CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vertébrés — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"a4e6a98f-e68c-4795-b30e-1fb155b9d92a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vertébrés","wgTitle":"Vertébrés","wgCurRevisionId":216666655,"wgRevisionId":216666655,"wgArticleId":32179,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Taxobox utilisant la classification selon ITIS","Article avec taxobox-animal","Article utilisant une Infobox","Article avec section à recycler","Article avec une section vide ou incomplète","Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité","Page utilisant P1417","Page utilisant P8313","Page utilisant P1296","Page utilisant P6058","Page utilisant P4342","Page utilisant P3219","Page pointant vers des bases externes", "Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes","Page utilisant le modèle Bases recherche inactif","Page utilisant P4024","Page utilisant P6039","Page utilisant P3031","Page utilisant P1895","Page utilisant P4807","Page utilisant P3101","Page utilisant P842","Page utilisant P3151","Page utilisant P5055","Page utilisant P815","Page utilisant P5221","Page utilisant P850","Page pointant vers des bases relatives au vivant","Portail:Zoologie/Articles liés","Portail:Biologie/Articles liés","Portail:Sciences/Articles liés","Projet:Biologie/Pages liées","Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant/Articles liés","Bon article en serbe","Bon article en tchèque","Vertébré","Cordé (nom vernaculaire)","Taxon décrit en 1801","Taxon décrit par Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vertébrés","wgRelevantArticleId":32179,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q25241","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled": false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="828"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/800px-Vertebrata_002.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="552"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/640px-Vertebrata_002.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="442"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vertébrés — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vertébrés rootpage-Vertébrés skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description_générale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_générale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description générale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_générale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire_évolutive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire_évolutive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Histoire évolutive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histoire_évolutive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Classification</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Taxonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes_actuelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes_actuelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Classes actuelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes_actuelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogénie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogénie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phylogénie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogénie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-État_des_populations,_pressions,_réponses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#État_des_populations,_pressions,_réponses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>État des populations, pressions, réponses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-État_des_populations,_pressions,_réponses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertébrés</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 144 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gewerweldes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%88_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AA" title="ባለ አከርካሪ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባለ አከርካሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrycgd%C4%93or" title="Hrycgdēor – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrycgdēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سنسوليات – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنسوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fal%C4%B1lar" title="Onurğalılar – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوْنورغالیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْنورغالیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умыртҡалылар – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Умыртҡалылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoumen%C4%97n%C4%93_g%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Stoumenėnē gīvē – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stoumenėnē gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазваночныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хрыбетныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыбетныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гръбначни – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръбначни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་ – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dmenjaci" title="Kičmenjaci – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kičmenjaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vertebrats – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vertebrats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-t%C3%B9i_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukgan" title="Bukgan – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bukgan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بڕبڕەداران – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕبڕەداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obratlovci" title="Obratlovci – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obratlovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Çурăм тунилли – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм тунилли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertebrat" title="Fertebrat – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fertebrat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvirveldyr" title="Hvirveldyr – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvirveldyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Σπονδυλωτό – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπονδυλωτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebruloj" title="Vertebruloj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vertebruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgroogsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ornodun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrau" title="Vertebrau – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vertebrau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهره‌داران – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهره‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4rankaiset" title="Selkärankaiset – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkärankaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rt%C3%A8br%C3%A2s" title="Vèrtèbrâs – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vèrtèbrâs" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4rlisdiarten" title="Wäärlisdiarten – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wäärlisdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringedieren" title="Wringedieren – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringedieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirteabrach" title="Veirteabrach – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujase%27orek%C3%B3va" title="Pujase'orekóva – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pujase'orekóva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-chh%C3%B9i_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בעלי חוליות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חוליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="कशेरुकी प्राणी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कशेरुकी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Kralježnjaci – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerincesek" title="Gerincesek – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerincesek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ողնաշարավորներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողնաշարավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrata" title="Bertebrata – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bertebrata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="БукъатӀехкьяраш – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БукъатӀехкьяраш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggd%C3%BDr" title="Hryggdýr – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხერხემლიანები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხერხემლიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%C9%A3lalin" title="Tinaɣlalin – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinaɣlalin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омыртқалылар – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқалылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84" title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95" title="ಕಶೇರುಕ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಶೇರುಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="척추동물 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척추동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movikdar" title="Movikdar – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Movikdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омурткалуулар – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омурткалуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierbeld%C3%A9ieren" title="Wierbeldéieren – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wierbeldéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelde_bieste" title="Gewervelde bieste – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gewervelde bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A6" title="Vertebræ – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vertebræ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A0cc" title="Vertebràcc – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vertebràcc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mik%C3%BAwa" title="Nyama ya mikúwa – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mikúwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuburiniai" title="Stuburiniai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stuburiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugurkaulnieki" title="Mugurkaulnieki – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mugurkaulnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="’Рбетници – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="’Рбетници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="കശേരുകി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കശേരുകി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrat" title="Vertebrat – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vertebrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="میرکادارون – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میرکادارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warveldeerter" title="Warveldeerter – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Warveldeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warvelden" title="Warvelden – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Warvelden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewervelden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD%C3%ADgh%C3%A1%C3%A1n_Dah%C3%B3l%C3%B3n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugugguruu_qabeeyyii" title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltier" title="Wirbeltier – allemand palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wirbeltier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="allemand palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gowce" title="Kręgowce – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%92" title="کنگریڑے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگریڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulluyuq" title="Tulluyuq – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tulluyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Позвоночные – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позвоночные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="कशेरुकाः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कशेरुकाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тоноҕостоохтор – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тоноҕостоохтор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%A1njaci" title="Kralješnjaci – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kralješnjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavovce" title="Stavovce – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreten%C4%8Darji" title="Vretenčarji – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vretenčarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cielgit%C3%A1vt%C3%A1liih" title="Čielgitávtáliih – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čielgitávtáliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzemuzongoza" title="Dzemuzongoza – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzemuzongoza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrizor%C3%ABt" title="Kurrizorët – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurrizorët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кичмењаци – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кичмењаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggradsdjur" title="Ryggradsdjur – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryggradsdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryngowce" title="Kryngowce – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kryngowce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="முதுகெலும்பி – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகெலும்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సకశేరుకాలు – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సకశేరుకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муҳрадорон – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳрадорон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrado" title="Bertebrado – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bertebrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurgal%C4%B1lar" title="Omurgalılar – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurgalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умырткалылар – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Умырткалылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хребетні – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хребетні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فقاریہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqalilar" title="Umurtqalilar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqalilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Động vật có xương sống – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật có xương sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerveldn" title="Gewerveldn – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gewerveldn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_cronzoxhs" title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrado" title="Vertebrado – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vertebrado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გაგაჩამეფი – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაგაჩამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="ווערטעבראט – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערטעבראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_el%C3%A9gungun" title="Ẹranko elégungun – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko elégungun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_Ndoksaen" title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurvelde_be%C3%AAsten" title="Gewurvelde beêsten – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Gewurvelde beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-chui_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&oldid=216666655" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&id=216666655&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVert%25C3%25A9br%25C3%25A9s"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVert%25C3%25A9br%25C3%25A9s"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25241" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p id="sous_titre_h1" class="noexcerpt">Vertebrata</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article concerne le sous-embranchement en zoologie. Pour le genre d'algues rouges, voir <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata_(algue)" title="Vertebrata (algue)">Vertebrata (algue)</a>. </p> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r204255952">.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3{font-size:0.99em}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .entete,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 p.bloc{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bordered th[scope=row],.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bordered td{padding-bottom:4px;border-top:1px solid #ededed}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.animal .entete{background-color:LightSalmon}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.animal caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.animal p.bloc{background-color:Bisque}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.plante .entete{background-color:lightgreen}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.plante caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.plante p.bloc{background-color:#ccffcc}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.champignon .entete{background-color:SkyBlue}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.champignon caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.champignon p.bloc{background-color:PowderBlue}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.test .entete{background-color:#50a0a0}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.test caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.test p.bloc{background-color:#70c0c0}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.algue .entete{background-color:MediumAquamarine}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.algue caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.algue p.bloc{background-color:#bfffe6}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.archaea .entete{background-color:darkgray}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.archaea caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.archaea p.bloc{background-color:lightgray}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.protiste .entete{background-color:khaki}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.protiste caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.protiste p.bloc{background-color:PaleGoldenrod}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.virus .entete{background-color:#d1d1f9}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.virus caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.virus p.bloc{background-color:Lavender}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.neutre .entete{background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.neutre caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.neutre p.bloc{background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bacterie .entete,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.eucaryote .entete,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.procaryote .entete{background-color:lightgrey}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.bacterie caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.bacterie p.bloc,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.eucaryote caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.eucaryote p.bloc,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.procaryote caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.procaryote p.bloc{background-color:#e6e6e6}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .taxobox_classification{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .taxobox_classification .rnormal,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.zoologie .taxobox_classification .normal,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 th[scope="row"]{font-style:normal}</style><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large taxobox_v3 zoologie animal bordered" style="width:20em"> <div class="entete" style=""> <div>Vertebrata</div> </div><div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Vertebrata_002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/240px-Vertebrata_002.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/360px-Vertebrata_002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/480px-Vertebrata_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="828" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend">Exemple de vertébrés : un <a href="/wiki/Esturgeon_noir_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Esturgeon noir d'Amérique">Esturgeon noir d'Amérique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a>), un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_de_savane_d%27Afrique" title="Éléphant de savane d'Afrique">Éléphant de savane d'Afrique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a>), un <a href="/wiki/Requin_tigre" class="mw-redirect" title="Requin tigre">Requin tigre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a>) et des <a href="/wiki/Lamproie_de_rivi%C3%A8re" title="Lamproie de rivière">Lamproie de rivière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a>).</div><table class="taxobox_classification"><caption style=""><a href="#ITIS">Classification ITIS</a></caption><tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie)">Règne</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sous-r%C3%A8gne" title="Sous-règne">Sous-règne</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Super-embranchement" title="Super-embranchement"><abbr class="abbr" title="Super-embranchement">Super-embr.</abbr></a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Embranchement_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embranchement (biologie)">Embranchement</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="bloc"><a href="/wiki/Sous-embranchement" title="Sous-embranchement">Sous-embranchement</a></p><div class="center taxobox_classification"><b><span class="normal"><span style="font-style: normal">Vertebrata</span></span></b><br /><span class="rnormal"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2012-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></b></small></span></div> <p class="bloc"><a href="/wiki/Infra-embranchement" title="Infra-embranchement">Infra-embranchements</a> de rang inférieur</p> <div class="left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)">Gnathostomata</a></li></ul></div> <p class="bloc"><a href="/wiki/Synonyme_(taxinomie)" title="Synonyme (taxinomie)">Synonymes</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craniata_(Chordata)" title="Craniata (Chordata)">Craniata</a> (Lankester, 1877<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> </div> <p>Les <b>Vertébrés</b> (<b>Vertebrata</b>) forment un <a href="/wiki/Sous-embranchement_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-embranchement (biologie)">sous-embranchement</a> très diversifié d'<a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animaux</a> <a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">chordés</a> appartennant au <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> des <a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactoriens</a> et ayant pour particularité principale de posséder un <a href="/wiki/Endosquelette" title="Endosquelette">squelette interne</a> composé d'un <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A2ne" title="Crâne">crâne</a> ainsi que d'une <a href="/wiki/Colonne_vert%C3%A9brale" title="Colonne vertébrale">colonne vertébrale</a>. Ils représentent l'écrasante majorité de l'<a href="/wiki/Embranchement" class="mw-disambig" title="Embranchement">embranchement</a> des <a href="/wiki/Chord%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordés">Chordés</a>, avec près de 70 000 <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce" title="Espèce">espèces</a> décrites <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite plus de précisions." style="cursor:help;">actuellement</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[C'est-à-dire ?]