giant storms, a mixture of equatorial storms up to hundreds of years old, and potentially an unreported older storm at 70°N".<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's. Voyager data indicate peak easterly winds of 500 m/s (1,800 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-Voyager_Summary_1-73">[70]</a> In images from the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> spacecraft during 2007, Saturn's northern hemisphere displayed a bright blue hue, similar to Uranus. The color was most likely caused by <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a> has shown that Saturn's south pole has a warm <a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">polar vortex</a>, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-MCP-75">[72]</a> Whereas temperatures on Saturn are normally −185 °C, temperatures on the vortex often reach as high as −122 °C, suspected to be the warmest spot on Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-MCP-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hexagonal_cloud_patterns">Hexagonal cloud patterns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon" title="Saturn's hexagon">Saturn's hexagon</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif/250px-Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif/330px-Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/250px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/330px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/500px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="560" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Saturn's north and south pole in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a></div></div></div></div> A persisting <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140806-78">[75]</a> The sides of the hexagon are each about 14,500 km (9,000 mi) long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Hexagon_ref-79">[76]</a> The entire structure rotates with a period of 10h 39m 24s (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior.<a href="#cite_note-science247_4947_1206-80">[77]</a> The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-pss57_14_1671-81">[78]</a> The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think it is a <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing wave</a> pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-labmodel-83">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> reported in November 2006 that Cassini had observed a "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>-like" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Eyewall" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyewall">eyewall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth. For example, images from the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft did not show an eyewall in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The south pole storm may have been present for billions of years.<a href="#cite_note-spole-88">[85]</a> This vortex is comparable to the size of Earth, and it has winds of 550 km/h.<a href="#cite_note-spole-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Magnetosphere of Saturn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/220px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/330px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/440px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>Auroral lights at Saturn's north pole</figcaption></figure> Saturn has an intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> that has a simple, symmetric shape—a magnetic <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a>. Its strength at the equator—0.2 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (20 <a href="/wiki/Microtesla" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtesla">μT</a>)—is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-mag-35">[32]</a> As a result, Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> is much smaller than Jupiter's.<a href="#cite_note-mag_2-89">[86]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> entered the magnetosphere, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1 million km (684,000 mi),<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days.<a href="#cite_note-atkinson2010-91">[88]</a> Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter—by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo.<a href="#cite_note-mag_2-89">[86]</a> This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> particles from the Sun. The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a> particles in Titan's outer atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-mag-35">[32]</a> Saturn's magnetosphere, like <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's</a>, produces <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif/220px-Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif/330px-Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif/440px-Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Animation of Saturn and the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Outer_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer planet">outer planets</a> orbiting around the Sun</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions-animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Saturnoppositions-animated.gif" decoding="async" width="175" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>Simulated appearance of Saturn as seen from Earth (at <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>) during an orbit of Saturn, 2001–2029</figcaption></figure> The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s,<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a> it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>29+1⁄2 years)<a href="#cite_note-cain2009-93">[90]</a> to finish one revolution around the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a> As a consequence, it forms a near 5:2 <a href="/wiki/Mean-motion_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean-motion resonance">mean-motion resonance</a> with Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48° relative to the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane" title="Orbital plane">orbital plane</a> of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion and aphelion</a> distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957 AU, on average.<a href="#cite_note-fact-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude, and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case). Astronomers use three different systems for specifying the rotation rate of Saturn. System I has a period of 10h 14m 00s (844.3°/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, the South Equatorial Belt, and the North Equatorial Belt. The polar regions are considered to have rotation rates similar to System I. All other Saturnian latitudes, excluding the north and south polar regions, are indicated as System II and have been assigned a rotation period of 10h 38m 25.4s (810.76°/d). System III refers to Saturn's internal rotation rate. Based on <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio emissions</a> from the planet detected by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and Voyager 2,<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> System III has a rotation period of 10h 39m 22.4s (810.8°/d). System III has largely superseded System II.<a href="#cite_note-benton2006-97">[94]</a> A precise value for the rotation period of the interior remains elusive. While approaching Saturn in 2004, Cassini found that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately 10h 45m 45s ± 36s.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_15298-99">[96]</a> An estimate of Saturn's rotation (as an indicated rotation rate for Saturn as a whole) based on a compilation of various measurements from the Cassini, Voyager, and Pioneer probes is 10h 32m 35s.