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<span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khăn_vấn_for_males" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khăn_vấn_for_males"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Khăn vấn for males</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khăn_vấn_for_males-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnamese turban was popular in the Nguyễn dynasty</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n%22">"Khăn vấn"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg/220px-Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg/330px-Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg/440px-Vi_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BAc_17_tu%E1%BB%95i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="4078" /></a><figcaption>Vi Văn Định, a mandarin for the Nguyễn dynasty wearing a khăn vấn.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_(...)Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_%28...%29Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg/220px-Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_%28...%29Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_%28...%29Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg/330px-Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_%28...%29Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_%28...%29Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg/440px-Tonkin_Langson_N%C2%B033_Vi-van-Dinh_fils_%28...%29Salles_Andr%C3%A9_btv1b53013140k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption>Vi Văn Định at home is seen wearing a khăn vấn.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg/220px-Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg/330px-Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg/440px-Aodaicuacungdinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese women wear a version of áo Nhật Bình with khăn vành dây.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Khăn vấn</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a>: 巾問), <b>khăn đóng</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a>: 巾㨂) or <b>khăn xếp</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a>: 巾插), is a kind of turban worn by <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> which became popular beginning with the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a>. The word <i><b>vấn</b></i> means <i>coil around</i>. The word <i><b>khăn</b></i> means cloth, towel or scarf. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg/313px-Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="313" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg/470px-Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg/626px-Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>People in the Nguyễn dynasty with khăn vấn. The people in the back are sitting on a piece of traditional furniture known as a <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%ADp" title="Sập">sập</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Trịnh-Nguyễn war</a>, the residents in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Quảng Nam</a> (Canglan – the Southern) began to adapt to some customs of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, one of those was "vấn khăn" – wrap the scarf around head.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BARROW(1806)_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE,_SOLDIER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BARROW%281806%29_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE%2C_SOLDIER.jpg/200px-BARROW%281806%29_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE%2C_SOLDIER.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BARROW%281806%29_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE%2C_SOLDIER.jpg/300px-BARROW%281806%29_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE%2C_SOLDIER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BARROW%281806%29_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE%2C_SOLDIER.jpg/400px-BARROW%281806%29_p333_CONCHIN_CHINESE%2C_SOLDIER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>A man wearing <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> style turban.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png/220px-14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png/330px-14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png/440px-14-Nguoi_Meo_trang_o_Dong_Van.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a> in Northern Vietnam wearing their distinctive turbans</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nguyen Lords introduced <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81o_ng%C5%A9_th%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Áo ngũ thân (page does not exist)">áo ngũ thân</a>, the predecessor of the modern <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">áo dài</a>. In 1744, Lord <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Kho%C3%A1t" title="Nguyễn Phúc Khoát">Nguyễn Phúc Khoát</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>) decreed that both men and women in his court wear trousers and a gown with buttons down the front. The members of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a> court (southern court) were thus distinguished from the courtiers of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Trịnh Lords">Trịnh Lords</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wore <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh" title="Áo giao lĩnh">áo giao lĩnh</a></i> with long skirts and loose long hair. Hence, wrapping scarf around head became a unique custom in the south. From 1830, <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> emperor mandated that every civilian in the country change their clothes and that custom became popular throughout <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khăn vấn is a rectangular textile that is long and quite thick, wrapped tightly around the head. According to the decrees of <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Historical chronicle of Đại Nam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> initially remained faithful to the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> style, but gradually adapted styles to suit needs for each social class. </p><p>In addition, according to the law of <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, the problem of being too short and thin was prohibited, but too long and thick was also criticized as ugly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many types of khăn vấn, but they are basically classified into three types: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khăn_vấn_for_males"><span id="Kh.C4.83n_v.E1.BA.A5n_for_males"></span>Khăn vấn for males</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Khăn vấn for males"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Khăn vấn</b> for men, handy and casual. A thick or thin cloth is used (as one would like to fix a bun) and is wrapped once or twice around the head for a neat fit, except for yellow (that of the emperor).