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On inclut aujourd'hui les <a href="/wiki/Myxinidae" title="Myxinidae">Myxines</a> (des <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">poissons sans mâchoire</a>) bien qu'elles n'aient pas de véritable colonne<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La forte diminution de leurs populations entre la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle et le début du <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, constatée indépendamment par l'<a href="/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a> et le <a href="/wiki/WWF" title="WWF">WWF</a>, est, selon ce dernier, principalement due à des activités humaines. Entre 1970 et 2020, l'<a href="/wiki/Indice_plan%C3%A8te_vivante" title="Indice planète vivante">indice planète vivante</a>, qui suit les populations de 4 000 espèces de vertébrés dans le monde, a diminué de près de 70 %<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Plus de <span class="nowrap">500 espèces</span> de vertébrés ont disparu des terres émergées au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle (autant qu'en 10 000 ans, hors <a href="/wiki/Extinction_massive" title="Extinction massive">grandes extinctions</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science24juin2020-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_générale"><span id="Description_g.C3.A9n.C3.A9rale"></span>Description générale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Description générale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Description générale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Eel_Nostrils_(2068109612).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eel_Nostrils_%282068109612%29.jpg/220px-Eel_Nostrils_%282068109612%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eel_Nostrils_%282068109612%29.jpg/330px-Eel_Nostrils_%282068109612%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eel_Nostrils_%282068109612%29.jpg/440px-Eel_Nostrils_%282068109612%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>Chez cette <a href="/wiki/Mur%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Murène">murène</a>, les sacs nasaux s'ouvrent par deux narines.</figcaption></figure> <p>La caractéristique la plus intuitive des Vertébrés est qu'ils possèdent un <a href="/wiki/Squelette" title="Squelette">squelette</a> <a href="/wiki/Os" title="Os">osseux</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilagineux</a> interne, qui comporte en particulier une <a href="/wiki/Colonne_vert%C3%A9brale" title="Colonne vertébrale">colonne vertébrale</a>, composée de <a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A8bre" title="Vertèbre">vertèbres</a> qui protègent la partie troncale du <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_nerveux_central" title="Système nerveux central">système nerveux central</a>. D'autres caractères partagés et exclusifs sont : </p> <ul><li>la présence de 5 <a href="/wiki/Neurod%C3%A9veloppement" title="Neurodéveloppement">vésicules céphaliques</a> lors de la formation de l'encéphale ;</li> <li>la présence de <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AAte_neurale" title="Crête neurale">crêtes neurales</a>.</li></ul> <p>Les plus anciens <a href="/wiki/Fossile" title="Fossile">fossiles</a> connus sont datés du <a href="/wiki/Cambrien" title="Cambrien">Cambrien</a>, il y a 530 millions d'années : les plus anciens fossiles seraient <i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys_ercaicunensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikouichthys ercaicunensis">Haikouichthys ercaicunensis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Shu2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shu2003-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et <i><a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingia_fengjiaoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa">Myllokunmingia</a>,</i> chronologiquement précédés par des <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9phalochord%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Céphalochordé">céphalochordés</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chord%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordé">Chordés</a> non vertébrés) comme <i><a href="/wiki/Pikaia" title="Pikaia">Pikaia gracilens</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au <a href="/wiki/Miaolingien" title="Miaolingien">Cambrien moyen</a>, un organisme de transition comme <i><a href="/wiki/Metaspriggina" title="Metaspriggina">Metaspriggina</a></i> est emblématique de l'espèce avec un pré-pharynx, sans doute à l'origine des mâchoires. La répartition actuelle est mondiale et concerne tous les habitats ; le groupe contient plus de 70 000 espèces<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2020-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de taille extrêmement variée, allant de la gigantesque <a href="/wiki/Baleine_bleue" title="Baleine bleue">baleine bleue</a> (30 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr>, pour un poids avoisinant les 190 tonnes), jusqu'à la minuscule grenouille <i><a href="/wiki/Paedophryne_amauensis" title="Paedophryne amauensis">Paedophryne amauensis</a></i> (taille moyenne de 7 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr>, poids de 0,02 gramme), les groupes les plus importants (en nombre) étant les <a href="/wiki/Actinopt%C3%A9rygien" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinoptérygien">actinoptérygiens</a> (poissons à nageoires rayonnées, 23 000 espèces) et les <a href="/wiki/Sauropside" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropside">sauropsides</a> (« reptiles » et oiseaux, 17 000 espèces). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomie">Anatomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Anatomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Anatomie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-modere"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Emojione_267B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emojione_267B.svg/17px-Emojione_267B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emojione_267B.svg/26px-Emojione_267B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emojione_267B.svg/34px-Emojione_267B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section a besoin d'être <b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Recyclage" title="Aide:Recyclage">recyclée</a></b><small> (février 2023)</small>.<br /> <b>Motif :</b> Tri à faire : certains éléments présentés comme caractéristiques de l'ensemble des vertébrés ne le sont pas. Les sacs nasaux (<a href="/wiki/Choane" title="Choane">choanes</a>), par exemple, sont un <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8re_d%C3%A9riv%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Caractère dérivé">caractère dérivé</a> des <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapodomorphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodomorphe">tétrapodomorphes</a>.. <span class="navigation-only"><span class="noprint plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Spécial:EditPage/Vertébrés">Améliorez-la</a></span> ou <a href="/wiki/Discussion:Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Discussion:Vertébrés">discutez des points à améliorer</a>.</span></div></div> <p>Les Vertébrés ont un corps fondamentalement divisé en trois parties : <a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_(anatomie)" title="Tête (anatomie)">tête</a> (abritant les organes sensoriels olfactifs — <a href="/wiki/Choane" title="Choane">sacs nasaux</a>, optiques — <a href="/wiki/%C5%92il" title="Œil">yeux</a>, stato-acoustiques — <a href="/wiki/Oreille_interne" title="Oreille interne">oreilles internes</a>, et les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_gustatif" title="Récepteur gustatif">récepteurs gustatifs</a> dans la muqueuse buccale et pharyngienne), <a href="/wiki/Tronc_(anatomie)" title="Tronc (anatomie)">tronc</a> (renfermant le <a href="/wiki/C%C5%93lome" title="Cœlome">cœlome</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Visc%C3%A8re" title="Viscère">viscères</a>) et <a href="/wiki/Queue_(anatomie)" title="Queue (anatomie)">queue</a> (cette partie postérieure, essentiellement musculeuse, commence à partir du <a href="/wiki/Cloaque_(anatomie)" title="Cloaque (anatomie)">cloaque</a>, ce dernier étant cloisonné en deux compartiments chez la majorité des mammifères, une partie uro-génitale et une partie rectale)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ils sont caractérisés par un <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A2ne" title="Crâne">crâne</a> (structure cartilagineuse ou osseuse plus ou moins fermée) entourant le <a href="/wiki/Cerveau" title="Cerveau">cerveau</a> et comprenant des capsules qui logent des organes sensoriels (capsules nasales, optiques, <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/otique" class="extiw" title="wikt:otique">otiques</a>). </p><p>Les capsules nasales sont des ébauches embryonnaires dont le développement donne la <a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9_nasale" title="Cavité nasale">cavité nasale</a> dans laquelle des <a href="/wiki/Chimior%C3%A9cepteur" title="Chimiorécepteur">chimiorécepteurs</a> assurent le sens de l'odorat ou <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a>. Les vertébrés aquatiques tels que les poissons sont dotés d'une ou de deux paires de narines, chaque narine étant divisée par un pont cutané en une ouverture pour l'entrée de l'eau et une autre ouverture pour la sortie de celle-ci. L'eau traverse ainsi les narines, soit durant la nage, soit par pompage actif, et parvient à des sacs nasaux généralement fermés (ouverts vers une narine interne, le <a href="/wiki/Choane" title="Choane">choane</a>, chez les <a href="/wiki/Osteolepiformes" title="Osteolepiformes">Osteolepiformes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Porolepiformes" title="Porolepiformes">Porolepiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcopt%C3%A9rygiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcoptérygiens">sarcoptérygiens</a> sans doute munis de poumons qui favorisent la <a href="/wiki/Sortie_des_eaux" title="Sortie des eaux">terrestrialisation</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Chez les <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodes">tétrapodes</a>, vertébrés terrestres comprenant les amphibiens et les <a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">amniotes</a> (reptiles, oiseaux et mammifères), les capsules nasales ne participent plus seulement à la conduction de l'eau vers des sacs nasaux mais aussi à la conduction de l'air vers les poumons<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Palais_(anatomie)" title="Palais (anatomie)">palais</a>, qui forme la voûte de la cavité buccale, sépare la cavité buccale des fosses nasales, ce qui permet la respiration et la mastication simultanées<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire_évolutive"><span id="Histoire_.C3.A9volutive"></span>Histoire évolutive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Histoire évolutive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire évolutive"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_poissons" title="Histoire évolutive des poissons">Histoire évolutive des poissons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_mammif%C3%A8res" title="Histoire évolutive des mammifères">Histoire évolutive des mammifères</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_dinosaures" title="Histoire évolutive des dinosaures">Histoire évolutive des dinosaures</a> et <a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_oiseaux" title="Histoire évolutive des oiseaux">Histoire évolutive des oiseaux</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png/350px-Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png/525px-Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png/700px-Global_patterns_of_terrestrial_vertebrate_diversity_-_journal.pbio.1001294.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Biodiversit%C3%A9" title="Biodiversité">biodiversité</a> mondiale estimée à partir de la <a href="/wiki/Richesse_sp%C3%A9cifique" title="Richesse spécifique">richesse spécifique</a> en <a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">vertébrés terrestres</a> (les <a href="/wiki/Bior%C3%A9gion" title="Biorégion">biorégions</a> les plus riches sont en rouge, les moins riches en vert).