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id="toc-Hollywood_musical_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930-1950:_The_first_classical_sound_era_or_First_Musical_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930-1950:_The_first_classical_sound_era_or_First_Musical_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1930-1950: The first classical sound era or First Musical Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930-1950:_The_first_classical_sound_era_or_First_Musical_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_musicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_musicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>The first musicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_musicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Busby_Berkeley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Busby_Berkeley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Busby Berkeley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Busby_Berkeley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Musical stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Freed_Unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Freed_Unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>The Freed Unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Freed_Unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_MGM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_MGM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Outside MGM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_MGM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1960s_musical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1960s_musical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The 1960s musical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1960s_musical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_to_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_to_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1980s to 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_to_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000-now:_The_second-classical_era_or_New_Musical_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000-now:_The_second-classical_era_or_New_Musical_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2000-now: The second-classical era or New Musical Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-now:_The_second-classical_era_or_New_Musical_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st-century_musicals_or_New_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_musicals_or_New_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>21st-century musicals or New Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_musicals_or_New_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live!_television_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live!_television_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Live! television events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live!_television_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_musical_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_musical_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indian musical films</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_musical_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian musical films subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_musical_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_sound_films_(1930s–1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_sound_films_(1930s–1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early sound films (1930s–1940s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_sound_films_(1930s–1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_Bollywood_(1970s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_Bollywood_(1970s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Classic Bollywood (1970s–1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_Bollywood_(1970s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Bollywood_(1990s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Bollywood_(1990s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>New Bollywood (1990s–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Bollywood_(1990s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Western_films_(2000s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Western_films_(2000s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Influence on Western films (2000s–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Western_films_(2000s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_musical_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_musical_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spanish musical films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_musical_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_musical_film_under_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_musical_film_under_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Soviet musical film under Stalin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_musical_film_under_Stalin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soviet musical film under Stalin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_musical_film_under_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Jolly_Fellows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jolly_Fellows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>The Jolly Fellows</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jolly_Fellows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Movies_for_the_Millions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Movies_for_the_Millions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"Movies for the Millions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Movies_for_the_Millions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivan_Pyryev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivan_Pyryev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ivan Pyryev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivan_Pyryev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volga-Volga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volga-Volga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Volga-Volga</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volga-Volga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_musical_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_musical_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lists of musical films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_musical_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Musical film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="فيلم موسيقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم موسيقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_musical" title="Cine musical – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine musical" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqili_film" title="Musiqili film – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musiqili film" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সঙ্গীতধর্মী চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঙ্গীতধর্মী চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Мюзикъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мюзикъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_musical" title="Cinema musical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema musical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmov%C3%BD_muzik%C3%A1l" title="Filmový muzikál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filmový muzikál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm_gerdd" title="Ffilm gerdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm gerdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikfilm" title="Musikfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikalfilm" title="Muusikalfilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikalfilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_musical" title="Cine musical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine musical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_filmo" title="Muzika filmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzika filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinema_musikala" title="Zinema musikala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zinema musikala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فیلم موزیکال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم موزیکال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_musical" title="Film musical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film musical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmusical" title="Filmmusical – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filmmusical" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_musical" title="Cinema musical – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinema musical" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%A7%80%EC%BB%AC_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="뮤지컬 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뮤지컬 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Երաժշտական ֆիլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաժշտական ֆիլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_musikal" title="Film musikal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film musikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dans-_og_s%C3%B6ngvamynd" title="Dans- og söngvamynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dans- og söngvamynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="סרט מוזיקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט מוזיקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Musical film" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فيلم مزيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم مزيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_muzikal" title="Filem muzikal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem muzikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicalfilm" title="Musicalfilm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Musicalfilm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="ミュージカル映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミュージカル映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Музыкин фильм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Музыкин фильм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmusikal" title="Filmmusikal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filmmusikal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqali_film" title="Musiqali film – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Musiqali film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_filmowy" title="Musical filmowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Musical filmowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_musical" title="Filme musical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme musical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_muzical" title="Film muzical – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film muzical" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Музыкальный фильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальный фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_movie" title="Musical movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Musical movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فیلمی مۆسیقایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی مۆسیقایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Филмски мјузикл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филмски мјузикл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elokuvamusikaali" title="Elokuvamusikaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elokuvamusikaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalfilm" title="Musikalfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikalfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikal" title="Musikal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Филми мусиқоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филми мусиқоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzikal_film" title="Müzikal film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzikal film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Музичний фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музичний фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phim_ca_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Phim ca nhạc – 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%281952_poster%29.jpg/220px-Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%281952_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%281952_poster%29.jpg/330px-Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%281952_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%281952_poster%29.jpg/440px-Singin%27_in_the_Rain_%281952_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a></i> (1952) film poster</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Musical film</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> in which songs by the <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film's characters, but in some cases, they serve merely as breaks in the storyline, often as elaborate "production numbers". </p><p>The musical film was a natural development of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">stage musical</a> after the emergence of sound film technology. Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of lavish background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater. Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if a live audience were watching. In a sense, the viewer becomes the <a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">diegetic</a> audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">advent of sound</a> in the late 1920s, musicals gained popularity with the public and are exemplified by the films of <a href="/wiki/Busby_Berkeley" title="Busby Berkeley">Busby Berkeley</a>, a choreographer known for his distinctive and elaborate set pieces featuring multiple showgirls. These lavish production numbers are typified by his choreographic work in <i><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(film)" title="42nd Street (film)">42nd Street</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_1933" title="Gold Diggers of 1933">Gold Diggers of 1933</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Footlight_Parade" title="Footlight Parade">Footlight Parade</a></i> (all from 1933). During the 1930s, the musical films of <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire_and_Ginger_Rogers" title="Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers">Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers</a> became massive cultural fixtures in the eyes of the American public. These films included, <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Hat" title="Top Hat">Top Hat</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/Follow_the_Fleet" title="Follow the Fleet">Follow the Fleet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Swing_Time_(film)" title="Swing Time (film)">Swing Time</a></i> (both 1936), and <i><a href="/wiki/Shall_We_Dance_(1937_film)" title="Shall We Dance (1937 film)">Shall We Dance</a></i> (1937). Victor Fleming's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1939) would become a landmark film for movie musical as it experimented with new technology such as <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>. </p><p>During the 1940s and 1950s, musical films from <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> musicals regularly premiered. These works included: <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></i> (1944), <i><a href="/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)" title="Easter Parade (film)">Easter Parade</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(film)" title="On the Town (film)">On the Town</a></i> (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a></i> (1952), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/High_Society_(1956_film)" title="High Society (1956 film)">High Society</a></i> (1956), and <i><a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a></i> (1958). During this time, films outside the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> unit at <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> included <i><a href="/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(film)" title="Holiday Inn (film)">Holiday Inn</a></i> (1942), <i><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(film)" title="White Christmas (film)">White Christmas</a></i> (1954), and <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Face" title="Funny Face">Funny Face</a></i> (1957) as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)" title="Oklahoma! (1955 film)">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)" title="The King and I (1956 film)">The King and I</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(film)" title="Carousel (film)">Carousel</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(1958_film)" title="South Pacific (1958 film)">South Pacific</a></i> (1958). These films of the era typically relied on the star power of such film stars as <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Miller" title="Ann Miller">Ann Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson" title="Kathryn Grayson">Kathryn Grayson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a>. They also relied on film directors such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Vincente Minnelli</a> as well as songwriters <a href="/wiki/Comden_and_Green" title="Comden and Green">Comden and Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">Gershwin Brothers</a>. </p><p>During the 1960s, films based on stage musicals continued to be critical and box-office successes. These films included, <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (1961), <i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(1962_film)" title="Gypsy (1962 film)">Gypsy</a></i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Man_(1962_film)" title="The Music Man (1962 film)">The Music Man</a></i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Bye_Bye_Birdie_(1963_film)" title="Bye Bye Birdie (1963 film)">Bye Bye Birdie</a></i> (1963), <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i> (both 1964), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> (1965), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Funny_Thing_Happened_on_the_Way_to_the_Forum_(film)" title="A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (film)">A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Succeed_in_Business_Without_Really_Trying_(film)" title="How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (film)">How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie">Thoroughly Modern Millie</a></i> (all 1967), <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!