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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Toluid revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toluid_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_ethos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_ethos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative ethos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_ethos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_of_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Period of conquests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Period_of_conquests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Period of conquests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Period_of_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capitulation_of_Goryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitulation_of_Goryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Capitulation of Goryeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitulation_of_Goryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dali,_Vietnam_and_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dali,_Vietnam_and_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dali, Vietnam and Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dali,_Vietnam_and_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_Delhi_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_the_Delhi_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conflicts with the Delhi Sultanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_Delhi_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Conquest of the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>South China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives,_concubines,_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives,_concubines,_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wives, concubines, and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives,_concubines,_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_influence_in_Karakorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_influence_in_Karakorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Foreign influence in Karakorum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_influence_in_Karakorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Möngke Khan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Möngke Khan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مونكو خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مونكو خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnke_xaqan" title="Münke xaqan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Münke xaqan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A2%D9%86" title="منقوقاآن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منقوقاآن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Мункэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мункэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མོང་གལ་ཁན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོང་གལ་ཁན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мунке – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мунке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Möngke Khan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A2%D9%86" title="منگوقاآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منگوقاآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongke" title="Mongke – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mongke" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EC%BC%80_%EC%B9%B8" title="몽케 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽케 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մանգու խան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանգու խան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मोंगके ख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोंगके ख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongke_Khan" title="Mongke Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mongke Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munke" title="Munke – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Munke" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מונגקה חאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונגקה חאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94" title="მუნქე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუნქე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мөңке хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мөңке хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munke" title="Munke – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Munke" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_mongol_nagyk%C3%A1n" title="Möngke mongol nagykán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Möngke mongol nagykán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مونكو خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مونكو خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Möngke Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мөнх хаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөнх хаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Möngke Khan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1" title="モンケ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Möngke Khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongke" title="Mongke – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mongke" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munke" title="Munke – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Munke" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongke" title="Mongke – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mongke" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Möngke Khan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Мункэ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мункэ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مۆنگکۆخان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆنگکۆخان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монгке-кан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монгке-кан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke-kaani" title="Möngke-kaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Möngke-kaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மோங்கே கான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோங்கே கான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="มงค์ ข่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มงค์ ข่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke" title="Möngke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Möngke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мунке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мунке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng_Kha" title="Mông Kha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mông Kha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5" title="蒙哥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蒙哥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5" title="蒙哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒙哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5" title="蒙哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙哥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7521#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mongke" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mongke_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mongke (disambiguation)">Mongke (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Special:EditPage/Möngke Khan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%22">"Möngke Khan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Möngke Khan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg/220px-Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg/330px-Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg/440px-Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="659" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Möngke and his court, depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Jahangushay" title="Tarikh-i Jahangushay">Tarikh-i Jahangushay</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers#Mongol_Empire_(1206–1368)" title="List of Mongol rulers">Khagan of the Mongol Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1251</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish</a> (regent)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> (claimant)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">11 January 1209<br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1259 (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Unknown, presumptively <a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Burkhan Khaldun</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ</span> <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Мөнх</span></span> <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Möngke</i></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Huansu (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">桓肅皇帝</span>) (conferred in 1266)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Xianzong (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">憲宗</span>) (conferred in 1266)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Monggol_bicig.svg/11px-Monggol_bicig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Monggol_bicig.svg/17px-Monggol_bicig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Monggol_bicig.svg/23px-Monggol_bicig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Mongolian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of text in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Möngke Khan</b> (also <b>Möngke Khagan</b> or <b>Möngke</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11 January 1209 – 11 August 1259) was the fourth <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, ruling from 1 July 1251 to 11 August 1259. He was the first Khagan from the <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Toluid line</a>, and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign. Under Möngke, the Mongols conquered <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as well as the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Möngke was born on 11 January 1209, as the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s teenaged son <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>. Teb Tengri Khokhcuu, a <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a>, claimed to have seen in the stars a great future for the child and bestowed on him the name Möngke, meaning 'eternal' in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>. His uncle <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>'s childless queen Angqui raised him at her <a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">orda</a> (nomadic palace).