</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Spécial:EditPage/Vertébrés">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a></div></div> <p>Avec plus de 70 000 espèces<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2020_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2020-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, les vertébrés sont moins <a href="/wiki/Radiation_%C3%A9volutive" title="Radiation évolutive">diversifiés</a> et moins nombreux que les <a href="/wiki/Insecte" title="Insecte">insectes</a> mais ils rivalisent avec eux dans leurs caractères de <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raliste_ou_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9e" title="Espèce généraliste ou spécialisée">spécialisation</a>, traduisant des <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(biologie)" title="Adaptation (biologie)">adaptations</a> à des <a href="/wiki/Bioc%C3%A9nose" title="Biocénose">modes de vie</a> très variés<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9quen%C3%A7age" title="Séquençage">études génétiques</a> montrent<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qu'un <a href="/wiki/Dernier_anc%C3%AAtre_commun" title="Dernier ancêtre commun">ancêtre commun</a> des Vertébrés a subi une <a href="/wiki/Duplication_(g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique)#Duplication_du_génome" title="Duplication (génétique)">duplication</a> de son <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nome" title="Génome">génome</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, suivie chez les <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomes</a> (les Vertébrés sans <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2choire" title="Mâchoire">mâchoire</a>) d'une <a href="/wiki/Polyplo%C3%AFdie" title="Polyploïdie">triplication</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et chez les <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomes</a> (les Vertébrés à mâchoire) d'une seconde duplication<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Classification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Classification"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomie">Taxonomie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Taxonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Taxonomie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les Vertébrés sont le concept zoologique d'animaux à <a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A8bre" title="Vertèbre">vertèbres</a> imposé par <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i>Leçons d'anatomie comparée</i> en 1805) et <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> (<i>Discours<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> d'ouverture du cours des animaux sans vertèbres</i> en 1806)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.<br /> Les <a href="/wiki/Myxines" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxines">Myxines</a>, qui sont des <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">poissons sans machoires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a>), étaient traditionnellement, du fait de leur absence de colonne vertébrale, exclues de ce groupe<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais les études génétiques ont confirmé leur proximité avec les <a href="/wiki/Lamproies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamproies">lamproies</a> et le fait qu'elles seraient donc des vertébrés ayant perdu des caractères ancestraux<sup id="cite_ref-classif98_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classif98-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette nouvelle classification des Myxines fait du taxon <a href="/wiki/Craniata_(Chord%C3%A9s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniata (Chordés)">Craniata</a> <small>Lankester, 1877</small> un synonyme de Vertebrata <small>Lamarck, 1801</small>.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes_actuelles">Classes actuelles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Classes actuelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Classes actuelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le taxon classique des <a href="/wiki/Ost%C3%A9ichthyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostéichthyens">Ostéichthyens</a> regroupant les poissons osseux étant <a href="/wiki/Paraphyl%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphylétique">paraphylétique</a> au regard des <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodes">Tétrapodes</a>, il n'est pas présent en tant que tel dans les <a href="/wiki/Classification_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Classification phylogénétique">classifications cladistes</a> mais est toujours présent dans les <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9matique_%C3%A9volutionniste" title="Systématique évolutionniste">classifications évolutionnistes</a>. Ce terme est cependant parfois utilisé dans un contexte cladiste pour désigner l'ensemble des Tétrapodes et des Ostéichtyens classiques<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, toutefois de nombreux systématiciens lui préfèrent le synonyme <a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a> dont la définition n'est jamais ambigüe. </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-count:2;margin:.3em 0;" class="colonnes"><div style="margin:-.3em 0;"> <p>Liste des classes actuelles selon <a href="/wiki/SITI" class="mw-redirect" title="SITI">ITIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-ITIS26_avril_2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS26_avril_2019-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>infra-embranchement <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a> - les lamproies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxinidae" title="Myxinidae">Myxini</a> - les Mixines</li></ul></li> <li>infra-embranchement <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)">Gnathostomata</a> : <ul><li>super-classe et classe <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> – les poissons cartilagineux (requins, raies…)</li> <li>super-classe <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> – les poissons à nageoires rayonnées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistiens" title="Cladistiens">Cladistei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleostei" title="Teleostei">Teleostei</a></li></ul></li> <li>super-classe <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">*</a> – les poissons à nageoires charnues : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coelacanthiformes" title="Coelacanthiformes">Coelacanthi</a> – les cœlacanthes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> – les dipneustes</li></ul></li> <li>super-classe <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibia" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">*</a> – les amphibiens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> – les oiseaux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> – les mammifères</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">*</a> – les reptiles</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> Selon <a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">World Register of Marine Species</a><sup id="cite_ref-WRMS26_avril_2019_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRMS26_avril_2019-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>infra-embranchement <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxinidae" title="Myxinidae">Myxini</a></li></ul></li> <li>infra-embranchement <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)">Gnathostomata</a> : <ul><li>super-classe <a href="/wiki/Poisson" title="Poisson">Pisces</a><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">*</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelacanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelacanthi">Coelacanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipneusti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipneusti">Dipneusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a></li></ul></li> <li>super-classe <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibia" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a><a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">*</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogénie"><span id="Phylog.C3.A9nie"></span>Phylogénie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Phylogénie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Phylogénie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phylogénie des grands groupes actuels des Vertébrés d'après Betancur-R <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et Heimberg <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; font-size:100%;line-height:140%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> Vertebrata  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a> (les lamproies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Myxinoidea" title="Myxinoidea">Myxinoidea</a> (les myxines) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a>  (les poissons cartilagineux) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a>/Osteichthyes  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (les poissons à nageoires rayonnées) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Actinistia" title="Actinistia">Actinistia</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Coelacanthiformes" title="Coelacanthiformes">Coelacanthi</a> (les cœlacanthes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Dipnotetrapodomorpha</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Dipnomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnomorpha">Dipnomorpha</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> (les dipneustes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> (les tétrapodes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Spindle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/500px-Spindle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Évolution des vertébrés selon un diagramme axial représentant les cinq grandes <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologie)" title="Classe (biologie)">classes</a> (poissons<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, amphibiens, reptiles, oiseaux et mammifères). La largeur des axes indique le nombre de <a href="/wiki/Famille_(biologie)" title="Famille (biologie)">familles</a> dans chaque classe (les <a href="/wiki/Teleostei" title="Teleostei">téléostéens</a>, poissons à squelette complètement osseux et à <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">nageoires rayonnantes</a>, représentent 99,8 % des <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce" title="Espèce">espèces</a> de poissons, et près de la moitié des espèces de vertébrés). En <a href="/wiki/Classification_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Classification phylogénétique">classification phylogénétique</a>, seuls<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> les oiseaux et les mammifères sont des groupes <a href="/wiki/Monophyl%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophylétique">monophylétiques</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rostomien" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutérostomien">Deutérostomiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xénambulacraires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordé">Chordés</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9phalochord%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Céphalochordé">Céphalochordés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urochord%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Urochordé">Urochordés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A2ni%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Crânié">Crâniés</a> <ul><li><b>Vertébrés</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Cyclostomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myxino%C3%AFd%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxinoïdé">Myxinoïdés</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Myxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxine">myxines</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tromyzontides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pétromyzontides">Pétromyzontides</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lamproie" title="Lamproie">lamproies</a>)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomes">Gnathostomes</a> <small>(vertébrés