</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ba Biêu, a Đề Thám lieutenant wearing khăn vấn chữ nhân (人 shaped) with seven turns of coil."><img alt="Ba Biêu, a Đề Thám lieutenant wearing khăn vấn chữ nhân (人 shaped) with seven turns of coil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg/195px-Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg/293px-Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg/390px-Ba_Bi%C3%AAu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ba Biêu, a <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81_Th%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Đề Thám">Đề Thám</a> lieutenant wearing khăn vấn <i>chữ nhân</i> (人 shaped) with seven turns of coil.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh,_empereur_d%27Annam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khải Định wearing khăn vấn chữ nhất (一 shaped) with seven turns of coil."><img alt="Khải Định wearing khăn vấn chữ nhất (一 shaped) with seven turns of coil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh%2C_empereur_d%27Annam.jpg/212px-Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh%2C_empereur_d%27Annam.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh%2C_empereur_d%27Annam.jpg/318px-Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh%2C_empereur_d%27Annam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh%2C_empereur_d%27Annam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> wearing khăn vấn <i>chữ nhất</i> (一 shaped) with seven turns of coil. </div> </li> </ul><p>There are two most popular styles for wearing khăn vấn for male: shaped <i>chữ nhân</i> (looks like 人) and <i>chữ nhất</i> (looks like 一). </p><ul><li><i>Chữ nhân</i> style: the pleats on the forehead look like the word "nhân" (人 shaped)</li> <li><i>Chữ nhất</i> style: the pleats on the forehead like the word "nhất" (一 shaped)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khăn_vấn_for_females"><span id="Kh.C4.83n_v.E1.BA.A5n_for_females"></span>Khăn vấn for females</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khăn vấn for females"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Khăn vấn</b> for women and girls, also called <b>khăn rí</b> or <b>khăn lương</b> (can also be written as <b>khăn lươn</b>). A piece of cloth that is not too long is wrapped with padded hair inside. Then, it is wrapped around the head to keep the hair neat. Young women when going to the festival also prefer to wear a ponytail for increased charm. Except for yellow (for royal family members) and pink (for singers and prostitutes), other colours are popular.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_of_Vietnam_stamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nam Phương Empress on stamp, published in 1950s. She was wearing khăn lương in Huế style."><img alt="Nam Phương Empress on stamp, published in 1950s. She was wearing khăn lương in Huế style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Empress_of_Vietnam_stamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="253" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nam Phương">Nam Phương</a> Empress on stamp, published in 1950s. She was wearing khăn lương in Huế style.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkinoise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Tonkin woman was wearing khăn vấn in Northern style."><img alt="A Tonkin woman was wearing khăn vấn in Northern style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tonkinoise.jpg/208px-Tonkinoise.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tonkinoise.jpg/311px-Tonkinoise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tonkinoise.jpg/415px-Tonkinoise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> woman was wearing khăn vấn in Northern style.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Tonkin woman with blackened teeth wearing khăn vấn in Northern style."><img alt="A Tonkin woman with blackened teeth wearing khăn vấn in Northern style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonkin_woman.jpg/178px-Tonkin_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonkin_woman.jpg/268px-Tonkin_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Tonkin_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> woman with <a href="/wiki/Teeth_blackening" title="Teeth blackening">blackened teeth</a> wearing khăn vấn in Northern style.</div> </li> </ul><p>A style of wearing a <i>khăn vành</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> is different from the style seen in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> <i>khăn vành</i> is worn with the edge of the khăn vành facing upwards inside the ring. The second ring is attached to the outside of the first, rather than under the ring as in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khăn_vành_dây_(formal_for_females)"><span id="Kh.C4.83n_v.C3.A0nh_d.C3.A2y_.28formal_for_females.29"></span>Khăn vành dây (formal for females)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Khăn vành dây (formal for females)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A style of khăn vấn for females, used on formal occasions, is <i><b>khăn vành dây</b></i>, <i><b>khăn vành</b></i> or <i><b>mũ mấn</b></i>. The very long, thick cloth is wrapped around the head like a funnel. The traditional khăn vành dây is recorded in a dark blue color. Only on the most important occasions did one see a yellow khăn vành dây in the inner part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a>. In addition, from the <a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">empress mother</a>, the empress and the princesses also only wore the dark blue khăn vành dây.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t,_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng,_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princess Mỹ Lương was wearing dark blue khăn vành dây with red áo Nhật Bình."><img alt="Princess Mỹ Lương was wearing dark blue khăn vành dây with red áo Nhật Bình." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t%2C_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg/250px-B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t%2C_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t%2C_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg/375px-B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t%2C_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t%2C_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg/500px-B%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BAa_Nh%E1%BA%A5t%2C_M%E1%BB%B9_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princess Mỹ Lương was wearing dark blue khăn vành dây with red áo Nhật Bình.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nam Phương empress was wearing khăn vành dây with áo Nhật Bình."><img alt="Nam Phương empress was wearing khăn vành dây with áo Nhật Bình." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg/166px-Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg/250px-Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg/333px-Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_empress_of_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nam Phương">Nam Phương</a> empress was wearing khăn vành dây with áo Nhật Bình.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nam Phương empress was wearing yellow khăn vành dây with áo Nhật Bình."><img alt="Nam Phương empress was wearing yellow khăn vành dây with áo Nhật Bình." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg/184px-Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg/276px-Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg/368px-Empress_Nam_Phuong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nam Phương">Nam Phương</a> empress was wearing yellow khăn vành dây with áo Nhật Bình.</div> </li> </ul><p>In the old days inner <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a>, phấn nụ (<a href="/wiki/Face_powder" title="Face powder">face powder</a> made from flower <a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">mirabilis jalapa</a><i>)</i> and khăn vành went together. They use the <i>nhiễu cát</i> textile or <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crêpe de Chine">Crêpe de Chine</a> in the later period to cover their hair. The <i>nhiễu cát</i> textile, woven by Japanese in the past, was only half as thin as the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crêpe de Chine">Crêpe de Chine</a>, which was used in the Imperial City at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">ladies</a> in Hue Palace often wore khăn vành dây at the ceremonies. A khăn vành dây made of the imported textile <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crêpe de Chine">crêpe de Chine</a> is 30 cm wide, has an average length 13 m. A khăn vành dây made of Vietnamese <i>nhiễu cát</i> textile is nearly double the length.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the original width of 30 cm, the khăn vành dây is folded into a width of 6 cm with the open edge turn upward. Then, it is wrapped around the head in the shape <i>chữ nhân</i>, which means the pleats on the forehead look like the word "nhân" (人 shaped), covering the hair at the shoulder and folding the scarf inside. Half the width of the scarf is folded, starting at the nape, leaving the open edge facing up before continuing. The khăn vành is tightly wrapped around the head and forms a large dish shape. Using <i>nhiễu cát</i>, the textile has high elasticity and roughness and the khăn vành rarely slips. The end of the scarf is carefully tucked into the back of the scarf, but sometimes pins are used for convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg/220px-C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg/330px-C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg/440px-C%C3%B4ng_binh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Statue of 2 <a href="/wiki/Vietcong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietcong">Vietcong</a> soldiers in <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_tunnels" title="Củ Chi tunnels">Củ Chi tunnels</a> wearing khăn rằn</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> region, there is a popular variant called <a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_r%E1%BA%B1n" title="Khăn rằn">khăn rằn</a>, which combines the traditional khăn vấn of the Vietnamese with the <a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Krama</a> of the Khmer. But unlike the red color of the Khmer, Vietnamese towels are black and white. Towels are usually 1m by 40–50 cm. Because it is only popular in the South, it is temporarily considered a characteristic of this place. </p><p>In the 21st century, many types of fake khăn vấn and mũ mấn were created, such as the mũ mấn made of wood, plastic, and metal. However, those were often criticized in the press as harsh and even disgusting. Therefore, the desire of having a neat and beautiful towel is considered a general trend in evaluating the quality of each person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confucian graduates wearing turbans receive Emperor's feast"><img alt="Confucian graduates wearing turbans receive Emperor's feast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg/120px-Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg/180px-Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg/240px-Tan-khoa-du-tiec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Confucian graduates wearing turbans receive Emperor's feast</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A private class at home in Vietnam about 1895. Picture depicts children and teacher wearing turbans."><img alt="A private class at home in Vietnam about 1895. Picture depicts children and teacher wearing turbans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg/120px-Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg/180px-Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg/240px-Classe_priv%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_famille_Annamite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A private class at home in Vietnam about 1895. Picture depicts children and teacher wearing turbans.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal guard of the Nguyễn dynasty wearing turbans."><img alt="The Royal guard of the Nguyễn dynasty wearing turbans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg/120px-Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg/180px-Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg/240px-Hue_chef_de_la_garde_royale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Royal guard of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> wearing turbans.