CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Company town - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3a7113a9-16c1-4d52-a753-2619c369c1bf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Company_town","wgTitle":"Company town","wgCurRevisionId":1277037638,"wgRevisionId":1277037638,"wgArticleId":870767,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from February 2025","Articles needing additional references from July 2023","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2023","Articles needing additional references from November 2016", "Articles needing additional references from June 2020","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2024","Cities by type","Company towns","Labor history","Types of towns","Company housing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Company_town","wgRelevantArticleId":870767,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q627236","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg/1200px-Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg/800px-Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg/640px-Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="512"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Company town - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Company_town rootpage-Company_town skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Company+town" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Company+town" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Company+town" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Company+town" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paternalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Paternalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pullman_lesson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pullman_lesson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pullman lesson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pullman_lesson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_American_company_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_American_company_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline of American company towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_American_company_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_company_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_company_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Model company towns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Model_company_towns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Model company towns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Model_company_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Model_company_towns_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_company_towns_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Model company towns in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_company_towns_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_colonies_in_Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_colonies_in_Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industrial colonies in Catalonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_colonies_in_Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Namibia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Company town</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مدن الشركات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدن الشركات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrik_q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99si" title="Fabrik qəsəbəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fabrik qəsəbəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_industrial" title="Colònia industrial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colònia industrial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitersiedlung" title="Arbeitersiedlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arbeitersiedlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_industrial" title="Colonia industrial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonia industrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_kolonia" title="Industria kolonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Industria kolonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="شهر شرکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر شرکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Cité ouvrière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cité ouvrière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="기업도시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기업도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_aziendale" title="Città aziendale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città aziendale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrieksnederzetting" title="Fabrieksnederzetting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fabrieksnederzetting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%9F%8E%E4%B8%8B%E7%94%BA" title="企業城下町 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="企業城下町" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%B8rnesteinsbedrift" title="Hjørnesteinsbedrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjørnesteinsbedrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaniya_shaharchalari" title="Kompaniya shaharchalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompaniya shaharchalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiedle_patronackie" title="Osiedle patronackie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osiedle patronackie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_oper%C3%A1ria" title="Cidade operária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade operária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Фабричный посёлок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фабричный посёлок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukssamh%C3%A4lle" title="Brukssamhälle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brukssamhälle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE" title="公司市鎮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公司市鎮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q627236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Company_town" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Company_town"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Company_town"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Company_town" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Company_town" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&oldid=1277037638" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Company_town&id=1277037638&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCompany_town"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCompany_town"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Company_town&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Company_towns" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q627236" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town where stores and housing are owned by one company that is the main employer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2016 documentary film, see <a href="/wiki/Company_Town_(film)" title="Company Town (film)">Company Town (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg/280px-Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg/420px-Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg/560px-Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The town of Siedlung Eisenheim in <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>company town</b> is a place where all or most of the stores and housing in the town are owned by the same company that is also the main employer. Company towns are often planned with a suite of <a href="/wiki/Amenity" title="Amenity">amenities</a> such as stores, houses of worship, schools, markets, and recreation facilities. </p><p>Some company towns were established to improve living conditions for workers, but many have been regarded as controlling and/or exploitative.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were not planned, such as <a href="/wiki/Summit_Hill,_Pennsylvania" title="Summit Hill, Pennsylvania">Summit Hill, Pennsylvania</a>, United States, one of the oldest, which began as a <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Coal_%26_Navigation_Company" title="Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company">Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company</a> mining camp and mine site nine miles (14.5 km) from the nearest outside road. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traditional settings for company towns were where <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">extractive industries</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_miners" title="History of coal miners">coal</a>, metal mines, <a href="/wiki/Lumberjacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumberjacks">lumber</a> – had established a monopoly franchise. Dam sites and war-industry camps founded other company towns. Since company stores often had a monopoly in company towns, it was frequently possible to pay in <a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">scrip</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Truck_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck system">truck system</a>. However, not all company towns engaged in this particular practice. </p><p>Typically, a company town is isolated from neighboring towns and centered on a large production <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a>, such as a lumber or steel mill or an automobile plant. The citizens of the town either work in the factory, work in one of the smaller businesses, or are family members of someone who does. The company may also operate parks, host cultural events such as concerts, donate a church building to a local congregation, etc. </p><p>A town that existed before establishing a primary business may not officially be a company town. Still, if a single company employs most citizens, similar conditions may exist (especially regarding the town's economy). Similar dependencies may exist in specific neighborhoods or areas within <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">larger cities</a>. </p><p>Company towns often become regular (public) cities and towns as they grow and attract other settlements, business enterprises, and public transportation and services infrastructure. However, if the primary company experiences hardship or fails outright, or the industry fades in importance—such as when <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> mining declined due to dependence on <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> to spur demand—the economic effect on the company town can be devastating. Without a source of employment, the communities lose <a href="/wiki/Property_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Property value">property value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declining_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Declining population">population</a> as people leave to find work elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternalism">Paternalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paternalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayreuthburg01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bayreuthburg01.JPG/280px-Bayreuthburg01.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bayreuthburg01.JPG/420px-Bayreuthburg01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bayreuthburg01.JPG/560px-Bayreuthburg01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Company town <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burg_(Bayreuth)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burg (Bayreuth) (page does not exist)">Burg</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a>, a subtle form of <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a>, refers to the control of workers by their employers who seek to force middle-class ideals upon their working-class employees. Many nineteenth-century business people considered paternalism as a moral responsibility, or often a religious obligation, which would advance society while furthering their business interests. Accordingly, the company town offered a unique opportunity to achieve such ends. </p><p>Although many prominent examples of company towns portray their founders as "capitalists with a conscience", for example, <a href="/wiki/George_Cadbury" title="George Cadbury">George Cadbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a>, if viewed cynically, the company town was often an economically viable ploy to attract and retain workers. Additionally, for-profit shops within company towns were usually owned by the company, which was unavoidable to its isolated workers, thus resulting in a monopoly for the owners.