à mâchoires)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrichthyens">Chondrichthyens</a> <small>(ou <a href="/wiki/Poisson_cartilagineux" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisson cartilagineux">poissons cartilagineux</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ost%C3%A9ichthyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostéichthyens">Ostéichthyens</a> <small>(poissons osseux)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopt%C3%A9rygiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinoptérygiens">Actinoptérygiens</a> <small>(poissons à nageoires <br />rayonnées)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopt%C3%A9rygiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcoptérygiens">Sarcoptérygiens</a> <small>(poissons à nageoires <br />charnues et vertébrés à pattes)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistiens">Actinistiens</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/C%C5%93lacanthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cœlacanthe">cœlacanthe</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhipidistiens">Rhipidistiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipneustes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipneustes">Dipneustes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodes">Tétrapodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissamphibien">Lissamphibiens</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Amphibia" title="Amphibia">batraciens</a> et <a href="/wiki/Gymnophiona" title="Gymnophiona">Gymnophiones</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotes">Amniotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauropsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsides">Sauropsides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapsides">Anapsides</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9loniens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chéloniens">Chéloniens</a> <small>(tortues)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsides">Diapsides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pidosauriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lépidosauriens">Lépidosauriens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamates" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamates">Squamates</a> <small>(lézards <br />et serpents)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sph%C3%A9nodontiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphénodontiens">Sphénodontiens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archosauriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauriens">Archosauriens</a> <small>(incluent <br />également les dinosaures)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodiliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodiliens">Crocodiliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oiseaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Oiseaux">Oiseaux</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapside">Synapsides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammifères">Mammifères</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="État_des_populations,_pressions,_réponses"><span id=".C3.89tat_des_populations.2C_pressions.2C_r.C3.A9ponses"></span>État des populations, pressions, réponses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : État des populations, pressions, réponses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : État des populations, pressions, réponses"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selon l'<a href="/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a><sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de nombreuses populations <a href="/wiki/Sauvage" title="Sauvage">sauvages</a> de Vertébrés sont menacées (ou ont récemment disparu). </p> <ul><li>En moyenne, les populations de Vertébrés sauvages ont chuté d’un tiers (−31 %) dans le monde de 1970 à 2006<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ;</li> <li>En termes de dynamique des populations, les déclins contemporains les plus sévères touchent surtout les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cosyst%C3%A8me" title="Écosystème">écosystèmes</a> tropicaux (59 %) mais aussi de manière générale les écosystèmes d’eau douce (−41 %)<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ;</li> <li>En termes de taille de population, depuis 1970, la taille des populations « tempérées » a plutôt légèrement augmenté<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ceci n'a pas empêché un déclin continu ou accéléré dans le monde, pour la presque totalité des espèces durant la même période, car la taille des populations tropicales s'est fortement réduite durant cette période. Mais, une observation faite sur plusieurs siècles donnerait une vision plus juste, montrant que les populations des <a href="/wiki/Climat_temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Climat tempéré">zones tempérées</a> ont en fait régressé autant et peut-être même plus que celles des zones tropicales<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>Par exemple, dans le monde, pour 1 200 populations d’oiseaux d’eau étudiées pour leurs <a href="/wiki/Dynamique_des_populations" title="Dynamique des populations">tendances démographiques</a>, 44 % déclinent<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. 42 % des populations d'amphibiens (toutes espèces confondues) et de 40 % des espèces d’oiseaux sont en régression<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <br />En Europe, les oiseaux des champs ont perdu 50 % de leurs effectifs de 1980 à 2006. Pour les oiseaux des prairies d’Amérique du Nord la régression a approché 40 % de 1968 à 2003 (avec semble-t-il une légère récupération de 2003 à 2010 <sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) ; les populations d'oiseaux des <a href="/wiki/Zone_s%C3%A8che" title="Zone sèche">zones arides</a> nord-américaines ont perdu presque 30 % de leurs effectifs en 50 ans (de 1960 à 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Selon l'<a href="/wiki/Indice_plan%C3%A8te_vivante" title="Indice planète vivante">indice planète vivante</a>, qui se base sur une étude concernant 16 700 populations, pour 4 000 espèces différentes, les populations de vertébrés sauvages ont chuté de 68 % entre 1970 et 2016. La perte d’abondance est plus particulièrement marquée dans les milieux d’eau douce (zones humides, lacs ou rivières) et atteint 94 % en zones tropicales des Amériques. Les activités humaines en sont la cause principale, notamment la destruction des écosystèmes à des fins agricoles. Les autres causes de disparition sont la surexploitation des espèces, les <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollutions</a> (plastique et pesticides), les espèces invasives disséminées par les êtres humains et le changement climatique<sup id="cite_ref-WWF-Rapport2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-Rapport2020-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette extinction de masse touche cinq grands groupes : oiseaux, mammifères, amphibiens, coraux et cycadales<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Mi-2020, on estime qu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, plus de 500 espèces de vertébrés ont disparu des terres émergées, rythme attendu pour environ 10 000 ans dans la nature en temps normal)<sup id="cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science24juin2020-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Et 500 autres vertébrés pourraient encore disparaitre dans les prochaines décennies<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> alors que l'<a href="/wiki/Anthropisation" title="Anthropisation">anthropisation</a> du monde accroit le rythme des extinctions <span class="citation">« vers un point critique de basculement »</span><sup id="cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science24juin2020-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Environ 2 % de plus de 29 000 espèces de vertébrés terrestres sont en <a href="/wiki/Danger_critique_d%27extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Danger critique d'extinction">danger critique d'extinction</a> rappelle le <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, alors que chacun remplit des fonctions écosystémiques, parfois irremplaçable (comme <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9dation" title="Prédation">prédateur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proie" title="Proie">proie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fouisseur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouisseur">fouisseur</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9crophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nécrophage">nécrophage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollinisateur" title="Pollinisateur">pollinisateur</a>, etc.) et/ou utiles pour la conservation de l'<a href="/wiki/Eau_potable" title="Eau potable">eau potable</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Pollinisation" title="Pollinisation">pollinisation</a> de nombreuses cultures, le maintien d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cologie" title="Écologie">équilibres écologiques</a> et la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9vention_de_maladies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prévention de maladies (page inexistante)">prévention de maladies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science24juin2020-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. De plus, la disparition des espèces entraine la prolifération des <a href="/wiki/Zoonose" title="Zoonose">zoonoses</a>, à savoir les maladies transmises de l'animal à l'homme<sup id="cite_ref-WWF-Rapport2020_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-Rapport2020-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikispecies"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vertebrata">Vertébrés</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikispecies</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A8se" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogénèse">Phylogénèse</a> de l'évolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplication_(g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique)#Duplication_du_g.C3.A9nome_chez_les_vert.C3.A9br.C3.A9s" title="Duplication (génétique)">Évolution du génome des Vertébrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9veloppement_de_l%27%C5%93il_des_vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Développement de l'œil des vertébrés">Développement de l'œil des vertébrés</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974791b">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974791b">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85142902">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4066376-0">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570592">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536688105171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph115534">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F/?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052270">Lettonie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/vertebrate"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//hvirveldyr/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0150468.