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ögedei instructed Persian scholar Idi-dan Muhammed to teach writing to Möngke. </p><p>On his way back home after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia">Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunting in 1224 near the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möngke was fifteen years old, and with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Kublai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kublai">Kublai</a>, killed a rabbit and an antelope. Their grandfather smeared fat from the killed animals onto their middle fingers following the Mongol tradition. </p><p>In 1230, Möngke went to war for the first time, following Ögedei and his father Tolui into battle against the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>. Tolui died in 1232, and Ögedei appointed <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghaghtani">Sorghaghtani</a> head of the Toluid <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a>. Following the Mongol custom, Möngke inherited at least one of his father's wives, Oghul-Khoimish of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> clan. Möngke deeply loved her and gave special favor to her elder daughter, Shirin.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG/250px-Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG/330px-Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG/500px-Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>The 1241 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Battle of Mohi</a>, in which Möngke might have participated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ögedei dispatched him along with his relatives to attack the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> in the west in 1235. When the most formidable Kipchak chief, Bachman, fled to an island in the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga delta</a> Möngke crossed the river and captured him. When he ordered Bachman to bend down on his knees, Bachman refused and was executed by Möngke's brother Bujek. Möngke also engaged in hand-to-hand combat during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus'">Mongol invasion of Rus'</a>. While his cousins, <a href="/wiki/Shiban" title="Shiban">Shiban</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCri" title="Büri">Büri</a>, went to <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, Möngke and <a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a>, a son of Ögedei, were ordered to reduce the tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols captured the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Maghas" title="Maghas">Maghas</a> and massacred its inhabitants. Many chiefs of the Alans and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> surrendered to Möngke. After <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">the invasion of Eastern Europe</a>, Möngke would bring them back to Mongolia. He also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(1240)" title="Siege of Kiev (1240)">Siege of Kiev (1240)</a>. Möngke was apparently taken by the splendour of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> and offered the city surrender, but his envoys were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu</a>'s army joined Möngke's, they sacked the city. He also fought alongside Batu at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Battle of Mohi</a>. In the summer of 1241, before the premature end of the campaign. Möngke returned home after his uncle Ögedei recalled him in the winter of 1240–41. However, Ögedei died in December 1241. </p><p>In 1246, <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCge" title="Temüge">Temüge</a>, Genghis Khan's sole remaining brother, unsuccessfully tried to seize the throne without confirmation by a <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">kurultai</a>. The new Khagan <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Güyük">Güyük</a> entrusted the delicate task of trying the Odchigin ('keeper of the hearth' – a title given to both of Genghis' younger brothers) to Möngke and <a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a>, the eldest brother of Batu. Güyük eventually died en route to the west in 1248 and Batu and Möngke emerged as the main contenders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toluid_revolution">Toluid revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toluid revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his mother Sorghaghtani's advice, Möngke went to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> to meet Batu, who was afflicted with gout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Batu decided to support his election and called a kurultai at Ala Qamaq. The leader of the families of Genghis Khan's brothers, and several important generals, came to the kurultai. Güyük's sons Naqu and Khoja attended briefly but then left. Despite vehement objections from Bala, <a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish</a>'s scribe, the kurultai approved Möngke. Given its limited attendance and location, this kurultai was of questionable validity. Batu sent Möngke under the protection of his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a> and Tuqa-temur, and his son <a href="/wiki/Sartaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartaq">Sartaq</a> to assemble a formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in Mongolia. When <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghaghtani">Sorghaghtani</a> and Berke organized a second kurultai on 1 July 1251, the assembled throng proclaimed Möngke the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, and a few of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ögedeid">Ögedeid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatayid princes</a>, such as his cousin <a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a> and the deposed khan <a href="/wiki/Qara_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Qara Hülegü">Qara Hülegü</a>, acknowledged the decision. </p><p>Shortly thereafter, Oghul's son Khoja and Ögedei's favorite grandson <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiremun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiremun (page does not exist)">Shiremun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E7%83%88%E9%97%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:失烈门">zh</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:シレムン">ja</a>]</span> came to "pay homage" to Möngke as the new ruler, but they brought the entire army of the Ögedei faction with them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Möngke's <a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kankali</a> falconer, Kheshig, discovered the preparations for the attack and told his lord. At the end of the investigation under his father's loyal servant Menggesar <a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">noyan</a>, he found his relatives guilty but at first wanted to give them mercy as written in the Great <a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a>. Möngke's officials opposed it and then he began to punish his relatives. The trials took place in all parts of the empire from Mongolia and China in the east to Afghanistan and Iraq in the west. Möngke and Batu's brother Berke therefore arranged to have Oghul accused of using black magic against Möngke. After she was arrested and questioned by <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghaghtani">Sorghaghtani</a>, Oghul Qaimish was sewn up into a sack and tossed into a river and drowned, the traditional Mongol punishment for using black magic. Estimates of the deaths of aristocrats, officials, and Mongol commanders include <a href="/wiki/Eljigidei" title="Eljigidei">Eljigidei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yes%C3%BC_M%C3%B6ngke" title="Yesü Möngke">Yesü Möngke</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCri" title="Büri">Büri</a>, and Shiremun and range from 77 to 300. However, most of the princes <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent from Genghis Khan">descended from Genghis Khan</a> who were involved in the plot were given some form of exile. The anti-Möngke plot of a <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> scribe, Bala, and the Idiqut Salindi (the monarch of the Uyghurs) was discovered and they were publicly executed. After his accession to the throne in 1251, Möngke announced that he would follow his ancestors but would not imitate the ways of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase his legitimacy, in 1252 he retroactively awarded his father the title of <i>Ikh Khagan</i>. Möngke shared the western part of the empire with his ally Batu Khan, ensuring the unity of the empire. Möngke's mother Sorghaghtani died in 1252.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the defeat of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families, Möngke eliminated their estates and assigned acquiescent family members new territories either in Turkestan or in northwestern China. After the bloody purge, Möngke ordered a general amnesty for prisoners and captives. In another move to consolidate his power, Möngke gave his brothers Kublai and <a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a> supervisory powers in North China and Iran. Rumours spread that his brother Kublai founded a de facto independent <i>ulus</i> (district), and perhaps took for himself some of the tax receipts that should by rights be coming to <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>. In 1257 the Emperor sent two tax inspectors to audit Kublai's official. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Chinese officials, and even had some executed; Kublai's office was abolished. Möngke's authority took over the collection of all taxes in Kublai's estates. As his <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> and Buddhist advisers pointed out, Kublai first sent his wives to the court of Khagan and then appealed to Möngke in person. They embraced in tears and Möngke forgave his brother.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_ethos">Administrative ethos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administrative ethos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MongolEmpire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MongolEmpire.jpg/220px-MongolEmpire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MongolEmpire.jpg/330px-MongolEmpire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MongolEmpire.jpg/440px-MongolEmpire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> during the reign of Möngke</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengeser_Noyan_interrogeant_les_conjur%C3%A9s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mengeser_Noyan_interrogeant_les_conjur%C3%A9s.png/250px-Mengeser_Noyan_interrogeant_les_conjur%C3%A9s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mengeser_Noyan_interrogeant_les_conjur%C3%A9s.png/330px-Mengeser_Noyan_interrogeant_les_conjur%C3%A9s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Mengeser_Noyan_interrogeant_les_conjur%C3%A9s.