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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Wyrazy+pokrewne&returntoquery=oldid%3D75276931" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Wyrazy+pokrewne&returntoquery=oldid%3D75276931" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Wyrazy+pokrewne&returntoquery=oldid%3D75276931" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Wyrazy+pokrewne&returntoquery=oldid%3D75276931" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wyrazy pokrewne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 39 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognaat" title="Kognaat – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kognaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="كلمة شقيقة – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلمة شقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogn%C3%A1u" title="Cognáu – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cognáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Когнат – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Когнат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognat" title="Cognat – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cognat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Когнатсем (лингвистика) – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Когнатсем (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwandte_W%C3%B6rter" title="Verwandte Wörter – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verwandte Wörter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cognate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognado" title="Cognado – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cognado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognato" title="Kognato – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kognato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustraikide" title="Sustraikide – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sustraikide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="هم‌خانواده – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هم‌خانواده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot_apparent%C3%A9" title="Mot apparenté – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mot apparenté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognado" title="Cognado – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cognado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B3%84%EC%96%B4" title="동계어 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동계어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="सजातीय शब्द – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सजातीय शब्द" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_kerabat" title="Kata kerabat – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata kerabat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_imparentate" title="Parole imparentate – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parole imparentate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98" title="קוגנט – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוגנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_cognatum" title="Verbum cognatum – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Verbum cognatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognaat_(taalweitesjap)" title="Cognaat (taalweitesjap) – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cognaat (taalweitesjap)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_seasal" title="Kata seasal – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata seasal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognaat_(taalkunde)" title="Cognaat (taalkunde) – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognaat (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="同根語 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同根語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognat_(lingvistikk)" title="Kognat (lingvistikk) – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kognat (lingvistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognat_i_lingvistikken" title="Kognat i lingvistikken – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kognat i lingvistikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognato" title="Cognato – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cognato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Когнаты (лингвистика) – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когнаты (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cognate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cognate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukulaissana" title="Sukulaissana – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukulaissana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognat_(lingvistik)" title="Kognat (lingvistik) – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kognat (lingvistik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="คำร่วมเชื้อสาย – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำร่วมเชื้อสาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9F_as%C4%B1ll%C4%B1" title="Eş asıllı – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eş asıllı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Когнати (лінгвістика) – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Когнати (лінгвістика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قرابتدار – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرابتدار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_nguy%C3%AAn_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Đồng nguyên (ngôn ngữ học) – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng nguyên (ngôn ngữ học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E8%A9%9E" title="同源詞 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="同源詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%8D" title="同源词 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同源词" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q690548#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wyrazy_pokrewne"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Wyrazy_pokrewne" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Wyrazy_pokrewne" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&oldid=75276931" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Wyrazy_pokrewne&id=75276931&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWyrazy_pokrewne%26oldid%3D75276931"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWyrazy_pokrewne%26oldid%3D75276931"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Wyrazy+pokrewne"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q690548" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current">To jest najnowsza wersja artykułu <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrazy_pokrewne">Wyrazy pokrewne</a></span> edytowana <span id="mw-revision-date">05:06, 18 lis 2024</span> przez <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedysta:Proj2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="Wikipedysta:Proj2024 (strona nie istnieje)" data-mw-revid="75276931"><bdi>Proj2024</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_wikipedysty:Proj2024" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Dyskusja wikipedysty:Proj2024">dyskusja</a> | <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Wk%C5%82ad/Proj2024" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Specjalna:Wkład/Proj2024">edycje</a>)</span></span>.