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/dw/101357"><i>Larousse</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Vertebrata"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/vertebres/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressources relatives au vivant<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vertebrata/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Animal Diversity Web</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Vertebrata"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Australian Faunal Directory</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1VERTQ"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>EPPO Global Database</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:16752"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">EU-nomen</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a8e97b2e-2734-49da-bebc-1fc0481b557c"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Fauna Europaea</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/49730"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">FloraBase</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=67149"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Paleobiology Database</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/355675"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>iNaturalist</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11905117"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera</i></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=331030">Système d'information taxonomique intégré</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/14829"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Tree of Life Web Project</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=146419"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>World Register of Marine Species</i></span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Faunaeur"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Référence <i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a8e97b2e-2734-49da-bebc-1fc0481b557c"><i>Vertebrata</i></a> <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-03-15" data-sort-value="2023-03-15">15 mars 2023</time>)</small></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ITIS"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : français et anglais">(fr + en)</abbr> Référence <i><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27information_taxonomique_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Système d'information taxonomique intégré">ITIS</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=331030"><i>Vertebrata</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ADW"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Référence <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vertebrata/"><i>Vertebrata</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="NCBI"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Référence <i><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7742"><i>Vertebrata</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lin=s&p=has_linkout&id=7742">taxons inclus</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="TPDB"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Référence <i><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=179042">Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801</a> <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-01-13" data-sort-value="2015-01-13">13 janvier 2015</time>)</small></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editionslep.ch/atlas-des-vertebres">Atlas des vertébrés, de leurs origines à nos jours</a>, de Arthur Escher et Robin Marchant</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN2020-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2020_12-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2020_12-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">En 2020 le nombre d'espèces de vertébrés est estimé à 72 906<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cette duplication est présente chez tous les Vertébrés, mais absente chez les autres <a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordés</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cette triplication est présente chez tous les <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomes</a>, mais absente chez les <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cette seconde duplication est présente chez tous les <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomes</a>, mais absente chez les <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomes</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen2012_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nielsen2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._Nielsen2012">C. <span class="nom_auteur">Nielsen</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The authorship of higher chordate taxa</cite> », <i>Zoologica Scripta</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 41, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-07" data-sort-value="2012-07">juillet 2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">435–436</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x">10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+authorship+of+higher+chordate+taxa&rft.jtitle=Zoologica+Scripta&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.date=2012-07&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=435%E2%80%93436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2012.00536.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="C.2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nielsen,_C.2012">Nielsen, C., « <cite style="font-style:normal">The authorship of higher chordate taxa</cite> », <i>Zoologica Scripta</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 41, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-07" data-sort-value="2012-07">juillet 2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">435–436</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x">10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83266247">83266247</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+authorship+of+higher+chordate+taxa&rft.jtitle=Zoologica+Scripta&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=C.&rft.aufirst=Nielsen%2C&rft.date=2012-07&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=435%E2%80%93436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2012.00536.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2019">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Table 1a: Number of species evaluated in relation to the overall number of described species, and numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms</cite></a> », IUCN Red List, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07-18" data-sort-value="2019-07-18">18 juillet 2019</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cavalier-Smith1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Thomas <span class="nom_auteur">Cavalier-Smith</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A revised six-kingdom system of life</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biological reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 73, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">203-266</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.jtitle=Biological+reviews&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=203-266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._HeimbergCowper-Sal·lariSémonC._J._Donoghue2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alysha_M._HeimbergRichard_Cowper-Sal·lariMarie_SémonPhilip_C._J._Donoghue2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alysha <span class="nom_auteur">M. Heimberg</span>, Richard <span class="nom_auteur">Cowper-Sal·lari</span>, Marie <span class="nom_auteur">Sémon</span>, Philip <span class="nom_auteur">C. J. Donoghue</span> et Kevin <span class="nom_auteur">J. Peterson</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">MicroRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 107, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 45,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-09" data-sort-value="2010-11-09">9 novembre 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">19379-19383</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010350107">10.1073/pnas.1010350107</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+reveal+the+interrelationships+of+hagfish%2C+lampreys+and+gnathostomes+and+the+nature+of+the+ancestral+vertebrate&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=45&rft.aulast=M.+Heimberg&rft.aufirst=Alysha&rft.au=Cowper-Sal%C2%B7lari%2C+Richard&rft.au=S%C3%A9mon%2C+Marie&rft.au=C.+J.+Donoghue%2C+Philip&rft.au=J.+Peterson%2C+Kevin&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=19379-19383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1010350107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwf.fr/rapport-planete-vivante"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Rapport Planète Vivante 2022 | WWF France</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.wwf.fr</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Les populations d’oiseaux, de poissons, de mammifères, d’amphibiens et de reptiles ont décliné de 69 % en moins de 50 ans</cite> », <i>Le Monde.fr</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-10-13" data-sort-value="2022-10-13">13 octobre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2022/10/13/les-populations-de-vertebres-ont-decline-de-69-en-moins-de-cinquante-ans_6145561_3244.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+populations+d%E2%80%99oiseaux%2C+de+poissons%2C+de+mammif%C3%A8res%2C+d%E2%80%99amphibiens+et+de+reptiles+ont+d%C3%A9clin%C3%A9+de+69+%25+en+moins+de+50+ans&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.date=2022-10-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science24juin2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Science24juin2020_8-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hu2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jane_C._Hu2020">Jane C. <span class="nom_auteur">Hu</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Graduate programs drop GRE after online version raises concerns about fairness</cite> », <i>Science</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-24" data-sort-value="2020-06-24">24 juin 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1095-9203">1095-9203</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.caredit.abd4989">10.1126/science.caredit.abd4989</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2020/06/graduate-programs-drop-gre-after-online-version-raises-concerns-about-fairness">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-25" data-sort-value="2020-06-25">25 juin 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Graduate+programs+drop+GRE+after+online+version+raises+concerns+about+fairness&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Jane+C.&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.caredit.abd4989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shu2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Shu2003_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D.-G. Shu, S. Conway Morris, J. Han, Z.-F. Zhang, K. Yasui, P. Janvier, L. Chen, X.-L. Zhang, J.-N. Liu, Y. Li, & H.-Q. Liu, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)">Nature</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 421, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6922,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-01-30" data-sort-value="2003-01-30">30 janvier 2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">526-529</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01264">10.1038/nature01264</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Head+and+backbone+of+the+Early+Cambrian+vertebrate+Haikouichthys&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=6922&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft.volume=421&rft.pages=526-529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Conway_MorrisCaron2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simon_Conway_MorrisJean-Bernard_Caron2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Conway_Morris" title="Simon Conway Morris">Simon Conway Morris</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Bernard_Caron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Bernard Caron (page inexistante)">Jean-Bernard Caron</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Pikaia gracilens Walcott, a stem-group chordate from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Biological Reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 87,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-03" data-sort-value="2012-03">mars 2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">480–512</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00220.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00220.x</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pikaia+gracilens+Walcott%2C+a+stem-group+chordate+from+the+Middle+Cambrian+of+British+Columbia&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.au=Simon+Conway+Morris&rft.au=Jean-Bernard+Caron&rft.date=2012-03&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=480%E2%80%93512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.2012.00220.