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Mengeser Noyan</figcaption></figure> <p>Möngke drafted his own decrees and kept close watch on their revision. Möngke forbade practices of extravagant costs of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> and non-Borjigid nobles. He also limited gifts to the princes, converting them into regular salaries, and made the merchants subject to taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Enkhbold2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enkhbold2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möngke limited notorious abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the business of the merchants who were sponsored by the Mongols. He prohibited them from using the imperial relay stations, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">yam (route)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">paizas</a>, tablets that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Enkhbold2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enkhbold2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Güyük dead, many local officials no longer wanted to pay off the paper drafts used by Güyük. Möngke recognized that if he did not meet the financial <a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">obligations</a> of Güyük, it would make merchants reluctant to continue business with the Mongols. Möngke paid out all drafts drawn by high ranking Mongol elites to these merchants. <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a> stated, "And from what book of history has it been read or heard...that a king paid the debt of another king?"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The generals and princes (including his son) who allowed their troops to plunder civilians without authorization were repeatedly punished by Möngke Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used <a href="/wiki/North_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="North Chinese">North Chinese</a>, Muslim, and Uyghur officials. The Khagan's chief judge (<a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">darughachi</a>) was the <a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jait-Jalayir</a> official <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menggeser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menggeser (page does not exist)">Menggeser</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%99%E5%93%A5%E6%92%92%E5%84%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:忙哥撒儿">zh</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:モンケセル">ja</a>]</span>, while the chief scribe was the Bulghai of the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a>, who was a Christian. Nine of the 16 chief provincial officials of Möngke Khan were certainly Muslims. He reappointed Güyük's three officials: Mahmud Yalavach in China, Masud Beg in <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arghun_Aqa" title="Arghun Aqa">Arghun Aqa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Möngke separated the position of the great judge at court from that of chief scribe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg/220px-Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg/330px-Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg/440px-Georgian_Issue_of_Davit_VII_Ulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>"Struck by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian King</a> <a href="/wiki/David_VII_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VII of Georgia">David</a> in the name of his overlord Möngke, by the power of Heaven" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, dated 1253)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1253, Möngke established the Department of Monetary affairs to control the issuance of paper money in order to eliminate the over-issue of the currency by Mongol and non-Mongol nobles since the reign of Great Khan Ögedei.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His authority established united measure based on <i>sukhe</i> or silver ingot, however, the Mongols allowed their foreign subjects to mint coins in the denominations and use weight they traditionally used.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reigns of Ögedei, Güyük, and Möngke, Mongol coinage increased with gold and silver coinage in Central Asia and copper and silver coins in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1252 and 1259, Möngke conducted a census of the Mongol Empire, including Iran, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the census of China was completed in 1252, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> in the far north-west was not counted until winter 1258–59. There was an uprising in Novgorod against Mongol rule in 1257, but <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a> forced the city to submit to the Mongol census and taxation. The new census counted not only households but also the number of men aged 15–60 and the number of fields, livestock, vineyards, and orchards. Within the civilian register craftsmen were listed separately, while in the military registers <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliary</a> and regular households were distinguished. Clergy of the approved religions were separated and not counted. When the new register was completed, one copy was sent to Karakorum and one copy kept for the local administration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möngke tried to create a fixed poll tax collected by imperial agents that could be forwarded to the needy units. Initially, the maximum rate was fixed at 10–11 gold <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a> in the Middle East and 6–7 <a href="/wiki/Taels" class="mw-redirect" title="Taels">taels</a> of silver in China. Protests from the landlord classes reduced this relatively low rate to 6–7 dinars and taels. Some officials raised the top rate on the wealthy of 500 dinars. While the reform did not lighten the tax burden, it made the payments more predictable.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the census and the regressive taxation it facilitated sparked popular riots and resistance in the western districts. </p><p>In 1259, the Georgian king, <a href="/wiki/David_VI" title="David VI">David VI</a>, revolted, unsuccessfully, against the Mongols and then fled to <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, whence he reigned over <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a> in western Georgia as de facto separate ruler. In 1261, he gave shelter to <a href="/wiki/David_VII" title="David VII">David VII</a>, who had later attempted to end the Mongol dominance. David Ulu made peace with the Mongols, however, and returned to <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in 1262. Möngke and Batu's official, Arghun, harshly punished the Georgian and Armenian nobles, plundering their cities and executing their prominent leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divided the Georgians into six <a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">tumens</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Baiju_Noyan" title="Baiju Noyan">Baiju</a> crushed the rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_II" title="Kaykaus II">Kaykaus II</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> in 1256 and re-established Mongol authority over Eastern Turkey. By that time the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiris</a> had revolted, and Möngke appointed his generals, Sali and Takudar, to replace the court and a Buddhist master, Otochi, as darughachi to Kashmir. However, the Kashmiri king killed Otochi at <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>. Sali invaded again, killing the king, and put down the rebellion, after which the country remained subject to the Mongol Empire for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Möngke confirmed Güyük's appointment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haiyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haiyun (page does not exist)">Haiyun</a> as chief of all the Buddhists in the Mongol Empire in 1251.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1253 Namo from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> was made chief of all the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monks">Buddhist monks</a> in the empire. During the conquest of Tibet in 1252–53, all Buddhist clergy were exempted from taxation. The Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Karma_Pakshi,_2nd_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama">Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama</a>, received Möngke's patronage. Möngke had been impressed by the aged <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Chuji" title="Qiu Chuji">Qiu Chuji</a>, who met his grandfather Genghis Khan in Afghanistan. Möngke made <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zhichang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zhichang (page does not exist)">Li Zhichang</a> chief of the Taoists. However, the Taoists had exploited their wealth and status by seizing <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a>. Möngke demanded that the Taoists cease their denigration of Buddhism. Möngke ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Taoists and Buddhists in his territory. Kublai called a conference of Taoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Taoist claim was officially declared refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted their 237 temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the fraudulent texts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG/250px-HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG/330px-HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG/500px-HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hethum_I" title="Hethum I">Hethum I</a> (seated) in the Mongol court of Karakorum, "receiving the homage of the Mongols".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Histoire des Tartars", <a href="/wiki/Hayton_of_Corycus" title="Hayton of Corycus">Hayton of Corycus</a>, 1307.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite his conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili state</a>, Möngke favoured Muslim perceptions. He and Hulagu made the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> community at <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> an autonomous tax-exempt ecclesiastical polity. Like his predecessors, he exempted clerics, monks, churches, mosques, monasteries, and doctors from taxation. </p><p>During Möngke's reign, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> sent <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> as a diplomat seeking <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">an alliance</a> with the Mongols against the Muslims. By that time Möngke's khatun Oghul-Khoimish was already dead. After making the French envoy wait for many months, Möngke officially received William Rubruck on 24 May 1254. Rubruck informed him that he had come to spread the word of Jesus. Then he stayed to help the Christians in Karakorum and attended debates among rival religions organized by the Mongols. Möngke Khan summoned William Rubruck to send him back home in 1255. He told Rubruck: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We Mongols believe in one God, by Whom we live and die," he then continued "Just as God gave different fingers to the hand so has He given different ways to men. To you God has given the Scriptures and you Christians do not observe them". He explained God had given the Mongols their shamans. Möngke offered Louis IX his cooperation but warned all Christians that "If, when you hear and understand the decree of the eternal God, you are unwilling to pay attention and believe it...and in this confidence you bring an army against us-we know what we can do".