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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mary Adelaide Nutting</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg/220px-Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg/330px-Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg/440px-Mary_Adelaide_Nutting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mary Adelaide Nutting</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-11-01</span>)</span>November 1, 1858<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Canada East</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-10-03)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">White Plains, New York</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Canadian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Medical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data role">Nursing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org">School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University Teachers College, Columbia University</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Adelaide Nutting</b> (November 1, 1858 – October 3, 1948) was a Canadian nurse, educator, and pioneer in the field of hospital care. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>'s first nurse training program in 1891, Nutting helped to found a modern nursing program at the school. In 1907, she became involved in an experimental program at the new <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Ascending to the role of chair of the nursing and health department, Nutting authored a vanguard curriculum based on preparatory nursing education, public health studies, and social service emphasis. She served as president of a variety of councils and committees that served to standardize <a href="/wiki/Nursing_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing education">nursing education</a> and ease the process of meshing nurse-profession interest with state legislation. Nutting was also the author of a multitude of scholarly works relating to the nursing field, and her work, <i>A History of Nursing</i>, remains an essential historic writing today. She is remembered for her legacy as a pioneer in the field of nursing, but also her activist role in a time where women still had limited rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1858, Mary Adelaide Nutting was born to Vespasian and Harriet Sophia Nutting at a hospital in Frost Village, District of East Canada (present-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her parents were of English descent. Her ancestors seem to have been <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> who emigrated to Canada from the US. This was a common trend for many people who remained loyal to the English crown during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and subsequent to the US victory fled the country to seek refuge in the British colony of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of six children, she was particularly close to her only sister, who shared similar interest in the arts and music. At a young age, Nutting's family moved to <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a>, and this is where she spent a better part of her childhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite coming from meager economic means, all the children received an education at the local village academy. Nutting's father was a court clerk whose income made it difficult to make ends meet. However, he thought that it was essential that his children get the chance to attend school. A gifted student, passionate about her studies, Nutting studied at the Bute House School in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and spent a brief period at a convent school in St. Johns Newfoundland. In 1881, Nutting, along with her mother and her siblings, took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, where she became involved in the fields of music and design. Having found her first real niche, she spent a brief time studying the arts in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>, and continued this education back in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. Nutting's sister was the principal at the Cathedral School for Girls, and this opened the door for Nutting's first real experience with teaching, as she spent a year instructing piano and music education. She is remembered as a very independent woman, and made the personal decision early on to not marry to prevent any hindrance of her career aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliation_with_Johns_Hopkins_University">Affiliation with Johns Hopkins University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Affiliation with Johns Hopkins University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Nutting had an early interest in the arts, but, largely influenced by her admiration for <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>, the British war-time nurse and patron of the modern nursing field, she developed a budding interest in nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was compounded by the fact that Nutting underwent the painful experience of watching her mother slowly die at the hands of "incompetent" health care.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost by sheer chance, she came across a newspaper article advertising for a brand-new opportunity to participate in a nurse training program at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_(1922)_(14740146656).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_%281922%29_%2814740146656%29.jpg/220px-The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_%281922%29_%2814740146656%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_%281922%29_%2814740146656%29.jpg/330px-The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_%281922%29_%2814740146656%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_%281922%29_%2814740146656%29.jpg/440px-The_School_of_Nursing_of_the_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital_and_a_world_need_%281922%29_%2814740146656%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Johns Hopkins School of Nursing (1922)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johns_Hopkins_nursing_program">Johns Hopkins nursing program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Johns Hopkins nursing program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1889, at the age of 31, Nutting was one of 17 students to enroll in the inaugural class at the Johns Hopkins school of nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This training program was a unique opportunity because admission required no prior experience or higher education; also, those who came from humble means still had accessibility to the school because rather than charge admission, students were required to work at the hospital and received a small salary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutting graduated from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a> in 1891, placing fourth in her class.