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_ninh_binh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Ninh Binh by Hautefeuille. Picture depicts a mandarin official wearing a turban."><img alt="Capture of Ninh Binh by Hautefeuille. Picture depicts a mandarin official wearing a turban." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capture_ninh_binh.jpg/94px-Capture_ninh_binh.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capture_ninh_binh.jpg/142px-Capture_ninh_binh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capture_ninh_binh.jpg/189px-Capture_ninh_binh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Ninh Binh by Hautefeuille. Picture depicts a mandarin official wearing a turban.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Signing of the Treaty of Hue (1883) depicts French and Vietnamese officials."><img alt="The Signing of the Treaty of Hue (1883) depicts French and Vietnamese officials." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg/120px-Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg/180px-Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg/240px-Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="1489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hue_(1883)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hue (1883)">Treaty of Hue (1883)</a> depicts French and Vietnamese officials.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officials of the Nguyen Dynasty in the 19th century wearing turbans in Hue Imperial Citadel."><img alt="Officials of the Nguyen Dynasty in the 19th century wearing turbans in Hue Imperial Citadel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg/120px-Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg/180px-Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg/240px-Dong-duong-3-1514-1598022907-4273-1598079279.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officials of the Nguyen Dynasty in the 19th century wearing turbans in Hue Imperial Citadel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-giam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eunuchs wearing turbans."><img alt="Eunuchs wearing turbans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/76px-Thai-giam.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/114px-Thai-giam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/152px-Thai-giam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_Vietnam" title="Eunuchs in Vietnam">Eunuchs</a> wearing turbans.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Hàm Nghi wearing a turban"><img alt="Emperor Hàm Nghi wearing a turban" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg/85px-Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg/127px-Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg/170px-Vua_H%C3%A0m_Nghi_n%C4%83m_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> wearing a turban</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnamese clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrần2013" class="citation book cs1">Trần, Quang Đức (2013). <i>Ngàn năm áo mũ</i>. Vietnam: Công Ty Văn Hóa và Truyền Thông Nhã Nam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629883700" title="Special:BookSources/978-1629883700"><bdi>978-1629883700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ng%C3%A0n+n%C4%83m+%C3%A1o+m%C5%A9&rft.place=Vietnam&rft.pub=C%C3%B4ng+Ty+V%C4%83n+H%C3%B3a+v%C3%A0+Truy%E1%BB%81n+Th%C3%B4ng+Nh%C3%A3+Nam&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1629883700&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=Quang+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2005" class="citation book cs1">Tran, My-Van (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHCBQAAQBAJ&q=costume%20l%C3%AA%20dynasty&pg=PT24"><i>A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cuong De (1882–1951)</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415297165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415297165"><bdi>978-0415297165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vietnamese+Royal+Exile+in+Japan%3A+Prince+Cuong+De+%281882%E2%80%931951%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415297165&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=My-Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IHCBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcostume%2520l%25C3%25AA%2520dynasty%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttonWernerWhitmore2012" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHD4Asj0FagC&pg=PA295"><i>Sources of Vietnamese Tradition</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231138635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231138635"><bdi>978-0231138635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Vietnamese+Tradition&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0231138635&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Werner%2C+Jayne&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+John+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHD4Asj0FagC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrịnh2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trịnh, Bách (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapchincpt.huecit.com/Tra-cuu-chi-tiet/tid/Trang-diem-cung-dinh/newsid/8AEC5B38-4AF0-4A33-9664-AA0300BD46E8/cid/F7CABBC7-F7BB-428D-845D-A9C000F862E4">"Trang điểm cung đình"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Tạp chí Nghiên cứu và Phát triển</i> (in Vietnamese). <b>1</b> (44): 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+v%C3%A0+Ph%C3%A1t+tri%E1%BB%83n&rft.atitle=Trang+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83m+cung+%C4%91%C3%ACnh&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A1ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftapchincpt.huecit.com%2FTra-cuu-chi-tiet%2Ftid%2FTrang-diem-cung-dinh%2Fnewsid%2F8AEC5B38-4AF0-4A33-9664-AA0300BD46E8%2Fcid%2FF7CABBC7-F7BB-428D-845D-A9C000F862E4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrịnh2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trịnh, Bách (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapchincpt.huecit.com/Tra-cuu-chi-tiet/tid/Trang-diem-cung-dinh/newsid/8AEC5B38-4AF0-4A33-9664-AA0300BD46E8/cid/F7CABBC7-F7BB-428D-845D-A9C000F862E4">"Trang điểm cung đình"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Tạp chí Nghiên cứu và Phát triển</i> (in Vietnamese). <b>1</b> (44): 