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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Japanese merchant raiders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_merchant_raiders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Initial deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_against_the_Ondina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_against_the_Ondina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Action against the <i>Ondina</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Action_against_the_Ondina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Ocean_Theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox Indian Ocean Theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indian_Ocean_Theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indian Ocean Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Ocean_Theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indian Ocean Theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Ocean_Theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><span class="wrap">Indian Ocean Theatre</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_27_February_1941" title="Action of 27 February 1941">27 February 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_May_1941" title="Action of 8 May 1941">8 May 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMAS_Sydney" title="Sinking of HMAS Sydney"><i>Sydney</i> and <i>Kormoran</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese merchant raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab"><i>Stab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Creek" title="Operation Creek">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe" title="Monsun Gruppe"><i>Monsun Gruppe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_November_1943" title="Action of 13 November 1943">13 November 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_January_1944" title="Action of 11 January 1944">11 January 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_February_1944" title="Action of 14 February 1944">14 February 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1944" title="Action of 17 July 1944">17 July 1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K"><i>K</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist"><i>Jurist</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace"><i>Tiderace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper"><i>Zipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY"><i>RY</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX"><i>PX</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation"><i>Starvation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall"><i>Downfall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean</b> were those vessels used by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> to pursue its war on <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> commerce in that theatre. Possessing a powerful fleet of warships, prior to the start of World War II, the IJN had strategically planned to fight a war of fleet actions, and as a consequence delegated few resources to raiding merchant vessels. Nevertheless, in 1940, two passenger-cargo vessels – <a href="/wiki/Aikoku_Maru_(1940)" title="Aikoku Maru (1940)"><i>Aikoku Maru</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dkoku_Maru" title="Hōkoku Maru"><i>Hōkoku Maru</i></a> – of the Osaka Shipping Line were requisitioned for conversion to <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchant_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchant cruiser">armed merchant cruisers</a> (AMC)s, in anticipation of the likely thrust southward by the Japanese. These vessels were subsequently used as <a href="/wiki/Merchant_raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant raiders">merchant raiders</a> attacking Allied commercial shipping along vital <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes of communication</a> between Australia and the Middle East. Using their comprehensive armament and speed to their advantage, the raiders experienced a brief period of success. Japanese raiding in the Indian Ocean largely ceased by the end of 1942 after an action with a Dutch vessel, the <a href="/wiki/MV_Ondina" title="MV Ondina"><i>Ondina</i></a> and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Bengal" title="HMIS Bengal">HMIS <i>Bengal</i></a> in which the <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> was sunk. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nations fighting <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> during both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> in the 20th century devoted substantial effort to the disruption of oceanic <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> as a means of weakening the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In late 1942, <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> activities in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> had virtually come to an end. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">merchant raiders</a>, originally disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping lane">shipping lanes</a> in these waters, had with few exceptions, been destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> or begun the long journey home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By virtue of their powerful battle fleets, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) had strategically planned to fight a war of fleet actions ("<a href="/wiki/Fleet_action" title="Fleet action">Guerre d'escadre</a>"), and as a consequence delegated few resources to raiding merchant vessels ("<a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">Guerre de course</a>"). Nonetheless, other than their <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">successful sortie to Ceylon</a> in April 1942, the Japanese Navy had decided to keep the pressure on the shipping lanes, primarily due to the Allies' ever-growing <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical</a> strength in the war. Large and valuable <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a> maintained a continuous stream of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and other products from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and surrounding islands. The continuous pleas by the Germans possibly<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had a large influence on this decision, as the Indian Ocean was the primary area of operations in which the two Axis powers had the most physical coordination with each other, in regards to re-supply and the exchange of military (naval) intelligence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_merchant_raiders">Japanese merchant raiders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Japanese merchant raiders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg/220px-Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg/330px-Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg/440px-Aikoku_Maru-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Japanese auxiliary cruiser <i>Aikoku Maru</i>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, two passenger-cargo vessels of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Shipping_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Shipping Line (page does not exist)">Osaka Shipping Line</a> were requisitioned for conversion to <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchant_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchant cruiser">armed merchant cruisers</a> (AMC)s, in anticipation of the likely thrust southward by the Japanese. The <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dkoku_Maru" title="Hōkoku Maru"><i>Hōkoku Maru</i></a> (the <a href="/wiki/Name_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Name ship">name ship</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dkoku_Maru-class_ocean_liner" title="Hōkoku Maru-class ocean liner">the class</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aikoku_Maru_(1940)" title="Aikoku Maru (1940)"><i>Aikoku Maru</i></a>, both under construction for the route between the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and South America, started their rebuilds in 1941, and by the time they were commissioned, the 10,470-ton vessels were heavily armed.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main armament consisted of eight <a href="/wiki/14_cm/50_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun">140 mm/50 caliber</a> guns, which were augmented by two 80 mm guns, and four 25 mm guns. There were four 533 mm torpedo tubes in twin mounts, and each vessel had two <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">Mitsubishi F1M</a>2 "Pete" Type 0 observation seaplanes,<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each armed with two fixed forward firing <a href="/wiki/Type_97_aircraft_machine_gun" title="Type 97 aircraft machine gun">Type 97 machine guns</a>, one flexibly mounted rearward-firing <a href="/wiki/Type_92_machine_gun" title="Type 92 machine gun">Type 92 machine gun</a> and 120 kg of bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-C2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_deployment">Initial deployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With their heavy armament, the two Japanese merchant raiders could overpower any smaller combatant or merchant vessel, and their speed enabled them (in combination with their floatplanes) to search large areas of ocean. In service, they were organized as the 24th Special Cruiser Squadron under Rear-Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moriharu_Takeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moriharu Takeda (page does not exist)">Moriharu Takeda</a>. <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> was modified to serve as Admiral Takeda's flagship with space for his staff of four officers and eighteen men.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 24th Special Cruiser Squadron departed <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Bay" title="Hiroshima Bay">Hiroshima Bay</a> on 15 November 1941 under radio silence and blacked out at night to arrive in a standby position at <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit Atoll</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>. They departed Jaluit on 26 November 1941 to patrol the sea lanes between Australia, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. The operational plan was for one ship to lie-to and drift while performing maintenance, as the other ship carried out a perimeter patrol searching for enemy shipping. The two ships would spend the hours of darkness within visual range; the ships then reversed roles the following day. Following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the search objective changed from avoiding detection to locating enemy commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following sunset on 12 December 1941, <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> stopped the 6,210-ton United States freighter <i>Vincent</i> bound for the Panama Canal from <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney, Australia">Sydney, Australia</a> at 23 south, 118 west. The old freighter was sunk after taking her crew of 38 aboard the two raiders. The Japanese ships then left the area to avoid any response to <i>Vincent</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s radio <a href="/wiki/SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Routine searching resumed on 23 December 1941. On 31 December, a seaplane from <i>Aikoku Maru</i> found and circled the 3,275-ton United States freighter <i>Malama</i> bound for <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> from <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> with a cargo of <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Air Force">US Army Air Force</a> trucks and aircraft engines. The seaplane was observed by <i>Malama</i>, but was apparently lost to operational