_(film)" title="Oliver! (film)">Oliver!</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)" title="Funny Girl (film)">Funny Girl</a></i> (both 1968). In the 1970s, film culture and the changing demographics of filmgoers placed greater emphasis on gritty realism, while the pure entertainment and theatricality of classical-era Hollywood musicals was seen as old-fashioned. Despite this, <i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1970_film)" title="Scrooge (1970 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1970), <i><a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof_(film)" title="Fiddler on the Roof (film)">Fiddler on the Roof</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Cabaret_(1972_film)" title="Cabaret (1972 film)">Cabaret</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1776</a></i> (1972), Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks" title="Bedknobs and Broomsticks">Bedknobs and Broomsticks</a></i> (1971), and <i><a href="/wiki/Pete%27s_Dragon_(1977_film)" title="Pete's Dragon (1977 film)">Pete's Dragon</a></i> (1977), as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Grease_(film)" title="Grease (film)">Grease</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)">The Wiz</a></i> (both 1978), were more traditional musicals closely adapted from stage shows and were strong successes with critics and audiences. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, musicals tended to be mainly coming from the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Disney</a> <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated films</a> of the period, from composers and lyricists, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (composer)">Stephen Schwartz</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a> started with 1989's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, then followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i> (1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)" title="Pocahontas (1995 film)">Pocahontas</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)" title="Hercules (1997 film)">Hercules</a></i> (1997), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)" title="Mulan (1998 film)">Mulan</a></i> (1998). </p><p>In the 21st century, the musical genre has been rejuvenated with darker musicals, musical biopics, musical remakes, epic drama musicals and comedy drama musicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(2002_film)" title="Chicago (2002 film)">Chicago</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Rent_(film)" title="Rent (film)">Rent</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)" title="Dreamgirls (film)">Dreamgirls</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_Universe_(film)" title="Across the Universe (film)">Across the Universe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_(film)" title="Enchanted (film)">Enchanted</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(2007_film)" title="Hairspray (2007 film)">Hairspray</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)">Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street</a></i> (all 2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(film)" title="Mamma Mia! (film)">Mamma Mia!</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Nine_(2009_live-action_film)" title="Nine (2009 live-action film)">Nine</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppets_(2011_film)" title="The Muppets (2011 film)">The Muppets</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)" title="Les Misérables (2012 film)">Les Misérables</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)" title="Into the Woods (film)">Into the Woods</a></i> (2014), <i><a href="/wiki/La_La_Land" title="La La Land">La La Land</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman" title="The Greatest Showman">The Greatest Showman</a></i> (both 2017), <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again!" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again!">Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_film)" title="A Star Is Born (2018 film)">A Star Is Born</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_Returns" title="Mary Poppins Returns">Mary Poppins Returns</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody_(film)" title="Bohemian Rhapsody (film)">Bohemian Rhapsody</a></i> (all 2018), <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(2019_film)" title="Aladdin (2019 film)">Aladdin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rocketman_(film)" title="Rocketman (film)">Rocketman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)" title="The Lion King (2019 film)">The Lion King</a></i> (all 2019), <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Heights_(film)" title="In the Heights (film)">In the Heights</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Respect_(2021_American_film)" title="Respect (2021 American film)">Respect</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen_(film)" title="Dear Evan Hansen (film)">Dear Evan Hansen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_(film)" title="Cyrano (film)">Cyrano</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Talking_About_Jamie_(film)" title="Everybody's Talking About Jamie (film)"> Everybody's Talking About Jamie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tick,_Tick..._Boom!_(film)" title="Tick, Tick... Boom! (film)">Tick, Tick… Boom!</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (all 2021), <a href="/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)" title="Elvis (2022 film)"><i>Elvis</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_(film)" title="Spirited (film)">Spirited</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Disenchanted_(film)" title="Disenchanted (film)">Disenchanted</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical_(film)" title="Matilda the Musical (film)">Matilda the Musical</a></i> (all 2022), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(2023_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (2023 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wonka_(film)" title="Wonka (film)">Wonka</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(2023_film)" title="The Color Purple (2023 film)">The Color Purple</a></i> (all 2023), <i><a href="/wiki/Mean_Girls_(2024_film)" title="Mean Girls (2024 film)">Mean Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)" title="Wicked (2024 film)">Wicked</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mufasa:_The_Lion_King" title="Mufasa: The Lion King">Mufasa: The Lion King</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joker:_Folie_%C3%A0_Deux" title="Joker: Folie à Deux">Joker: Folie à Deux</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Complete_Unknown" title="A Complete Unknown">A Complete Unknown</a></i> (all 2024). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hollywood_musical_films">Hollywood musical films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hollywood musical films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg/220px-WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg/330px-WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg/440px-WIZARD_OF_OZ_ORIGINAL_POSTER_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="3179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"><i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (1939)</a> is considered one of the greatest movies of all time.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930-1950:_The_first_classical_sound_era_or_First_Musical_Era">1930-1950: The first classical sound era or First Musical Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1930-1950: The first classical sound era or First Musical Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the golden age of the musical film, when the genre's popularity was at its highest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"><i>Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</i></a>, the earliest Disney animated feature film, was a musical which won an honorary Oscar for <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> at the <a href="/wiki/11th_Academy_Awards" title="11th Academy Awards">11th Academy Awards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_musicals">The first musicals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The first musicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musical short films were made by <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> in 1923–24. Beginning in 1926, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> shorts were made, many featuring bands, vocalists, and dancers. The earliest feature-length films with synchronized sound had only a soundtrack of music and occasional sound effects that played while the actors portrayed their characters just as they did in silent films: without audible dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickJazz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickJazz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i>, released in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a>, was the first to include an audio track including non-<a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">diegetic</a> music and diegetic music, but it had only a short sequence of spoken dialogue. This feature-length film was also a musical, featuring <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a> singing "Dirty Hands, Dirty Face", "Toot, Toot, Tootsie", "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Skies_(1926_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Skies (1926 song)">Blue Skies</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/My_Mammy" title="My Mammy">My Mammy</a>". Historian <a href="/wiki/Scott_Eyman" title="Scott Eyman">Scott Eyman</a> wrote, "As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Goldwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Goldwyn">Sam Goldwyn</a>'s wife Frances looked around at the celebrities in the crowd. She saw 'terror in all their faces', she said, as if they knew that 'the game they had been playing for years was finally over'."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, only isolated sequences featured "live" sound; most of the film had only a synchronous musical score.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickJazz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickJazz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Fool" title="The Singing Fool">The Singing Fool</a></i>, which was a blockbuster hit.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickJazz_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickJazz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> composers to write musicals for the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickLove_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickLove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first all-talking feature, <i><a href="/wiki/Lights_of_New_York_(1928_film)" title="Lights of New York (1928 film)">Lights of New York</a></i>, included a musical sequence in a night club. The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than a year all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Broadway_Melody" title="The Broadway Melody">The Broadway Melody</a></i> (1929) had a show-biz plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man. Advertised by <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a> as the first "All-Talking, All-Singing, All-Dancing" feature film, it was a hit and won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a> for 1929. There was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Parade" title="The Love Parade">The Love Parade</a></i> (Paramount 1929) starred <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> and newcomer <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald" title="Jeanette MacDonald">Jeanette MacDonald</a>, written by Broadway veteran <a href="/wiki/Guy_Bolton" title="Guy Bolton">Guy Bolton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickLove_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickLove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Song" title="The Desert Song">The Desert Song</a></i> in 1929. They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>. This was followed by the first all-color, all-talking musical feature which was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/On_with_the_Show_(1929_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="On with the Show (1929 film)">On with the Show</a></i> (1929). The most popular film of 1929 was the second all-color, all-talking feature which was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_Broadway" title="Gold Diggers of Broadway">Gold Diggers of Broadway</a></i> (1929). This film broke all box office records and remained the highest-grossing film ever produced until 1939. Suddenly, the market became flooded with musicals, revues, and operettas. The following all-color musicals were produced in 1929 and 1930 alone: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Revue_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hollywood Revue of 1929">The Hollywood Revue of 1929</a></i> (1929), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Show_of_Shows" title="The Show of Shows">The Show of Shows</a></i> (1929), <i><a href="/wiki/Sally_(1929_film)" title="Sally (1929 film)">Sally</a></i> (1929), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vagabond_King" title="The Vagabond King">The Vagabond King</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Follow_Thru" title="Follow Thru">Follow Thru</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Bright_Lights_(1930_film)" title="Bright Lights (1930 film)">Bright Lights</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(film)" title="Golden Dawn (film)">Golden Dawn</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Hold_Everything_(1930_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hold Everything (1930 film)">Hold Everything</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rogue_Song" title="The Rogue Song">The Rogue Song</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Flame_(film)" title="Song of the Flame (film)">Song of the Flame</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_West" title="Song of the West">Song of the West</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Kitty_Bellairs" title="Sweet Kitty Bellairs">Sweet Kitty Bellairs</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Under_a_Texas_Moon" title="Under a Texas Moon">Under a Texas Moon</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_the_Regiment" title="Bride of the Regiment">Bride of the Regiment</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Whoopee!_(film)" title="Whoopee! (film)">Whoopee!