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+v%C3%A0+Ph%C3%A1t+tri%E1%BB%83n&rft.atitle=Trang+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83m+cung+%C4%91%C3%ACnh&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A1ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftapchincpt.huecit.com%2FTra-cuu-chi-tiet%2Ftid%2FTrang-diem-cung-dinh%2Fnewsid%2F8AEC5B38-4AF0-4A33-9664-AA0300BD46E8%2Fcid%2FF7CABBC7-F7BB-428D-845D-A9C000F862E4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKh%C4%83n+v%E1%BA%A5n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty#Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Sovereign state</a> (1802–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorates of Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> (1883–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/75px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/113px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/150px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/75px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/113px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/150px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF,_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_(1980)_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sovereign Việt Nam <br />/ Đại Nam<br />(Nhà Nguyễn <br />thời độc lập, <br />茹阮𥱯獨立)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Provinces_of_Southern_Vietnam" title="Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam">Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Saigon" title="Citadel of Saigon">Citadel of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs#The_Nguyen_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A2n_movement" title="Văn Thân movement">Văn Thân movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French protectorate(s)</a><br />(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanoi_Rat_Massacre" title="Great Hanoi Rat Massacre">Great Hanoi Rat Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Exhibition" title="Hanoi Exhibition">Hanoi Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Du" title="Đông Du">Đông Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Duy Tân Hội">Duy Tân Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">History of Vietnam during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Travail_movement" title="Le Travail movement">Le Travail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Ri%E1%BB%81ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Phú Riềng Đỏ">Phú Riềng Đỏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Japanese period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese famine of 1945">Vietnamese famine of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication of Bảo Đại</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam#Kingdom_of_Vietnam_(1802–1883),_Annam_Protectorate_(1883–1945)_and_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> (1802–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (1820–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (1841–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (1847–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a" title="Hiệp Hòa">Hiệp Hòa</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> (1885–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> (1889–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> (1907–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (1916–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1925–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ministries & agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Judicature_and_Revision" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Judicature and Revision">Court of Judicial Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Entertainments" title="Court of Imperial Entertainments">Court of Imperial Entertainments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Imperial_Stud" title="Court of the Imperial Stud">Court of the Imperial Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Sacrifices" title="Court of Imperial Sacrifices">Court of Imperial Sacrifices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Altars" title="Office of the National Altars">Office of the National Altars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hàn lâm viện</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Annam)" title="House of Representatives (Annam)">House of People's Representatives of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Quốc Tử Giám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Lục bộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Ministry of Education (Nguyễn dynasty)">Ministry of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_c%C3%A1c_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Nội các (Nguyễn dynasty)">Nội các</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Viện cơ mật</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%91%C3%A0n_cung" title="Đăng đàn cung">Đăng đàn cung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%27s_administrative_units" title="Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units">Provincial flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provincial administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Đề Đốc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Tuần phủ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Vietnam" title="Viceroys of Vietnam">Tổng Trấn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">French administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam">Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Xu%C3%A2n_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Bạch Xuân Nguyên">Bạch Xuân Nguyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Xu%C3%A2n_D%E1%BB%A5c" title="Cao Xuân Dục">Cao Xuân Dục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Despiau" title="Jean Marie Despiau">Jean Marie Despiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Di%E1%BB%87u" title="Hoàng Diệu">Hoàng Diệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Hy" title="Michael Hồ Đình Hy">Michael Hồ Đình Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Lê Chất">Lê Chất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3" title="Ngô Đình Khả">Ngô Đình Khả</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Ngô Đình Khôi">Ngô Đình Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Phạm Quỳnh">Phạm Quỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BA%ADn_Du%E1%BA%ADt" title="Phạm Thận Duật">Phạm Thận Duật</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n" title="Phan Thanh Giản">Phan Thanh Giản</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Li%C3%AAm" title="Phan Thanh Liêm">Phan Thanh Liêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n_Nhi%E1%BA%BFp" title="Thân