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2007-100">[97]</a> Studies of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#C_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">C Ring</a> yield a rotation period of 10h 33m 38s + 1m 52s − 1m 19s .<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190118-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-APJ-20190117-21">[18]</a> In March 2007, it was found that the variation in radio emissions from the planet did not match Saturn's rotation rate. This variance may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>. The water vapor emitted into Saturn's orbit by this activity becomes charged and creates a drag upon Saturn's magnetic field, slowing its rotation slightly relative to the rotation of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-science316_5823_442-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-science316_5823_380-103">[100]</a> An apparent oddity for Saturn is that it does not have any known <a href="/wiki/Trojan_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan asteroid">trojan asteroids</a>. These are minor planets that orbit the Sun at the stable <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a>, designated L4 and L5, located at 60° angles to the planet along its orbit. Trojan asteroids have been discovered for <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">Orbital resonance</a> mechanisms, including <a href="/wiki/Secular_resonance" title="Secular resonance">secular resonance</a>, are believed to be the cause of the missing Saturnian trojans.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_satellites">Natural satellites</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Moons of Saturn</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg/500px-Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg/960px-Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Artist conception of Saturn, its rings and major icy moons—from Mimas to Rhea</figcaption></figure> Saturn has 274 known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>, 63 of which have formal names.<a href="#cite_note-UBC-20230511-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPLmoons-12">[11]</a> In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a> with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn's rings,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> which are not considered to be true moons. <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings.<a href="#cite_note-brunier2005-106">[103]</a> Saturn's second-largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, may have a tenuous <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">ring system of its own</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jones2008-107">[104]</a> along with a tenuous <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atkinson20101126-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-ryan20101126-110">[107]</a> Many of the other moons are small: 131 are less than 50 km in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_moons-111">[108]</a> Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a> of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> with a major <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">atmosphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> in which a complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> occurs. It is the only satellite with <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan" title="Lakes of Titan">hydrocarbon lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> On 6 June 2013, scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa" title="Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía">IAA-CSIC</a> reported the detection of <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> of Titan, a <a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">possible precursor for life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAA-20130606-116">[113]</a> On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-201450623-117">[114]</a> Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets,<a href="#cite_note-NS-20080326-118">[115]</a> has often been regarded as a potential <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitat</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbial life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-madrigal20090624-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-spotts20050928-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an "ocean-like" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> A 2015 flyby by Cassini through a plume on Enceladus found most of the ingredients to sustain life forms that live by <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20170413-126">[123]</a> In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon within the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#A_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">A Ring</a>, which was imaged by Cassini on 15 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140414a-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_rings">Planetary rings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings of Saturn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_(2004-10-06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg/250px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg/330px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg/500px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8888" data-file-height="4544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a> (imaged here by <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> in October 2004) are the most massive and conspicuous in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-56">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> Saturn is probably best known for the system of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">planetary rings</a> that makes it visually unique.<a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-56">[53]</a> The rings extend from 6,630 to 120,700 kilometres (4,120 to 75,000 mi) outward from Saturn's equator and average approximately 20 metres (66 ft) in thickness. They are composed predominantly of water ice, with trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholin</a> impurities and a peppered coating of approximately 7% amorphous <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10 m.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> While the other <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a> also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible. There is a debate on the age of the rings. One side supports that they are ancient, and were <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">created simultaneously with Saturn from the original nebular material</a> (around 4.6 billion years ago),<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> or shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB</a> (around 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago).<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> The other side supports that they are much younger, created around 100 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-210230928-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-TAJ-20230927-135">[132]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> research team, supporting the latter theory, proposed that the rings are remnant of a destroyed moon of Saturn, named <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">″Chrysalis″</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chrysalis-136">[133]</a> Beyond the main rings, at a distance of 12 million km (7.5 million mi) from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring. It is tilted at an angle of 27° to the other rings and, like <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, orbits in <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde</a> fashion.