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ambassadors from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> came to the Mongol court to negotiate terms with Möngke Khan as well. In 1252 King <a href="/wiki/Hethum_I" title="Hethum I">Hethum I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Lesser Armenia</a> began his journey to Mongolia. He brought many sumptuous presents and met with Möngke at Karakorum.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an audience with Möngke on 13 September 1254, advised the Khagan on Christian matters in Western Asia, and obtained from Möngke documents guaranteeing the inviolability of his person and his kingdom. As per Armenian documents, Hethum asked the Khagan and his officials to convert to Christianity. In reply, Möngke explained that he wished his subjects to truly worship the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, but he could not force them to change their religion. Möngke also informed Hethum that he was preparing to mount an attack on Baghdad and that he would remit <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to the Christians if they collaborated with him.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hethum strongly encouraged other <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> to follow his example and submit to Mongol overlordship, but he persuaded only his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemond VI">Bohemond VI</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>, who offered his own submission sometime in the 1250s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armies of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> and Bohemond VI would assist Möngke's army in the West soon. </p><p>Muslim rulers also presented their submission to Möngke in Karakorum, such as the Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mayyafariqin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayyafariqin">Mayyafariqin</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil_Muhammad" title="Al-Kamil Muhammad">Al-Kamil Muhammad</a>, who went in person in 1253 and encountered there other Muslim rulers from <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (envoys of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al%27Din_Lu%27lu%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr al'Din Lu'lu'">Badr al'Din Lu'lu'</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a>) offering their submission.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shamans played an important role in the court and sometimes influenced the war preparation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Period_of_conquests">Period of conquests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Period of conquests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitulation_of_Goryeo">Capitulation of Goryeo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Capitulation of Goryeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Mongol invasions of Korea</a></div> <p>As Khagan, Möngke seemed to take the legacy of world conquest he had inherited much more seriously than had Güyük. His conquests were all directed at East Asia and the Middle East. In his first plans for additional conquests, Möngke chose <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in 1252. </p><p>Möngke sent envoys to <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, announcing his coronation in October 1251. He also demanded that <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Goryeo" title="Gojong of Goryeo">King Gojong</a> submit before him in person and to move his headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island" title="Ganghwa Island">Ganghwa Island</a> to the mainland of Korea. But the Goryeo court refused to send the king because he was elderly and unable to travel so far. Möngke dispatched his envoys with specific tasks again. The envoys were well received by the Goryeo officials, but they criticized the Goryeo officials because their king did not follow his overlord Möngke's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möngke ordered prince Yeku to command the army against Korea. However, a Korean in the court of Möngke convinced them to begin their campaign in July 1253. Yeku, along with Amuqan, demanded that the Goryeo court surrender. The court refused but did not resist the Mongols and gathered the peasantry into mountain fortresses and islands. Working together with the Goryeo commanders who had joined the Mongols, Jalairtai Qorchi ravaged Korea. When one of Yeku's envoys arrived, Gojong personally met him at his new palace. The king Gojong sent his stepson as hostage to Mongolia. The Mongols agreed to a truce in January 1254.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Möngke realized that the hostage was not the blood prince of the Goryeo dynasty and blamed the Goryeo court for deceiving him. Möngke's commander Jalairtai devastated much of Goryeo and took 206,800 captives in 1254.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famine and despair forced peasants to surrender to the Mongols. They established a <a href="/wiki/Chiliarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliarchy">chiliarchy</a> office at Yonghung with local officials. Ordering defectors to build ships, the Mongols began attacking the coastal islands from 1255 on.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, the Mongols formed Korean defectors into a colony of eventually 5,000 households. </p><p>In 1258 the king and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%27oe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ch'oe (page does not exist)">Ch'oe</a> clan retainer <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chun" title="Kim Chun">Kim Chun</a> staged a counter-coup, assassinated the head of the Ch'oe family, and sued for peace. When the Goryeo court sent the future king <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">Wonjong of Goryeo</a> as hostage to the Mongol court and promised to return to <a href="/wiki/Gaegyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaegyeong">Gaegyeong</a>, the Mongols withdrew from Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dali,_Vietnam_and_Tibet"><span id="Dali.2C_Vietnam_and_Tibet"></span>Dali, Vietnam and Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dali, Vietnam and Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of China">Mongol invasion of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Mongol invasions of Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Tibet">Mongol conquest of Tibet</a></div> <p>Möngke concerned himself more with the war in China, outflanking the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> through the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Kingdom of Dali</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>) in 1254 and an invasion of Southeast Asia, which allowed the Mongols to invade from the north, west, and south. </p><p>Möngke Khan dispatched Kublai to the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a> in 1253. The ruling family, Gao, resisted and murdered the Mongol envoys. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> basin. The second column under Uryankhadai took a difficult way into the mountains of western Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai himself headed south over the grasslands, meeting up with the first column. With Uryankhadai galloping in along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Dali_City,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali City, Yunnan">Dali</a> and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Mongols appointed King Duan Xingzhi as local ruler and stationed a pacification commissioner there.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among the Black jang. By 1256, Uryankhadai, the son of <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a>, had completely pacified Dali. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongquannguyenlan1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chongquannguyenlan1.svg/250px-Chongquannguyenlan1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chongquannguyenlan1.svg/330px-Chongquannguyenlan1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chongquannguyenlan1.svg/500px-Chongquannguyenlan1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Vietnam">Mongol invasion of Vietnam</a> in 1257</figcaption></figure> <p>After subjugating the Dali, Kublai sent a column south under <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a>, the son of Subutai. Uriyangkhadai sent envoys to ask the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> for a route to attack the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a>, but the Tran Vietnamese imprisoned the Mongol envoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1257, a Mongol column under Uriyangkhadai invaded Vietnam (then known as <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>) along with his son <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> and an army of 3,000 Mongols and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi tribesmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They routed the Vietnamese army and sacked the capital Thăng Long (renamed <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> in 1831). Uriyangkhadai executed its inhabitants for the murder of the envoys. After staying in Thăng Long for a while, the Mongols fell ill due to the unfamiliar climate. Realizing that it was time to drive the Mongols out, the Vietnamese launched a counter-attack and won the decisive battle of Dong Bo Dau, and Uriyangkhadai withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid further war, the Tran sent tributes to the administration of Möngke.