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She decided to remain on the campus, taking a position as head nurse.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, Nutting was promoted to assistant superintendent, and served under her close acquaintance <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Hampton_Robb" title="Isabel Hampton Robb">Isabel Hampton</a>. When Hampton made the decision to resign just a year later, Nutting assumed the role as superintendent and principal of the nursing school, which entailed both administrative and hospital service leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advances_in_nursing_education_at_Johns_Hopkins">Advances in nursing education at Johns Hopkins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advances in nursing education at Johns Hopkins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her newfound position of authority, Nutting saw an opportunity to make changes to the program at Johns Hopkins University and breakthroughs in the development of nursing curricula throughout the country. As one account says of her succession to superintendent: "Thus began her lifelong crusade to bring education of nurses within universities."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the major flaws of the training school at Hopkins was that while the school allowed lower-class individuals to attend, a much heavier emphasis was placed on the time spent served laboring in the hospital than on the educational aspects. This posed a twofold problem; first, it was unfair to students who were seeking a serious academic program, and instead were being supplanted as cheap additional staff to the hospital; second, these students were thrown into action without any real preliminary training, which could lead to inadequate service. They were serving on average 60–105 hours a week, which left practically no time to focus on their school work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at the time conditions at the nursing school were less than ideal, the late 19th century marked the first significant advancement in medical studies. In 1893, The <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins Medical School</a> was founded, and this drew a sharper focus to the need to reform preexisting practices. To address the obstacles within her own program, Nutting met with the trustees in 1895 to convey the "exploitative" nature of the current system. Incorporating detailed statistical analysis and data, Nutting's work, <i>The Statistical Report of Work Hours in Training School</i>, highlighted the drawbacks of using students as hospital staff. Considered the "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>" of nurse teaching, her presentation convinced Hopkins leadership to make drastic reforms. Work stipends were replaced with scholarships, and the training school was expanded to a three-year program with fewer work hours. Further, Nutting instituted a watershed preparatory program that served the purpose of easing nurses in the hospital environment, including classes in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">materia medica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>. This was one of the first of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutting also made early breakthroughs in the field of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, instituting nursing programs that provided at home care for people in poorer communities, especially for sick mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Nutting was instrumental in the creation of the Johns Hopkins' Nursing Library, and the materials collected within its shelves would later be important to her book, <i>History of Nursing</i>. This work, a four-volume series, written from 1907 to 1912 and co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Dock" title="Lavinia Dock">Lavinia Dock</a>, provided a comprehensive account of nursing practice up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_the_development_of_nursing_curricula_and_standards">Impact on the development of nursing curricula and standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact on the development of nursing curricula and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nutting's aim to create a change in nursing at the time was not limited to within Johns Hopkins. She also had a substantial impact on standardizing the field throughout the country. An important member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Superintendents_of_Training_Schools_for_Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses">American Society of Superintendents</a> of Training Schools for Nurses of the US and Canada ( which later became the National League of Nursing Education), she helped lead the movement to implement industry guidelines, and served as acting president twice in 1896 and 1909. Further, Nutting established the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Nursing" title="American Journal of Nursing">American Journal of Nursing</a></i> (1900), which provided a crucial information source for aspiring professionals and scholars. She also was the founder of the Maryland State Association of Graduate Nurses, and held the position of president in 1903. This association not only served as a liaison between nurses and the state, but also helped in the process of creating legislation that regarded the profession. One of these landmark pieces of legislation was the Maryland Registration Act of 1904, which registered and governed practicing nurses. Nutting was awarded RN card No. 1, marking her as the first registered nurse in the state of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachers_College_at_Columbia_University">Teachers College at Columbia University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Teachers College at Columbia University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teachers_College_today.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Teachers_College_today.JPG/220px-Teachers_College_today.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Teachers_College_today.JPG/330px-Teachers_College_today.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Teachers_College_today.JPG 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Teachers College Columbia University (21st century)</figcaption></figure><p>Nutting's ultimate goal was to coalesce nurse training schools with university education systems, which was not going to be attainable during her time at Hopkins. Therefore, in 1889, Nutting convinced the new dean at the <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College</a> at Columbia, James E. Russell, to allow nurses to partake in hospital economics and physiology courses offered at the institution. The Teachers College was the first established school of education in the country, and Nutting believed nurses going into teaching and administrative positions would vastly benefit from studies at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, she commuted between Baltimore and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> teaching part-time at both universities. In 1907, after enjoying great success at her position at Columbia, Nutting took on a full-time position as a professor in institutional management. This was a historical achievement, as she was the first nurse to ever assume a chair position at a university.