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although economically successful, company towns sometimes failed politically due to lacking elected officials and municipally owned services.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, workers often had no say in local affairs, and therefore felt dictated to. Ultimately, this political climate caused resentment amongst workers and resulted in many residents losing long-term affection for their towns; such was the case at Pullman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pullman_lesson">Pullman lesson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pullman lesson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg/300px-Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg/450px-Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg/600px-Greenstone_and_Arcade_Pullman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Pullman in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Although many small company towns existed in mining areas of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, one of the most significant and most substantial early company towns in the United States was <a href="/wiki/Pullman,_Chicago" title="Pullman, Chicago">Pullman</a>, developed in the 1880s just outside the Chicago city limits. The entirely company-owned town provided housing, markets, a library, churches, and entertainment for the 6,000 company employees and an equal number of dependents. Employees were not required to live in Pullman, although workers tended to get better treatment if they chose to live there. </p><p>The town operated successfully until the economic <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">panic of 1893</a> when demand for the company's products declined, and Pullman lowered employee wages and hours to offset the decrease in demand. Despite this, the company refused to lower rents in the town or the price of goods at its shops, thus resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a> of 1894. A national commission formed to investigate the causes of the strikes found that Pullman's paternalism was partly to blame and labeled it "Un-American".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report condemned Pullman for refusing to negotiate and for the economic hardships he created for workers in the town of Pullman. "The aesthetic features are admired by visitors, but have little money value to employees, especially when they lack bread." The State of Illinois filed suit, and in 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">Supreme Court of Illinois</a> forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, which was annexed to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, government observers maintained that Pullman's principles accurately provided his employees with a <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> otherwise unattainable. Still, they recognized that his excessive paternalism was inappropriate for a large-scale corporate economy and thus caused the town's downfall. Accordingly, government observers and social reformers alike saw the need for a balance between control and well-designed towns, concluding that a model company town would only succeed if independent professionals, acting as a buffer between employers and employees, took a role in conception, planning, and management of these towns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Linda Carlson argues that the managers of corporate towns in the early 20th century believed they could avoid the mistakes made by George Pullman in the 1880s. She says they: </p> <dl><dd>wanted to create a better life for their employees: decent housing, good schools, and a "morally uplifting" society. In return, they expected stable, hard-working employees who would eschew the evils of drink and, most importantly, not fall prey to the blandishments of union organizers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Thus, the Pullman Strike did not kill the company town concept but rather initiated a new chapter in their existence. Over the next thirty years, the old model of paternalism was abandoned in favour of new professionally designed company towns with architects, landscape architects, and planners translating "new concepts of industrial relations and social welfare into new physical forms". This suited capitalists of the day who were keen to avoid the experiences of Pullman. The first real example occurred at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Hill-North_Village,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Hill-North Village, Massachusetts">Indian Hill-North Village, Massachusetts</a>, in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_American_company_towns">Decline of American company towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline of American company towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1920s, the need for company towns had declined significantly due to increased national affluence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite income inequalities and a relatively low standard of living conditions amongst factory laborers, the prosperity of the 1920s saw workers' material well-being improve significantly. A strong post-war American economy meant installment buying was accessible to low-wage earners who could now purchase previously unattainable goods like automobiles and radios. Moreover, workers were no longer dependent on employers for healthcare and education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1920s, widespread ownership of automobiles meant workers no longer needed to live near their workplaces and now had access to more employment opportunities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A combination of the freedom that came with private transport and the mass communication of radio saw the isolation of company towns lessen, and the social basis of the company town became less necessary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the accessibility of private transport to the working class was a step toward equality, as private transport had previously only been accessible to the wealthy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As access to surrounding municipalities increased, residents of company towns gained access to an increasing amount of government-funded public resources such as schools, libraries, and parks. Accordingly, there was no longer a need for the amenities of company towns which, before <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>, had previously been unattainable to the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This new-found freedom saw a change in the mindset of workers, who began to look at welfare capitalism as demeaning rather than an incentive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Accordingly, many employees started to request additional pay instead of welfare programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was well received by some employers as the idea of 'laissez-faire' individualism, which promoted entrepreneurial virtues of hard work being rewarded rather than direct charity, began to shape new-age paternalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modernization and the increase in material well-being had also lessened the perceived need for paternalism and moral reform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Consequently, the economic downturn of the early 1930s saw some businesses do away with employee welfare schemes to reduce costs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the Roosevelt administration's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> dealt the final blow to end American company towns by raising minimum wages, encouraging industrial self-governance, and pushing for the owners of company towns to "consider the question of plans for eventual employee ownership of homes".<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204">: 204 </span></sup> To a lesser extent the New Deal also reduced the need for employee housing by transforming housing finance to a lower-interest, lower-deposit system, making homeownership more accessible to the working class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_company_towns">Model company towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Model company towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue,_Port_Sunlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue%2C_Port_Sunlight.jpg/220px-Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue%2C_Port_Sunlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue%2C_Port_Sunlight.jpg/330px-Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue%2C_Port_Sunlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue%2C_Port_Sunlight.jpg/440px-Houses_on_Greendale_Avenue%2C_Port_Sunlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An example of houses at <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses,_Bournville_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Houses%2C_Bournville_2.JPG/220px-Houses%2C_Bournville_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Houses%2C_Bournville_2.JPG/330px-Houses%2C_Bournville_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Houses%2C_Bournville_2.JPG/440px-Houses%2C_Bournville_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Houses in <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></div> <p>During the late nineteenth century, model company towns materialized as enlightened industrialists recognized that many poor workers were living in appalling conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-parsons_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parsons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These industrialists wished to combat the unsanitary and congested conditions common to working-class districts to create better living conditions for workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xi">: xi </span></sup> Model company towns such as <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a> (1888) and <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a> (1895) were influential in regards to their building and planning innovation. The ideas generated from these model towns are regarded as having a significant influence on the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden City movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The model company town is concerned with creating a productive and prosperous company. Enlightened industrialists believed this could be achieved by providing a healthier residential environment for their employees. Planning a model company town involved the fusion of new notions of house design and layout.<sup id="cite_ref-gaskell_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaskell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 440">: 440 </span></sup> The paternalism of the enlightened industrialist was exhibited in his desire to provide an environment for his employees that was aesthetically appealing and which included well-designed residences, parks, schools, libraries, and meeting halls.