</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&diff=prev&oldid=75276931" title="Wyrazy pokrewne">różn.</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&direction=prev&oldid=75276931" title="Wyrazy pokrewne">← poprzednia wersja</a> | przejdź do aktualnej wersji (różn.) | następna wersja → (różn.)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div id="mw-fr-revision-tag-old" class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--block cdx-message--notice flaggedrevs_notice plainlinks noprint"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">Następująca <a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&stableid=75276931">wersja przejrzana</a> tej strony, którą <a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Rejestr&type=review&page=Wyrazy_pokrewne">oznaczono</a> <i>18 lis 2024</i>, była oparta na tej wersji.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Etymological_relations_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Etymological_relations_tree.svg/220px-Etymological_relations_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Etymological_relations_tree.svg/330px-Etymological_relations_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Etymological_relations_tree.svg/440px-Etymological_relations_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Schemat relacji wyrazów pokrewnych</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wyrazy pokrewne</b> (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_angielski" title="Język angielski">ang.</a> <em lang="en">cognates</em>) – wyrazy w dwóch (lub więcej) językach cechujące się wspólnym pochodzeniem<sup id="cite_ref-dict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-1">[1]</a></sup>. Przykład: polskie słowo <i>brat</i>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czeski" title="Język czeski">cz.</a> <em lang="cs">bratr</em>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_angielski" title="Język angielski">ang.</a> <em lang="en">brother</em>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_w%C5%82oski" title="Język włoski">wł.</a> <em lang="it">fratello</em> i <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_perski" title="Język perski">pers.</a> <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="fa">‏برادر‎</span> (trb. <i>baraadar</i>) pochodzą od <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_praindoeuropejski" title="Język praindoeuropejski">praindoeuropejskiego</a> *bʰréh₂tēr. </p><p>Mianem wyrazów pokrewnych określa się również wyrazy utworzone bezpośrednio lub pośrednio od jednego <a href="/wiki/Wyraz_podstawowy" title="Wyraz podstawowy">wyrazu podstawowego</a><sup id="cite_ref-”:0”_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”:0”-2">[2]</a></sup>. Grupuje się je na podstawie zgodności <a href="/wiki/Rdze%C5%84_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Rdzeń (językoznawstwo)">rdzenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-”:1”_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”:1”-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. Wyrazy pokrewne tworzą <a href="/wiki/Rodzina_wyraz%C3%B3w" title="Rodzina wyrazów">rodzinę słowotwórczą</a><sup id="cite_ref-”:0”_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”:0”-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-”:1”_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”:1”-3">[3]</a></sup>, z którą łączy się (lub historycznie łączyło się) ich podstawowe znaczenie<sup id="cite_ref-”:0”_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”:0”-2">[2]</a></sup>, np. „zielony”, „zieleń”, „zazieleniony”, „zazielenić się”, „zielonkawy”, „bladozielony”, „ciemnozielony”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>. Wyrazy pokrewne należy odróżnić od wyrazów bliskoznacznych (<a href="/wiki/Synonim" title="Synonim">synonimów</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mama_i_papa" title="Mama i papa">mama i papa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyrazy_pokrewne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dict_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book doi"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">David</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="David" style="display:none">D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Crystal</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">David</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="David">D.</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC&pg=PA104"><i>A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</i></a>, wyd. 6, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008, s. 104, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444302776">10.1002/9781444302776</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781444356755" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781444356755">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-1-4443-5675-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781405152969" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781405152969">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-1-4051-5296-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781444302776" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781444302776">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-1-4443-0277-6</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/873604136">873604136</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Malden&rft.edition=6&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5675-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Linguistics+and+Phonetics&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873604136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444302776&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZPQVuSgDAkC%26pg%3DPA104" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-”:0”-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-”:0”_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-”:0”_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-”:0”_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Joanna</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Joanna" style="display:none">J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Dobkowska</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Joanna</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Joanna">J.