problems before returning to <i>Aikoku Maru</i>. The squadron commenced a search for the missing seaplane at 1810 and searched through the moonlit night. Aircraft were launched at 0700 on 1 January 1942 to expand the search. One of the seaplanes found <i>Malama</i> at 0910, circled at low altitude and ordered the ship to stop with a burst of machine gun fire. <i>Malama</i> began to broadcast distress messages which continued until 1415. Admiral Takeda was 130 miles (210 km) away, but intercepted the distress calls and ordered the plane to return to be rearmed with bombs. <i>Malama</i> was scuttled by her crew at a position 25 south, 155 west when the aircraft returned. The squadron left the area after taking the freighter's crew of 38 aboard as prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 January 1942, the raiders resumed search operations and between 16 and 20 January the squadron intercepted extremely loud radio signals causing them to believe <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> warships were nearby. They successfully evaded detection by Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Halsey">William Halsey</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Task_Force_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Task Force 8 (page does not exist)">Task Force 8</a>. They replenished at <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Truk</a> on 4 February 1942 and transferred the prisoners to the Oita Bay Naval Air Command on 13 February.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The squadron then entered the <a href="/wiki/Kure_Naval_Arsenal" title="Kure Naval Arsenal">Kure Navy Yard</a> where each ship received eight modern 14 cm (5.5-inch) guns to replace the four 15 cm (5.9-inch) guns of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> vintage installed the previous autumn. More modern seaplanes were embarked when the squadron deployed to the Indian Ocean with the additional duty of resupplying the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> operating in the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a>. Between 5 June and 13 July 1942, the submarines sank 21 ships, for a total of 92,498 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> and <i>Aikoku Maru</i> added additional ships to that score. With these successes, they had sunk or captured five merchant ships within a year, totalling 31,303 tons. They left <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> on 5 November on their fourth sortie, under the overall command of Captain Imazato Hiroshi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Victims of Japanese raiders included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Genota_(1934)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Genota (1934) (page does not exist)"><i>Genota</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> vessel of 7,987 tons, which was captured on 9 May 1942; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Elysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Elysia (page does not exist)"><i>Elysia</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> vessel of 6,757 tons), which was sunk on 5 June 1942; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Hauraki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Hauraki (page does not exist)"><i>Hauraki</i></a>, a New Zealand vessel of 7,112 tons, which was captured on 12 July 1942.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Action_against_the_Ondina">Action against the <i>Ondina</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Action against the Ondina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/MV_Ondina" title="MV Ondina"><i>Ondina</i></a> was a modern <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tanker</a> built for <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Corona_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Corona (company) (page does not exist)">La Corona</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>'s shipping companies. She was new, relatively fast and by contemporary standards not lightly armed with a <a href="/wiki/4%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="4"/50 caliber gun">4"/50 caliber gun</a> on her stern and several machine guns for anti-aircraft use. Under Captain W. Horsman, she was deployed between <a href="/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremantle, Western Australia">Fremantle</a> in Australia and <a href="/wiki/Abadan,_Iran" title="Abadan, Iran">Abadan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>-rich shores of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. On her journey to Abadan, she was protected by a single <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Bengal" title="HMIS Bengal">HMIS <i>Bengal</i></a> under the command of Lieutenant Commander W.J. Wilson, RNR. One of the Australian-type <a href="/wiki/Bathurst-class_corvette" title="Bathurst-class corvette"><i>Bathurst</i>-class corvette</a>/minesweepers, <i>Bengal</i> was one of four ships of her class that had been allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a>. She only had one 3-inch gun (a 4-inch gun was not available), which made her firepower barely enough to protect the <i>Ondina</i> from <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, let alone from enemy surface raiders. The two ships departed Fremantle on 5 November 1942, expecting a long but uneventful trip.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sightings">Sightings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sightings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 November 1942 at 11:45 in the morning, naval authorities in Fremantle received an SOS signal sent out by the <i>Bengal</i>, reporting that she and the <i>Ondina</i> were under attack by two <a href="/wiki/Raider_(piracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raider (piracy)">raiders</a>, identified as being Japanese, at position 19.38° South 93.5° East. The battle started when a lookout aboard <i>Ondina</i> sighted an unknown vessel at about 12,000 metres (13,000 yd), bearing 270 degrees, followed by a ship of similar size.