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_a_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> The industrialist also wished to contribute to his workers' well-being by providing social programs such as sporting events and functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_a_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, highlights the power and immense control possessed by the company owner, who could shape the lifestyle and activities of his employees to serve his interests and those of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_b_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Model villages for agricultural workers were founded in the early 19th century in the United Kingdom. The creation of model company towns was particularly evident in Britain during the latter half of the nineteenth century with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a> (1851), <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creswell,_Derbyshire" title="Creswell, Derbyshire">Creswell</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Earswick" title="New Earswick">New Earswick</a> (1901) and coincided with the housing-reform movement, which emphasized the improvement of housing for the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-parsons_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parsons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These model towns contrasted with the overcrowded conditions in British working-class districts, which were often characterized by congested housing, unsanitary conditions, and poor provision of open space and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-gaskell_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaskell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model company towns promoted the idea of orderly, planned town development as well as the notion of preparing for the needs of the community to provide healthier living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-cherry_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_company_towns_in_Britain">Model company towns in Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Model company towns in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Model company towns around the mid-nineteenth century, such as Copley (1849), near <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, and Saltaire (1853), close to <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, had improved dwellings for workers, which contrasted with working-class housing in other industrial villages and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_b_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> These model company towns prompted the creation of others, such as Port Sunlight, Bournville, and Creswell, within an environment of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_b_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a> (1888) in Cheshire was established by <a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme">William Hesketh Lever (later Lord Leverhulme)</a> of Lever Brothers – a soap and tallow manufacturer. The earlier layout of this model company town was planned to suit the site's undulating topography.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> Port Sunlight catered for the Lever Brothers employees with improved housing (cottages of varying designs and materials) and gardens, as well as social and community facilities, including an auditorium, a school, tennis courts, and bowling greens.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cherry_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Port Sunlight combined the use of formal and informal planning elements, such as straight streets close to the town centre and curved streets in the residential areas. This combination of the formal and informal represented a new feature of British town planning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a> (1895), near Birmingham, was established by the Cadbury brothers, <a href="/wiki/George_Cadbury" title="George Cadbury">George</a> and Richard. George and Richard Cadbury chose to transfer the Cadbury factory to this new site to provide their employees with improved living conditions and a country environment that they could enjoy – a far cry from Birmingham's busy, smoky city centre. The firm provided education as a compulsory academic course, and workers were allowed to complete commercial or technical training. The Cadburys also encouraged their workers to get involved in the social life of Bournville by providing sports facilities, athletic and cultural clubs, and social events such as summer parties. <a href="/wiki/George_Cadbury" title="George Cadbury">George Cadbury</a>, a Quaker, preached Christian values, such as respectability, thrift, and sobriety, and sought to unify the Bournville community through rituals such as gift-giving between employer and employee. The firm also established work councils, such as the Women's Works Council, and supported trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-dellheim_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dellheim-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bournville represented the union of industry and nature<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the company town boasted the attractiveness of the countryside and low-density development with well-built and visually appealing dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-cherry_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dellheim_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dellheim-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Port Sunlight, Bournville catered for a mixed community, where residences were not restricted to the workforce only.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> Bournville illustrated how, towards the end of the nineteenth century, low-density development was being punctuated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> along with the provision of open air, space, and sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-cherry_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherry-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 317">: 317 </span></sup> Bournville's gardens, parks, tree-lined streets, sense of spaciousness, and country setting enhanced its aesthetic appeal and demonstrated George Cadbury's endeavour to provide workers with a healthy, beautiful, and well-ventilated environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bolsover_Colliery_Company" title="Bolsover Colliery Company">Bolsover Company</a> developed two exemplary <a href="/wiki/Pit_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit village">mining communities</a> in Derbyshire during the late nineteenth century: <a href="/wiki/Bolsover" title="Bolsover">Bolsover</a> (1891) and <a href="/wiki/Creswell,_Derbyshire" title="Creswell, Derbyshire">Creswell</a> (1896). The Bolsover Company aimed to provide improved living conditions for the miners and their families in these model industrial villages. The houses at Creswell were built in concentric circles, and within these circles was a large open parkland and a bandstand.<sup id="cite_ref-gaskell_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaskell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 446">: 446 </span></sup> Not only did the Bolsover Company aim to provide better housing, but they also wished to improve workers' moral fibre, believing that the provision of facilities and the promotion of workers' welfare would discourage drunkenness, gambling, and bad language. The Bolsover Company provided facilities deemed beneficial for employees at both villages, including clubhouses, bowling greens, cooperative society stores, cricket pitches, and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-gaskell_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaskell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early years of these model industrial villages, the Bolsover Company organized various events intended to enhance community life, such as flower shows, lectures, sporting events, concerts, teas, and dances.<sup id="cite_ref-gaskell_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaskell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 447">: 447 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_colonies_in_Catalonia">Industrial colonies in Catalonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industrial colonies in Catalonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cotton_industry_in_Catalonia" title="History of the cotton industry in Catalonia">History of the cotton industry in Catalonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg/220px-Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg/330px-Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg/440px-Col%C3%B2nia_Pons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>Cal Pons, a textile company town, or <i>industrial colony</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Puig-reig" title="Puig-reig">Puig-reig</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, located in north-eastern Spain, has an especially high density of company towns, known locally as industrial colonies. They are especially concentrated in river basins along the <a href="/wiki/Ter_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ter River">Ter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llobregat" title="Llobregat">Llobregat</a> and their tributaries. In <a href="/wiki/Bergued%C3%A0" title="Berguedà">Berguedà</a>, for example, within 20 km, there are 14 colonies. The total number in Catalonia is around a hundred. These were small towns created around a factory or mine, built in a rural area, and, therefore, separate from any other population. They typically housed between 100 and 500 inhabitants; in some cases, upwards of 1000 people lived in these towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Serra_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p><p>These industrial colonies were an emblematic aspect of industrialization in Catalonia, specifically, the second industrialization, which resulted in certain areas that were once purely rural becoming industrial. They were first created in the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in the 1870s after the American Civil War ended and raw cotton again became readily available. The last colonies were created in the early years of the twentieth century. Thus, company towns in Catalonia have a history going back some 150 years; however, in almost all cases, the company that operated the colony has now shut down. The most common industry in these colonies was textiles, and the most important from the standpoint of architecture, urban design, and the complexity of their operation. More than 75 textile colonies were recorded, although there were also mining, metallurgy, cement, and agricultural colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Serra_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> </p><p>These colonies (particularly the textile-related ones) were mostly constructed close to a river. This was because they used hydraulic power (waterwheels) to run the factory. One reason for this was that Catalonia was poor in coal, and importing it was expensive. In addition, the Catalan rivers (with little volume but a very steep sloping run) provided free and almost inexhaustible energy, which was lacking only in times of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-clua_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clua-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrial colonies' system began to collapse in the 1960s due to their inflexible capital structure and social changes, such as the desire for workers to own appliances, cars, or homes, the declining influence of religion, and the opportunities offered by towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Serra_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> The colonies gradually emptied of people even before the definitive industrial crisis, which worsened in 1978. In the 1980s and 1990s, almost all the factories in these industrial colonies closed. From that moment on, many colonies became towns that were now independent of the company, others were abandoned and remain without inhabitants. Other factories were leased to smaller industries or now lie empty. </p><p>Some of the more interesting colonies include: <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_G%C3%BCell" class="mw-redirect" title="Colònia Güell">Colònia Güell</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Coloma_de_Cervell%C3%B3" title="Santa Coloma de Cervelló">Santa Coloma de Cervelló</a>, which contains several modernist buildings, such as the crypt church built by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Ametlla_de_Merola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Ametlla