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To strengthen his control over Tibet, Möngke made Qoridai commander of the Mongol and Han troops in Tibet in 1251. In 1252–1253 <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Qoridai invaded Tibet</a>, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Damxung_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Damxung Town">Damxung</a>. The Central Tibetan monasteries submitted to the Mongols, and the Mongol princes divided them as their <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_with_the_Delhi_Sultanate">Conflicts with the Delhi Sultanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflicts with the Delhi Sultanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol invasions of India</a></div> <p>In 1252–53 <a href="/wiki/Sali_Noyan" title="Sali Noyan">Sali Noyan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> clan was sent to the Indian borderlands at the head of fresh troops and was given authority over the <a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a>. Sali himself was subordinate to Möngke's brother <a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a>. Due to the internal conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)">Mamluk</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(grandson_of_Iltutmish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)">Nasiruddin Mahmud</a>'s brother, Jalal al-Din Masud, fled into Mongol territory in 1248. When Möngke was crowned as Khagan, Jalal al-Din Masud attended the ceremony and asked help from Möngke, who ordered Sali to assist him to recover his ancestral realm.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sali made successive attacks on <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kartids" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartids">Sham al-Din Muhammad Kart</a>, the client malik of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, accompanied the Mongols. Jalal al-Din was installed as client ruler of Lahore, Kujah, and <a href="/wiki/Sodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodra">Sodra</a>. In 1254 the Delhi official Kushlu Khan offered his submission to Möngke and accepted a Mongol <a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">darughachi</a>. When he failed to take Delhi, Kushlu turned to Hulagu. In the winter of 1257–1258, Sali Noyan entered <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sind</a> in strength and dismantled the fortifications of Multan; his forces may also have invested the island fortress of Bakhkar on the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_the_Middle_East">Conquest of the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Mongol campaign against the Nizaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad (1258)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions of Syria">Mongol invasions of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HulaguInBagdad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HulaguInBagdad.JPG/220px-HulaguInBagdad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HulaguInBagdad.JPG/330px-HulaguInBagdad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HulaguInBagdad.JPG/440px-HulaguInBagdad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a> imprisons the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">Al-Musta'sim</a> among his treasures to starve him to death ("Le livre des merveilles", 15th century).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg/220px-1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg/330px-1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg/440px-1260MongolConquestsLevant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>Mongols sacked Syrian cities in 1259–1260 and advanced to the Egyptian border.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Möngke called a kurultai to prepare the next conquest in 1252–1253, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emirs_of_Mosul#Lu'lu'id_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emirs of Mosul">Lu'lu'id dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> were subject to the Mongol Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mayyafariqin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayyafariqin">Mayyafariqin</a>, Malik Kamil, and his cousin in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and future Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Nasir_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Nasir Yusuf">Malik Nasir Yusuf</a>, sent envoys to Möngke Khan, who imposed darughachis (overseers) and a census on the <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Möngke followed the schemes of his predecessor against the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismailis</a> (Assassins). Möngke's decision to launch a campaign against Nizari castles followed anti-Nizari urges by Sunnis in the Mongol court, new anti-Nizari complaints (including Shams-ud-Din, the chief judge of <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>), and warnings from local Mongol commanders in Persia. In 1252, Möngke entrusted the mission of conquering the rest of Western Asia to his brother <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Hülegü">Hülegü</a>, with the highest priority being the conquest of the Nizari state and the Abbasid Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary1992_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary1992-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1253, William of Rubruck went on a mission to Karakorum in Mongolia, was struck by the security precautions there, reportedly in response to the more than forty assassins who had been sent by Imam <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad</a> there to assassinate Möngke;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is possible that the assassination attempt was merely rumored.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary1992_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary1992-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Möngke ordered the Jochid and Chagataid families to join Hulagu's expedition to Iran and strengthened the army with 1,000 siege engineers from China. Möngke's armies, led by his brother Hulagu, launched an attack on the Ismailis in Iran, crushing the last major resistance there by the end of 1256. The Hashashin Imam Rukn ad-Din requested permission to travel to Karakorum to meet with the Great Khan Möngke himself. Hulagu sent him on the long journey to Mongolia, but once the Imam arrived there, Möngke criticized his action and dismissed him. Rukn ad-Din was killed in uncertain circumstances. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, envoys from Baghdad attended the coronation of Möngke in 1251 to come to terms with the Mongols. However, Möngke told Hulagu that if the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">Al-Musta'sim</a> refused to meet him in person, then Hulagu was to destroy Baghdad. Hulagu then advanced on <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, taking the capital at Baghdad in 1258. Hulagu sent Möngke some of his war booty with the news of his conquest of Baghdad. Möngke dispatched a Chinese messenger to congratulate him for his victory. Outraged by the attack on the caliphate, Malik Kamil revolted, killing his Mongol overseer. Hulagu's son Yoshumut invested Mayyafariqin and executed Malik Kamil. From there they moved into <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in 1259, took <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and Aleppo, and reached the shores of the Mediterranean. Fearing the Mongol advance, the Ayyubid Sultan Malik Nasir Yusuf refused to see Hulagu and fled. However, the Mongols captured him at <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_China">South China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty</a></div> <p>In 1241, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun</a> had sent an envoy to make peace proposals and discuss with Zhao Yun (posthumously known as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Lizong" title="Emperor Lizong">Emperor Lizong</a>). The Song court arrested the envoy and imprisoned him in a fortress with his suite of seventy persons.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The envoy died, but his suite were detained until 1254. That year the Mongol army attacked to take Hejiu but failed. The Chinese freed the suite of the late envoy to show their desire for peace. Möngke concentrated all his attention on the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. Taking personal command late in the decade, he captured many of the fortified cities along the northern front. </p><p>In 1252, Möngke commissioned Kublai and experienced general <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a> to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrey_et_al_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrey_et_al-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the summer of 1253 to early 1254,<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrey_et_al_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrey_et_al-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the campaigns were successful in conquering and pacifying the tribes, with Uriyangkhadai's military experience proving invaluable in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi2009_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Kublai's return to northern China, Uriyangkhadai conquered neighboring tribes in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> before turning east towards the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> by 1257.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi2009_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1257, Möngke set out for South China, leaving his administration to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a>, in Karakorum with Alamdar as assistant, and fixed his camps near the Liu-pan mountains in May of the following year. He first attacked Song positions in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and took Paoning (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a>) in 1258.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möngke forbade his army to plunder civilians. When his son accidentally destroyed a <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> in the field of the Chinese peasants, Möngke punished him. </p><p>Meanwhile, Uriyangkhadai's forces <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">invaded Vietnam</a> with generals Trechecdu and <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> and captured the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> in 1258.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Chinese source material incorrectly stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam after nine days due to poor climate, his forces did not leave until 1259.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haw2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 February 1259, <a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar</a>, the Mongol New Year feast was given by Möngke near the mountain Zhonggui.