</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jazz" title="King of Jazz">King of Jazz</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Viennese_Nights" title="Viennese Nights">Viennese Nights</a></i> (1930), and <i><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_Again_(1931_film)" title="Kiss Me Again (1931 film)">Kiss Me Again</a></i> (1930). In addition, there were scores of musical features released with color sequences. </p><p>Hollywood released more than 100 musical films in 1930, but only 14 in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickRodgers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickRodgers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1930, audiences had been oversaturated with musicals and studios were forced to cut the music from films that were then being released. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Party_(1930_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of the Party (1930 film)">Life of the Party</a></i> (1930) was originally produced as an all-color, all-talking musical comedy. Before it was released, however, the songs were cut out. The same thing happened to <i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Million_Frenchmen" title="Fifty Million Frenchmen">Fifty Million Frenchmen</a></i> (1931) and <i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Parade" title="Manhattan Parade">Manhattan Parade</a></i> (1932) both of which had been filmed entirely in <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> sang songs successfully in her films, and <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hart" title="Rodgers and Hart">Rodgers and Hart</a> wrote a few well-received films, but even their popularity waned by 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickRodgers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickRodgers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public had quickly come to associate color with musicals and thus the decline in their popularity also resulted in a decline in color productions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Busby_Berkeley">Busby Berkeley</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Busby Berkeley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The taste in musicals revived again in 1933 when director <a href="/wiki/Busby_Berkeley" title="Busby Berkeley">Busby Berkeley</a> began to enhance the traditional dance number with ideas drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Parade_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parade (military)">drill</a> precision he had experienced as a soldier during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In films such as <i><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(film)" title="42nd Street (film)">42nd Street</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_1933" title="Gold Diggers of 1933">Gold Diggers of 1933</a></i> (1933), Berkeley choreographed a number of films in his unique style. Berkeley's numbers typically begin on a stage but gradually transcend the limitations of theatrical space: his ingenious routines, involving human bodies forming patterns like a kaleidoscope, could never fit onto a real stage and the intended perspective is viewing from straight above.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musical_stars">Musical stars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Musical stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musical stars such as <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a> were among the most popular and highly respected personalities in Hollywood during the classical era; the Fred and Ginger pairing was particularly successful, resulting in a number of classic films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Hat" title="Top Hat">Top Hat</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/Swing_Time_(film)" title="Swing Time (film)">Swing Time</a></i> (1936), and <i><a href="/wiki/Shall_We_Dance_(1937_film)" title="Shall We Dance (1937 film)">Shall We Dance</a></i> (1937). Many dramatic actors gladly participated in musicals as a way to break away from their typecasting. For instance, the multi-talented <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> had originally risen to fame as a stage singer and dancer, but his repeated casting in "tough guy" roles and <a href="/wiki/Mob_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob film">mob films</a> gave him few chances to display these talents. Cagney's <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>-winning role in <i><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle_Dandy" title="Yankee Doodle Dandy">Yankee Doodle Dandy</a></i> (1942) allowed him to sing and dance, and he considered it to be one of his finest moments. </p><p>Many comedies (and a few dramas) included their own musical numbers. The <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a>' films included a musical number in nearly every film, allowing the Brothers to highlight their musical talents. Their final film, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Happy" title="Love Happy">Love Happy</a></i> (1949), featured <a href="/wiki/Vera-Ellen" title="Vera-Ellen">Vera-Ellen</a>, considered to be the best dancer among her colleagues and professionals in the half century. </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudevillian</a> comedian <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a> joined forces with the comic actress <a href="/wiki/Martha_Raye" title="Martha Raye">Martha Raye</a> and the young comedian <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> musical anthology <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Broadcast_of_1938" title="The Big Broadcast of 1938">The Big Broadcast of 1938</a></i>. The film also showcased the talents of several internationally recognized musical artists including: <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a> (Norwegian operatic soprano), <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Pelletier" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Pelletier">Wilfred Pelletier</a> (Canadian conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera Orchestra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tito_Guizar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito Guizar">Tito Guizar</a> (Mexican tenor), <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a> conducting his Rippling Rhythm Jazz Orchestra and <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a> (Italian-American concert accordionist).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song" title="Academy Award for Best Original Song">Academy Award for Best Original Song</a> (1938), the film earned an <a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a> Film and Television Award (1989) for Bob Hope's signature song "<a href="/wiki/Thanks_for_the_Memory" title="Thanks for the Memory">Thanks for the Memory</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Freed_Unit">The Freed Unit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Freed Unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv/330px-seek%3D6-Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="248" data-durationhint="5128" data-mwtitle="Rock_Rock_Rock(1956).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rock_Rock_Rock(1956).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv/Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv/Rock_Rock_Rock%281956%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rock,_Rock,_Rock_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock, Rock, Rock (film)">Rock, Rock, Rock</a></i>, a musical movie from 1956</figcaption></figure><p>During the late 1940s and into the early 1950s, a production unit at <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> made the transition from old-fashioned musical films, whose formula had become repetitive, to something new. (However, they also produced technicolor remakes of such musicals as <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>, which had previously been filmed in the 1930s.) In 1939, Freed was hired as associate producer for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Arms_(film)" title="Babes in Arms (film)">Babes in Arms</a></i>. Starting in 1944 with <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></i>, the Freed Unit worked somewhat independently of its own studio to produce some of the most popular and well-known examples of the genre. The products of this unit include <i><a href="/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)" title="Easter Parade (film)">Easter Parade</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(film)" title="On the Town (film)">On the Town</a></i> (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a></i> (1952), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a></i> (1953) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a></i> (1958). Non-Freed musicals from the studio included <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers" title="Seven Brides for Seven Brothers">Seven Brides for Seven Brothers</a></i> in 1954 and <i><a href="/wiki/High_Society_(1956_film)" title="High Society (1956 film)">High Society</a></i> in 1956, and the studio distributed <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls_(film)" title="Guys and Dolls (film)">Guys and Dolls</a></i> in 1955. </p><p>This era saw musical stars become household names, including <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Miller" title="Ann Miller">Ann Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_O%27Connor" title="Donald O'Connor">Donald O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyd_Charisse" title="Cyd Charisse">Cyd Charisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera-Ellen" title="Vera-Ellen">Vera-Ellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Powell" title="Jane Powell">Jane Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson" title="Kathryn Grayson">Kathryn Grayson</a>. Fred Astaire was also coaxed out of retirement for <i>Easter Parade</i> and made a permanent comeback. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_MGM">Outside MGM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outside MGM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The other Hollywood studios proved themselves equally adept at tackling the genre at this time, particularly in the 1950s. Four adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a> shows - <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)" title="Oklahoma! (1955 film)">Oklahoma!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)" title="The King and I (1956 film)">The King and I</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(film)" title="Carousel (film)">Carousel</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(1958_film)" title="South Pacific (1958 film)">South Pacific</a></i> - were all successes, while <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(film)" title="White Christmas (film)">White Christmas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Face" title="Funny Face">Funny Face</a></i>, two films which used previously written music by Irving Berlin and the Gershwins, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamity Jane (film)">Calamity Jane</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(1954_film)" title="A Star Is Born (1954 film)">A Star Is Born</a></i>; the former film was a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a>, while the latter provided a big-screen comeback for Judy Garland, who had been out of the spotlight since 1950. Meanwhile, director <a href="/wiki/Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger</a>, better known for "message pictures", made <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Jones_(film)" title="Carmen Jones (film)">Carmen Jones</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(film)" title="Porgy and Bess (film)">Porgy and Bess</a></i>, both starring <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dandridge" title="Dorothy Dandridge">Dorothy Dandridge</a>, who is considered the first African American A-list film star. Celebrated director <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> also ventured into the genre with <i><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)" title="Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)">Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</a></i>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 1960s, 1970s, and continuing up to today, the musical film became less of a bankable genre that could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1960s_musical">The 1960s musical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The 1960s musical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(1962_film)" title="Gypsy (1962 film)">Gypsy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Man_(1962_film)" title="The Music Man (1962 film)">The Music Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bye_Bye_Birdie_(1963_film)" title="Bye Bye Birdie (1963 film)">Bye Bye Birdie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Funny_Thing_Happened_on_the_Way_to_the_Forum_(film)" title="A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (film)">A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)" title="The Jungle Book (1967 film)">The Jungle Book</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie">Thoroughly Modern Millie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!_(film)" title="Oliver! (film)">Oliver!</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)" title="Funny Girl (film)">Funny Girl</a></i> suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musicals <i><a href="/wiki/The_Umbrellas_of_Cherbourg" title="The Umbrellas of Cherbourg">The Umbrellas of Cherbourg</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Girls_of_Rochefort" title="The Young Girls of Rochefort">The Young Girls of Rochefort</a></i> were popular with international critics. However popular musical tastes were being heavily affected by <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and the freedom and youth associated with it, and indeed <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> made a few films that have been equated with the old musicals in terms of form. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(film)" title="A Hard Day's Night (film)">A Hard Day's Night</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Help!_(film)" title="Help! (film)">Help!</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, were audacious. Most of the musical films of the 1950s and 1960s such as <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)" title="Oklahoma! (1955 film)">Oklahoma!</a></i> and <i>The Sound of Music</i> were straightforward adaptations or restagings of successful stage productions. The most successful musicals of the 1960s created specifically for film were <i>Mary Poppins</i> and <i>The Jungle Book</i>, two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. </p><p>The phenomenal box-office performance of <i>The Sound of Music</i> gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included <i><a href="/wiki/Camelot_(film)" title="Camelot (film)">Camelot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Finian%27s_Rainbow_(1968_film)" title="Finian's Rainbow (1968 film)">Finian's Rainbow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(film)" title="Hello, Dolly! (film)">Hello Dolly!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Charity_(film)" title="Sweet Charity (film)">Sweet Charity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Dolittle (film)">Doctor Dolittle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Half_a_Sixpence_(film)" title="Half a Sixpence (film)">Half a Sixpence</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Happiest_Millionaire" title="The Happiest Millionaire">The Happiest Millionaire</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Darling_Lili" title="Darling Lili">Darling Lili</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1969_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paint_Your_Wagon_(film)" title="Paint Your Wagon (film)">Paint Your Wagon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Norway_(film)" title="Song of Norway (film)">Song of Norway</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever_(film)" title="On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)">On a Clear Day You Can See Forever</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1776</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha_(film)" title="Man of La Mancha (film)">Man of La Mancha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Horizon_(1973_film)" title="Lost Horizon (1973 film)">Lost Horizon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mame_(film)" title="Mame (film)">Mame</a></i>. Collectively and individually these failures affected the financial viability of several major studios. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, film culture and the changing demographics of filmgoers placed greater emphasis on gritty realism, while the pure entertainment and theatricality of classical-era Hollywood musicals was seen as old-fashioned. Despite this, <i><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof_(film)" title="Fiddler on the Roof (film)">Fiddler on the Roof</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cabaret_(1972_film)" title="Cabaret (1972 film)">Cabaret</a></i> were more traditional musicals closely adapted from stage shows and were strong successes with critics and audiences. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution_in_1960s_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual revolution in 1960s America">Changing cultural mores</a> and the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Hays Code</a> in 1968 also contributed to changing tastes in film audiences. The 1973 film of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rice" title="Tim Rice">Tim Rice</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(film)" title="Jesus Christ Superstar (film)">Jesus Christ Superstar</a></i> was met with some criticism by religious groups but was well received. By the mid-1970s, filmmakers avoided the genre in favor of using music by popular rock or pop bands as background music, partly in hope of selling a <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack_album" title="Soundtrack album">soundtrack album</a> to fans. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i> was originally released in 1975 and was a critical failure until it started <a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight screenings</a> in the 1980s where it achieved cult status. That same year also saw the premiere of the R&B band <a href="/wiki/Bloodstone_(band)" title="Bloodstone (band)">Bloodstone</a>'s movie <i><a href="/wiki/Train_Ride_to_Hollywood" title="Train Ride to Hollywood">Train Ride to Hollywood</a></i>, but problems in distribution rendered it barely getting token theatrical release. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 1976 saw the release of the low-budget comic musical, <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Nudie_Musical" title="The First Nudie Musical">The First Nudie Musical</a></i>, released by Paramount. The 1978 film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Grease_(film)" title="Grease (film)">Grease</a></i> was a smash hit; its songs were original compositions done in a 1950s pop style. However, the sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Grease_2" title="Grease 2">Grease 2</a></i> (released in 1982) bombed at the box-office. Films about performers which incorporated gritty drama and musical numbers interwoven as a <a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">diegetic</a> part of the storyline were produced, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Sings_the_Blues_(film)" title="Lady Sings the Blues (film)">Lady Sings the Blues</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/All_That_Jazz_(film)" title="All That Jazz (film)">All That Jazz</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York_(1977_film)" title="New York, New York (1977 film)">New York, New York</a></i>. Some musicals made in Britain experimented with the form, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War" title="Oh! What a Lovely War">Oh! What a Lovely War</a></i> (released in 1969), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Parker" title="Alan Parker">Alan Parker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bugsy_Malone" title="Bugsy Malone">Bugsy Malone</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tommy_(1975_film)" title="Tommy (1975 film)">Tommy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lisztomania_(film)" title="Lisztomania (film)">Lisztomania</a></i>. </p><p>A number of film musicals were still being made that were financially and/or critically less successful than in the musical's heyday. They include <i><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1776</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)">The Wiz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/At_Long_Last_Love" title="At Long Last Love">At Long Last Love</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mame_(film)" title="Mame (film)">Mame</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha" title="Man of La Mancha">Man of La Mancha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Horizon_(1973_film)" title="Lost Horizon (1973 film)">Lost Horizon</a></i>,<i> <a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Paradise" title="Phantom of the Paradise">Phantom of the Paradise</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Lady" title="Funny Lady">Funny Lady</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>'s sequel to <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)" title="Funny Girl (film)">Funny Girl</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Night_Music_(film)" title="A Little Night Music (film)">A Little Night Music</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hair_(film)" title="Hair (film)">Hair</a></i> amongst others. The critical wrath against <i><a href="/wiki/At_Long_Last_Love" title="At Long Last Love">At Long Last Love</a></i>, in particular, was so strong that it was never released on home video. Fantasy musical films <i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1970_film)" title="Scrooge (1970 film)">Scrooge</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(1976_film)" title="The Blue Bird (1976 film)">The Blue Bird</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince_(1974_film)" title="The Little Prince (1974 film)">The Little Prince</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pete%27s_Dragon_(1977_film)" title="Pete's Dragon (1977 film)">Pete's Dragon</a></i>, and Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks" title="Bedknobs and Broomsticks">Bedknobs and Broomsticks</a></i> were also released in the 1970s, the latter winning the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects" title="Academy Award for Best Visual Effects">Academy Award for Best Visual Effects</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_to_1990s">1980s to 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980s to 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1980s, financiers grew increasingly confident in the musical genre, partly buoyed by the relative health of the musical on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">London's West End</a>. Productions of the 1980s and 1990s included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apple_(1980_film)" title="The Apple (1980 film)">The Apple</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xanadu_(film)" title="Xanadu (film)">Xanadu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_(1982_film)" title="Annie (1982 film)">Annie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life">Monty Python's The Meaning of Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_Little_Whorehouse_in_Texas_(film)" title="The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)">The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Victor/Victoria" title="Victor/Victoria">Victor/Victoria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Footloose_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Footloose (1984 film)">Footloose</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Forward_(film)" title="Fast Forward (film)">Fast Forward</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line_(film)" title="A Chorus Line (film)">A Chorus Line</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(1986_film)" title="Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)">Little Shop of Horrors</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Zone" title="Forbidden Zone">Forbidden Zone</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(film)" title="Absolute Beginners (film)">Absolute Beginners</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)" title="Labyrinth (1986 film)">Labyrinth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Newsies" title="Newsies">Newsies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Evita_(1996_film)" title="Evita (1996 film)">Evita</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Everyone_Says_I_Love_You" title="Everyone Says I Love You">Everyone Says I Love You</a></i>. However, <i><a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Music" title="Can't Stop the Music">Can't Stop the Music</a></i>, starring the <a href="/wiki/Village_People" title="Village People">Village People</a>, was a calamitous attempt to resurrect the old-style musical and was released to audience indifference in 1980. <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(1986_film)" title="Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)">Little Shop of Horrors</a></i> was based on an off-Broadway musical adaptation of a 1960 Roger Corman film, a precursor of later film-to-stage-to-film adaptations, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Producers_(1968_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Producers (1968 film)">The Producers</a></i>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated films</a> of the period – predominately from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney_theatrical_animated_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Disney theatrical animated features">Disney</a> – included traditional musical numbers. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (composer)">Stephen Schwartz</a> had previous musical theater experience and wrote songs for animated films during this time, supplanting Disney workhorses the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Brothers" title="Sherman Brothers">Sherman Brothers</a>. Starting with 1989's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a> gave new life to the musical film. Other successful animated musicals included <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)" title="Pocahontas (1995 film)">Pocahontas</a></i> from Disney proper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a></i> from Disney division Touchstone Pictures, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt" title="The Prince of Egypt">The Prince of Egypt</a></i> from DreamWorks, <i><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)" title="Anastasia (1997 film)">Anastasia</a></i> from Fox and Don Bluth, <a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a> from Columbia, and <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park:_Bigger,_Longer_%26_Uncut" title="South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut">South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut</a></i> from Paramount. <a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"><i>Beauty and the Beast</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i>, and others were adapted for the stage after their blockbuster success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000-now:_The_second-classical_era_or_New_Musical_Era">2000-now: The second-classical era or New Musical Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000-now: The second-classical era or New Musical Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st-century_musicals_or_New_Age">21st-century musicals or New Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st-century musicals or New Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, movie musicals were reborn with darker musicals, musical biopics, epic drama musicals and comedy drama musicals such as <a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?"><i>O Brother, Where Art Thou?</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(2002_film)" title="Chicago (2002 film)">Chicago</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Walk_the_Line" title="Walk the Line">Walk the Line</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)" title="Dreamgirls (film)">Dreamgirls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)">Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)" title="Les Misérables (2012 film)">Les Misérables</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_La_Land" title="La La Land">La La Land</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">West Side Story</a></i>; all of which won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Musical_or_Comedy" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy">Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy</a> in their respective years, while such films as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(2007_film)" title="Hairspray (2007 film)">Hairspray</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(film)" title="Mamma Mia! (film)">Mamma Mia!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nine_(2009_live-action_film)" title="Nine (2009 live-action film)">Nine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)" title="Into the Woods (film)">Into the Woods</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman" title="The Greatest Showman">The Greatest Showman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_Returns" title="Mary Poppins Returns">Mary Poppins Returns</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rocketman_(film)" title="Rocketman (film)">Rocketman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_(film)" title="Cyrano (film)">Cyrano</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tick,_Tick..._Boom!_(film)" title="Tick, Tick... Boom! (film)">Tick, Tick... Boom!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)" title="Elvis (2022 film)">Elvis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(2023_film)" title="The Color Purple (2023 film)">The Color Purple</a></i> were only nominated. <i>Chicago</i> was also the first musical since <i>Oliver!</i> to win Best Picture at the Academy Awards. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Oppenheimer" title="Joshua Oppenheimer">Joshua Oppenheimer</a>'s Academy Award-nominated documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Act_of_Killing" title="The Act of Killing">The Act of Killing</a></i> may be considered a nonfiction musical.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One specific musical trend was the rising number of <a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukebox musicals">jukebox musicals</a> based on music from various pop/rock artists on the big screen, some of which based on Broadway shows. Examples of Broadway-based jukebox musical films included <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)" title="Mamma Mia! (musical)">Mamma Mia</a>!</i> (<a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Ages_(2012_film)" title="Rock of Ages (2012 film)">Rock of Ages</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_on_Leith_(film)" title="Sunshine on Leith (film)">Sunshine on Leith</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Proclaimers" title="The Proclaimers">The Proclaimers</a>). Original ones included <i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_Universe_(film)" title="Across the Universe (film)">Across the Universe</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>), <i>Moulin Rouge!</i> (various pop hits), <i><a href="/wiki/Idlewild_(film)" title="Idlewild (film)">Idlewild</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(2019_film)" title="Yesterday (2019 film)">Yesterday</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>). </p><p>Disney also returned to musicals with <i>Enchanted</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Frog" title="The Princess and the Frog">The Princess and the Frog</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(2011_film)" title="Winnie the Pooh (2011 film)">Winnie the Pooh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppets_(2011_film)" title="The Muppets (2011 film)">The Muppets</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muppets_Most_Wanted" title="Muppets Most Wanted">Muppets Most Wanted</a></i>, <i>Into the Woods</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moana_(2016_film)" title="Moana (2016 film)">Moana</a></i>, <i>Mary Poppins Returns</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Frozen II">Frozen II</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encanto" title="Encanto">Encanto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Better_Nate_Than_Ever_(film)" title="Better Nate Than Ever (film)">Better Nate Than Ever</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Disenchanted_(film)" title="Disenchanted (film)">Disenchanted</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wish_(film)" title="Wish (film)">Wish</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moana_2" title="Moana 2">Moana 2</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mufasa:_The_Lion_King" title="Mufasa: The Lion King">Mufasa: The Lion King</a></i>. Following a string of successes with <a href="/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)" title="101 Dalmatians (1996 film)">live</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)">action</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(2015_Disney_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinderella (2015 Disney film)">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Pete%27s_Dragon_(2016_film)" title="Pete's Dragon (2016 film)">adaptations</a> of several of their <a href="/wiki/Maleficent_(film)" title="Maleficent (film)">animated</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)" title="The Jungle Book (2016 film)">features</a>, Disney produced a live action version of <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>, the first of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical, and features new songs as well as new lyrics to both the <a href="/wiki/Gaston_(song)" title="Gaston (song)">Gaston</a> number and the reprise of the title song. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Condon" title="Bill Condon">Bill Condon</a>, who directed <i><a href="/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)" title="Dreamgirls (film)">Dreamgirls</a></i>, directed <i>Beauty and the Beast</i>. The second film of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical was <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(2019_film)" title="Aladdin (2019 film)">Aladdin</a></i> and features new songs. The third film of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)" title="The Lion King (2019 film)">The Lion King</a></i> and features new songs. The fourth film of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(2023_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (2023 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> and features new songs with lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a>, replacing Ashman. <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> also produced <i><a href="/wiki/Coco_(2017_film)" title="Coco (2017 film)">Coco</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Computer-animated" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-animated">computer-animated</a> musical film by the company. Other animated musical films include <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_(2011_film)" title="Rio (2011 film)">Rio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lorax_(film)" title="The Lorax (film)">Dr. Seuss' The Lorax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_2" title="Rio 2">Rio 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Life_(2014_film)" title="The Book of Life (2014 film)">The Book of Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trolls_(film)" title="Trolls (film)">Trolls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sing_(2016_American_film)" title="Sing (2016 American film)">Sing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_The_Movie_(2017_film)" title="My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)">My Little Pony: The Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Smallfoot_(film)" title="Smallfoot (film)">Smallfoot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/UglyDolls" title="UglyDolls">UglyDolls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trolls_World_Tour" title="Trolls World Tour">Trolls World Tour</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Moon_(2020_film)" title="Over the Moon (2020 film)">Over the Moon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vivo_(film)" title="Vivo (film)">Vivo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sing_2" title="Sing 2">Sing 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bob%27s_Burgers_Movie" title="The Bob's Burgers Movie">The Bob's Burgers Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Boardwalk_(2023_film)" title="Under the Boardwalk (2023 film)">Under the Boardwalk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trolls_Band_Together" title="Trolls Band Together">Trolls Band Together</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_(2023_American_film)" title="Leo (2023 American film)">Leo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thelma_the_Unicorn" title="Thelma the Unicorn">Thelma the Unicorn</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(2024_film)" title="Spellbound (2024 film)">Spellbound</a></i>. </p><p>Biopics about music artists and showmen were also big in the 21st century. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/8_Mile_(film)" title="8 Mile (film)">8 Mile</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Ray_(film)" title="Ray (film)">Ray</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Walk_the_Line" title="Walk the Line">Walk the Line</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="June Carter">June Carter</a>), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Vie_en_rose_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vie en rose (film)">La Vie en Rose</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Notorious_(2009_film)" title="Notorious (2009 film)">Notorious</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Biggie_Smalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Biggie Smalls">Biggie Smalls</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Boys_(film)" title="Jersey Boys (film)">Jersey Boys</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)" title="The Four Seasons (band)">The Four Seasons</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Love_%26_Mercy_(film)" title="Love & Mercy (film)">Love & Mercy</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/CrazySexyCool:_The_TLC_Story" title="CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story">CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/TLC_(group)" title="TLC (group)">TLC</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Aaliyah:_The_Princess_of_R%26B" title="Aaliyah: The Princess of R&B">Aaliyah: The Princess of R&B</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Get_on_Up_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Get on Up (film)">Get on Up</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_(2015_film)" title="Whitney (2015 film)">Whitney</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston:_I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody" title="Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody">I Wanna Dance With Somebody</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton_(film)" title="Straight Outta Compton (film)">Straight Outta Compton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman" title="The Greatest Showman">The Greatest Showman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody_(film)" title="Bohemian Rhapsody (film)">Bohemian Rhapsody</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirt_(film)" title="The Dirt (film)">The Dirt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Judy_(2019_film)" title="Judy (2019 film)">Judy</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Rocketman_(film)" title="Rocketman (film)">Rocketman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Respect_(2021_American_film)" title="Respect (2021 American film)">Respect</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)" title="Elvis (2022 film)">Elvis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>). Grossing over $900 million at the box office <i>Bohemian Rhapsody</i> is the most commercially successful musical biopic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Director <a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> created a musical film called <i><a href="/wiki/La_La_Land" title="La La Land">La La Land</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gosling" title="Ryan Gosling">Ryan Gosling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Stone" title="Emma Stone">Emma Stone</a>. It was meant to reintroduce the traditional jazz style of song numbers with influences from the Golden Age of Hollywood and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a>'s French musicals while incorporating a contemporary/modern take on the story and characters with balances in fantasy numbers and grounded reality. It received 14 nominations at the <a href="/wiki/89th_Academy_Awards" title="89th Academy Awards">89th Academy Awards</a>, tying the record for most nominations with <i><a href="/wiki/All_About_Eve" title="All About Eve">All About Eve</a></i> (1950) and <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> (1997), and won the awards for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="Academy Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song" title="Academy Award for Best Original Song">Best Original Song</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Production Design">Best Production Design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Live!_television_events"><span id="Live.21_television_events"></span>Live! television events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Live! television events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_Live!" title="The Sound of Music Live!">The Sound of Music Live!</a></i> as part of their effort for expanded live entertainment events, which became an annual tradition of adaptations of stage musicals, created specifically as live television events. The following years featured <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_Live!" title="Peter Pan Live!">Peter Pan Live!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_Live!" title="The Wiz Live!">The Wiz Live!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hairspray_Live!" title="Hairspray Live!">Hairspray Live!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar_Live!" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ Superstar Live!">Jesus Christ Superstar Live!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss%27_The_Grinch_Musical_Live!" title="Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical Live!">Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical Live!</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Live!" title="Annie Live!">Annie Live!</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> also produced similar events, including <i><a href="/wiki/Grease_Live!" title="Grease Live!">Grease Live!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story_Live!" title="A Christmas Story Live!">A Christmas Story Live!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rent:_Live" title="Rent: Live">Rent: Live</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_Live!" title="The Little Mermaid Live!">The Little Mermaid Live!</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_musical_films">Indian musical films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian musical films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg/220px-Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg/330px-Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg/440px-Bollywood_dance_show_in_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> dances usually follow or are choreographed to <i><a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bollywood_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood songs">Bollywood songs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Music of Bollywood</a></div> <p>An exception to the decline of the musical film is <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian cinema</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Bollywood film industry</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (formerly Bombay), where most of films have been, and still are, musicals. The majority of films produced in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil industry</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (formerly Madras), the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Sandalwood industry</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu industry</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam industry</a> are also musicals. </p><p>Despite this exception of almost every Indian movie being a musical and India producing the most movies in the world (formed in 1913), the first Bollywood film to be a complete musical, <i><a href="/wiki/Dev_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev D">Dev D</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap" title="Anurag Kashyap">Anurag Kashyap</a>), came in 2009. The second musical film to follow was <i><a href="/wiki/Jagga_Jasoos" title="Jagga Jasoos">Jagga Jasoos</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Anurag_Basu" title="Anurag Basu">Anurag Basu</a>), in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_sound_films_(1930s–1940s)"><span id="Early_sound_films_.281930s.E2.80.931940s.29"></span>Early sound films (1930s–1940s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early sound films (1930s–1940s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achhut_Kanya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Achhut_Kanya.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Melodrama and romance are common ingredients to Bollywood films. Pictured <i><a href="/wiki/Achhut_Kannya" title="Achhut Kannya">Achhut Kanya</a></i> (1936)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bollywood_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood music">Bollywood musicals</a> have their roots in the traditional musical <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">theatre of India</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_musical_theatre" title="Classical Indian musical theatre">classical Indian musical theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parsi_theatre" title="Parsi theatre">Parsi theatre</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> filmmakers combined these Indian musical theatre traditions with the musical film format that emerged from early Hollywood sound films.<sup id="cite_ref-Gokulsing_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early influences on Bombay filmmakers included <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Indian sound film, <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Irani" title="Ardeshir Irani">Ardeshir Irani</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a></i> (1931), was a major commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming. </p><p>In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of <i>Alam Ara</i> fame, made the first colour film in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Kanya" title="Kisan Kanya">Kisan Kanya</a></i>. The next year, he made another colour film, a version of <i>Mother India</i>. However, colour did not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_(late_1940s–1960s)"><span id="Golden_Age_.28late_1940s.E2.80.931960s.29"></span>Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's independence</a>, the period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the "Golden Age" of <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a></i> (1957) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kaagaz_Ke_Phool" title="Kaagaz Ke Phool">Kaagaz Ke Phool</a></i> (1959), directed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Abrar_Alvi" title="Abrar Alvi">Abrar Alvi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Awaara" title="Awaara">Awaara</a></i> (1951) and <i><a href="/wiki/Shree_420" title="Shree 420">Shree 420</a></i> (1955), directed by <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Aan" title="Aan">Aan</a></i> (1952), directed by <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a>. These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class life in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, particularly urban life in the former two examples; <i>Awaara</i> presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, while <i>Pyaasa</i> critiqued the unreality of city life.