de Merola (page does not exist)">L'Ametlla de Merola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puig-reig" title="Puig-reig">Puig-reig</a>, where centenary traditional cultural activities are held, such as the representation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Els_Pastorets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Els Pastorets (page does not exist)">Els Pastorets</a>; the three colonies of <a href="/wiki/Castellbell_i_el_Vilar" title="Castellbell i el Vilar">Castellbell i el Vilar</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Bauma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Bauma (page does not exist)">La Bauma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Borr%C3%A0s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Borràs (page does not exist)">El Borràs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Bur%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Burés (page does not exist)">El Burés</a>, with buildings of architectural interest; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cal_Rosal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cal Rosal (page does not exist)">Cal Rosal</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Berga" title="Berga">Berga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avi%C3%A0" title="Avià">Avià</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olvan" title="Olvan">Olvan</a>, which, in 1858, was the first colony in the era of building large colonies in the Llobregat; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cal_Vidal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cal Vidal (page does not exist)">Cal Vidal</a>, Puig-reig, which houses the Museum of the Vidal Colony, or the Museum of the Sedó Colony, ideal visits for anyone wishing to learn what life was like in one of these industrial experiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg/220px-B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg/330px-B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg/440px-B%C3%A2timents_du_Grands_Hornu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Cour centrale</i> was the focal point of the company town of <a href="/wiki/Grand-Hornu" title="Grand-Hornu">Grand-Hornu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having bought the mining concession of <a href="/wiki/Grand-Hornu" title="Grand-Hornu">Grand-Hornu</a> in 1810, French industrialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_De_Gorge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri De Gorge (page does not exist)">Henri De Gorge</a> soon realized the need to accommodate the growing workforce of his expanding business. He commissioned architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Obin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Obin (page does not exist)">François Obin</a> and, after his death, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Renard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Renard (page does not exist)">Bruno Renard</a>, to build a functional complex in a <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">neoclassical</a> style. Grand-Hornu became one of the world's first purpose-built company towns. It was abandoned in 1954 after the mine was closed. It currently houses a museum of contemporary art and temporary exhibitions. Grand-Hornu is one of the four industrial sites in Wallonia that were listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/Major_Mining_Sites_of_Wallonia" title="Major Mining Sites of Wallonia">a World Heritage Site</a> in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fordl%C3%A2ndia" title="Fordlândia">Fordlândia</a> was established by American industrialist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> in 1928 as a prefabricated industrial town in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. It was intended to be inhabited by 10,000 people, but it failed, and the city was abandoned in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg/220px-Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg/330px-Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg/440px-Harmsworth_Hall_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor" title="Grand Falls-Windsor">Grand Falls-Windsor</a> was built as a company town in central Newfoundland</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_company_towns_in_Canada" title="List of company towns in Canada">List of company towns in Canada</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arvida,_Quebec" title="Arvida, Quebec">Arvida, Quebec</a> was developed in 1927 as a company town. The town grew to have a population of about 14,000 inhabitants, four Catholic parishes, and many other denominations, parishes, and schools. It was known as "the City Built in 135 Days".<sup id="cite_ref-Peritz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peritz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Batawa" title="Batawa">Batawa</a> was set up by the Bata Shoe Company as a planned community around a shoe factory. The factory opened in 1939 and closed in 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of Chile's <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> correspond to former company towns. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humberstone_and_Santa_Laura_Saltpeter_Works" title="Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works">Humberstone</a> was a settlement dedicated to the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpeter</a> during said commodity's boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The town was founded and administered by <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Humberstone" title="James Thomas Humberstone">James Thomas Humberstone</a>'s Peru Nitrate Company, later acquired by Compañía Salitrera de Tarapacá y Antofagasta (COSATAN), before turning into a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a> by the 1960s due to the steady decline in the global price of nitrates caused by the development of chemically engineered fertilizers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sewell,_Chile" title="Sewell, Chile">Sewell</a> was a mining town intended as both a residential and industrial hub linked to the nearby <a href="/wiki/El_Teniente" title="El Teniente">El Teniente</a> copper mine. Founded in 1906 by the <a href="/wiki/Braden_Copper_Company" title="Braden Copper Company">Braden Copper Company</a>, it came to house over 16,000 inhabitants at its peak despite its remote location on the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. The problematic geography on which the town was erected led to its distinctive appearance, with steep staircases and no streets for vehicular access. Although the El Teniente mine remains active, the town itself began to be dismantled and abandoned by the late 1960s as the maintenance of a remote on-site town was no longer financially viable. Some industrial activities still occur on Sewell's grounds, but workers have primarily been relocated to nearby urban centres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG/220px-A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG/330px-A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG/440px-A_view_over_Kuusankoski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Former company town Kuusankoski in Finland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> in Finland, formerly also known as "the paper capital of Finland", is a prime example of the decline many company towns have had to deal with when the company itself struggles. The town relied on three paper mills owned by <a href="/wiki/Kymmene_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kymmene Corporation">Kymmene Corporation</a> from the 1870s until 2005, when two mills, Voikkaa and Kuusaa, were shut down, leaving only the Kymi mill operating. The two closed mills employed an estimated 5% of the local population, and Kymmene's decision left the town in socioeconomic chaos. Kuusankoski's independent status ended in 2009 when the town was consolidated into Kouvola's regional capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The French city of <a href="/wiki/Le_Creusot" title="Le Creusot">Le Creusot</a> is a company town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a> was founded in 1861 around <a href="/wiki/Carl_Leverkus" title="Carl Leverkus">Carl Leverkus</a>' dye factory that later became the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a> has been dominated by <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>'s plants since the chemical company moved here in 1865. The neighboring municipality <a href="/wiki/Limburgerhof" title="Limburgerhof">Limburgerhof</a> also emerged from housing estates for BASF workers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neu%C3%B6lsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuölsburg (page does not exist)">Neuölsburg</a>, built since 1875 for the workers of <a href="/wiki/Ilseder_H%C3%BCtte" title="Ilseder Hütte">Ilseder Hütte</a>, was a separate municipality until 1964. Many other companies, especially in the mining and steel industry, built housing estates for their workers near existing cities rather than separate company towns. A notable example is <i>Siedlung Eisenheim</i> in <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a> from the mid-19th century, once home to 1200 steel smelters of the <a href="/wiki/Gutehoffnungsh%C3%BCtte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutehoffnungshütte">Gutehoffnungshütte</a>, which is now protected as a historic monument. The mining settlements built around the coal pits of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> region were called <i>Zechenkolonien</i> ("pit colonies"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> was created as a planned city in 1938 to host the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Volkswagen plant</a> and its workers. A similar Nazi-era planned town is <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, built around the <a href="/wiki/Reichswerke_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Reichswerke Hermann Göring">Reichswerke Hermann Göring</a> that later became the <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter_AG" title="Salzgitter AG">Salzgitter AG</a>. In 1950s East Germany, <a href="/wiki/Eisenh%C3%BCttenstadt" title="Eisenhüttenstadt">Eisenhüttenstadt</a> ("ironworks city", initially <i>Stalinstadt</i>) was built from scratch, housing the workers of the <a href="/wiki/EKO_Stahl" title="EKO Stahl">Eisenhüttenkombinat Ost</a> ironworks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Toyota city is the company town of <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota Motor Corporation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, an equivalent to company towns are "<i>Kigyō <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkamachi" title="Jōkamachi">Jōkamachi</a></i>" (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">企業城下町</span></span> , Company <a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">castle town</a>). However, these differ from company towns because the companies do not own or develop them. Instead, the term refers to towns where a specific company has a major influence on the town's economy due to that company or its subcontractors employing a significant part of the town's population. An example is <a href="/wiki/Toyota,_Aichi" title="Toyota, Aichi">Toyota, Aichi</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">豊田市</span></span>), where the "castle" company is the automobile manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>. In some cases, such towns can be named after the company. For example, Toyota City changed its name from Koromo City and named the area of the town where Toyota's headquarters is situated "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toyota-machi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toyota-machi (page does not exist)">Toyota-machi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E7%94%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:トヨタ町">ja</a>]</span>" (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">トヨタ町</span></span>, note that <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> is used here to reflect the company name) in 1959. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a>, American-owned <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mexico" title="Mining in Mexico">mining towns</a> that settled areas mostly uninhabited areas included <a href="/wiki/Cananea" title="Cananea">Cananea</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Boleo" title="El Boleo">El Boleo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacozari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacozari">Nacozari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navojoa" title="Navojoa">Navojoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copala,_Sinaloa" title="Copala, Sinaloa">Copala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Municipality" title="Concordia Municipality">Concordia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Eulalia,_Chihuahua" title="Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua">Santa Eulalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Camargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosalía de Camargo">Santa Rosalía de Camargo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batopilas,_Chihuahua" title="Batopilas, Chihuahua">Batopilas</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperanzas_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esperanzas (town) (page does not exist)">Esperanzas</a>. Americans and Mexicans were segregated,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Cananea_strike" title="Cananea strike">Cananea strike</a> precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Namibia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Labour_hire_in_Namibia" title="Labour hire in Namibia">Labour hire in Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Namibian_contract_workers_strike" title="1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike">1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oranjemund" title="Oranjemund">Oranjemund</a> was privately owned by <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> until 2017 and thus governed by the diamond mining company's administration. In 2011, the political administration was handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Namibia" title="Government of Namibia">government</a>, which proclaimed it a town. It is now governed by a seven-seat town council.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During South African <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, a form of company towns existed under the contract labor system in Namibia, then <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, a colony of South Africa. Indigenous workers were coerced into signing yearlong contracts in caged-in factory compounds, which they were not allowed to leave without permission, with movement strictly controlled by <a href="/wiki/Pass_law" title="Pass law">Pass laws.</a> In addition they lived in the compound dorms and primarily got food from the compound's cafeteria, both under the control of their employers.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorsom19792_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorsom19792-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, alongside the typically bad working conditions, it has been characterized by many as close to slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Widzew, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> in Poland, had been a textile company town before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svit-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Svit-3.jpg/270px-Svit-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Svit-3.jpg/405px-Svit-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Svit-3.jpg/540px-Svit-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Svit" title="Svit">Svit</a> in Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Svit" title="Svit">Svit</a> in Slovakia was founded in 1934 by business industrialist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Anton%C3%ADn_Ba%C5%A5a" title="Jan Antonín Baťa">Jan Antonín Baťa</a> following his policy of establishing well-organized model communities for his workers and other employees. This town (like other Baťa's company towns) was also an example of <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Company_town" title="Special:EditPage/Company town">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The mining city of <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a> in Sweden was originally around 1900, built by the mining company in an unpopulated area. Many buildings, including the church, were built by the company. Many smaller towns were built and even planned by companies. <a href="/wiki/Skoghall" title="Skoghall">Skoghall</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a> is such an example where <a href="/wiki/Stora_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stora AB">Stora AB</a> owned a papermill and contained a city-planning office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Pripyat" title="Pripyat">Pripyat</a> in Ukraine was established in 1970 solely to house the workers at the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant">Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant</a> and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of several "<a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">nuclear cities"</a> constructed by Soviet nuclear power firms throughout the latter half of the 20th century. All amenities, stores, and employment were conducted through each nuclear city's power plant administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg/220px-Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg/330px-Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg/440px-Coalwood_Company_Store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coalwood,_West_Virginia" title="Coalwood, West Virginia">Coalwood, West Virginia</a> is a company town as portrayed in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/October_Sky" title="October Sky">October Sky</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At their peak, there were more than 2,500 company towns, housing 3% of the US population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of company owned housing however was higher, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> surveyed a sample of 213 companies for 1916, a full 34.4% of their workforce lived in company housing. However, the survey covered primarily manufacturing (textile, iron & steel mills) and mining towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The companies that ran the towns were mainly labor-intensive companies such as coal, steel, lumber, and various war industries. Most people living in these towns were immigrants new to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tight, <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalistic</a> control exerted by companies over the residents' behavior and even opinions caused issues and concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_New_England_Textile_Strike,_evicted_family,_Lonsdale,_R.I_(July_15,_1922)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1922_New_England_Textile_Strike%2C_evicted_family%2C_Lonsdale%2C_R.I_%28July_15%2C_1922%29_01.jpg/249px-1922_New_England_Textile_Strike%2C_evicted_family%2C_Lonsdale%2C_R.I_%28July_15%2C_1922%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1922_New_England_Textile_Strike%2C_evicted_family%2C_Lonsdale%2C_R.I_%28July_15%2C_1922%29_01.jpg/374px-1922_New_England_Textile_Strike%2C_evicted_family%2C_Lonsdale%2C_R.I_%28July_15%2C_1922%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1922_New_England_Textile_Strike%2C_evicted_family%2C_Lonsdale%2C_R.I_%28July_15%2C_1922%29_01.jpg/498px-1922_New_England_Textile_Strike%2C_evicted_family%2C_Lonsdale%2C_R.I_%28July_15%2C_1922%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>It was not uncommon for families to be evicted from company owned homes during strikes such as this family shown living in a tent after being evicted during the <a href="/wiki/1922_New_England_Textile_Strike" title="1922 New England Textile Strike">New England Textile Strike</a> in Lonsdale, R.I - July 15, 1922 </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Segundo,_Colorado" title="Segundo, Colorado">Segundo, Colorado</a>, was a company town where the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron">CF&I</a> coal company housed its workers. It offered adequate housing and promoted upward mobility through its sponsorship of a YMCA Center, an elementary school, some small businesses, and a <a href="/wiki/Company_store" title="Company store">company store</a>. However, air pollution was a constant health threat, and the houses lacked indoor plumbing. As demand for metallurgical coal declined, the mine laid off workers, and Segundo's population declined. After a major fire in 1929, CF&I left town, and Segundo became a ghost town.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One famous company town was <a href="/wiki/McDonald,_Ohio" title="McDonald, Ohio">McDonald, Ohio</a>, which was created by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a> to house and serve the needs of its employees in the <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a>, area.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marktown" title="Marktown">Marktown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Mark" title="Clayton Mark">Clayton Mark</a>'s planned worker community, was an example in northwest <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the present-day United States, it is relatively rare for any place in which a single company owns all the property to be granted status as an <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(municipal_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (municipal government)">incorporated</a> municipality. Instead, companies prefer their wholly owned communities to remain unincorporated, as this permits community administration to be carried out by appointed company officers rather than elected officials. However, incorporated municipalities heavily depend upon a single industry or organization and may be loosely considered a "company town", even though the company does not technically own the town. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scotia,_California" title="Scotia, California">Scotia, California</a> is a company town, previously owned by The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Lumber_Company" title="Pacific Lumber Company">Pacific Lumber Company</a>, and is being dismantled through PLC's bankruptcy process.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotia,_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotia,-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cass_Scenic_Railroad_State_Park" title="Cass Scenic Railroad State Park">Cass, West Virginia</a>, is a former company town now a state park. Originally founded in 1901, the town of Cass served employees who cut and processed lumber from the surrounding mountain slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-WVSP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVSP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the remaining houses are available for rental;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other features are the company store and an operating railway.<sup id="cite_ref-WVSP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVSP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bay_Lake,_Florida" title="Bay Lake, Florida">Bay Lake, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buena_Vista" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Buena Vista">Lake Buena Vista, Florida</a> are controlled by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Canyon_City,_Utah" title="Bryce Canyon City, Utah">Bryce Canyon City, Utah</a> is a current company town incorporated in 2007, consisting solely of Ruby's Inn's property and its third-generation owners, the Syrett family.