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Some of the moons of Saturn, including <a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)" title="Prometheus (moon)">Prometheus</a>, act as <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_moon" title="Shepherd moon">shepherd moons</a> to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out.<a href="#cite_note-russell2004-138">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan_(moon)" title="Pan (moon)">Pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a> cause weak, linear density waves in Saturn's rings that have yielded more reliable calculations of their masses.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2210px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural-color mosaic of Cassini narrow-angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn's D, C, B, A, and F rings (left to right) taken on 9 May 2007 (distances are to the planet's center)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/2200px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="2200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/3300px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/4400px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11795" data-file-height="1425" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg" title="File:Saturn's rings dark side mosaic.jpg"> </a></div>Natural-color mosaic of Cassini narrow-angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn's D, C, B, A, and F rings (left to right) taken on 9 May 2007 (distances are to the planet's center).</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_observation_and_exploration">History of observation and exploration</h2></div> The observation and exploration of Saturn can be divided into three phases: (1) pre-modern observations with the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, (2) telescopic observations from Earth beginning in the 17th century, and (3) visitation by <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>, in orbit or on <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flyby</a>. In the 21st century, telescopic observations continue from Earth (including <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth-orbiting</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">observatories</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>) and, until <a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement">its 2017 retirement</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> orbiter around Saturn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-telescopic_observation">Pre-telescopic observation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn (mythology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Saturn" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology § Saturn</a></div> Saturn has been known since prehistoric times,<a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn_2-140">[137]</a> and in early recorded history it was a major character in various mythologies. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-ptrsl276_1257_43-141">[138]</a> In ancient Greek, the planet was known as Φαίνων <a href="/wiki/Phaenon" title="Phaenon">Phainon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and in Roman times it was known as the "star of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>" or the "star of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">ancient Roman mythology</a>, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-145">[142]</a> The Romans considered the god Saturnus the equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek god</a> <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>; in modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the planet retains the name Cronus—Κρόνος: Kronos.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The Greek scientist <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> based his calculations of Saturn's orbit on observations he made while it was in <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-147">[144]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Hindu astrology</a>, there are nine astrological objects, known as <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagrahas</a>. Saturn is known as "<a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a>" and judges everyone based on the good and bad deeds performed in life.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-147">[144]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Chinese</a> and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the "earth star" (土星). This was based on <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a> which were traditionally used to classify natural elements.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, Saturn is called <a href="/wiki/Shabtai" title="Shabtai">Shabbathai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> Its angel is <a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a>. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is <a href="/wiki/Agiel" title="Agiel">'Agȋȇl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אגיאל, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: ʿAgyal),<a href="#cite_note-TheMagus-152">[149]</a> and its darker spirit (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Zazel_(spirit)" title="Zazel (spirit)">Zȃzȇl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: זאזל, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Zazl).<a href="#cite_note-TheMagus-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrystalLinks-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-TC-20170308-154">[151]</a> Zazel has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">great angel</a>, invoked in <a href="/wiki/Solomon#Angels_and_magic" title="Solomon">Solomonic magic</a>, who is "effective in <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">love conjurations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FE-2014-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-HP-1998-156">[153]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, the name of Zazel is 'Zuhal', derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: زحل, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Zuhal).<a href="#cite_note-CrystalLinks-153">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telescopic_pre-spaceflight_observations">Telescopic pre-spaceflight observations</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/180px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/270px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/360px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> observed the rings of Saturn in 1610, but was unable to determine what they were.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/250px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/330px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/500px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> noted the shadows (<var style="padding-right: 1px;">a</var> and <var style="padding-right: 1px;">b</var>) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of Saturn in 1666.</figcaption></figure> Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a><a href="#cite_note-binoculars-157">[154]</a> to resolve and thus were not known to exist until <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> saw them in 1655 and published his observations in 1659. <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, with his primitive telescope in 1610,<a href="#cite_note-chan2000-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_15390-159">[156]</a> incorrectly thought of Saturn's appearing not quite round as two moons on Saturn's sides.