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justify-content-center"> <div class="bby-content-left"> <img src="https://legacy-cms-media.bartleby.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2022/10/14172411/gray129c-1.gif" alt="Anatomy of the Human Body"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">Anatomy—branch of biology concerned with the study of body structure of various organisms, including humans.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="bby-content-right"> <h1>Anatomy of the Human Body</h1> <h3>Henry Gray</h3> <p><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td colspan="3"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Bartleby.com edition of Gray’s <i>Anatomy of the Human Body</i> features 1,247 vibrant engravings—many in color—from the classic 1918 publication, as well as a subject index with 13,000 entries ranging from the Antrum of Highmore to the Zonule of Zinn.</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <p size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <a class="bby_content_text" href="/lit-hub/bibliography/anatomy-of-the-human-body/">Bibliographic Record</a> </p> <h3>Contents</h3> <p><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="3" height="30"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/preface-to-the-twentieth-edition">Preface</a> <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/illustrations/">Illustrations</a> <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/subject-index/">Subject Index</a></span></td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td colspan="3">TWENTIETH EDITION<br /> THOROUGHLY REVISED AND RE-EDITED BY WARREN H. LEWIS<br /> ILLUSTRATED WITH 1247 ENGRAVINGS<span style="color: #0b074f;">PHILADELPHIA: LEA & FEBIGER, 1918<br /> NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2000</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td colspan="3"> <dl> <dd><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/introduction-53">Introduction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/anatomical-bibliography">Anatomical Bibliography</a></dd> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap2"></a>I. Embryology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/i-embryology">The Animal Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-ovum">The Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-spermatozon">The Spermatozoön</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-fertilization-of-the-ovum">Fertilization of the Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-segmentation-of-the-fertilized-ovum">Segmentation of the Fertilized Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-the-neural-groove-and-tube">The Neural Groove and Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7-the-notochord">The Notochord</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8-the-primitive-segments">The Primitive Segments</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/9-separation-of-the-embryo">Separation of the Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/10-the-yolk-sac">The Yolk-sac</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/11-development-of-the-fetal-membranes-and-placenta">Development of the Fetal Membranes and Placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/12-the-branchial-region">The Branchial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/13-development-of-the-body-cavities">Development of the Body Cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/14-the-form-of-the-embryo-at-different-stages-of-its-growth">The Form of the Embryo at Different Stages of Its Growth</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dt><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/bibliography-292">Bibliography</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap3"></a>II. Osteology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/ii-osteology">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-bone">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-vertebral-column">The Vertebral Column</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-general-characteristics-of-a-vertebra">General Characteristics of a Vertebra</a></p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-1-the-cervical-vertebr">The Cervical Vertebræ</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-2-the-thoracic-vertebr">The Thoracic Vertebræ</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-3-the-lumbar-vertebr">The Lumbar Vertebræ</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-4-the-sacral-and-coccygeal-vertebr">The Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebræ</a></li> </ol> <p>b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-the-vertebral-column-as-a-whole">The Vertebral Column as a Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-thorax">The Thorax</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4a-the-sternum">The Sternum</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-the-ribs">The Ribs</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4c-the-costal-cartilages">The Costal Cartilages</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-the-skull">The Skull</a><br /> a. The Cranial Bones</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-the-cranial-bones-1-the-occipital-bone">The Occipital Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-2-the-parietal-bone">The Parietal Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-3-the-frontal-bone">The Frontal Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-4-the-temporal-bone">The Temporal Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-5-the-sphenoid-bone">The Sphenoid Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-6-ethmoid-bone">Ethmoid bone</a></li> </ol> <p>b. The Facial Bones</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-the-facial-bones-1-the-nasal-bones">The Nasal Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-2-the-maxill-upper-jaw">The Maxillæ (Upper Jaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-3-the-lacrimal-bone">The Lacrimal Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-4-the-zygomatic-bone">The Zygomatic Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-5-the-palatine-bone">The Palatine Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-6-the-inferior-nasal-concha">The Inferior Nasal Concha</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-7-the-vomer">The Vomer</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-8-the-mandible-lower-jaw">The Mandible (Lower Jaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-9-the-hyoid-bone">The Hyoid Bone</a></li> </ol> <p>c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5c-the-exterior-of-the-skull">The Exterior of the Skull</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5d-the-interior-of-the-skull">The Interior of the Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-the-extremities">The Extremities</a><br /> a. The Bones of the Upper Extremity</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6a-the-bones-of-the-upper-extremity-1-the-clavicle">The Clavicle</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6a-2-the-scapula-shoulder-blade">The Scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6a-3-the-humerus">The Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6a-4-the-ulna">The Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6a-5-the-radius">The Radius</a></li> </ol> <p>b. The Hand</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-the-hand-1-the-carpus">The Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-2-the-metacarpus">The Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-3-the-phalanges-of-the-hand">The Phalanges of the Hand</a></li> </ol> <p>c. The Bones of the Lower Extremity</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-the-bones-of-the-lower-extremity-1-the-hip-bone">The Hip Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-2-the-pelvis">The Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-3-the-femur">The Femur</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-4-the-patella">The Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-5-the-tibia">The Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-6-the-fibula">The Fibula</a></li> </ol> <p>d. The Foot</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-the-foot-1-the-tarsus">The Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-2-the-metatarsus">The Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-3-the-phalanges-of-the-foot">The Phalanges of the Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-4-comparison-of-the-bones-of-the-hand-and-foot">Comparison of the Bones of the Hand and Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-5-the-sesamoid-bones">The Sesamoid Bones</a></li> </ol> </li> </ol> </dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap4"></a>III. Syndesmology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/iii-syndesmology">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-development-of-the-joints">Development of the Joints</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-classification-of-joints">Classification of Joints</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-kind-of-movement-admitted-in-joints">The Kind of Movement Admitted in Joints</a></li> <li>Articulations of the Trunk<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-articulations-of-the-trunk-a-articulations-of-the-vertebral-column">Articulations of the Vertebral Column</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-articulation-of-the-atlas-with-the-epistropheus-or-axis">Articulation of the Atlas with the Epistropheus or Axis</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5c-articulations-of-the-vertebral-column-with-the-cranium">Articulations of the Vertebral Column with the Cranium</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5d-articulation-of-the-mandible">Articulation of the Mandible</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5e-costovertebral-articulations">Costovertebral Articulations</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-sternocostal-articulations">Sternocostal Articulations</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5g-articulation-of-the-manubrium-and-body-of-the-sternum">Articulation of the Manubrium and Body of the Sternum</a><br /> h. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5h-articulation-of-the-vertebral-column-with-the-pelvis-the-iliolumbar-ligament">Articulation of the Vertebral Column with the Pelvis</a><br /> i. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5i-articulations-of-the-pelvis">Articulations of the Pelvis</a></li> <li>Articulations of the Upper Extremity<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-articulations-of-the-upper-extremity-a-sternoclavicular-articulation">Sternoclavicular Articulation</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-acromioclavicular-articulation">Acromioclavicular Articulation</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-humeral-articulation-or-shoulder-joint">Humeral Articulation or Shoulder-joint</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-elbow-joint">Elbow-joint</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6e-radioulnar-articulation">Radioulnar Articulation</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-radiocarpal-articulation-or-wrist-joint">Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-joint</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6g-intercarpal-articulations">Intercarpal Articulations</a><br /> h. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6h-carpometacarpal-articulations">Carpometacarpal Articulations</a><br /> i. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6i-intermetacarpal-articulations">Intermetacarpal Articulations</a><br /> j. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6j-metacarpophalangeal-articulations">Metacarpophalangeal Articulations</a><br /> k. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6k-articulations-of-the-digits">Articulations of the Digits</a></li> <li>Articulations of the Lower Extremity<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7-articulations-of-the-lower-extremity-a-coxal-articulation-or-hip-joint">Coxal Articulation or Hip-joint</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7b-the-knee-joint">The Knee-joint</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7c-articulations-between-the-tibia-and-fibula">Articulations between the Tibia and Fibula</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7d-talocrural-articulation-or-ankle-joint">Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7e-intertarsal-articulations">Intertarsal Articulations</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-tarsometatarsal-articulations">Tarsometatarsal Articulations</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7g-intermetatarsal-articulations">Intermetatarsal Articulations</a><br /> h. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7h-metatarsophalangeal-articulations">Metatarsophalangeal Articulations</a><br /> i. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7i-articulations-of-the-digits">Articulations of the Digits</a><br /> j. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7j-arches-of-the-foot">Arches of the Foot</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dd></dd> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap5"></a>IV. Myology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/iv-myology">Mechanics of Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-development-of-the-muscles">Development of the Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-tendons-aponeuroses-and-fasci">Tendons, Aponeuroses, and Fasciæ</a></li> <li>The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head.<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-fasci-and-muscles-of-the-head-a-the-muscles-of-the-scalp">The Muscles of the Scalp</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-the-muscles-of-the-eyelid">The Muscles of the Eyelid</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4c-the-muscles-of-the-nose">The Muscles of the Nose</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4d-the-muscles-of-the-mouth">The Muscles of the Mouth</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4e-the-muscles-of-mastication">The Muscles of Mastication</a></li> <li>The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Anterolateral Region of the Neck<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-the-fasci-and-muscles-of-the-anterolateral-region-of-the-neck-a-the-superficial-cervical-muscle">The Superficial Cervical Muscle</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-the-lateral-cervical-muscles">The Lateral Cervical Muscles</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5c-the-supra-and-infrahyoid-muscles">The Supra- and Infrahyoid Muscles</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5d-the-anterior-vertebral-muscles">The Anterior Vertebral Muscles</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5e-the-lateral-vertebral-muscles">The Lateral Vertebral Muscles</a></li> <li>The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Trunk<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-the-fasci-and-muscles-of-the-trunk-a-the-deep-muscles-of-the-back">The Deep Muscles of the Back</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-the-suboccipital-muscles">The Suboccipital Muscles</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-the-muscles-of-the-thorax">The Muscles of the Thorax</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-abdomen">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Abdomen</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6e-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-pelvis">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Pelvis</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-perineum">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Perineum</a></li> <li>The Fascia and Muscles of the Upper Extremity<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7-the-fascia-and-muscles-of-the-upper-extremity-a-the-muscles-connecting-the-upper-extremity-to-the-vertebral-column">The Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Vertebral Column</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/the-muscles-connecting-the-upper-extremity-to-the-anterior-and-lateral-thoracic-walls">The Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Anterior and Lateral Thoracic Walls</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7c-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-shoulder">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Shoulder</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7d-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-arm">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Arm</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7e-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-forearm">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Forearm</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-hand">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Hand</a></li> <li>The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Lower Extremity.<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-lower-extremity-a-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-iliac-region">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Iliac Region</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8b-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-thigh">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8c-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-leg">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Leg</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8d-the-fasci-around-the-ankle">The Fasciæ Around the Ankle</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8e-the-muscles-and-fasci-of-the-foot">The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Foot</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dt><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/bibliography-293">Bibliography</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap6"></a>V. Angiology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/v-angiology">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-blood">The Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-development-of-the-vascular-system">Development of the Vascular System</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-thoracic-cavity">The Thoracic Cavity</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4a-the-pericardium">The Pericardium</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-the-heart">The Heart</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4c-peculiarities-in-the-vascular-system-in-the-fetus">Peculiarities in the Vascular System in the Fetus</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dt><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/bibliography-294">Bibliography</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap7"></a>VI. The Arteries</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/vi-the-arteries">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-aorta">The Aorta</a></li> <li>The Arteries of the Head and Neck<br /> a. The Common Carotid Artery</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-arteries-of-the-head-and-neck-a-the-common-carotid-artery">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-2-the-external-carotid-artery">The External Carotid Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-3-the-triangles-of-the-neck">The Triangles of the Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3a-4-the-internal-carotid-artery">The Internal Carotid Artery</a></li> </ol> <p>b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-the-arteries-of-the-brain">The Arteries of the Brain</a></li> <li>The Arteries of the Upper Extremity<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-arteries-of-the-upper-extremity-a-the-subclavian-artery">The Subclavian Artery</a><br /> b. The Axilla</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-the-axilla">The Axillary Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-2-the-brachial-artery">The Brachial Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-3-the-radial-artery">The Radial Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-4-the-ulnar-artery">The Ulnar Artery</a></li> </ol> </li> <li>The Arteries of the Trunk<br /> a. The Descending Aorta</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-the-arteries-of-the-trunk-a-the-descending-aorta">The Thoracic Aorta</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-2-the-abdominal-aorta">The Abdominal Aorta</a></li> </ol> <p>b. The Common Iliac Arteries</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-the-common-iliac-arteries">The Hypogastric Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-2-the-external-iliac-artery">The External Iliac Artery</a></li> </ol> </li> <li>The Arteries of the Lower Extremity<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-the-arteries-of-the-lower-extremity">The Femoral Artery</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-the-popliteal-fossa">The Popliteal Fossa</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-the-popliteal-artery">The Popliteal Artery</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-the-anterior-tibial-artery">The Anterior Tibial Artery</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6e-the-arteria-dorsalis-pedis">The Arteria Dorsalis Pedis</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-posterior-tibial-artery">The Posterior Tibial Artery</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dt><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/bibliography-295">Bibliography</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap8"></a>VII. The Veins</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/vii-the-veins">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-pulmonary-veins">The Pulmonary Veins</a></li> <li>The Systemic Veins<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-systemic-veins">The Veins of the Heart</a><br /> b. The Veins of the Head and Neck</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-the-veins-of-the-head-and-neck">The Veins of the Exterior of the Head and Face</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-2-the-veins-of-the-neck">The Veins of the Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-3-the-diploic-veins">The Diploic Veins</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-4-the-veins-of-the-brain">The Veins of the Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-5-the-sinuses-of-the-dura-mater">The Sinuses of the Dura Mater. Ophthalmic Veins and Emissary Veins</a></li> </ol> <p>c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-the-veins-of-the-upper-extremity-and-thorax">The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-the-veins-of-the-lower-extremity-abdomen-and-pelvis">The Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-portal-system-of-veins">The Portal System of Veins</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap9"></a>VIII. The Lymphatic System</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/viii-the-lymphatic-system">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-thoractic-duct">The Thoractic Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-lymphatics-of-the-head-face-and-neck">The Lymphatics of the Head, Face, and Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-lymphatics-of-the-upper-extremity">The Lymphatics of the Upper Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-the-lymphatics-of-the-lower-extremity">The Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-the-lymphatics-of-the-abdomen-and-pelvis">The Lymphatics of the Abdomen and Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7-the-lymphatic-vessels-of-the-thorax">The Lymphatic Vessels of the Thorax</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dt><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/bibliography-296">Bibliography</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap10"></a>IX. Neurology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/ix-neurology">Structure of the Nervous System</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-development-of-the-nervous-system">Development of the Nervous System</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-spinal-cord-or-medulla-spinalis">The Spinal Cord or Medulla Spinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-brain-or-encephalon">The Brain or Encephalon</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4a-the-hind-brain-or-rhombencephalon">The Hind-brain or Rhombencephalon</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-the-mid-brain-or-mesencephalon">The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4c-the-fore-brain-or-prosencephalon">The Fore-brain or Prosencephalon</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4d-composition-and-central-connections-of-the-spinal-nerves">Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4e-composition-and-central-connections-of-the-spinal-nerves">Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-pathways-from-the-brain-to-the-spinal-cord">Pathways from the Brain to the Spinal Cord</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4g-the-meninges-of-the-brain-and-medulla-spinalis">The Meninges of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis</a><br /> h. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4h-the-cerebrospinal-fluid">The Cerebrospinal Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-the-cranial-nerves">The Cranial Nerves</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5a-the-olfactory-nerves">The Olfactory Nerves</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5b-the-optic-nerve">The Optic Nerve</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5c-the-oculomotor-nerve">The Oculomotor Nerve</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5d-the-trochlear-nerve-n-trochlearis-fourth-nerve">The Trochlear Nerve</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5e-the-trigeminal-nerve">The Trigeminal Nerve</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-abducent-nerve">The Abducent Nerve</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5g-the-facial-nerve">The Facial Nerve</a><br /> h. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5h-the-acoustic-nerve">The Acoustic Nerve</a><br /> i. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5i-the-glossopharyngeal-nerve">The Glossopharyngeal Nerve</a><br /> j. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5j-the-vagus-nerve">The Vagus Nerve</a><br /> k. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5k-the-accessory-nerve">The Accessory Nerve</a><br /> l. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5l-the-hypoglossal-nerve">The Hypoglossal Nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-the-spinal-nerves">The Spinal Nerves</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6a-the-posterior-divisions">The Posterior Divisions</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6b-the-anterior-divisions">The Anterior Divisions</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6c-the-thoracic-nerves">The Thoracic Nerves</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6d-the-lumbosacral-plexus">The Lumbosacral Plexus</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6e-the-sacral-and-coccygeal-nerves">The Sacral and Coccygeal Nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7-the-sympathetic-nerves">The Sympathetic Nerves</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7a-the-cephalic-portion-of-the-sympathetic-system">The Cephalic Portion of the Sympathetic System</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7b-the-cervical-portion-of-the-sympathetic-system">The Cervical Portion of the Sympathetic System</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7c-the-thoracic-portion-of-the-sympathetic-system">The Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7d-the-abdominal-portion-of-the-sympathetic-system">The Abdominal Portion of the Sympathetic System</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7e-the-pelvic-portion-of-the-sympathetic-system">The Pelvic Portion of the Sympathetic System</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-great-plexuses-of-the-sympathetic-system">The Great Plexuses of the Sympathetic System</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dt><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/bibliography-297">Bibliography</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap11"></a>X. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument</p> <ol> <li>The Peripheral Organs of the Special Senses<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/x-the-organs-of-the-senses-and-the-common-integument">The Organs of Taste</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1b-the-organ-of-smell">The Organ of Smell</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1c-the-organ-of-sight">The Organ of Sight</a></p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1c-1-the-tunics-of-the-eye">The Tunics of the Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1c-2-the-refracting-media">The Refracting Media</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1c-3-the-accessory-organs-of-the-eye">The Accessory Organs of the Eye</a></li> </ol> <p>d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1d-the-organ-of-hearing">The Organ of Hearing</a></p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1d-1-the-external-ear">The External Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1d-2-the-middle-ear-or-tympanic-cavity">The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1d-3-the-auditory-ossicles">The Auditory Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1d-4-the-internal-ear-or-labyrinth">The Internal Ear or Labyrinth</a></li> </ol> <p>e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1e-peripheral-terminations-of-nerves-of-general-sensations">Peripheral Terminations of Nerves of General Sensations</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-common-integument">The Common Integument</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap12"></a>XI. Splanchnology</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/xi-splanchnology">The Respiratory Apparatus</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1a-the-larynx">The Larynx</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1b-the-trachea-and-bronchi">The Trachea and Bronchi</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1c-the-pleur">The Pleuræ</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1d-the-mediastinum">The Mediastinum</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1e-the-lungs">The Lungs</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-the-digestive-apparatus">The Digestive Apparatus</a><br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2a-the-mouth">The Mouth</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2b-the-fauces">The Fauces</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2c-the-pharynx">The Pharynx</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2d-the-esophagus">The Esophagus</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2e-the-abdomen">The Abdomen</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-stomach">The Stomach</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2g-the-small-intestine">The Small Intestine</a><br /> h. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2h-the-large-intestine">The Large Intestine</a><br /> i. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2i-the-liver">The Liver</a><br /> j. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2j-the-pancreas">The Pancreas</a></li> <li>The Urogenital Apparatus<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-the-urogenital-apparatus">Development of the Urinary and Generative Organs</a><br /> b. The Urinary Organs</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-the-urinary-organs">The Kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-2-the-ureters">The Ureters</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-3-the-urinary-bladder">The Urinary Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-4-the-male-urethra">The Male Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3b-5-the-female-urethra">The Female Urethra</a></li> </ol> <p>c. The Male Genital Organs</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-the-male-genital-organs">The Testes and their Coverings</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-2-the-ductus-deferens">The Ductus Deferens</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-3-the-vesicul-seminales">The