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this feast his relative, Togan, a chief of the Jalairs, declared that <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a> was dangerous because of its climate, and that the Great Khagan should go northward for safety. Baritchi of the Erlat tribe called this advice cowardly and advised Möngke to remain with his army. These words pleased Möngke who wished to take the city nearby. The Song commander slew his envoy who had been sent to ask the city's submission. </p><p>In 1259, Uriyangkhadai's forces attacked <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> from Thang Long as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haw2013_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wives,_concubines,_and_children"><span id="Wives.2C_concubines.2C_and_children"></span>Wives, concubines, and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wives, concubines, and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Principal wives:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Empress Zhenjie</b></i>, of the <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Hongjila clan of Khongirad</a>, personal name Qutuqhai (忽都台), daughter of Uladai Küregen<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Baltu (班禿大子, d. 1258), 1st son</li> <li>Ürüng-Tash (玉龙答失, d. 1267), 3rd son</li> <li>Bayalun,Grand Princess of Chang State (伯雅倫昌国大长公主), 1st daughter <ul><li>Married to Kurin Küregen (nephew of Uladai Küreg</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Empress, of the <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Hongjila clan of Khongirad</a> (也速兒皇后弘吉剌氏d. after 1260), personal name Yesü'er (也速兒)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Empress, of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats Borjigin</a>, personal nameOghul Tutmish or Oghul Qaimish (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Qutuqa_Beki" title="Qutuqa Beki">Qutuqa Beki</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>) <ul><li>Princess Shirin, Grand Princess of Chang State (失邻昌国大长公主), 2nd daughter <ul><li>Married to Chochimtai Küregen (son of Taiju Küregen of <a href="/wiki/Olkhunut" class="mw-redirect" title="Olkhunut">Olkhunut</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Bichige, Grand Princess of Chang State (必赤合), 3rd daughter <ul><li>Married to Chochimtai Küregen (son of Taiju Küregen of <a href="/wiki/Olkhunut" class="mw-redirect" title="Olkhunut">Olkhunut</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Chübei Khatun (d. 8 September 1259)</li></ul> <p>Concubines: </p> <ul><li>Consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayaut Borjigin</a> clan, personal name Bayavchin (巴牙兀真贵妃) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiregi" title="Shiregi">Shiregi</a>, Prince of Heping (昔里河平王, d. 1280s), 4th son</li></ul></li> <li>Consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a> clan of <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> (贵妃), Quitani (奎帖尼) <ul><li>Asutai<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(阿速台) , 2nd son</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diaoyucheng" title="Siege of Diaoyucheng">Siege of Diaoyucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></div> <p>There is no consensus concerning Möngke Khan's death. His last recorded appearances were at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diaoyucheng" title="Siege of Diaoyucheng">Siege of Diaoyucheng</a> near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>; where it is also generally agreed he died. After his death, the Mongol armies were forced to withdraw from action. Chinese sources record Möngke as having been killed in battle during an assault on the fortress: a contemporary Song poem describes the "victory in Sichuan" where Möngke was killed by a crossbow arrow, which is corroborated in the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>. The account in the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>, which was written during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, relates that Möngke was fatally wounded instead by a stone projectile from either a <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">cannon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPow2017104–106_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPow2017104–106-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persian accounts largely originating from <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a> claim that Möngke died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> near the site of the siege on 11 August 1259<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — the <i>History of Yuan</i> does not directly corroborate this, but it mentions a fatal disease outbreak in the Mongol camp during the campaign. In line with the lack of clarity in Mongol historiography concerning the deaths of khans, it has been speculated that possible that Mongols covered up the story by claiming that his death was due to illness, leading to the story in Persian accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPow2017102–106_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPow2017102–106-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other accounts include those of the Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Hayton_of_Corycus" title="Hayton of Corycus">Hayton of Corycus</a>'s claims that Möngke was on a Mongol war ship that sank in the Chinese seas while the Mongols were besieging an island fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayton's work is noted for including errors and amalgamating distinct events, so the account of Möngke's death could be a confused reference to the later <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPow2017102_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPow2017102-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A month after Möngke's death, his youngest wife Chubei died at the Liupanshan Mountains. Möngke's son Asutai conducted the corpse to <a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Burkhan Khaldun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia, where the late Khagan was buried near the graves of Genghis and Tolui. </p><p>Möngke's death in 1259 led to the four-year <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> between his two younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a>. Though Kublai Khan eventually won, the succession war and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a> essentially resulted in the permanent <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">division of the Mongol Empire</a>. It was not until 1304, when all Mongol khans submitted to Kublai's successor, <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a>, that the Mongol world again acknowledged a single paramount sovereign, although the authority of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">late Khagans</a> rested on nothing like the same foundations as that of Genghis Khan and his first three successors.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Kublai Khan established the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in China in 1271, Möngke Khan was placed on the official record of the dynasty as Xianzong (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">宪宗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">憲宗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiànzōng</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_influence_in_Karakorum">Foreign influence in Karakorum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign influence in Karakorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg/200px-Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg/300px-Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg/400px-Karakorum_Silver_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Silver Tree fountain in front of Tumen Amugulang Palace, 18th-century European imagination</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg/200px-Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg/300px-Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg/400px-Karakorum_Modell_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>The Model of the Khan Palace in <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a> in the National History Museum of Mongolia in Ulaan-Baatar</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1252–53, Flemish missionary and explorer <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> saw Hungarians, Russians, Germans, and a Parisian goldsmith, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Boucher" title="Guillaume Boucher">Guillaume Boucher</a>, in Karakorum.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He even heard of <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> miners in <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> and other foreigners such as a woman from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> mastered <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>-making. </p><p>In 1253, Möngke deported households from <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> to repair and maintain the imperial <a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">ordas</a>. He decorated the capital city of Karakorum with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">European</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian</a> architectures. One example of the construction was a large silver tree, with pipes that discharge various drinks and a triumphant angel at its top, made by Guillaume Boucher. Foreign merchants’ quarters, <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Buddhist monasteries</a>, mosques, and <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> were newly built. Markets were in the Muslim sector and outside the four gates. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> farmers grew vegetables and grains outside the wall of Karakorum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ</span></span> Мөнх, <i><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mönkh</i></span></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[mɵŋx]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蒙哥</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ménggē</span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/1028">"<i>Мөнх хаан</i>"</a>. <i>mongoltoli.mn, mongolian state dictionary</i> (in Mongolian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mongoltoli.mn%2C+mongolian+state+dictionary&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmongoltoli.mn%2Fhistory%2Fh%2F1028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> "Möngke"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratt_Atwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Pratt Atwood, Christopher (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo"><i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i></a></span>. Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo/page/362">362</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mongolia+and+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3&rft.aulast=Pratt+Atwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo0000atwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Weatherford, <i>The Secret History of the Mongol Queens</i>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willem van Ruysbroeck, Peter Jackson, David Morgan, Hakluyt Society <i>The mission of Friar William of Rubruck: his journey to the court of the Mongols</i>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man-<i>Kublai Khan</i>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo de Hartog <i>Genghis Khan</i>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence N. Langer <i>Historical dictionary of medieval Russia</i>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Weatherford <i>Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World</i>, p. 169, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0609809648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0609809648">978-0609809648</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enkhbold2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enkhbold2019_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enkhbold2019_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnkhbold2019" class="citation journal cs1">Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>38</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">531–</span>547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634937.2019.1652799">10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203044817">203044817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+ortoq+in+the+Mongol+Empire+in+forming+business+partnerships&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E547&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634937.2019.1652799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203044817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Enkhbold&rft.aufirst=Enerelt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p. 364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Weatherford, <i>Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world</i>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Weatherford, <i>Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world</i>, pp. 175–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p. 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368 (edited by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John King Fairbank, 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA401">p. 401</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Allsen" title="Thomas T. Allsen">Thomas T. Allsen</a> <i>Mongol Imperialism</i>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirakos Ganjakets'i', <i>History of the Armenians</i>, $63 and $64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Wink-Al-Hind, <i>The Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i>, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton, Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA844">p. 844</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kokuan Sun-Yu chi and Southern Taoism during the Yuan period", in <i>China under Mongol rule</i>, pp. 212–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hethoum I receiving the homage of the Tatars: during his voyage to Mongolia in 1254, Hethoum I was received with honours by the Mongol Khan who "ordered several of his noble subjects to honour and attend him"" in <i>Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie</i> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mutafian" title="Claude Mutafian">Claude Mutafian</a>, p. 58, quoting Hayton of Corycus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Weatherford <i>Genghis Khan</i>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bretschneider" title="Emil Bretschneider">Emil Bretschneider</a> tr. of <a href="/wiki/Kirakos_Gandzaketsi" title="Kirakos Gandzaketsi">Kirakos Gandzaketsi</a>, <i>The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back</i>, Mediaeval Researches Vol 1, Trubner Oriental Series 1888 London, facsimile reprint 2005 Elibron Classics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-9303-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-9303-3">1-4021-9303-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Islamic World in Ascendency: From the Arab conquest to the Siege of Vienna</i> by Dr. Martin Sicker (p. 111): "Bohemond, however, resided exclusively in Tripoli and, as a practical matter, <a href="/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum I, King of Armenia">Hetoum</a>, whose realm was contiguous with it, ruled Antioch. Accordingly, Antioch was drawn into the Mongolian-Armenian alliance".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA541"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96690-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyafariqin, al-Kamil Muhammad, arrived at Mo ̈ngke's court in 1253, made his submission, and found there Muslim princes from Mosul and Mardin. It is clear, then, that years before Hulegu's arrival in the area, the majority of Muslim princes in Iraq, Jazira, and Syria had made some type of submission to the Mongols and that at least some were paying tribute.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96690-0&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.Bor <i>Mongol hiigeed Eurasiin diplomat shashtir, boyi II</i>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man <i>Kublai Khan</i>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368 (edited by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John King Fairbank, 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA436">p. 436</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man <i>Kublai Khan</i>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongols</i>, p. 613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Pratt_Atwood_Encyclopedia_of_Mongolia_and_the_Mongol_empire_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Pratt Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire</i>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Bennett, Peter <i>The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare</i>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tran, Trong Kim <i>Viet Nam Su Luoc</i>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood, Ibid, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</i>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</i>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuven Amitai-Preiss <i>Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281</i>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary1992-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary1992_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary1992_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1992" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&pg=PA418"><i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">418–</span>420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42974-0"><bdi>978-0-521-42974-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42974-0&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQGlyZAy134C%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2011). <i>The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam</i>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86333-5"><bdi>978-0-297-86333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassins%3A+A+Radical+Sect+in+Islam&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86333-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterson2008" class="citation book cs1">Waterson, James (30 October 2008). "A House Divided: The Origins of the Ismaili Assassins". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTcRBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Ismaili Assassins: A History of Medieval Murder</i></a>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-150-9"><bdi>978-1-78346-150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+House+Divided%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Ismaili+Assassins&rft.btitle=The+Ismaili+Assassins%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Murder&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-150-9&rft.aulast=Waterson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTcRBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiennes2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes, Ranulph</a> (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT135"><i>The Elite: The Story of Special Forces – From Ancient Sparta to the War on Terror</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-5664-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-5664-9"><bdi>978-1-4711-5664-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elite%3A+The+Story+of+Special+Forces+%E2%80%93+From+Ancient+Sparta+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-5664-9&rft.aulast=Fiennes&rft.aufirst=Ranulph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ5KDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (24 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EiKxXBc95b8C&pg=PA229"><i>A New Introduction to Islam</i></a> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5772-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-5772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=229&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5772-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEiKxXBc95b8C%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremiah Curtin <i>The Mongols: A History</i>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebrey_et_al-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_et_al_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_et_al_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey et al., 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi2009-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi2009_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi2009_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi2009_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2009" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (2009). <i>Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times</i>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520261327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520261327"><bdi>978-0520261327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0520261327&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Grousset <i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLienSharrock2014" class="citation book cs1">Lien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "The First Mongol Invasion (1257-8 CE)". <i>Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780233888" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780233888"><bdi>978-1780233888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Mongol+Invasion+%281257-8+CE%29&rft.btitle=Descending+Dragon%2C+Rising+Tiger%3A+A+History+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780233888&rft.aulast=Lien&rft.aufirst=Vu+Hong&rft.au=Sharrock%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuell" class="citation journal cs1">Buell, P. D. "Mongols in Vietnam: end of one era, beginning of another". <i>First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians 29–31 May 2009 Osaka University Nakanoshima-Center</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Congress+of+the+Asian+Association+of+World+Historians+29%E2%80%9331+May+2009+Osaka+University+Nakanoshima-Center&rft.atitle=Mongols+in+Vietnam%3A+end+of+one+era%2C+beginning+of+another&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haw2013-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haw2013_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haw2013_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaw2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Haw" title="Stephen G. Haw">Haw, Stephen G.