<a href="#cite_note-cain2008_15418-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_46237-161">[158]</a> It was not until Huygens used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted, and the rings were truly seen for the first time. Huygens also discovered Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">moon Titan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> later discovered four other moons: <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a>. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini Division">Cassini Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-micek2007-162">[159]</a> No further discoveries of significance were made until 1789 when <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered two further moons, <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>. The irregularly shaped satellite <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a>, which has a <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonance</a> with Titan, was discovered in 1848 by a British team.<a href="#cite_note-pa54_122-163">[160]</a> In 1899, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Henry Pickering</a> discovered Phoebe, a highly <a href="/wiki/Irregular_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular satellite">irregular satellite</a> that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do.<a href="#cite_note-pa54_122-163">[160]</a> Phoebe was the first such satellite found and it took more than a year to orbit Saturn in a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde orbit">retrograde orbit</a>. During the early 20th century, research on Titan led to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere—a feature unique among the Solar System's moons.<a href="#cite_note-apj100_378-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spaceflight_missions">Spaceflight missions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration of Saturn</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pioneer_11_flyby">Pioneer 11 flyby</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P11saturnb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/220px-P11saturnb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/330px-P11saturnb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/440px-P11saturnb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer 11 image of Saturn</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> made the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at a high <a href="/wiki/Phase_angle_(astronomy)" title="Phase angle (astronomy)">phase angle</a> (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, Pioneer 11 measured the temperature of Titan.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyager_flybys">Voyager flybys</h4></div> In November 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> probe visited the Saturn system. It sent back the first high-resolution images of the planet, its rings and satellites. Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time. Voyager 1 performed a close flyby of Titan, increasing knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon. It proved that Titan's atmosphere is impenetrable at <a href="/wiki/Visible_wavelength" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible wavelength">visible wavelengths</a>; therefore no surface details were seen. The flyby changed the spacecraft's trajectory out of the plane of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-166">[163]</a> Almost a year later, in August 1981, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> continued the study of the Saturn system. More close-up images of Saturn's moons were acquired, as well as evidence of changes in the atmosphere and the rings. During the flyby, the probe's turnable camera platform stuck for a couple of days and some planned imaging was lost. Saturn's gravity was used to direct the spacecraft's trajectory towards Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-166">[163]</a> The probes discovered and confirmed several new satellites orbiting near or within the planet's rings, as well as the small <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Gap">Maxwell Gap</a> (a gap within the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#C_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">C Ring</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Keeler_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeler gap">Keeler gap</a> (a 42 km-wide gap in the <a href="/wiki/A_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="A Ring">A Ring</a>).<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cassini–Huygens_spacecraft">Cassini–Huygens spacecraft</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg/220px-Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg/330px-Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg/440px-Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>At Enceladus's south pole geysers spray water from many locations along the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">tiger stripes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140728-168">[165]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> entered orbit around Saturn on 1 July 2004. In June 2004, it conducted a close flyby of <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, sending back high-resolution images and data. Cassini's flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, captured radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains. The orbiter completed two Titan flybys before releasing the <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens probe</a> on 25 December 2004. Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005.<a href="#cite_note-nature438_7069_758-169">[166]</a> Starting in early 2005, scientists used Cassini to track lightning on Saturn. The power of the lightning is approximately 1,000 times that of lightning on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> In 2006, NASA reported that Cassini had found evidence of liquid <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">water reservoirs</a> no more than tens of meters below the surface that erupt in <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> on Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>. These jets of icy particles are emitted into orbit around Saturn from vents in the moon's south polar region.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Over 100 geysers have been identified on Enceladus.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140728-168">[165]</a> In May 2011, NASA scientists reported that Enceladus "is emerging as the most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it".<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_eclipse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/250px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/330px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/500px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Saturn eclipses the Sun, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a>. The rings are visible, including the <a href="/wiki/F_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="F Ring">F Ring</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cassini photographs have revealed a previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E rings. The source of this ring is hypothesized to be the crashing of a meteoroid off <a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In July 2006, images were returned of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, the presence of which were confirmed in January 2007. In March 2007, hydrocarbon seas were found near the North pole, the largest of which is almost the size of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> In October 2006, the probe detected an 8,000 km (5,000 mi) diameter cyclone-like storm with an eyewall at Saturn's south pole.