Vesiculæ Seminales</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-4-the-ejaculatory-ducts">The Ejaculatory Ducts</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-5-the-penis">The Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-6-the-prostate">The Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3c-7-the-bulbourethral-glands">The Bulbourethral Glands</a></li> </ol> <p>d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-the-female-genital-organs">The Female Genital Organs</a></p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-1-the-ovaries">The Ovaries</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-2-the-uterine-tube">The Uterine Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-3-the-uterus">The Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-4-the-vagina">The Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-5-the-external-organs">The External Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3d-6-the-mamm">The Mammæ</a></li> </ol> </li> <li>The Ductless Glands<br /> a. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-the-ductless-glands">The Thyroid Gland</a><br /> b. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4b-the-parathyroid-glands">The Parathyroid Glands</a><br /> c. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4c-the-thymus">The Thymus</a><br /> d. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4d-the-hypophysis-cerebri">The Hypophysis Cerebri</a><br /> e. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4e-the-pineal-body">The Pineal Body</a><br /> f. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/1f-the-chromaphil-and-cortical-systems">The Chromaphil and Cortical Systems</a><br /> g. <a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4g-the-spleen">The Spleen</a></li> </ol> </dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a name="chap13"></a>XII. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings</p> <ol> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/xii-surface-anatomy-and-surface-markings">Surface Anatomy of the Head and Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/2-surface-markings-of-special-regions-of-the-head-and-neck">Surface Markings of Special Regions of the Head and Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/3-surface-anatomy-of-the-back">Surface Anatomy of the Back</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/4-surface-markings-of-the-back">Surface Markings of the Back</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/5-surface-anatomy-of-the-thorax">Surface Anatomy of the Thorax</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/6-surface-markings-of-the-thorax">Surface Markings of the Thorax</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/7-surface-anatomy-of-the-abdomen">Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/8-surface-markings-of-the-abdomen">Surface Markings of the Abdomen</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/9-surface-anatomy-of-the-perineum">Surface Anatomy of the Perineum</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/10-surface-markings-of-the-perineum">Surface Markings of the Perineum</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/11-surface-anatomy-of-the-upper-extremity">Surface Anatomy of the Upper Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/12-surface-markings-of-the-upper-extremity">Surface Markings of the Upper Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/13-surface-anatomy-of-the-lower-extremity">Surface Anatomy of the Lower Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/14-surface-markings-of-the-lower-extremity">Surface Markings of the Lower Extremity</a></li> </ol> </dt> </dl> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main>   <footer id="bby-site-footer" class="bby-footer main-footer" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope="itemscope"> <div class="bby-footer-top-container d-flex"> <div class="bby-container d-flex align-items-start flex-row"> <div class="footer-top-left-container d-flex align-items-start flex-row"> <div class="footer-nav-wrapper"> <div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="105" height="30" src="https://legacy-cms-media.bartleby.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2022/11/14172410/bartleby-white.png" alt="" class="wp-image-175150" /></figure> </div></div> </div></div><div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"></div></div> </div></div> </div> <div class="footer-nav-wrapper"> <div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"><ul> <li><a href="/lit-hub/the-oxford-shakespeare/">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/the-holy-bible/">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/the-elements-of-style/">Strunk</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/nonfiction/">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/quotations/">Quotations</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/reference/">Reference</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/lit-hub/fiction/">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/"> Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/hc/">Harvard Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/lit-hub/library/">Lit. 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Embryology\n\nThe Animal Cell\nThe Ovum\nThe Spermatozo\u00f6n\nFertilization of the Ovum\nSegmentation of the Fertilized Ovum\nThe Neural Groove and Tube\nThe Notochord\nThe Primitive Segments\nSeparation of the Embryo\nThe Yolk-sac\nDevelopment of the Fetal Membranes and Placenta\nThe Branchial Region\nDevelopment of the Body Cavities\nThe Form of the Embryo at Different Stages of Its Growth\n\n\nBibliography\n\nII. Osteology\n\nIntroduction\nBone\nThe Vertebral Column\na.\u00a0Ge"]}; </script> <script defer src="https://legacy-cms-assets.bartleby.com/wp-content/plugins/cb-zippies/js/cbz-ajax-script.js" id="cbz-plugin-script-js"></script> <script defer src="https://legacy-cms-assets.bartleby.com/wp-content/themes/bartleby-legacy-theme/assets/js/jquery-3.4.1.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="bartleby-jquery-js"></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent) && document.getElementById && window.addEventListener && window.addEventListener("hashchange", function() { var t, e = location.hash.substring(1); /^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e) && (t = document.getElementById(e)) && (/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName) || (t.tabIndex = -1), t.focus()) }, !1); </script> </footer>  </body> </html>