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Summary Statistics (table 1a)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Union_internationale_pour_la_conservation_de_la_nature" title="Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature">IUCN</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-19" data-sort-value="2020-12-19">19 décembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1990"><cite class="italique">Encyclopaedia universalis</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 23, éd. Encyclopaedia Universalis, <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 493<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+universalis&rft.pub=%C3%A9d.+Encyclopaedia+Universalis&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vandebroek1969"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Vandebroek1969">Georges Vandebroek, <cite class="italique">Évolution des vertébrés : de leur origine à l'homme</cite>, Masson, <time>1969</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 204<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89volution+des+vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Masson&rft.stitle=de+leur+origine+%C3%A0+l%27homme&rft.aulast=Vandebroek&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1969&rft.pages=204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pirlot1969"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Pirlot1969"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pirlot" title="Paul Pirlot">Paul Pirlot</a>, <cite class="italique">Morphologie évolutive des Chordés</cite>, Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, <time>1969</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 206<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphologie+%C3%A9volutive+des+Chord%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Les+Presses+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.aulast=Pirlot&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.date=1969&rft.pages=206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sherwood2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lauralee_Sherwood2015">Lauralee Sherwood, <cite class="italique">Physiologie humaine</cite>, De Boeck Superieur, <time>2015</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 443<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiologie+humaine&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Superieur&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Lauralee&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Solomon,_Linda_Berg,_Diana_W._Martin2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eldra_Solomon,_Linda_Berg,_Diana_W._Martin2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Eldra Solomon, Linda Berg, Diana W. Martin, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Biology</cite>, Cengage Learning, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=qBOPoEc-zu4C">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 582<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.au=Eldra+Solomon%2C+Linda+Berg%2C+Diana+W.+Martin&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Le_Guyader2024"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hervé_Le_Guyader2024"><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Le_Guyader" title="Hervé Le Guyader">Hervé Le Guyader</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Le double effet du génome de la myxine</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_la_science" title="Pour la science">Pour la science</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 559,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-05" data-sort-value="2024-05">mai 2024</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">92-94</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pourlascience.fr/sr/chroniques-de-levolution/le-double-effet-du-genome-de-la-myxine-26356.php">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medias.pourlascience.fr/api/v1/files/66261f79fffe611988186838?alt=file">lire en ligne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-06-17" data-sort-value="2024-06-17">17 juin 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+double+effet+du+g%C3%A9nome+de+la+myxine&rft.jtitle=Pour+la+science&rft.issue=559&rft.au=Herv%C3%A9+Le+Guyader&rft.date=2024-05&rft.pages=92-94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Discours prononcé au <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle" title="Muséum national d'histoire naturelle">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a>, à Paris, en mars 1806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rey2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Rey2011"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Rey" title="Alain Rey">Alain Rey</a>, <cite class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_historique_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dictionnaire historique de la langue française">Dictionnaire historique de la langue française</a></cite>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(%C3%A9ditions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan (éditions)">Nathan</a>, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 4045<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=Nathan&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=4045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Lecointre" title="Guillaume Lecointre">Guillaume Lecointre</a> et <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Le_Guyader" title="Hervé Le Guyader">Hervé Le Guyader</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Classification_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique_de_Guillaume_Lecointre_et_Herv%C3%A9_Le_Guyader" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification phylogénétique de Guillaume Lecointre et Hervé Le Guyader">Classification phylogénétique du vivant</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Belin" class="mw-redirect" title="Éditions Belin">Éditions Belin</a>, Paris, <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition, 2006. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7011-4273-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7011-4273-3"><span class="nowrap">2-7011-4273-3</span></a>)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">B. Chanet, « Organisation & Diversité du Monde Animal : Numéro 1 », <i>Cahiers d'Anatomie Comparée</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oniris-nantes.fr/fileadmin/redaction/Etude/CAC/numero_special/Chanet_NS1.pdf">NS°1(1)</a>, 2010, p.6-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classif98-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-classif98_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>, 1998. <i>A revised six-kingdom system of life</i>. Biol. Rev. 73: 203-266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alysha M. Heimberg, Richard Cowper-Sal·lari, Marie Sémon, Philip C. J. Donoghue et Kevin J. Peterson, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">MicroRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 107, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 45,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-09" data-sort-value="2010-11-09">9 novembre 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/45/19379.full.pdf%20p.19379-19383">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+reveal+the+interrelationships+of+hagfish%2C+lampreys+and+gnathostomes+and+the+nature+of+the+ancestral+vertebrate&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft.volume=107&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F107%2F45%2F19379.full.pdf+p.19379-19383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Betancur-RWileyArratiaAcero2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ricardo_Betancur-REdward_O._WileyGloria_ArratiaArturo_Acero2017">Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre et Guillermo Ortí, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes</cite> », <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 17, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 162 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28683774">28683774</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5501477">5501477</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3">10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+classification+of+bony+fishes&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Betancur-R&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.au=Edward+O.+Wiley&rft.au=Gloria+Arratia&rft.au=Arturo+Acero&rft.au=Nicolas+Bailly&rft.au=Masaki+Miya&rft.au=Guillaume+Lecointre&rft.au=Guillermo+Ort%C3%AD&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28683774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITIS26_avril_2019-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ITIS26_avril_2019_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#ITIS"><i>Integrated Taxonomic Information System</i> (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 </a><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK">https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK</a>, consulté le 26 avril 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRMS26_avril_2019-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-WRMS26_avril_2019_30-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#WRMS"><i>World Register of Marine Species</i>, consulté le 26 avril 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Betancur-RWileyArratiaAcero2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ricardo_Betancur-REdward_O._WileyGloria_ArratiaArturo_Acero2017">Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre et Guillermo Ortí, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes</cite> », <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 17, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 162 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28683774">28683774</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5501477">5501477</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3">10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+classification+of+bony+fishes&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Betancur-R&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.au=Edward+O.+Wiley&rft.au=Gloria+Arratia&rft.au=Arturo+Acero&rft.au=Nicolas+Bailly&rft.au=Masaki+Miya&rft.au=Guillaume+Lecointre&rft.au=Guillermo+Ort%C3%AD&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28683774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alysha M. Heimberg, Richard Cowper-Sal·lari, Marie Sémon, Philip C. J. Donoghue et Kevin J. Peterson, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">MicroRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 107, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 45,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-09" data-sort-value="2010-11-09">9 novembre 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/45/19379.full.pdf%20p.19379-19383">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+reveal+the+interrelationships+of+hagfish%2C+lampreys+and+gnathostomes+and+the+nature+of+the+ancestral+vertebrate&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft.volume=107&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F107%2F45%2F19379.full.pdf+p.19379-19383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Avec plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> : <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnathes</a> (lamproies), <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Requin" title="Requin">requins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raie" title="Raie">raies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Placodermes" title="Placodermes">Placodermes</a> (fossiles), <a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodiens</a> (fossiles), <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyens</a> (poissons osseux).