</a> (2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>76</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">361–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000475">10.1017/S0041977X13000475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24692275">24692275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+deaths+of+two+Khaghans%3A+a+comparison+of+events+in+1242+and+1260&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24692275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremiah Curtin <i>The Mongols: A History</i>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2009" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (2009). <i>Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times</i>. University of California Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520261327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520261327"><bdi>978-0520261327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0520261327&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashīd_al-Dīn_Ṭabīb,_1247?-1318.1971" class="citation book cs1">Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb, 1247?-1318. (1971). <i>The successors of Genghis Khan</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">198–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03351-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03351-6"><bdi>0-231-03351-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+successors+of+Genghis+Khan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-231-03351-6&rft.au=Rash%C4%ABd+al-D%C4%ABn+%E1%B9%ACab%C4%ABb%2C+1247%3F-1318.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">son of Butu Küregen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sister of Empress Zhenjie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">supported the election of Ariq Böke</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPow2017104–106-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPow2017104–106_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPow2017">Pow 2017</a>, pp. 104–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Lane <i>Daily life in the Mongol empire</i>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man <i>Kublai Khan</i>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Weatherford <i>Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world</i>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPow2017102–106-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPow2017102–106_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPow2017">Pow 2017</a>, pp. 102–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Hoyle Howorth <i>History of the Mongols: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks</i>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPow2017102-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPow2017102_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPow2017">Pow 2017</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Christoph Baumer</a>, John Hare <i>Traces in the Desert: Journeys of Discovery Across Central Asia</i>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Jackson <i>The Mongols and the West</i>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubin, Nancy. "Rule of Timur". In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Dawson <i>Mission to Asia</i>, p. 129.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6ngke_Khan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251–1259</i> by Thomas T. Allsen, University of California Press, 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05527-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05527-6">0-520-05527-6</a></li> <li><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i> by René Grousset, Rutgers University Press, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9">0-8135-1304-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPow2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pow, Stephen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34202841">"Fortresses that Shatter Empires: A Look at Möngke Khan's Failed Campaign against the Song Dynasty, 1258–1259"</a>. <i>Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU</i>. <b>27</b>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a>: 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+Medieval+Studies+at+CEU&rft.atitle=Fortresses+that+Shatter+Empires%3A+A+Look+at+M%C3%B6ngke+Khan%27s+Failed+Campaign+against+the+Song+Dynasty%2C+1258%E2%80%931259&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=102&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pow&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34202841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockhill1967" class="citation cs2">Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), <i>The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55, As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine.</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+William+of+Rubruck+to+The+Eastern+Parts+of+the+World%2C+1253-55%2C+As+Narrated+by+Himself%2C+With+Two+Accounts+of+the+Earlier+Journey+of+John+of+Pian+de+Carpine.&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rockhill&rft.aufirst=William+Woodville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%B6ngke+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World</i> by Jack Weatherford</li> <li><i>The mission of William of Rubruck: His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253–1255</i> by William, Peter Jackson, David Morgan, Hakluyt Society, Hakluyt Society, Hakluyt Society, 1990.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Möngke Khan </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Borjigin" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a> (1206–1634)</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1209</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1259</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish</a> (regent)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </b><br />1251–1259 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish</a></i> <small>(as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Setsen Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Öljeytü Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Buyantu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegeen_Khan" title="Gegeen Khan">Gegeen Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes%C3%BCn_Tem%C3%BCr_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)">Yesün Temür Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragibagh_Khan" title="Ragibagh Khan">Ragibagh Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür">Jayaatu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khutughtu_Khan_Kusala" title="Khutughtu Khan Kusala">Khutughtu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinchinbal_Khan" title="Rinchinbal Khan">Rinchinbal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Ukhaantu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan_Ayushiridara" title="Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara">Biligtü Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskhal_Khan_T%C3%B6g%C3%BCs_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür">Uskhal Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia61" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty1787" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_emperors" title="Template talk:Yuan emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty1787" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors of the Yuan dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by </b><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a><b> as Yuan emperors</b></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Taizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Ruizong</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Taizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Dingzong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xianzong</a></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Following Kublai's enthronement as <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China.</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Shizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Chengzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Wuzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegeen_Khan" title="Gegeen Khan">Yingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes%C3%BCn_Tem%C3%BCr_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)">Taiding Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragibagh_Khan" title="Ragibagh Khan">Tianshun Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür">Wenzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khutughtu_Khan_Kusala" title="Khutughtu Khan Kusala">Mingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinchinbal_Khan" title="Rinchinbal Khan">Ningzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Huizong (Emperor Shun)</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">元</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Huizong (Emperor Shun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan_Ayushiridara" title="Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara">Zhaozong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskhal_Khan_T%C3%B6g%C3%BCs_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür">Tianyuan Emperor</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Note:</b> Before <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a> announced the dynastic name "<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Great Yuan</a>" in 1271, <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagans</a> (Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (<i>Ikh Mongol Uls</i>) already started to use the Chinese title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">皇帝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huángdì</span></i>) practically in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> since the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Emperor</a> (<span lang="zh">成吉思皇帝</span>) in 1206.</span> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7521#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7521#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7521#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116574306">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50027343">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1835553/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRdcfH4YCRH68wV7hPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119063557">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85284733">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073407496">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265393005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119063557">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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