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> From 2004 to 2 November 2009, the probe discovered and confirmed eight new satellites.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> In April 2013, Cassini sent back images of a hurricane at the planet's north pole 20 times larger than those found on Earth, with winds faster than 530 km/h (330 mph).<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> On 15 September 2017, the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft performed the "Grand Finale" of its mission: a number of passes through gaps between Saturn and Saturn's inner rings.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20170915-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170914-180">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> of Cassini ended the mission. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possible_future_missions">Possible future missions</h4></div> The continued exploration of Saturn is still considered to be a viable option for NASA as part of their ongoing <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a> of missions. NASA previously requested for plans to be put forward for a mission to Saturn that included the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Atmospheric_Entry_Probe" title="Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe">Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe</a>, and possible investigations into the habitability and possible discovery of life on Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus by <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/250px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/330px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Amateur telescopic view of Saturn</figcaption></figure> Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, Mars, and Jupiter. (Uranus, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light. The mean <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of Saturn is 0.46 with a standard deviation of 0.34.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27">[24]</a> Most of the magnitude variation is due to the inclination of the ring system relative to the Sun and Earth. The brightest magnitude, −0.55, occurs near the time when the plane of the rings is inclined most highly, and the faintest magnitude, 1.17, occurs around the time when they are least inclined.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27">[24]</a> It takes approximately 29.4 years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> against the background constellations of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>. Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings in which a clear resolution is present.<a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-binoculars-157">[154]</a> When Earth passes through the ring plane, which occurs twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view because they are so thin. Such a "disappearance" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for observations.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>, the configuration of a planet when it is at an <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongation</a> of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year—approximately every 378 days—and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. Both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the next. Saturn also appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible. For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to the favorable <a href="/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions.jpg" title="File:Saturnoppositions.jpg">orientation of its rings</a> relative to the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-opp2002-184">[181]</a> even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.<a href="#cite_note-opp2002-184">[181]</a> From time to time, Saturn is <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occulted</a> by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in "seasons". Saturnian occultations will take place monthly for about a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered. The Moon's orbit is inclined by several degrees relative to Saturn's, so occultations will only occur when Saturn is near one of the points in the sky where the two planes intersect (both the length of Saturn's year and the 18.6-Earth-year <a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession#Nodal_precession" title="Lunar precession">nodal precession</a> period of the Moon's orbit influence the periodicity).<a href="#cite_note-Jon-185">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction" title="Saturn in fiction">Saturn in fiction</a></div> Saturn has frequently appeared in fiction since at least 1752, when <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> published his novel <a href="/wiki/Microm%C3%A9gas" title="Micromégas">Micromégas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodOuterPlanets-186">[183]</a> Early works generally depicted it as solid,<a href="#cite_note-WestfahlSaturn-187">[184]</a> whereas Saturn is later correctly described as a gaseous planet. Saturns moons are also featured in fiction, especially <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StablefordSaturn-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System#Planets" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Statistics of planets in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saturn" title="Outline of Saturn">Outline of Saturn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-titan-1"><a href="#cite_ref-titan_1-0">^</a> The dot in the bottom left is <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1bar-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-7">h</a> Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure </li> <li id="cite_note-1bar_b-17"><a href="#cite_ref-1bar_b_17-0">^</a> Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-walter2003-2"><a href="#cite_ref-walter2003_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter2003" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Elizabeth (21 April 2003). Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Second ed.). 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"Babylonian Observational Astronomy". <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</a>. 276 (1257): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...43S">1974RSPTA.276...43S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008">10.1098/rsta.1974.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/74273">74273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121539390">121539390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Observational+Astronomy&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1257&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1974-05-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121539390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F74273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...43S&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=*fai/nwn">Φαίνων</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Cicero, De Natura Deorum. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeuhäuserTorresMugrauerNeuhäuser2022" class="citation journal cs1">Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (11 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/516/1/693/6651563">"Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 693–719. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04702">2207.04702</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1969">10.1093/mnras/stac1969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Colour+evolution+of+Betelgeuse+and+Antares+over+two+millennia%2C+derived+from+historical+records%2C+as+a+new+constraint+on+mass+and+age&rft.volume=516&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2207.04702&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1969&rft.aulast=Neuh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Torres%2C+G&rft.au=Mugrauer%2C+M&rft.au=Neuh%C3%A4user%2C+D+L&rft.au=Chapman%2C+J&rft.au=Luge%2C+D&rft.au=Cosci%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F516%2F1%2F693%2F6651563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001001723/http://starrynight.com/sntimes/2006/2006-01-full.html">"Starry Night Times"</a>. Imaginova Corp. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starrynight.com/sntimes/2006/2006-01-full.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starry+Night+Times&rft.pub=Imaginova+Corp.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starrynight.com%2Fsntimes%2F2006%2F2006-01-full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">"Greek Names of the Planets"</a>. 25 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509164917/http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2012. <q>The Greek name of the planet Saturn is Kronos. The Titan Cronus was the father of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, while Saturn was the Roman God of agriculture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> See also the <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" class="extiw" title="el:Κρόνος (πλανήτης)">Greek article about the planet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ps04_1893_862-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorporation1893" class="citation journal cs1">Corporation, Bonnier (April 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA862">"Popular Miscellany – Superstitions about Saturn"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Enceladus+Moves+to+Top+of+%22Most-Likely-to-Have-Life%22+List&rft.pub=The+Daily+Galaxy&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Kazan&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailygalaxy.com%2Fmy_weblog%2F2011%2F06%2Fsaturns-enceladus-moves-to-top-of-most-likely-to-have-life-list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShiga2007" class="citation web cs1">Shiga, David (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10124-faint-new-ring-discovered-around-saturn/">"Faint new ring discovered around Saturn"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+%27hurricane%27+rages+on+Saturn&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6135450.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807005756/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/introduction/">"Mission overview – introduction"</a>. Cassini Solstice Mission. NASA / JPL. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/introduction/">the original</a> on 7 August 2011. 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Retrieved 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=3+News+NZ&rft.atitle=Massive+storm+at+Saturn%27s+north+pole&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3news.co.nz%2FMassive-storm-at-Saturns-north-pole%2Ftabid%2F1160%2FarticleID%2F296026%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20170915-179"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20170915_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownCantilloDyches2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie; Dyches, Preston (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6948">"NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Ends Its Historic Exploration of Saturn"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509044122/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6948">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Cassini+Spacecraft+Ends+Its+Historic+Exploration+of+Saturn&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft.au=Cantillo%2C+Laurie&rft.au=Dyches%2C+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D6948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20170914-180"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170914_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang2017" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (14 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/science/cassini-grand-finale-saturn.html">"Cassini Vanishes Into Saturn, Its Mission Celebrated and Mourned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162700/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/science/cassini-grand-finale-saturn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cassini+Vanishes+Into+Saturn%2C+Its+Mission+Celebrated+and+Mourned&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F14%2Fscience%2Fcassini-grand-finale-saturn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2016" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/nasa-expands-frontiers-of-next-new-frontiers-competition/">"NASA Expands Frontiers of Next New Frontiers Competition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170818112258/http://spacenews.com/nasa-expands-frontiers-of-next-new-frontiers-competition/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=NASA+Expands+Frontiers+of+Next+New+Frontiers+Competition&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-expands-frontiers-of-next-new-frontiers-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNola_Taylor_Redd2017" class="citation web cs1">Nola Taylor Redd (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/36598-dragonfly-quadcopter-saturn-moon-titan-explorer.html">"'Dragonfly' Drone Could Explore Saturn Moon Titan"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=%27Dragonfly%27+Drone+Could+Explore+Saturn+Moon+Titan&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.au=Nola+Taylor+Redd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F36598-dragonfly-quadcopter-saturn-moon-titan-explorer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105231722/http://www.classicalastronomy.com/news/anmviewer.asp?a=313&z=28">"Saturn's Rings Edge-On"</a>. Classical Astronomy. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalastronomy.com/news/anmviewer.asp?a=313&z=28">the original</a> on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Rings+Edge-On&rft.pub=Classical+Astronomy&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalastronomy.com%2Fnews%2Fanmviewer.asp%3Fa%3D313%26z%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-opp2002-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opp2002_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-opp2002_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmude2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schmude, Richard W. Jr. (Winter 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Georgia-Journal-Science/113429393.html">"Saturn in 2002–03"</a>. Georgia Journal of Science. 61 (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-9369">0147-9369</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052153/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Georgia-Journal-Science/113429393.