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les poissons, amphibiens et reptiles sont des groupes <a href="/wiki/Paraphylie" title="Paraphylie">paraphylétiques</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">« Systématique : ordonner la diversité du vivant », Rapport sur la Science et la technologie N°11, Académie des sciences, Lavoisier, 2010, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONU3-2010-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-7">h</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ONU3-2010_36-8">i</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Secrétariat de la <a href="/wiki/Convention_sur_la_diversit%C3%A9_biologique" title="Convention sur la diversité biologique">convention sur la diversité biologique</a> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-fr.pdf"><abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition des Perspectives mondiales de la diversité biologique</a>. Montréal, 94 pages. Voir notamment p24/94 chapitre : <i>Les populations d’espèces et les risques d’extinction</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWF-Rapport2020-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WWF-Rapport2020_37-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-WWF-Rapport2020_37-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020"><cite class="italique">Rapport Planète Vivante 2020 : Infléchir la courbe de la perte de biodiversité</cite> (synthèse), <time>2020</time>, 48 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwf.fr/rapport-planete-vivante">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapport+Plan%C3%A8te+Vivante+2020&rft.stitle=Infl%C3%A9chir+la+courbe+de+la+perte+de+biodiversit%C3%A9&rft.date=2020&rft.tpages=48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2018">« <cite style="font-style:normal">La Terre a perdu 60 % de ses animaux sauvages en 44 ans</cite> », <i>L'Obs</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-30" data-sort-value="2018-10-30">30 octobre 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/planete/20181030.OBS4654/la-terre-a-perdu-60-de-ses-animaux-sauvages-en-44-ans.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Terre+a+perdu+60+%25+de+ses+animaux+sauvages+en+44+ans&rft.jtitle=L%27Obs&rft.date=2018-10-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CeballosEhrlichRaven2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gerardo_CeballosPaul_R._EhrlichPeter_H._Raven2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Gerardo <span class="nom_auteur">Ceballos</span>, Paul R. <span class="nom_auteur">Ehrlich</span> et Peter H. <span class="nom_auteur">Raven</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 117, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 24,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-16" data-sort-value="2020-06-16">16 juin 2020</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">13596–13602</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922686117">10.1073/pnas.1922686117</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1922686117">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-25" data-sort-value="2020-06-25">25 juin 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vertebrates+on+the+brink+as+indicators+of+biological+annihilation+and+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=24&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=13596%E2%80%9313602&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nuwer2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rachel_Nuwer2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Rachel <span class="nom_auteur">Nuwer</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">Mass Extinctions Are Accelerating, Scientists Report</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The New York Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-01" data-sort-value="2020-06-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juin 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/science/mass-extinctions-are-accelerating-scientists-report.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-25" data-sort-value="2020-06-25">25 juin 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mass+Extinctions+Are+Accelerating%2C+Scientists+Report&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Zoologie" title="Portail de la zoologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Symbole-faune.png/27px-Symbole-faune.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Symbole-faune.png/40px-Symbole-faune.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Symbole-faune.png/53px-Symbole-faune.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Zoologie" title="Portail:Zoologie">Portail de la zoologie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Portail origine et évolution du vivant"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/48px-Icone_OEV2.jpg" decoding="async" width="48" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/72px-Icone_OEV2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/96px-Icone_OEV2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant">Portail origine et évolution du vivant</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertébrés&oldid=216666655">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertébrés&oldid=216666655</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9" title="Catégorie:Vertébré">Vertébré</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cord%C3%A9_(nom_vernaculaire)" title="Catégorie:Cordé (nom vernaculaire)">Cordé (nom vernaculaire)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Taxon_d%C3%A9crit_en_1801" title="Catégorie:Taxon décrit en 1801">Taxon décrit en 1801</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Taxon_d%C3%A9crit_par_Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Catégorie:Taxon décrit par Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Taxon décrit par Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Taxobox_utilisant_la_classification_selon_ITIS" title="Catégorie:Taxobox utilisant la classification selon ITIS">Taxobox utilisant la classification selon ITIS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_avec_taxobox-animal" title="Catégorie:Article avec taxobox-animal">Article avec taxobox-animal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_une_Infobox" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox">Article utilisant une Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_avec_section_%C3%A0_recycler" title="Catégorie:Article avec section à recycler">Article avec section à recycler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_avec_une_section_vide_ou_incompl%C3%A8te" title="Catégorie:Article avec une section vide ou incomplète">Article avec une section vide ou incomplète</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia_avec_notice_d%27autorit%C3%A9" title="Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité">Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P1417" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417">Page utilisant P1417</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P8313" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P8313">Page utilisant P8313</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P1296" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P1296">Page utilisant P1296</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P6058" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P6058">Page utilisant P6058</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P4342" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P4342">Page utilisant P4342</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P3219" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P3219">Page utilisant P3219</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_pointant_vers_des_bases_externes" title="Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes">Page pointant vers des bases externes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_pointant_vers_des_dictionnaires_ou_encyclop%C3%A9dies_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralistes" title="Catégorie:Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes">Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_le_mod%C3%A8le_Bases_recherche_inactif" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant le modèle Bases recherche inactif">Page utilisant le modèle Bases recherche inactif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P4024" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P4024">Page utilisant P4024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P6039" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P6039">Page utilisant P6039</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P3031" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P3031">Page utilisant P3031</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P1895" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P1895">Page utilisant P1895</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P4807" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P4807">Page utilisant P4807</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P3101" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P3101">Page utilisant P3101</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P842" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P842">Page utilisant P842</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P3151" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P3151">Page utilisant P3151</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P5055" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P5055">Page utilisant P5055</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P815" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P815">Page utilisant P815</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P5221" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P5221">Page utilisant P5221</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P850" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P850">Page utilisant P850</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_pointant_vers_des_bases_relatives_au_vivant" title="Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives au vivant">Page pointant vers des bases relatives au vivant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Zoologie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Zoologie/Articles liés">Portail:Zoologie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Biologie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Biologie/Articles liés">Portail:Biologie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles liés">Portail:Sciences/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Projet:Biologie/Pages_li%C3%A9es" title="Catégorie:Projet:Biologie/Pages liées">Projet:Biologie/Pages liées</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant/Articles liés">Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Bon_article_en_serbe" title="Catégorie:Bon article en serbe">Bon article en serbe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Bon_article_en_tch%C3%A8que" title="Catégorie:Bon article en tchèque">Bon article en tchèque</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 9 juillet 2024 à 15:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Spécial:Citer/Vertébrés">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6fb798d4f9-2djsp","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.761","walltime":"1.040","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6876,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138944,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34563,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":55705,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":14,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 912.992 1 -total"," 22.50% 205.468 2 Modèle:Références"," 18.10% 165.254 1 Modèle:Bases_vivant"," 13.65% 124.636 16 Modèle:Article"," 9.33% 85.220 1 Modèle:Taxobox_début"," 8.25% 75.354 1 Modèle:Bases_recherche"," 4.63% 42.290 9 Modèle:Clade"," 3.85% 35.131 1 Modèle:Autre4"," 3.68% 33.564 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note"," 3.61% 32.968 4 Modèle:Taxobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.321","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8856871,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-2n8bn","timestamp":"20241129181606","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25241","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25241","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-26T17:34:26Z","dateModified":"2024-07-09T14:01:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ab\/Vertebrata_002.png","headline":"sous-embranchement d'animaux chord\u00e9s pourvus d'un squelette interne"}</script> </body> </html>