</span></span>, <i>W pigułce. Nauka o języku. Repetytorium. Liceum i technikum</i>, wyd. 1, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 2019, s. 33, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788302182495" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788302182495">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-83-02-18249-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1107607313">1107607313</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.edition=1&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.aulast=Dobkowska&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788302182495&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=W+pigu%C5%82ce.+Nauka+o+j%C4%99zyku.+Repetytorium.+Liceum+i+technikum&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Szkolne+i+Pedagogiczne&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107607313" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-”:1”-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-”:1”_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-”:1”_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Havr%C3%A1nek" title="Bohuslav Havránek"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Bohuslav</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Bohuslav" style="display:none">B.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Havránek</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Bohuslav</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Bohuslav">B.</span></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Jedli%C4%8Dka" title="Alois Jedlička"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Alois</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alois" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Jedlička</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Alois</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alois">A.</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2nnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Stručná mluvnice česká</i></a>, Praha: Fortuna, 1996, s. 43, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788071683063" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788071683063">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-80-7168-306-3</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/833108822">833108822</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Praha&rft.aufirst=Bohuslav&rft.aulast=Havr%C3%A1nek&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788071683063&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Stru%C4%8Dn%C3%A1+mluvnice+%C4%8Desk%C3%A1&rft.pub=Fortuna&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833108822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2nnAAAAMAAJ" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku czeskim (čeština)">cz.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Horeck%C3%BD" title="Ján Horecký"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Ján</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ján" style="display:none">J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Horecký</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Ján</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ján">J.</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtgYAQAAIAAJ"><i>Slovenská lexikológia: Nauka o slovnej zásobe</i></a>, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo, 1972, s. 18<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1n&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Slovensk%C3%A1+lexikol%C3%B3gia%3A+Nauka+o+slovnej+z%C3%A1sobe&rft.place=Bratislava&rft.pub=Slovensk%C3%A9+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladate%C4%BEstvo&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Horeck%C3%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtgYAQAAIAAJ" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku słowackim (slovenčina)">słow.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Kulicka</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">D.</span></span>, <i>Przestrzeń i kolor w obserwacji dziecka – kształcenie słownictwa uczniów klasy V</i>, [w:] <span class="cite-name-full">Maria</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maria" style="display:none">M.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Dudzik</span> (red.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN9GAAAAIAAJ"><i>Kształcenie językowe w szkole</i></a>, t. 4, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1988, s. 47–70<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.atitle=Przestrze%C5%84+i+kolor+w+obserwacji+dziecka+%E2%80%93+kszta%C5%82cenie+s%C5%82ownictwa+uczni%C3%B3w+klasy+V&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Kulicka&rft.date=1988&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Kszta%C5%82cenie+j%C4%99zykowe+w+szkole&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN9GAAAAIAAJ" style="display:none"> </span>, patrz s. 61.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Henryka</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Henryka" style="display:none">H.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Kaczorowska</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Henryka</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Henryka">H.</span></span>, <i>O potrzebie intensyfikacji ćwiczeń słownikowo-frazeologicznych w szkole: Z badań nad słownictwem uczniów klas VIII</i>, [w:] <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_O%C5%BC%C3%B3g" title="Kazimierz Ożóg"><span class="cite-name-full">Kazimierz</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Kazimierz" style="display:none">K.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Ożóg</span></a>, <span class="cite-name-full">Jolanta</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Jolanta" style="display:none">J.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Pasterska</span> (red.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSMZAQAAIAAJ"><i>Polonistyka zintegrowana</i></a>, Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej, 2000, s. 153–160, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8372621683" title="Specjalna:Książki/8372621683">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">83-7262-168-3</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/45743127">45743127</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=Rzesz%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=O+potrzebie+intensyfikacji+%C4%87wicze%C5%84+s%C5%82ownikowo-frazeologicznych+w+szkole%3A+Z+bada%C5%84+nad+s%C5%82ownictwem+uczni%C3%B3w+klas+VIII&rft.aufirst=Henryka&rft.aulast=Kaczorowska&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=8372621683&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Polonistyka+zintegrowana&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Wy%C5%BCszej+Szko%C5%82y+Pedagogicznej&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45743127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSMZAQAAIAAJ" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output 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