<sup id="cite_ref-Gokulsing-18_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a></i> (1957), a remake of his earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Aurat_(1940_film)" title="Aurat (1940 film)">Aurat</a></i> (1940), was the first Indian film to be nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>, which it lost by a single vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Thaindian_1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaindian_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mother India</i> was also an important film that defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and early 1970s, the industry was dominated by musical <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance films</a> with "romantic hero" leads, the most popular being <a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Khanna" title="Rajesh Khanna">Rajesh Khanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other actors during this period include <a href="/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor" title="Shammi Kapoor">Shammi Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeetendra" title="Jeetendra">Jeetendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Kumar" title="Sanjeev Kumar">Sanjeev Kumar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor" title="Shashi Kapoor">Shashi Kapoor</a>, and actresses like <a href="/wiki/Sharmila_Tagore" title="Sharmila Tagore">Sharmila Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_(Indian_actress)" title="Mumtaz (Indian actress)">Mumtaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saira_Banu" title="Saira Banu">Saira Banu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_(actress)" title="Helen (actress)">Helen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asha_Parekh" title="Asha Parekh">Asha Parekh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_Bollywood_(1970s–1980s)"><span id="Classic_Bollywood_.281970s.E2.80.931980s.29"></span>Classic Bollywood (1970s–1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classic Bollywood (1970s–1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the start of the 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,<sup id="cite_ref-raj_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raj-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dominated by musical <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of screenwriter duo <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan" title="Salim Khan">Salim Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a>, marked a paradigm shift, revitalizing the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-raj_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raj-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began the genre of gritty, violent, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld films">Bombay underworld crime films</a> in the early 1970s, with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zanjeer_(1973_film)" title="Zanjeer (1973 film)">Zanjeer</a></i> (1973) and <i><a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a></i> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-ganti_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganti-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1970s was also when the name "Bollywood" was coined,<sup id="cite_ref-collaco_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collaco-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khanna_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khanna-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the quintessential conventions of commercial Bollywood films were established.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key to this was the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala film</a> genre, which combines elements of multiple genres (<a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>, musical). The masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Hussain" title="Nasir Hussain">Nasir Hussain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with screenwriter duo Salim-Javed,<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pioneering the Bollywood <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaadon Ki Baarat">Yaadon Ki Baarat</a></i> (1973), directed by Hussain and written by Salim-Javed, has been identified as the first masala film and the "first" quintessentially "Bollywood" film.<sup id="cite_ref-bhaumik_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salim-Javed went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masala films launched <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> into the biggest Bollywood movie star of the 1970s and 1980s. A landmark for the masala film genre was <i><a href="/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony" title="Amar Akbar Anthony">Amar Akbar Anthony</a></i> (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-Dwyer2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhaumik_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directed by <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Desai" title="Manmohan Desai">Manmohan Desai</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a>. Manmohan Desai went on to successfully exploit the genre in the 1970s and 1980s. </p><p>Along with Bachchan, other popular actors of this era included <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_(actor)" title="Feroz Khan (actor)">Feroz Khan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-funky_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-funky-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty" title="Mithun Chakraborty">Mithun Chakraborty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Shroff" title="Jackie Shroff">Jackie Shroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt" title="Sanjay Dutt">Sanjay Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anil_Kapoor" title="Anil Kapoor">Anil Kapoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Deol" title="Sunny Deol">Sunny Deol</a>. Actresses from this era included <a href="/wiki/Hema_Malini" title="Hema Malini">Hema Malini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bachchan" title="Jaya Bachchan">Jaya Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhee_Gulzar" title="Rakhee Gulzar">Raakhee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Azmi" title="Shabana Azmi">Shabana Azmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeenat_Aman" title="Zeenat Aman">Zeenat Aman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parveen_Babi" title="Parveen Babi">Parveen Babi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekha" title="Rekha">Rekha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia" title="Dimple Kapadia">Dimple Kapadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smita_Patil" title="Smita Patil">Smita Patil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prada" title="Jaya Prada">Jaya Prada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmini_Kolhapure" title="Padmini Kolhapure">Padmini Kolhapure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actorsuntil90_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actorsuntil90-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Bollywood_(1990s–present)"><span id="New_Bollywood_.281990s.E2.80.93present.29"></span>New Bollywood (1990s–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Bollywood (1990s–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle-class family audiences abandoning theaters. The turning point came with <i><a href="/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak" title="Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak">Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak</a></i> (1988), directed by <a href="/wiki/Mansoor_Khan" title="Mansoor Khan">Mansoor Khan</a>, written and produced by his father <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Hussain" title="Nasir Hussain">Nasir Hussain</a>, and starring his cousin <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Juhi_Chawla" title="Juhi Chawla">Juhi Chawla</a>. Its blend of youthfulness, wholesome entertainment, emotional quotients and strong melodies lured family audiences back to the big screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Chintamani_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chintamani-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It set a new template for Bollywood musical romance films that defined Hindi cinema in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of Hindi cinema from the 1990s onwards is referred to as "New Bollywood" cinema,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linked to <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economic liberalisation in India</a> during the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1990s, the pendulum had swung back toward family-centric romantic musicals. <i>Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak</i> was followed by blockbusters such as <i><a href="/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya" title="Maine Pyar Kiya">Maine Pyar Kiya</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Chandni_(1989_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandni (1989 film)">Chandni</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Kaun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hum Aapke Hain Kaun">Hum Aapke Hain Kaun</a></i> (1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Hindustani" title="Raja Hindustani">Raja Hindustani</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil To Pagal Hai">Dil To Pagal Hai</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Pyaar_To_Hona_Hi_Tha" title="Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha">Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha</a></i> (1998) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a></i> (1998). A new generation of popular actors emerged, such as Aamir Khan, <a href="/wiki/Aditya_Pancholi" title="Aditya Pancholi">Aditya Pancholi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Devgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajay Devgan">Ajay Devgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar" title="Akshay Kumar">Akshay Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan_family" title="Salim Khan family">Salim Khan's son</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shahrukh Khan</a>, and actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit" title="Madhuri Dixit">Madhuri Dixit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sridevi" title="Sridevi">Sridevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhi_Chawla" title="Juhi Chawla">Juhi Chawla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Seshadri" title="Meenakshi Seshadri">Meenakshi Seshadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manisha_Koirala" title="Manisha Koirala">Manisha Koirala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajol" title="Kajol">Kajol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor" title="Karisma Kapoor">Karisma Kapoor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actorsuntil90_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actorsuntil90-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "<a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood" title="Khans of Bollywood">Three Khans</a>": <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-desiblitz_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined, they have starred in most of the top ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing Bollywood films">highest-grossing Bollywood films</a>. The three Khans have had successful careers since the late 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-desiblitz_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Western_films_(2000s–present)"><span id="Influence_on_Western_films_.282000s.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Influence on Western films (2000s–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence on Western films (2000s–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann" title="Baz Luhrmann">Baz Luhrmann</a> stated that his successful musical film <i><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a></i> (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film pays homage to India, incorporating an Indian-themed play and a Bollywood-style dance sequence with a song from the film <i><a href="/wiki/China_Gate_(1998_film)" title="China Gate (1998 film)">China Gate</a></i>. The critical and financial success of <i>Moulin Rouge!</i> renewed interest in the then-moribund Western live action musical genre, and subsequently films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(2002_film)" title="Chicago (2002 film)">Chicago</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Producers_(2005_film)" title="The Producers (2005 film)">The Producers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rent_(film)" title="Rent (film)">Rent</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)" title="Dreamgirls (film)">Dreamgirls</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(2007_film)" title="Hairspray (2007 film)">Hairspray</a></i> were produced, fueling a renaissance of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guru_(2002_film)" title="The Guru (2002 film)">The Guru</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_40-Year-Old_Virgin" title="The 40-Year-Old Virgin">The 40-Year-Old Virgin</a></i> also feature Indian-style song-and-dance sequences; the Bollywood musical <i><a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a></i> (2001) was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>; two other Bollywood films <i><a href="/wiki/Devdas_(2002_Hindi_film)" title="Devdas (2002 Hindi film)">Devdas</a></i> (2002) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti" title="Rang De Basanti">Rang De Basanti</a></i> (2006) were nominated for the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Not_in_the_English_Language" title="BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language">BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winning <i><a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a></i> (2008) also features a Bollywood-style song-and-dance number during the film's end credits, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallika (page does not exist)">Tallika</a></i> (2022) was the first movie with Maximum Genres of Music Composed by Maharaja and registered as a World Record Holder in Music,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_musical_films">Spanish musical films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spanish musical films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain has a history and tradition of musical films that were made independent of Hollywood influence. The first films arise during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> of the 1930s and the advent of <a href="/wiki/Sound_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound films">sound films</a>. A few <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuelas</a> (Spanish <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>) were even adapted as screenplays during the silent era. The beginnings of the Spanish musical were focused on romantic Spanish archetypes: <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> villages and landscapes, gypsies, "bandoleros", and <a href="/wiki/Copla_(music)" title="Copla (music)">copla</a> and other popular folk songs included in story development. These films had even more box-office success than Hollywood premieres in Spain. The first Spanish film stars came from the musical genre: <a href="/wiki/Imperio_Argentina" title="Imperio Argentina">Imperio Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrellita_Castro" title="Estrellita Castro">Estrellita Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flori%C3%A1n_Rey" title="Florián Rey">Florián Rey</a> (director) and, later, <a href="/wiki/Lola_Flores" title="Lola Flores">Lola Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Montiel" title="Sara Montiel">Sara Montiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Sevilla" title="Carmen Sevilla">Carmen Sevilla</a>. The Spanish musical started to expand and grow. Juvenile stars appear and top the box-office. <a href="/wiki/Marisol_(actress)" title="Marisol (actress)">Marisol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joselito_(singer)" title="Joselito (singer)">Joselito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pili_and_Mili" title="Pili and Mili">Pili & Mili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_D%C3%BArcal" title="Rocío Dúrcal">Rocío Dúrcal</a> were the major figures of musical films from the 1960s to 1970s. Due to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> and the rise of "<a href="/wiki/La_Movida_Madrile%C3%B1a" title="La Movida Madrileña">Movida culture</a>", the musical genre fell in production and box-office, only saved by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> musical films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_musical_film_under_Stalin">Soviet musical film under Stalin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Soviet musical film under Stalin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the musical films of Hollywood and Bollywood, popularly identified with escapism, the Soviet musical was first and foremost a form of propaganda. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> said that cinema was "the most important of the arts". His successor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, also recognized the power of cinema in efficiently spreading Communist Party doctrine. Films were widely popular in the 1920s, but it was foreign cinema that dominated the Soviet filmgoing market. Films from Germany and the U.S. proved more entertaining than Soviet director <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s historical dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s it was clear that if the Soviet cinema was to compete with its Western counterparts, it would have to give audiences what they wanted: the glamour and fantasy they got from Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musical film, which emerged at that time, embodied the ideal combination of entertainment and official ideology. </p><p>A struggle between laughter for laughter's sake and entertainment with a clear ideological message would define the golden age of the Soviet musical of the 1930s and 1940s. Then-head of the film industry <a href="/wiki/Boris_Shumyatsky" title="Boris Shumyatsky">Boris Shumyatsky</a> sought to emulate Hollywood's conveyor belt method of production, going so far as to suggest the establishment of a Soviet Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jolly_Fellows"><i>The Jolly Fellows</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Jolly Fellows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1930, the esteemed Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein went to the United States with fellow director <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a> to study Hollywood's filmmaking process. The American films greatly impacted Aleksandrov, particularly the musicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranga._East_Side_Story_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranga._East_Side_Story-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned in 1932, and in 1934 directed <a href="/wiki/Jolly_Fellows_(1934_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolly Fellows (1934 film)"><i>The Jolly Fellows</i></a>, the first Soviet musical. The film was light on plot and focused more on the comedy and musical numbers. Party officials at first met the film with great hostility. Aleksandrov defended his work by arguing the notion of laughter for laughter's sake.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, when Aleksandrov showed the film to Stalin, the leader decided that musicals were an effective means of spreading propaganda. Messages like the importance of collective labor and rags-to-riches stories would become the plots of most Soviet musicals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Movies_for_the_Millions""><span id=".22Movies_for_the_Millions.22"></span>"Movies for the Millions"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: "Movies for the Millions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of <i>The Jolly Fellows</i> ensured a place in Soviet cinema for the musical format, but immediately Shumyatsky set strict guidelines to make sure the films promoted Communist values. Shumyatsky's decree "Movies for the Millions" demanded conventional plots, characters, and montage to successfully portray <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist Realism</a> (the glorification of industry and the working class) on film.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first successful blend of a social message and entertainment was Aleksandrov's <a href="/wiki/Circus_(1936_film)" title="Circus (1936 film)"><i>Circus</i></a> (1936). It starred his wife, <a href="/wiki/Lyubov_Orlova" title="Lyubov Orlova">Lyubov Orlova</a> (an operatic singer who had also appeared in <i>The Jolly Fellows</i>) as an American circus performer who has to immigrate to the USSR from the U.S. because she has a mixed-race child, whom she had with a black man. Amidst the backdrop of lavish musical productions, she finally finds love and acceptance in the USSR, providing the message that racial tolerance can only be found in the Soviet Union. </p><p>The influence of <a href="/wiki/Busby_Berkeley" title="Busby Berkeley">Busby Berkeley</a>'s choreography on Aleksandrov's directing can be seen in the musical number leading up to the climax. Another, more obvious reference to Hollywood is the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> impersonator who provides comic relief throughout the film. Four million people in Moscow and Leningrad went to see <i>Circus</i> during its first month in theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another of Aleksandrov's more-popular films was <i>The Bright Path</i> (1940). This was a reworking of the fairytale <i>Cinderella,</i> set in the contemporary Soviet Union. The Cinderella of the story was again Orlova, who by this time was the most popular star in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a fantasy tale, but the moral of the story was that a better life comes from hard work. Whereas in <i>Circus</i>, the musical numbers involved dancing and spectacle, the only type of choreography in <i>Bright Path</i> is the movement of factory machines. The music was limited to Orlova's singing. Here, work provided the spectacle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivan_Pyryev">Ivan Pyryev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ivan Pyryev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The other director of musical films was <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pyryev" title="Ivan Pyryev">Ivan Pyryev</a>. Unlike Aleksandrov, the focus of Pyryev's films was life on the collective farms. His films, <i>Tractor Drivers</i> (1939), <i>The Swineherd and the Shepherd</i> (1941), and his most famous, <i><a href="/wiki/Cossacks_of_the_Kuban" title="Cossacks of the Kuban">Cossacks of the Kuban</a></i> (1949) all starred his wife, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Ladynina" title="Marina Ladynina">Marina Ladynina</a>. Like in Aleksandrov's <i>Bright Path</i>, the only choreography was the work the characters were doing on film. Even the songs were about the joys of working. </p><p>Rather than having a specific message for any of his films, Pyryev promoted Stalin's slogan "life has become better, life has become more joyous."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes this message was in stark contrast with the reality of the time. During the filming of <i>Cossacks of the Kuban</i>, the Soviet Union was going through a postwar famine. In reality, the actors who were singing about a time of prosperity were hungry and malnourished.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films did, however, provide escapism and optimism for the viewing public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volga-Volga"><i>Volga-Volga</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Volga-Volga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga-volga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Volga-volga.jpg/220px-Volga-volga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Volga-volga.jpg/330px-Volga-volga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Volga-volga.jpg/440px-Volga-volga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Volga-Volga" title="Volga-Volga">Volga-Volga</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular film of the brief era of Stalinist musicals was Alexandrov's 1938 film <i><a href="/wiki/Volga-Volga" title="Volga-Volga">Volga-Volga</a></i>. The star, again, was Lyubov Orlova and the film featured singing and dancing, having nothing to do with work. It is the most unusual of its type. The plot surrounds a love story between two individuals who want to play music. They are unrepresentative of Soviet values in that their focus is more on their music than their jobs. The gags poke fun at the local authorities and bureaucracy. There is no glorification of industry since it takes place in a small rural village. Work is not glorified either, since the plot revolves around a group of villagers using their vacation time to go on a trip up the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moscow Canal</a> to perform in Moscow. The film can be seen as a glorification of Moscow canal without any hint that the canal was built by <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> prisoners. </p><p><i>Volga-Volga</i> followed the aesthetic principles of Socialist Realism rather than the ideological tenets. It became Stalin's favorite film and he gave it as a gift to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>. It is another example of one of the films that claimed life is better. Released at the height of Stalin's purges, it provided escapism and a comforting illusion for the public.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_musical_films">Lists of musical films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lists of musical films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_musicals" title="Lists of musicals">Lists of musicals</a></div> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_films_by_year" title="List of musical films by year">List of musical films by year</a> for a list of musical films in chronological order.</li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bollywood films">List of Bollywood films</a> for a list of Bollywood musical films.</li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_stage_plays_or_musicals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films based on stage plays or musicals">List of films based on stage plays or musicals</a> for a list of musical films based on theatre productions.</li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_musical_films" title="List of highest-grossing musical films">List of highest-grossing musical films</a> for the highest-grossing musical films.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_Greatest_Movie_Musicals" title="AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals">AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Revolutionary opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_musicals" title="Lists of musicals">Lists of musicals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KenrickJazz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KenrickJazz_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KenrickJazz_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KenrickJazz_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenrick, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicals101.com/1927-30film.htm">"History of Musical Film, 1927-30: Hollywood Learns To Sing"</a>. 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Trentham Books. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-329-9"><bdi>978-1-85856-329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Popular+Cinema%3A+A+Narrative+of+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Trentham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85856-329-9&rft.aulast=Gokulsing&rft.aufirst=K.+Moti&rft.au=Dissanayake%2C+Wimal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2010" class="citation book cs1">Gooptu, Sharmistha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'<span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136912177" title="Special:BookSources/9781136912177"><bdi>9781136912177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cinema%3A+%27An+Other+Nation%27&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781136912177&rft.aulast=Gooptu&rft.aufirst=Sharmistha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcUtCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm">"Talking Images, 75 Years of Cinema"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Talking+Images%2C+75+Years+of+Cinema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2006%2F20060326%2Fspectrum%2Fmain1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Moti_Gokulsing2004" class="citation book cs1">K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004). <i>Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change</i>. Trentham Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-329-9"><bdi>978-1-85856-329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Popular+Cinema%3A+A+Narrative+of+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Trentham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85856-329-9&rft.aulast=K.+Moti+Gokulsing&rft.aufirst=K.+Gokulsing%2C+Wimal+Dissanayake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sharpe, Jenny (2005). "Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge". <i>Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 58–81 [60 & 75]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmer.2005.0032">10.1353/mer.2005.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201783566">201783566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meridians%3A+Feminism%2C+Race%2C+Transnationalism&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+Nation%2C+and+Globalization+in+Monsoon+Wedding+and+Dilwale+Dulhania+Le+Jayenge&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-81+60+%26+75&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmer.2005.0032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201783566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gooptu, Sharmistha (July 2002). "Reviewed work(s): <i>The Cinemas of India</i> (1896–2000) by Yves Thoraval". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>37</b> (29): 3023–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+The+Cinemas+of+India+%281896%E2%80%932000%29+by+Yves+Thoraval&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=3023-4&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Gooptu&rft.aufirst=Sharmistha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gokulsing-18-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gokulsing-18_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Moti_Gokulsing2004" class="citation book cs1">K. Moti Gokulsing, K. 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Chennai, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mother+India%2C+not+Woman+India&rft.date=2012-11-25&rft.aulast=Sridharan&rft.aufirst=Tarini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-cinemaplus%2Fmother-india-not-woman-india%2Farticle4131747.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollywood_Blockbusters_Part_12009" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4"><i>Bollywood Blockbusters: </i>Mother India<i> (Part 1)</i></a> (Documentary). <a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715143942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bollywood+Blockbusters%3A+Mother+India+%28Part+1%29&rft.pub=CNN-IBN&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwChe8xWDwbo%26feature%3Dresults_main%26playnext%3D1%26list%3DPL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr2002" class="citation news cs1">Kehr, Dave (23 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63">"Mother India (1957). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mother+India+%281957%29.+Film+in+review%3B+%27Mother+India%27&rft.date=2002-08-23&rft.aulast=Kehr&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/">"Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Prakash+Mehra%27s+Zanjeer%3A+The+film+that+made+Amitabh+Bachchan&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2Frevisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raj-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raj_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raj_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2009" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Ashok (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"><i>Hero Vol.2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hay_House" title="Hay House">Hay House</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789381398036" title="Special:BookSources/9789381398036"><bdi>9789381398036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero+Vol.2&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Hay+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789381398036&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wo9BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ganti-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ganti_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanti2004" class="citation book cs1">Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA153"><i>Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415288545" title="Special:BookSources/9780415288545"><bdi>9780415288545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+A+Guidebook+to+Popular+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415288545&rft.aulast=Ganti&rft.aufirst=Tejaswini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTEa93azj9EC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72"><i>Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collaco-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collaco_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2004" class="citation news cs1">Anand (7 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm">"On the Bollywood beat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=On+the+Bollywood+beat&rft.date=2004-03-07&rft.au=Anand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Flr%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fstories%2F2004030700390600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khanna-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khanna_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhash_K_Jha2005" class="citation web cs1">Subhash K Jha (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296">"Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sify" title="Sify">Sify</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296">the original</a> on 9 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sify&rft.atitle=Amit+Khanna%3A+The+Man+who+saw+%27Bollywood%27&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.au=Subhash+K+Jha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsify.com%2Fmovies%2Fbollywood%2Ffullstory.php%3Fid%3D13713296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri58-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58"><i>Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin UK</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html">"How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+film-maker+Nasir+Husain+started+the+trend+for+Bollywood+masala+films&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbollywood%2Fhow-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films%2Fstory-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaumik-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhaumik_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhaumik_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaushik Bhaumik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/">An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(Indian_web_publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wire (Indian web publication)">The Wire</a>, 12/03/2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwyer2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer2005_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Dwyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Dwyer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ"><i>100 Bollywood films</i></a>. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-433-3"><bdi>978-81-7436-433-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Bollywood+films&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Lotus+Collection%2C+Roli+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7436-433-3&rft.au=Rachel+Dwyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4EBNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-funky-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-funky_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadtman2015" class="citation book cs1">Stadtman, Todd (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0DXoQEACAAJ"><i>Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema</i></a>. FAB Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903254776" title="Special:BookSources/9781903254776"><bdi>9781903254776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funky+Bollywood%3A+The+Wild+World+of+1970s+Indian+Action+Cinema&rft.pub=FAB+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781903254776&rft.aulast=Stadtman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0DXoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-actorsuntil90-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-actorsuntil90_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actorsuntil90_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed,_Rauf" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Rauf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/millenni/rauf2.htm">"The Present"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529044434/http://www.rediff.com/millenni/rauf2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=The+Present&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Rauf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmillenni%2Frauf2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chintamani-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chintamani_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChintamani2016" class="citation book cs1">Chintamani, Gautam (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZYOvgAACAAJ"><i>Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak: The Film That Revived Hindi Cinema</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352640980" title="Special:BookSources/9789352640980"><bdi>9789352640980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qayamat+Se+Qayamat+Tak%3A+The+Film+That+Revived+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789352640980&rft.aulast=Chintamani&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZYOvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ray_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2016" class="citation news cs1">Ray, Kunal (18 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing-the-1980s/article16898867.ece">"Romancing the 1980s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Romancing+the+1980s&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Kunal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2FRomancing-the-1980s%2Farticle16898867.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2017" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Meheli (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA7BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>Haunting Bollywood: Gender, Genre, and the Supernatural in Hindi Commercial Cinema</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477311585" title="Special:BookSources/9781477311585"><bdi>9781477311585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunting+Bollywood%3A+Gender%2C+Genre%2C+and+the+Supernatural+in+Hindi+Commercial+Cinema&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781477311585&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Meheli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZA7BDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2015" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Priya (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3wyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171"><i>Bollywood's India: A Public Fantasy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231539074" title="Special:BookSources/9780231539074"><bdi>9780231539074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%27s+India%3A+A+Public+Fantasy&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780231539074&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3wyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desiblitz-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desiblitz_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desiblitz_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-three-khans-of-bollywood">"The Three Khans of Bollywood - DESIblitz"</a>. 18 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Three+Khans+of+Bollywood+-+DESIblitz&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desiblitz.com%2Fcontent%2Fthe-three-khans-of-bollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbes_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are-bollywoods-three-khans-the-last-of-the-movie-kings/">"Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Are+Bollywood%27s+Three+Khans+The+Last+Of+The+Movie+Kings%3F&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frobcain%2F2016%2F03%2F20%2Fare-bollywoods-three-khans-the-last-of-the-movie-kings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-aamir-srk-salman-why-bollywoods-next-male-superstar-may-need-a-decade-to-rise-3049864.html">After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a>, 16 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-is-the-king-of-the-king-khans-moved-ahead-of-shah-rukh-salman-1723117">"Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Aamir+Khan+Is+The+King+Of+Khans%3A+Foreign+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Faamir-khan-is-the-king-of-the-king-khans-moved-ahead-of-shah-rukh-salman-1723117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502074825/http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm">"Baz Luhrmann Talks Awards and "Moulin Rouge"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm">the original</a> on 2012-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baz+Luhrmann+Talks+Awards+and+%22Moulin+Rouge%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa030902a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223061624/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/cosmopolitan/bollywood.html">"Hollywood/Bollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/cosmopolitan/bollywood.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hollywood%2FBollywood&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Findependentlens%2Fcosmopolitan%2Fbollywood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fox59.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/605425487/world-record-by-rapper-maharaja/">"World Record by Rapper Maharaja"</a>. 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Record+by+Rapper+Maharaja&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffox59.com%2Fbusiness%2Fpress-releases%2Fein-presswire%2F605425487%2Fworld-record-by-rapper-maharaja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denise Youngblood. Movies for the Masses: Popular Cinema and Soviet Society in the 1920s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dana Ranga. "East Side Story" (Kino International, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Taylor, Derek Spring. Stalinism and Soviet Cinema (London: Routledge Inc., 1993), 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranga._East_Side_Story-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranga._East_Side_Story_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranga. "East Side Story"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Horton. Inside Soviet Film Satire: Laughter with a Lash (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horton. Inside Soviet Film Satire, 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horton. Inside Soviet Film Satire, 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Spring. Stalinism and Soviet Cinema, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Stalin. Speech at the Conference of Stakhonovites (1935)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elena Zubkova. Russia After the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945–1957 (armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svetlana Boym, <i>Common Places</i> (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 200-201. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674146266" title="Special:BookSources/9780674146266">9780674146266</a>; and Birgit Beumers, <i>A History of Russian Cinema</i> (Oxford: Berg, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845202149" title="Special:BookSources/9781845202149">9781845202149</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_film&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Musical film</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=musical+film">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=musical+film&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschhorn1991" class="citation book cs1">Hirschhorn, Clive (1991). <i>The Hollywood Musical</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Portland House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517060353" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517060353"><bdi>978-0517060353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hollywood+Musical&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Portland+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0517060353&rft.aulast=Hirschhorn&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McGee, Mark Thomas. <i>The Rock and Roll Movie Encyclopedia of the 1950s</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1990. 0-89950-500-7.</li> <li>Padva, Gilad. Uses of Nostalgia in Musical Politicization of Homo/Phobic Myths in <i>Were the World Mine,</i> <i>The Big Gay Musical</i>, and <i>Zero Patience</i>. In Padva, Gilad, <i>Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture</i>, pp. 139–172. Basingstock, UK and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26633-0">978-1-137-26633-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennett1981" class="citation book cs1">Sennett, Ted (1981). <i>Hollywood Musicals</i>. New York: H.N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810910751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810910751"><bdi>978-0810910751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Musicals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0810910751&rft.aulast=Sennett&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1981" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Alan (21 July 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-07-21_10_29/page/n62/mode/1up">"A song and a dance: Why they don't make musicals like they used to"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=A+song+and+a+dance%3A+Why+they+don%27t+make+musicals+like+they+used+to&rft.date=1981-07-21&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1981-07-21_10_29%2Fpage%2Fn62%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+film" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Films_by_genre" title="Template talk:Films by genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> by <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> and themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_action_films" title="Lists of action films">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_films" title="List of martial arts films">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films" title="List of mixed martial arts films">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_adventure_films" title="Lists of adventure films">Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film#Notable_films" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_avant-garde_films" title="Lists of avant-garde films">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographical_films" title="List of biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_films" title="List of children's films">Children's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_films" title="List of Christian films">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Parody_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Parody films">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drama_films" title="List of drama films">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_films" title="List of economics films">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_erotic_films" title="Lists of erotic films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">Sword and sorcery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday horror">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_films" title="List of vampire films">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Lists of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_melodrama_films" title="List of melodrama films">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mockumentaries" title="List of mockumentaries">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monster_movies" title="List of monster movies">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant-monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_films_by_year" title="List of musical films by year">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mystery_films" title="List of mystery films">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_noir_titles" title="List of film noir titles">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-noir_films" title="List of neo-noir films">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_films" title="List of religious films">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_films" title="List of romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantic_comedy_films" title="List of romantic comedy films">Romantic comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_films" title="List of satirical films">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap_appearances_in_media#Films" title="Body swap appearances in media">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_action_films" title="List of science fiction action films">Sci-fi action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_comedy_films" title="List of science fiction comedy films">Sci-fi comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_films" title="List of American superhero films">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction#Time_travel_in_films" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film#Films" title="Spy film">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_films" title="List of sports films">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_films" title="List of teen films">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_thriller_films" title="Lists of thriller films">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_erotic_thriller_films" title="List of erotic thriller films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films_and_TV_specials" title="List of war films and TV specials">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Euro-Western_films" title="List of Euro-Western films">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaghetti_Westerns" title="List of spaghetti Westerns">Spaghetti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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