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johns Hopkins was greatly disappointed at the loss of such a major figure in the medical world, but the school acknowledged that Nutting would continue to play a major role in Maryland. In 1910, she was awarded the role of chairman of the department of nursing and health. Dean Russell proclaimed Nutting one of "the ablest men of either sex."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her chairman position, Nutting configured a world-renowned program in <a href="/wiki/Hospital_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital administration">hospital administration</a> and nurse education. Her ideology of nursing purported a "humanistic approach" where nurses served the role as both medical professionals and social workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, Nutting was recognized for all her contributions with the Adelaide Nutting Historical Collection at Teachers College, which held a massive collection of works on her longtime idol, Florence Nightingale. In 1925, she retired from her position as chair. To this day, Nutting is remembered as one of the most instrumental factors in developing the nursing program at Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_works_while_at_Teachers_College">Published works while at Teachers College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Published works while at Teachers College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_school_for_nurses,_Paris;_A_history_of_nursing,_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_school_for_nurses%2C_Paris%3B_A_history_of_nursing%2C_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg/220px-The_school_for_nurses%2C_Paris%3B_A_history_of_nursing%2C_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_school_for_nurses%2C_Paris%3B_A_history_of_nursing%2C_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg/330px-The_school_for_nurses%2C_Paris%3B_A_history_of_nursing%2C_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_school_for_nurses%2C_Paris%3B_A_history_of_nursing%2C_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg/440px-The_school_for_nurses%2C_Paris%3B_A_history_of_nursing%2C_1912_Wellcome_L0001677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Excerpted from Nutting's "A History of Nursing" (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary Adelaide Nutting is perhaps the most prominent figure in the development of the modern field of nursing. On top of all her work with crafting curricula and administrative duties, she also contributed to a series of published works that remain crucial to nursing academics. As one bibliography writes, "Every significant nursing study published in the early 1900s was associated in some way with Adelaide Nutting."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of some of her most important works: </p> <ul><li><i>A History of Nursing</i> (1907–1912)</li> <li><i>Educational Status of Nursing</i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Curriculum_for_Schools_of_Nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Curriculum for Schools of Nursing">Standard Curriculum for Schools of Nursing</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i>Nursing and Nursing Education in the United States</i> (1923)</li> <li><i>A Sound Economic Basis for Schools of Nursing</i> (1926)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg/140px-Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg/210px-Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg/280px-Make_Nursing_Your_War_Job_Art.IWMPST14571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4744" data-file-height="7110" /></a><figcaption>Recruitment poster for nurses during WW1</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite being a Canadian citizen, Mary Adelaide Nutting was more than willing to assist in the home effort when war erupted in Europe. In 1917 as the US entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a>, she called together the National Emergency Committee on Nursing to assist with the war support. Further, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> appointed her to the chairmanship of the committee on nursing for the medical board of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense" title="Council of National Defense">Council of National Defense</a>. Under this role, Nutting lead point in ensuring that there were enough nurses supporting the soldiers, and that they had adequate resources to treat patients. Through newspaper articles, she appealed to the public to assist in supporting the war efforts. Nutting's administrative organization would again be employed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a> because of its prior success. After the war's completion, Nutting was awarded with the Liberty Science Medal, presented to her by the Council of the National Institute for Social Sciences. The award commended her for her patriotism and devotion to the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nutting is warmly remembered as independent, motivated, and passionate by those who knew her best. She died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in October 1948, in <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains, New York</a>, quite close to her 90th birthday. She had a traditional <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> ceremony, and her ashes were buried at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Adelaide Nutting led the nursing community for over 30 years, and her influence on the field is still greatly felt today. At a commencement presentation at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, the professor that introduced Nutting called her "one of the most useful women in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutting was involved in a variety of women's suffrage movements and programs, and was also a staunch advocate for making education and medical care more accessible to all people. She was a pioneer of education, hospital administration, and other fields. In 1944, Nutting was awarded a medal in her name, presented by the National League of Nursing. The "Mary Adelaide Nutting Award" is given once a year, to a recipient who was shown devotion and furthered the development of nursing education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary Adelaide Nutting." <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974. <i>Biography in Context</i>, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2310006535/BIC1?u=balt85423&xid=0c2811fa. Accessed 20 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Mary Adelaide Nutting." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 10 February 2000. Web. 20 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Arrival of the Loyalists in Canada." The Arrival of the Loyalists in Canada | Site for Language Management in Canada (SLMC) – Official Languages and Bilingualism Institute (OLBI). N.p., n.d. Web. 20 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Adelaide Nutting, MSA SC 3520-13593. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selanders, Louise. "Florence Nightingale." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 February 2017. Web. 21 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">01, Conference Room. Mary Adelaide Nutting, Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Adelaide Nutting Collection." Medical Archives - Personal Paper Collections: Mary Adelaide Nutting Collection. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"About TC | Teachers College Columbia University." <i>Teachers College - Columbia University</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goostray, Stella. "Mary Adelaide Nutting." <i>The American Journal of Nursing</i>, vol. 58, no. 11, 1958, pp. 1524–1529., www.jstor.org/stable/3566452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full Text of "The British Journal of Nursing". N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Mary Adelaide Nutting." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974. Biography in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2310006535/BIC1?u=balt85423&xid=0c2811fa. Accessed 20 April 2017.</li> <li>The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Mary Adelaide Nutting." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 10 Feb. 2000. Web. 20 April 2017.</li> <li>"The Arrival of the Loyalists in Canada." The Arrival of the Loyalists in Canada | Site for Language Management in Canada (SLMC) – Official Languages and Bilingualism Institute (OLBI). N.p., n.d. Web. 20 April 2017.</li> <li>Mary Adelaide Nutting, MSA SC 3520-13593. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 April 2017.</li> <li>Selanders, Louise. "Florence Nightingale." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 Feb. 2017. Web. 21 April 2017.</li> <li>01, Conference Room. Mary Adelaide Nutting, Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</li> <li>"Mary Adelaide Nutting Collection." Medical Archives - Personal Paper Collections: Mary Adelaide Nutting Collection. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</li> <li>"About TC | Teachers College Columbia University." Teachers College - Columbia University. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 April 2017.</li> <li>Goostray, Stella. "Mary Adelaide Nutting." The American Journal of Nursing, vol. 58, no. 11, 1958, pp. 1524–1529., www.jstor.org/stable/3566452.</li> <li>Full Text of "The British Journal of Nursing". N.p., n.d. Web</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marshall, Helen E. <i>Mary Adelaide Nutting; Pioneer of Modern Nursing</i> (1972); 396pp; scholarly biography</li> <li>Spring, Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-nutting">"Mary Nutting"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nutting, Mary Adelaide. <i>Educational status of nursing</i> (US Government Printing Office, 1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7Ia0V5anja0C">Online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brent" title="Margaret Brent">Margaret Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_C._Davidson" title="Rita C. Davidson">Rita C. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Spellman" title="Gladys Spellman">Gladys Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Mae_Carroll_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson">Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Ann Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Rosner_Wolman" title="Jeanette Rosner Wolman">Jeanette Rosner Wolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltgunt_Zassenhaus" title="Hiltgunt Zassenhaus">Hiltgunt Zassenhaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Jackson_Mitchell" title="Juanita Jackson Mitchell">Juanita Jackson Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shaw_Shorb" title="Mary Shaw Shorb">Mary Shaw Shorb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen B. Taussig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Kneller_Miller" title="Sadie Kneller Miller">Sadie Kneller Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Risteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Eliza Risteau">Mary Eliza Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Carey_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Carey Thomas">Martha Carey Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verda_Welcome" title="Verda Welcome">Verda Welcome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Adkins" title="Bertha Adkins">Bertha Adkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Engle" title="Lavinia Engle">Lavinia Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_King_Lee" title="Lena King Lee">Lena King Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_R._Ramey" class="mw-redirect" title="Estelle R. Ramey">Estelle R. Ramey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Maurer" title="Lucille Maurer">Lucille Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enolia_McMillan" title="Enolia McMillan">Enolia McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Hagner_Stamp" title="Adele Hagner Stamp">Adele Hagner Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lemist_Titcomb" title="Mary Lemist Titcomb">Mary Lemist Titcomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lange" title="Mary Elizabeth Lange">Mary Elizabeth Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCardell" title="Claire McCardell">Claire McCardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Moses" title="Bessie Moses">Bessie Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Schrock" title="Alta Schrock">Alta Schrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Armstrong" title="Annie Armstrong">Annie Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ella_Carroll" title="Anna Ella Carroll">Anna Ella Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kushner" title="Rose Kushner">Rose Kushner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Collins_Schweinhaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Collins Schweinhaut">Margaret Collins Schweinhaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Delgado_Votaw" title="Carmen Delgado Votaw">Carmen Delgado Votaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalyn_Blake_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosalyn Blake Bell (page does not exist)">Rosalyn Blake Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Clifton" title="Lucille Clifton">Lucille Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_King_Ellicott" title="Elizabeth King Ellicott">Elizabeth King Ellicott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Spencer_(Maryland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Spencer (Maryland) (page does not exist)">Jean Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellicott_Tyson" title="Martha Ellicott Tyson">Martha Ellicott Tyson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Silber_Abrams" title="Rosalie Silber Abrams">Rosalie Silber Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Banning" title="Mary Elizabeth Banning">Mary Elizabeth Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Elizabeth_Brown" title="Harriet Elizabeth Brown">Harriet Elizabeth Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Morella" title="Connie Morella">Connie Morella</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Adelaide Nutting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jill_Moss_Greenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jill Moss Greenberg (page does not exist)">Jill Moss Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Nock" title="Mary L. Nock">Mary L. Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Taylor_Norris" title="Amanda Taylor Norris">Amanda Taylor Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Barcroft_Taylor" title="Nettie Barcroft Taylor">Nettie Barcroft Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_Mary_Goldsborough_Willson" title="Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson">Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_L._Ellicott" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine L. Ellicott">Madeleine L. Ellicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Ennis" title="Ethel Ennis">Ethel Ennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Digges_Lee" title="Mary Digges Lee">Mary Digges Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_G._Leventhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigid G. Leventhal">Brigid G. Leventhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_A._Robinson" title="Barbara A. Robinson">Barbara A. Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diane_L._Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diane L. Adams (page does not exist)">Diane L. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sol_del_Ande_Mendez_Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton (page does not exist)">Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_R._Gira" title="Catherine R. Gira">Catherine R. Gira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_L._Koss" title="Helen L. Koss">Helen L. Koss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle" title="Rosa Ponselle">Rosa Ponselle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Ross_Beims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Ross Beims (page does not exist)">Constance Ross Beims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Katharine_Goddard" title="Mary Katharine Goddard">Mary Katharine Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Ryan_Hedges" title="Elaine Ryan Hedges">Elaine Ryan Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carter_Smith" title="Mary Carter Smith">Mary Carter Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Riefle_Bahr" title="Florence Riefle Bahr">Florence Riefle Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillian_C._Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillian C. Compton (page does not exist)">Lillian C. Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Houghton_Hooker" title="Edith Houghton Hooker">Edith Houghton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Fran_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Fran Johnson (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Fran Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Smith_White" title="Bernice Smith White">Bernice Smith White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Uriolo_Battle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Uriolo Battle (page does not exist)">Constance Uriolo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Green_Carr" title="Lois Green Carr">Lois Green Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Pressman_Fuentes" title="Sonia Pressman Fuentes">Sonia Pressman Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Jacobsen" title="Josephine Jacobsen">Josephine Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosetta_Stith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosetta Stith (page does not exist)">Rosetta Stith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Feeley" title="Kathleen Feeley">Kathleen Feeley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misbah_Khan_(pediatrician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misbah Khan (pediatrician) (page does not exist)">Misbah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charmaine_Krohe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charmaine Krohe (page does not exist)">Charmaine Krohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_W._Tomlinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra W. Tomlinson (page does not exist)">Sandra W. Tomlinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Houze_Hubbard" title="Mabel Houze Hubbard">Mabel Houze Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_P._Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence P. Kendall (page does not exist)">Florence P. Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Young_Pickersgill" title="Mary Young Pickersgill">Mary Young Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Sheehan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Sheehan">Lorraine Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Walcott_Beauchamp" title="Virginia Walcott Beauchamp">Virginia Walcott Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Clarke" title="Edith Clarke">Edith Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_J._DuFour" title="Kathryn J. DuFour">Kathryn J. DuFour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_L._Kirschstein" title="Ruth L. Kirschstein">Ruth L. Kirschstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Haynie_Maddox" title="Etta Haynie Maddox">Etta Haynie Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Yow" title="Debbie Yow">Debbie Yow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonson_sisters" title="Edmonson sisters">Edmonson sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grasmick" title="Nancy Grasmick">Nancy Grasmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McCready" title="Esther McCready">Esther McCready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Byrd_Rawson" title="Margaret Byrd Rawson">Margaret Byrd Rawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_V._Simpson" title="Vivian V. Simpson">Vivian V. Simpson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshana_Shoubin_Cardin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoshana Shoubin Cardin (page does not exist)">Shoshana Shoubin Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Olive_Cole" title="Bessie Olive Cole">Bessie Olive Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_R._Panny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan R. Panny (page does not exist)">Susan R. Panny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edyth_H._Schoenrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Edyth