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Saturn+in+2002%E2%80%9303&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0147-9369&rft.aulast=Schmude&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2Farticle%2FGeorgia-Journal-Science%2F113429393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jon-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Jon_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanya_HillJonti_Horner2014" class="citation news cs1">Tanya Hill; et al. (9 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/bright-saturn-will-blink-out-across-australia-for-an-hour-anyway-26217">"Bright Saturn will blink out across Australia – for an hour, anyway"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140510214258/http://theconversation.com/bright-saturn-will-blink-out-across-australia-for-an-hour-anyway-26217">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Bright+Saturn+will+blink+out+across+Australia+%E2%80%93+for+an+hour%2C+anyway&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.au=Tanya+Hill&rft.au=Jonti+Horner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fbright-saturn-will-blink-out-across-australia-for-an-hour-anyway-26217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenwoodOuterPlanets-186"><a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodOuterPlanets_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney2005" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, Richard L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9/page/449/mode/2up">"Jupiter and the Outer Planets"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32951-7</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest fiction featuring Saturn is probably Voltaire's Micromégas (1750). Much later, Saturn is central in Poul Anderson's "The Saturn Game" (1981) and Michael A. McCollum's The Clouds of Saturn (1991), where human cities float in Saturn's atmosphere. The planet's atmosphere is also the home of the two-brained, four-kilometer-wide creatures of Robert F. Forward's Saturn Rukh (1997). Saturn's largest satellite, Titan—interesting because of its thick atmosphere—is colonized in Alan E Nourse's 1954 juvenile novel, Trouble on Titan, while Stephen Baxter's Titan (1997) is about a space mission to the satellite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jupiter+and+the+Outer+Planets&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32951-7&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9%2Fpage%2F449%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestfahlSaturn-187"><a href="#cite_ref-WestfahlSaturn_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">"Saturn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Literature_through_History:_An_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia">Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 553–555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saturn&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Literature+through+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E555&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWETPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StablefordSaturn-188"><a href="#cite_ref-StablefordSaturn_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA458">"Saturn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fact_and_Science_Fiction:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia">Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 458–459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saturn&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E458-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97460-8&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuefwmdROKTAC%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Francis_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Arthur Francis O'Donel Alexander">Alexander, Arthur Francis O'Donel</a> (1980) [1962]. The Planet Saturn – A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23927-9"><bdi>978-0-486-23927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Saturn+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+Observation%2C+Theory+and+Discovery&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23927-9&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Francis+O%27Donel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGore1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Gore, Rick (July 1981). "Voyager 1 at Saturn: Riddles of the Rings". <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Vol. 160, no. 1. pp. 3–31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Voyager+1+at+Saturn%3A+Riddles+of+the+Rings&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLovettHorvathCuzzi2006" class="citation book cs1">Lovett, L.; et al. (2006). Saturn: A New View. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3090-2"><bdi>978-0-8109-3090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+A+New+View&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3090-2&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Horvath%2C+J.&rft.au=Cuzzi%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarttunenKröger2007" class="citation book cs1">Karttunen, H.; et al. (2007). Fundamental Astronomy (5th ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7"><bdi>978-3-540-34143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34143-7&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Kr%C3%B6ger%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeidelmannArchinalA'HearnConrad2007" class="citation journal cs1">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"</a>. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&rft.aulast=Seidelmann&rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10569-007-9072-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_PaterLissauer2015" class="citation book cs1">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">Planetary Sciences</a> (2nd updated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85371-2"><bdi>978-0-521-85371-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=2nd+updated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85371-2&rft.aulast=de+Pater&rft.aufirst=Imke&rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstFpBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (40 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2374" data-mwtitle="Saturn.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Saturn.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Saturn.ogg/Saturn.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaturn.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn.ogg" title="File:Saturn.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 18 August 2013 (2013-8-18), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/">Saturn overview</a> by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">Saturn fact sheet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090345/https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/SATURN/system">Saturnian System terminology</a> by the IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020330192909/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/">Cassini-Huygens legacy website</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-cronian-system">Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Cronian system</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817151701/https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-cronian-system/">Archived</a> 17 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saturn" title="Template:Saturn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saturn" title="Template talk:Saturn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saturn237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saturn" title="Outline of Saturn">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Storm_(astronomy)" title="Dragon Storm (astronomy)">Dragon Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Electrostatic_Discharges" title="Saturn Electrostatic Discharges">Saturn Electrostatic Discharges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon" title="Saturn's hexagon">Hexagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2009_S_1" title="S/2009 S 1">S/2009 S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#Ring_moonlets" title="Moons of Saturn">Ring moonlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(moon)" title="Pan (moon)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis_(moon)" title="Daphnis (moon)">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)" title="Prometheus (moon)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegaeon_(moon)" title="Aegaeon (moon)">Aegaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methone_(moon)" title="Methone (moon)">Methone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthe_(moon)" title="Anthe (moon)">Anthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallene_(moon)" title="Pallene (moon)">Pallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(moon)" title="Telesto (moon)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(moon)" title="Calypso (moon)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helene_(moon)" title="Helene (moon)">Helene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydeuces_(moon)" title="Polydeuces (moon)">Polydeuces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_group" title="Inuit group">Inuit group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiviuq_(moon)" title="Kiviuq (moon)">Kiviuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paaliaq" title="Paaliaq">Paaliaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siarnaq" title="Siarnaq">Siarnaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_group" title="Gallic group">Gallic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiorix_(moon)" title="Albiorix (moon)">Albiorix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_group" title="Norse group">Norse group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Octantis" title="Delta Octantis">Delta Octantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Saturn" title="Solar eclipses on Saturn">Solar eclipses on Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Timeline of Cassini–Huygens">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement">retirement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_in_fiction" title="Saturn in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Saturn%27s_Rings" title="In Saturn's Rings">In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saturn" title="Category:Saturn">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Saturn115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saturn_spacecraft" title="Template:Saturn spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saturn_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Saturn spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Saturn115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Spacecraft missions to Saturn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Timeline of Cassini–Huygens">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement">retirement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (on Titan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg/170px-8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg/255px-8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg/340px-8423_20181_1saturn2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_in_natural_colors_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/170px-Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/255px-Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/340px-Saturn_in_natural_colors_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="764" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a> (to Titan, 2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn</a>, rings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_(spacecraft)" title="Kronos (spacecraft)">Kronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Atmospheric_Entry_Probe" title="Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe">Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVIATR" title="AVIATR">AVIATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Lake_In-situ_Sampling_Propelled_Explorer" title="Titan Lake In-situ Sampling Propelled Explorer">TALISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Submarine" title="Titan Submarine">Titan Submarine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Several moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li>There are no ongoing missions to Saturn</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System1948" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System1948" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,_dwarfs,_minors275" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Large Minor Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 274</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a>, contents, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses#Capture_hypothesis" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">Capture theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Triton" title="Capture of Triton">Capture of Triton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital configuration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant#Disk_instability" title="Ice giant">Disk instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordylewski_cloud" title="Kordylewski cloud">Kordylewski cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_2_model" title="Nice 2 model">Nice 2 model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Five-planet Nice model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Other_claims" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Bagby's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Giant" title="Fifth Giant">Fifth Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Hyperion (hypothetical planet)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Mercury's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Petit's_moon" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Petit's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Kuiper_cliff_and_"Planet_Ten"" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synestia#Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Synestia">Synestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Waltemath's_moons" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Waltemath's moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_UO14" title="2019 UO14">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">NEAs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/250px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/330px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atmosphere">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Atmosphere" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Atmosphere" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246142422">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242721/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179170-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117690">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976363g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 233 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-2294x","wgBackendResponseTime":304,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.938","walltime":"2.343","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16332,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":610955,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32874,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":764276,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1991.355 1 -total"," 49.34% 982.583 3 Template:Reflist"," 12.88% 256.582 49 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.74% 253.751 73 Template:Cite_web"," 10.78% 214.750 1 Template:Infobox_planet"," 8.57% 170.735 23 Template:Cite_book"," 6.45% 128.397 35 Template:Cite_news"," 5.45% 108.440 3 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-05T01:14:39Z","dateModified":"2025-03-31T14:59:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c7\/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg","headline":"sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter"}</script> </body> </html>