Văn Nhiếp">Thân Văn Nhiếp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BA%A7u" title="Thoại Ngọc Hầu">Thoại Ngọc Hầu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh_(mandarin)" title="Tôn Thất Đính (mandarin)">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Cao_V%C3%A2n" title="Trần Cao Vân">Trần Cao Vân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Huy_Tr%E1%BB%A9" title="Đặng Huy Trứ">Đặng Huy Trứ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Trương Định">Trương Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_B%E1%BB%ADu" title="Trương Tấn Bửu">Trương Tấn Bửu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Văn Tường">Nguyễn Văn Tường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vannier" title="Philippe Vannier">Philippe Vannier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Military of the Nguyễn dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Battles and wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1820)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1820)">Cambodian rebellion (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Lidong_rebellion" title="Ja Lidong rebellion">Ja Lidong rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_B%C3%A1_V%C3%A0nh%27s_Rebellion" title="Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion">Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduai_Kabait_rebellion" title="Nduai Kabait rebellion">Nduai Kabait rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_V%C4%83n_V%C3%A2n%27s_Rebellion" title="Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion">Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat_uprising" title="Katip Sumat uprising">Katip Sumat's Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak Wa uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1840)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1840)">Cambodian rebellion (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Bombardment of Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">Garnier Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Insurrection" title="Yên Thế Insurrection">Yên Thế Insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Lê Văn Khôi">Lê Văn Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_C%C6%B0_Trinh" title="Nguyễn Cư Trinh">Nguyễn Cư Trinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Principality of Thuận Thành">Principality of Thuận Thành</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Trấn Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Trấn Tây Thành</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces & mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Gate_(Hu%E1%BA%BF)" title="Meridian Gate (Huế)">Meridian Gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Gia_Long" title="Tomb of Gia Long">Thien Tho Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Tự Đức">Khiêm Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Dục Đức">An Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Tomb of Khải Định">Ứng Mausoleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Đại Nam nhất thống chí">Đại Nam nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Đại Nam thực lục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_L%C3%AA_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí">Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblocks_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty" title="Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty">Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy,_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial Academy, Huế">Imperial Academy, Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examination system in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_H%E1%BB%8Dc_%E2%80%93_Hu%E1%BA%BF_High_School_for_the_Gifted" title="Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted">Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Tr%C3%AD_Tri" title="Hội Trí Tri">Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">Cash coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Tự Đức Thông Bảo">Tự Đức Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_B%E1%BA%A3o_Sao" title="Tự Đức Bảo Sao">Tự Đức Bảo Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Khải Định Thông Bảo">Khải Định Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Bảo Đại Thông Bảo">Bảo Đại Thông Bảo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_v%C4%83n_(currency_unit)" title="Vietnamese văn (currency unit)">Văn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Vietnamese mạch">Mạch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Quán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n" title="Tiền">Tiền</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Colonial currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyangyak#In_Vietnam" title="Hyangyak">Hương ước</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Saigon</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Huế</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Saigon</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Huế</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Huế</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orders, decorations, and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_(decoration)" title="Bai (decoration)">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_the_Dragon_of_Annam" title="Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam">Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Kim Khánh">Kim Khánh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_until_1884" title="Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884">Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_Sacrifice_to_the_Heaven_and_Earth" title="Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth">Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">House of Nguyễn Phúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Wall_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi">Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Annam_and_Tongking" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking">Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0_Canal" title="Thoại Hà Canal">Thoại Hà Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_T%E1%BA%BF_Canal" title="Vĩnh Tế Canal">Vĩnh Tế Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tôn Thất">Tôn Thất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_gian" title="Việt gian">Việt gian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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