H. Schoenrich">Edyth H. Schoenrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pardee_Baker" title="Susan Pardee Baker">Susan Pardee Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebe_Sokol_Diamond" title="Liebe Sokol Diamond">Liebe Sokol Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bea_Gaddy" title="Bea Gaddy">Bea Gaddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Hughes_Gaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Marilyn Hughes Gaston">Marilyn Hughes Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Alban_Hoffberger" title="Rebecca Alban Hoffberger">Rebecca Alban Hoffberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Snively" title="Grace Snively">Grace Snively</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annette_M.Deener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annette M.Deener (page does not exist)">Annette M.Deener</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_T._Grant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally T. Grant (page does not exist)">Sally T. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanna_Nair" title="Prasanna Nair">Prasanna Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_H._Rothenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen H. Rothenberg (page does not exist)">Karen H. Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audrey_E._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audrey E. Scott (page does not exist)">Audrey E. Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramona_McCarthy_Hawkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramona McCarthy Hawkins (page does not exist)">Ramona McCarthy Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Moses_Heller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Moses Heller (page does not exist)">Ellen Moses Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Menes" title="Pauline Menes">Pauline Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Orenstein" title="Toby Orenstein">Toby Orenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_Walker" title="Emily Wilson Walker">Emily Wilson Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_Fehrer" title="Ilia Fehrer">Ilia Fehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Griffin_(biologist)" title="Diane Griffin (biologist)">Diane Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Legum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet Legum (page does not exist)">Harriet Legum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allyson_R._Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allyson R. Solomon (page does not exist)">Allyson R. Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_St._Clair_Wright" title="Anne St. Clair Wright">Anne St. Clair Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claire_M._Fraser" title="Claire M. Fraser">Claire M. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Hoof_Green" title="Anne Catherine Hoof Green">Anne Catherine Hoof Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan_Kirkaldy" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Morgan Kirkaldy">Irene Morgan Kirkaldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almira_Hart_Lincoln_Phelps" class="mw-redirect" title="Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps">Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernice_R._Sandler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernice R. Sandler (page does not exist)">Bernice R. Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Shockney" title="Lillie Shockney">Lillie D. Shockney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligia_Peralta" title="Ligia Peralta">Ligia Peralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Poe" title="Gertrude Poe">Gertrude Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Diggs_Slowe" title="Lucy Diggs Slowe">Lucy Diggs Slowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_A._Willenz" title="June A. Willenz">June A. Willenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Black" title="Maureen Black">Maureen Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dunkle" title="Margaret Dunkle">Margaret Dunkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kopp" title="Nancy Kopp">Nancy Kopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Manicur" title="Alice Manicur">Alice Manicur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Gribbon_Motz" title="Diana Gribbon Motz">Diana Gribbon Motz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwendolyn_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwendolyn Rooks (page does not exist)">Gwendolyn Rooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley" title="Helen Delich Bentley">Helen Delich Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_B._Cryor" title="Jean B. Cryor">Jean B. Cryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Dukes" title="Charlene Dukes">Charlene Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sauerbrey" title="Ellen Sauerbrey">Ellen Sauerbrey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_A._Shevitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda A. Shevitz (page does not exist)">Linda A. Shevitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_P._Tignor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice P. Tignor (page does not exist)">Beatrice P. Tignor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_F._Bailey" title="Dorothy F. Bailey">Dorothy F. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Kane_Callum" title="Agnes Kane Callum">Agnes Kane Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renee_E._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renee E. Fox (page does not exist)">Renee E. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_K._Goering" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan K. Goering">Susan K. Goering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Cipriano_Rees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Cipriano Rees (page does not exist)">Ann Cipriano Rees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_B._Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly B. Byron">Beverly B. Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Gail_de_Planque" title="E. Gail de Planque">E. Gail de Planque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_S._Feik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary S. Feik (page does not exist)">Mary S. Feik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_O%27Brien" title="Katherine O'Brien">Katherine O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_L._Singh" title="Linda L. Singh">Linda L. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Fryer_Ward" title="Sue Fryer Ward">Sue Fryer Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophia_Arabatzis_Balis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophia Arabatzis Balis (page does not exist)">Sophia Arabatzis Balis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oretha_Bridgwaters-Simms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms (page does not exist)">Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_C._Goodwillie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary C. Goodwillie (page does not exist)">Mary C. Goodwillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Danforth_Harmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Danforth Harmon">Elaine Danforth Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Katz" title="Joanne Katz">Joanne Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizette_Woodworth_Reese" title="Lizette Woodworth Reese">Lizette Woodworth Reese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Coleman-Adebayo" title="Marsha Coleman-Adebayo">Marsha Coleman-Adebayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Colvin" title="Carolyn Colvin">Carolyn Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Edwards" title="Donna Edwards">Donna Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Garrett" title="Mary Garrett">Mary Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Blodgett_Gebbie" title="Katharine Blodgett Gebbie">Katharine Blodgett Gebbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Ledecky" title="Katie Ledecky">Katie Ledecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Maroulis" title="Helen Maroulis">Helen Maroulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Welsh" title="Lilian Welsh">Lilian Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_I._Barnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra I. Barnes (page does not exist)">Sandra I. Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Williams_Ortega" title="Sandra Williams Ortega">Sandra Williams Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Saunders_Plummer" title="Emily Saunders Plummer">Emily Saunders Plummer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_L._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita L. Robinson (page does not exist)">Rita L. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hattie_N._Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hattie N. Washington (page does not exist)">Hattie N. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marielsa_A._Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marielsa A. Bernard (page does not exist)">Marielsa A. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_T._Chissell" title="Augusta T. Chissell">Augusta T. Chissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Dawes" title="Dominique Dawes">Dominique Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hall" title="Virginia Hall">Virginia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Gumataotao_Rios" title="Rosa Gumataotao Rios">Rosa Gumataotao Rios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Williams_Townsend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn Williams Townsend (page does not exist)">Evelyn Williams Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllis_B._Trickett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllis B. Trickett (page does not exist)">Phyllis B. Trickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Woo_Tsui" title="Pauline Woo Tsui">Pauline Woo Tsui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorine_Q._Adams" title="Victorine Q. Adams">Victorine Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_O._A._Darden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn O. A. Darden (page does not exist)">Evelyn O. A. Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Parkinson" title="Claire Parkinson">Claire Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Roman" title="Nancy Roman">Nancy Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Wolfe" title="Leslie R. Wolfe">Leslie R. Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bobo" title="Elizabeth Bobo">Elizabeth Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hawkins" title="Margaret Hawkins">Margaret Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Reese_Moone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruby Reese Moone (page does not exist)">Ruby Reese Moone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_K._Welker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy K. Welker (page does not exist)">Nancy K. Welker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celeste_Revillon_Winans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celeste Revillon Winans (page does not exist)">Celeste Revillon Winans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Blum" title="Dorothy Blum">Dorothy Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Mary L. Cleave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Rodgers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Rodgers (page does not exist)">Beatrice Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa_M._Shannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessa M. Shannon (page does not exist)">Odessa M. Shannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janeen_L._Birckhead" title="Janeen L. Birckhead">Janeen L. Birckhead</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_M._Cooksey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte M. Cooksey (page does not exist)">Charlotte M. Cooksey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Sol_Gutierrez" title="Ana Sol Gutierrez">Ana Sol Gutierrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_G._Lawlah" title="Gloria G. Lawlah">Gloria G. Lawlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">Jackie Ronne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_A._Jones" title="Adrienne A. Jones">Adrienne A. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_C._Lee" title="Susan C. Lee">Susan C. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Lierman" title="Brooke Lierman">Brooke Lierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Miller" title="Aruna Miller">Aruna Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14954668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071649772">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100983073">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/100640/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXkChF467H9ktyktGJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/139586741">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82140002">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13605838q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13605838q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p104719621">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007317035505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09279177?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569467">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bv83nb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&oldid=1220222326">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Nutting&oldid=1220222326</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Nursing_alumni" title="Category:Johns Hopkins School of Nursing alumni">Johns Hopkins School of Nursing alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_nursing_administrators" 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