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the governor of Nevada, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Sisolak" title="Steve Sisolak">Steve Sisolak</a>, announced a plan to launch so-called "Innovation Zones" in Nevada to attract technology firms. The zones would permit companies with large land areas to form governments with the same authority as counties, including imposing taxes, forming school districts and courts, and providing government services. The measure to further economic development with the "alternative form of local government" has not yet been introduced in the Legislature. Sisolak pitched the concept in his State of the State address on January 19. By allowing tech corporations to establish their governments, the plan is hoped to bring in new businesses at the forefront of "groundbreaking technologies" without the state cutting taxes or paying <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rent</a> that previously helped Nevada attract companies like Tesla Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> announced plans to incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)#Starbase" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a> area of far southeastern Texas, the site of a <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX South Texas launch site">rocket manufacturing and launch facility</a>, as the city of "Starbase". Some have labeled the plans and SpaceX's existing operations in the area as an example of a company town.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/company_town" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/company town">company town</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_towns" title="List of company towns">List of company towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">College town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_store" title="Company store">Company store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_miners" title="History of coal miners">History of coal miners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacorporation" title="Megacorporation">Megacorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">Mill town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a>, a similar phenomenon in Russia</li> <li>Public housing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_town" title="Railway town">Railway town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a>, also known as industrial paternalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_for_Employment_and_Economic_Development_(Honduras)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zone for Employment and Economic Development (Honduras)">Zone for Employment and Economic Development (Honduras)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeager2006" class="citation web cs1">Seager, Allen (February 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/company-towns">"Company Towns"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918090120/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/company-towns">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Company+Towns&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcompany-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_M1995" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, M (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingworkingm0000craw"><i>Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns</i></a></span>. London & New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-695-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-695-2"><bdi>0-86091-695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Workingman%27s+Paradise%3A+The+Design+of+American+Company+Towns&rft.pub=London+%26+New+York%3A+Verso&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-86091-695-2&rft.au=Crawford%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingworkingm0000craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner_a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_a_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_a_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_a_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_a_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner1992" class="citation book cs1">Garner, J.S. (1992). <i>The Company Town: Architecture and Society in the Early Industrial Age</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070279"><bdi>978-0195070279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+Town%3A+Architecture+and+Society+in+the+Early+Industrial+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195070279&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuder1970" class="citation book cs1">Buder, Stanley (1970). <i>Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880–1930</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195008388" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195008388"><bdi>978-0195008388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pullman%3A+An+Experiment+in+Industrial+Order+and+Community+Planning%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0195008388&rft.aulast=Buder&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeology-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearon,_Arthur_Melville2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pearon, Arthur Melville (January–February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0901/abstracts/pullman.html">"Utopia Derailed"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>62</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">46–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-8113">0003-8113</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Utopia+Derailed&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2009-01%2F2009-02&rft.issn=0003-8113&rft.au=Pearon%2C+Arthur+Melville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0901%2Fabstracts%2Fpullman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelsong1986" class="citation book cs1">Fogelsong, R. (1986). <i>Planning the Capitalist City</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691077053" title="Special:BookSources/0691077053"><bdi>0691077053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+the+Capitalist+City&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0691077053&rft.aulast=Fogelsong&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2014" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Linda (2014). <i>Company towns of the Pacific Northwest</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295983325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295983325"><bdi>978-0295983325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+towns+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0295983325&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parsons-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parsons_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parsons_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons,_K.C.Garner1985" class="citation journal cs1">Parsons, K.C.; Garner, John S. (1985). "Review of the model company town: Urban design through private enterprise in nineteenth-century New England". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">639–</span>643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F365575">10.2307/365575</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/365575">365575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+model+company+town%3A+Urban+design+through+private+enterprise+in+nineteenth-century+New+England&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F365575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F365575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Parsons%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Garner%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner_b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_b_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_b_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_b_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_b_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner1985" class="citation book cs1">Garner, J.S. (1985). <i>The Model Company Town: Urban Design through Private Enterprise in Nineteenth-century New England</i>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870234422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870234422"><bdi>978-0870234422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Model+Company+Town%3A+Urban+Design+through+Private+Enterprise+in+Nineteenth-century+New+England&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0870234422&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1985" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Frank (1985). <i>Sir Raymond Unwin: Architect, planner and visionary</i>. London: A. Zwemmer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0302005910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0302005910"><bdi>978-0302005910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Raymond+Unwin%3A+Architect%2C+planner+and+visionary&rft.pub=London%3A+A.+Zwemmer+Ltd.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0302005910&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaskell-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaskell_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaskell_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaskell_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaskell_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaskell_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskell,_M.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gaskell, M. (1979). "Model industrial villages in S. Yorkshire/N. Derbyshire and the early town planning movement". <i>The Town Planning Review</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Ftpr.50.4.c68854037r676528">10.3828/tpr.50.4.c68854037r676528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Town+Planning+Review&rft.atitle=Model+industrial+villages+in+S.+Yorkshire%2FN.+Derbyshire+and+the+early+town+planning+movement&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Ftpr.50.4.c68854037r676528&rft.au=Gaskell%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cherry-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cherry_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherry_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherry_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherry_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry1979" class="citation journal cs1">Cherry, G.E. (1979). "The town planning movement and the late Victorian city". <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979TrIBG...4..306C">1979TrIBG...4..306C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F622041">10.2307/622041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/622041">622041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+town+planning+movement+and+the+late+Victorian+city&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F622041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F622041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979TrIBG...4..306C&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite,_R.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hebblethwaite, R. (1987). "The municipal housing programme in Sheffield before 1914". <i>Architectural History</i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1568518">10.2307/1568518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568518">1568518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159876304">159876304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+History&rft.atitle=The+municipal+housing+programme+in+Sheffield+before+1914&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159876304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1568518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1568518&rft.au=Hebblethwaite%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dellheim-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dellheim_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dellheim_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellheim,_C.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Dellheim, C. (1987). "The creation of company culture: Cadburys, 1861–1931". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>92</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1862781">10.2307/1862781</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1862781">1862781</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11612055">11612055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+creation+of+company+culture%3A+Cadburys%2C+1861%E2%80%931931&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11612055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1862781%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1862781&rft.au=Dellheim%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serra-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serra_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serra_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serra_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerra2011" class="citation journal cs1">Serra, Rosa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/CHR/article/viewFile/54342/pdf_159">"Industrial colonies in Catalonia"</a>. <i>Catalan Historical Review</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.1000.01.53">10.2436/20.1000.01.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2013-407X">2013-407X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531114300/http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/CHR/article/viewFile/54342/pdf_159">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Industrial+colonies+in+Catalonia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2436%2F20.1000.01.53&rft.issn=2013-407X&rft.aulast=Serra&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistes.iec.cat%2Findex.php%2FCHR%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F54342%2Fpdf_159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clua-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clua_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClua_i_Mercadal1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clua i Mercadal, Jordi (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/treballsscgeografia/article/viewFile/239840/322295">"Les colònies industrials al Berguedà: estudi d'una transformació econòmica i urbana"</a>. <i>Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia</i> (in Catalan). <b>VII</b>: <span class="nowrap">145–</span>170. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527072019/http://www.raco.cat/index.php/treballsscgeografia/article/viewFile/239840/322295">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Treballs+de+la+Societat+Catalana+de+Geografia&rft.atitle=Les+col%C3%B2nies+industrials+al+Bergued%C3%A0%3A+estudi+d%27una+transformaci%C3%B3+econ%C3%B2mica+i+urbana&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Clua+i+Mercadal&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raco.cat%2Findex.php%2Ftreballsscgeografia%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F239840%2F322295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peritz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peritz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeritz2010" class="citation news cs1">Peritz, Ingrid (November 13, 2010). "Saguenay 'utopia' dreaming big again". <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. p. A31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Saguenay+%27utopia%27+dreaming+big+again&rft.pages=A31&rft.date=2010-11-13&rft.aulast=Peritz&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezFernández2023" class="citation book cs1">González, Gilbert G.; Fernández, Raúl (September 18, 2023). "Empire and the Origins of Twentieth-Century Migration from Mexico to the United States". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781478027195/html"><i>The Border Reader</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781478027195">10.1515/9781478027195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-2719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-2719-5"><bdi>978-1-4780-2719-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181008/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781478027195/html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Company towns like Cananea, El Boleo, Nacozari, Navojoa, Copola, Concordia, Santa Eulalia, Santa Rosalia, Batopilas, and Esperanzas sprang from virtual wilderness into thriving mining camps within a few years. American employers believed that company housing—albeit segregated, with Americans living apart from the Mexican labor force—was necessary to attract and control labor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empire+and+the+Origins+of+Twentieth-Century+Migration+from+Mexico+to+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Border+Reader&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781478027195&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-2719-5&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+G.&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Ra%C3%BAl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781478027195%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moorsom19792-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moorsom19792_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorsom1979" class="citation journal cs1">Moorsom, Richard (April 1979). "Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers Strike in Namibia". <i>Development and Change</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x">10.1111/j.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+and+Change&rft.atitle=Labour+Consciousness+and+the+1971%E2%80%9372+Contract+Workers+Strike+in+Namibia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x&rft.aulast=Moorsom&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1971" class="citation cs2">Hayes, Steve (December 24, 1971), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Strike_of_Ovambo_Workers_in_South_West_Africa_and_the_Churches.pdf&page=2"><i>The Strike of Ovambo Workers in South West Africa and the Churches</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strike+of+Ovambo+Workers+in+South+West+Africa+and+the+Churches&rft.date=1971-12-24&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3AThe_Strike_of_Ovambo_Workers_in_South_West_Africa_and_the_Churches.pdf%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ovambo-migrant-workers-general-strike-rights-namibia-1971-72">"Ovambo migrant workers general strike for rights, Namibia, 1971–72"</a>. <i>Global Nonviolent Action Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929002426/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/ovambo-migrant-workers-general-strike-rights-namibia-1971-72">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft.atitle=Ovambo+migrant+workers+general+strike+for+rights%2C+Namibia%2C+1971%E2%80%9372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fcontent%2Fovambo-migrant-workers-general-strike-rights-namibia-1971-72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1972" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Barbara (1972). "Namibia's General Strike". <i>Africa Today</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185227">4185227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Today&rft.atitle=Namibia%27s+General+Strike&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4185227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711234726/http://new.pripyat.com/en/city/visiting-card/2005/07/28/230.html">"Pripyat: A short introduction"</a>. <i>Pripyat</i>. July 28, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.pripyat.com/en/city/visiting-card/2005/07/28/230.html">the original</a> on July 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pripyat&rft.atitle=Pripyat%3A+A+short+introduction&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.pripyat.com%2Fen%2Fcity%2Fvisiting-card%2F2005%2F07%2F28%2F230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17249000?story_id=17249000&fsrc=rss">"Monuments to power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. October 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2010</span>. <q>At their height more than 2,500 such towns were housing 3% of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Monuments+to+power&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17249000%3Fstory_id%3D17249000%26fsrc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1920" class="citation journal cs1">Magnusson, Leifur (October 1, 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/housing-employers-united-states-3883">"Housing by Employers in the United States"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</i>. <b>263</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719181944/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/housing-employers-united-states-3883">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+United+States+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.atitle=Housing+by+Employers+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=263&rft.date=1920-10-01&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Leifur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffraser.stlouisfed.org%2Ftitle%2Fhousing-employers-united-states-3883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2010" class="citation book cs1">Green, Hardy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Company-Town-Industrial-Satanic-American/dp/B004NSVFR2/"><i>The Company Town: The Industrial Edens and Satanic Mills That Shaped the American Economy</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. 14, 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02886-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02886-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202235322/https://www.amazon.com/Company-Town-Industrial-Satanic-American/dp/B004NSVFR2">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2017</span> – via Amazon "Look Inside".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+Town%3A+The+Industrial+Edens+and+Satanic+Mills+That+Shaped+the+American+Economy&rft.pages=14%2C+31&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02886-3&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCompany-Town-Industrial-Satanic-American%2Fdp%2FB004NSVFR2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaverGraham2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, Glen D.; Graham, Ryan C. (2008). "Segundo, Colorado". <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Segundo%2C+Colorado&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Glen+D.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Ryan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://businessjournaldaily.com/it-was-a-company-town-now-its-a-confident-town/">"It Was a Company Town. Now It's a Confident Town"</a>. Business Journal Daily. December 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+Was+a+Company+Town.+Now+It%27s+a+Confident+Town.&rft.pub=Business+Journal+Daily&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusinessjournaldaily.com%2Fit-was-a-company-town-now-its-a-confident-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, S.; Mark, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ssj/article/view/13413">"Marktown: Clayton Mark's Planned Worker Community in Northwest Indiana"</a>. <i>South Shore Journal</i>. <b>4</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606142716/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ssj/article/view/13413">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Shore+Journal&rft.atitle=Marktown%3A+Clayton+Mark%27s+Planned+Worker+Community+in+Northwest+Indiana&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Mark%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fssj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F13413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotia,-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scotia,_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715201239/http://townofscotia.com/scotia-history.html">"Scotia Community Governance News"</a>. <i>The town of Scotia, California</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townofscotia.com/scotia-history.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+town+of+Scotia%2C+California&rft.atitle=Scotia+Community+Governance+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftownofscotia.com%2Fscotia-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WVSP-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WVSP_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WVSP_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wvstateparks.com/park/cass-scenic-railroad-state-park/">"Cass Scenic Railroad State Park"</a>. <i>West Virginia State Parks</i>. Division of Natural Resources, State of West Virginia. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204114710/https://wvstateparks.com/park/cass-scenic-railroad-state-park/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+State+Parks&rft.atitle=Cass+Scenic+Railroad+State+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwvstateparks.com%2Fpark%2Fcass-scenic-railroad-state-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvdnr.gov/2013news/13news084.shtm">"Company House Rental Reservations Now Online at Cass Scenic Railroad"</a> (Press release). Cass, West Virginia: West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. April 29, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220023840/http://www.wvdnr.gov/2013news/13news084.shtm">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+House+Rental+Reservations+Now+Online+at+Cass+Scenic+Railroad&rft.place=Cass%2C+West+Virginia&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Division+of+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvdnr.gov%2F2013news%2F13news084.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolz2007" class="citation news cs1">Stolz, Martin (July 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/us/24bryce.html?_r=1&fta=y">"In Utah, a 'Company Town' Means Just That"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082106/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/us/24bryce.html?_r=1&fta=y">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Utah%2C+a+%27Company+Town%27+Means+Just+That&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft.aulast=Stolz&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F24%2Fus%2F24bryce.html%3F_r%3D1%26fta%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/legislature-legislation-local-governments-nevada-economy-2fa79128a7bf41073c1e9102e8a0e5f0">"Nevada bill would allow tech companies to create governments"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. February 4, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116150312/https://apnews.com/article/legislature-legislation-local-governments-nevada-economy-2fa79128a7bf41073c1e9102e8a0e5f0">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Nevada+bill+would+allow+tech+companies+to+create+governments&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Flegislature-legislation-local-governments-nevada-economy-2fa79128a7bf41073c1e9102e8a0e5f0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/business/2021/04/06/starbase-texas-can-elon-musk-really-create-his-own-city-near-spacexs-gulf-coast-launchpad/">"Starbase, Texas: Can Elon Musk really create his own city near SpaceX's Gulf Coast launchpad?"</a>. <i>Dallas News</i>. April 6, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519001653/https://www.dallasnews.com/business/2021/04/06/starbase-texas-can-elon-musk-really-create-his-own-city-near-spacexs-gulf-coast-launchpad/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dallas+News&rft.atitle=Starbase%2C+Texas%3A+Can+Elon+Musk+really+create+his+own+city+near+SpaceX%27s+Gulf+Coast+launchpad%3F&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2F04%2F06%2Fstarbase-texas-can-elon-musk-really-create-his-own-city-near-spacexs-gulf-coast-launchpad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatesMaremont2021" class="citation news cs1">Keates, Nancy; Maremont, Mark (May 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-spacex-rocket-boca-chica-texas-starbase-11620353687">"Elon Musk's SpaceX Is Buying Up a Texas Village. Homeowners Cry Foul"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507174246/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-spacex-rocket-boca-chica-texas-starbase-11620353687">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+SpaceX+Is+Buying+Up+a+Texas+Village.+Homeowners+Cry+Foul.&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Keates&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Maremont%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Felon-musk-spacex-rocket-boca-chica-texas-starbase-11620353687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompany+town" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barenberg, Alan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOAhBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22company+Town%22&pg=PP1">Gulag town, company town: Forced labor and its legacy in Vorkuta</a></i> (Yale University Press, 2014) in Soviet Union/USSR.</li> <li>Bowen, Dawn S. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dawn-Bowen/publication/326630221_In_the_shadow_of_the_refinery_an_American_oil_company_town_on_the_Caribbean_island_of_Aruba/links/646803b8c9802f2f72ea2336/In-the-shadow-of-the-refinery-an-American-oil-company-town-on-the-Caribbean-island-of-Aruba.pdf">In the shadow of the refinery: an American oil company town on the Caribbean island of Aruba</a>". <i>Journal of Cultural Geography</i> 36.1 (2019): 49-77.</li> <li>Carson, Doris Anna, and Dean Bradley Carson. "Mobilities and path dependence: Challenges for tourism and 'attractive' industry development in a remote company town". <i>Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism</i> 14.4 (2014): 460-479.</li> <li>Neumann, Pamela. "Toxic talk and collective (in) action in a company town: The case of La Oroya, Peru". <i>Social Problems</i> 63.3 (2016): 431-446. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/48617469/Neumann2016.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Raianu, Mircea. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/bhh7xow22fckjali56k5zmqbum/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FF52D5DA176FD5122DED4778497A4E1D/S0010417518000087a.pdf/div-class-title-a-mass-of-anomalies-land-law-and-sovereignty-in-an-indian-company-town-div.pdf">"A mass of anomalies": Land, Law, and Sovereignty in an Indian Company Town</a>". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i> 60.2 (2018): 367-389. Steel industry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_town&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clark Jr, John W. "Historical and Archaeological Resources of Riverdale, A Company Town in Goliad County, Texas". Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State 1984, no. 1 (1984): 16ff.</li> <li>Green, Hardy (2012). <i>The Company Town: The Industrial Edens and Satanic Mills That Shaped the American Economy.</i> Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465028863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465028863">978-0465028863</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Company-Town-Industrial-Satanic-American/dp/B004NSVFR2/">excerpt and text search</a>)</li> <li>Kurie, Peter. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi1NDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22company+Town%22&pg=PA1">In chocolate we trust: The Hershey Company town unwrapped</a></i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).</li> <li>Roemer, Kelli F., and Julia H. Haggerty. "The energy transition as fiscal rupture: Public services and resilience pathways in a coal company town". <i>Energy Research & Social Science</i> 91 (2022): 102752. In Montana.</li> <li>Wlasiuk, Jonathan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jon-Wlasiuk/publication/285570566_A_Company_Town_on_Common_Waters_Standard_Oil_in_the_Calumet/links/5f7b5967a6fdccfd7b490a66/A-Company-Town-on-Common-Waters-Standard-Oil-in-the-Calumet.pdf">A company town on common waters: Standard Oil in the Calumet</a>". <i>Environmental History</i> (2014); near Gary, Indiana.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_estate_developments467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Real_estate_developments" title="Template talk:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Real_estate_developments467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate developments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_commercial_developments" title="Category:Planned commercial developments">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted Living">Assisted Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification_facility" title="Behavior modification facility">Behavior modification facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_boarding_school" title="Therapeutic boarding school">Therapeutic boarding school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">Elderly care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age-restricted_community" title="Age-restricted community">Age-restricted community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Retirement Home">Retirement Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Living">Senior Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">Multistorey car park</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627236#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/871307/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Werksiedlung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4202600-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Company towns"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85029289">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01173725">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000197238&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545496505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027817">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_town&oldid=1277037638">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_town&oldid=1277037638</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Company_towns" title="Category:Company towns">Company towns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_history" title="Category:Labor history">Labor history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_towns" title="Category:Types of towns">Types of towns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Company_housing" title="Category:Company housing">Company housing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Catalan-language_sources_(ca)" title="Category:CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)">CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2025">Use mdy dates from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2023">Articles needing additional references from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2016">Articles needing additional references from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2020">Articles needing additional references from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 07:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_town&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Company town</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>19 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-zbbkb","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.128","walltime":"1.308","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10506,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":193443,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11121,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":169389,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1134.286 1 -total"," 27.80% 315.347 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.86% 123.207 3 Template:Lang"," 10.62% 120.460 1 Template:Developments"," 10.44% 118.423 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.41% 106.714 11 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.03% 102.480 8 Template:Cite_web"," 8.57% 97.193 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.41% 95.443 12 Template:Fix"," 8.25% 93.578 15 Template:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.694","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25945476,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-qqs8h","timestamp":"20250222074126","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Company town","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Company_town","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q627236","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q627236","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-01T06:28:49Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T07:41:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1d\/Siedlung_eisenheim.jpg","headline":"place where practically all stores and housing are owned by the one company that is also the main employer"}</script> </body> </html>