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As no Allied ships were reported in the vicinity, the Allied sailors could only assume the ships bearing down on them were hostile and for some time these ships were even identified as Japanese aircraft carriers. On the <i>Bengal</i>, the lookouts saw the two AMCs a few minutes later. The ships both made a 90 degree turn to starboard away from the enemy in a north-north-west direction. <i>Bengal</i> then turned and headed straight for the attackers, hoping to buy enough time for the <i>Ondina</i> to escape. She opened fire at 1200 hours from 3,200 m (3,500 yd), followed by the <i>Ondina</i> at 1205 from 8,000 m (8,700 yd). The sensible thing to do for the <i>Ondina</i> was to obey the order to escape, but the captain decided to stay, as his ship, armed with a 4-inch gun, was still the more powerful of the two. In addition, the <i>Ondina</i> could only do 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) while the Japanese ships could make 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack">Attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Aikoku Maru</i> under Captain <a href="/wiki/Tamotsu_Oishi" title="Tamotsu Oishi">Tamotsu Oishi</a>, and <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> under Captain <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Imazato" title="Hiroshi Imazato">Hiroshi Imazato</a>, commenced firing at 1200 hours and soon straddled the <i>Ondina</i> with their cruiser-armament. The first hit on <i>Ondina</i> ripped off a part of the main mast, leaving only a stump. The <i>Ondina</i> herself had her answer ready: the third shell fired was a hit on the superstructure of <i>Hōkoku Maru</i>, but apparently with little effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Content with the hit, the gun captain then ordered the gunners to concentrate their fire on the stern. A few moments later, a hit on the starboard torpedo mount turned the <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> into a ball of red and yellow flames, and as the ship emerged from the smoke, she was listing heavily to starboard and simultaneously started to settle by the stern. The explosion ripped off the stern and threw her two floatplanes overboard, while massive fires raged in the superstructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hōkoku Maru</i> was not built as a warship, and therefore did not have a sufficient number of watertight bulkheads. Shells toppled from their lockers as a result of the increasing list and threw sailors overboard. Men, covered with blood and suffering from burns, tried to fight the flames. Reports came in indicating large fires in the engine-room and the loss of all electricity. There was little hope of salvaging the <i>Hōkoku Maru</i>, Captain Imazato could do nothing else than order "abandon ship".<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Aikoku Maru</i> picked up a total of 278 survivors from a crew of 354. Captain Imazato was one of the 76 killed during the action. There were no reports of damage or casualties aboard the <i>Aikoku Maru</i>, which soon avenged her sister ship, scoring several hits on <i>Ondina</i>. Nevertheless, her shells and torpedoes had little effect on the empty tanker, as the large number of watertight tanks could keep it afloat under the most difficult circumstances. <i>Aikoku Maru</i> also fired at the <i>Bengal</i>, which had shortened the range to about 2,200 m (2,400 yd). One shell from the Japanese ship hit her in the forecastle, but did little damage. Her gunners had been firing continuously at the Japanese, claiming several hits but their ammunition supply was soon depleted. At 1245, her last shell had been fired and her captain decided there was little he could do for the <i>Ondina</i>. He steamed away at full speed, chased by gun splashes. After laying a smokescreen, she took a hit in the stern which had no effect on her escape. The last the men aboard <i>Bengal</i> saw of the <i>Ondina</i> was her trying to evade the shells, continuously straddled by the <i>Aikoku Maru</i>. A shell was seen hitting her abaft the bridge. Some time later, a second explosion was seen aboard <i>Hōkoku Maru</i>, still burning and sinking. After leaving the scene, <i>Bengal</i> set course for <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, where the captain reported the <i>Ondina</i> and one enemy AMC sunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival">Survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bengal</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s captain was right about one thing, the <i>Hokoku Maru</i> had indeed sunk, but after <i>Bengal</i> had disappeared over the horizon, <i>Ondina</i> was still steaming around at full speed. As a tanker, she only had a limited ammunition supply. <i>Aikoku Maru</i> closed the range to 3,500 m (3,800 yd), and over the next few minutes scored several hits, one of which was observed by the <i>Bengal</i>. <i>Ondina</i> herself only had twelve shells left, four of which she fired at the <i>Hōkoku Maru</i>, the rest at <i>Aikoku Maru</i>, apparently without scoring a hit. A last attempt to escape by dumping smokebuoys overboard was unsuccessful, and the captain ordered the crew to abandon ship to avoid further bloodshed. The engines were stopped, the lifeboats lowered and a white flag was hoisted, all under continuous fire from the <i>Aikoku Maru</i>. A few moments later, Captain Horsman was killed by a piece of shrapnel from a shell hitting the bridge. Two lifeboats and two rafts were lowered into the water and later, another lifeboat was in the water with the remainder of the crew. Most of the crew (with the exception of officers and guncrew) were Chinese, and they had been troublesome during the whole action, refusing to provide any assistance to save the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Aikoku Maru</i> approached <i>Ondina</i>, closing to about 400 m (440 yd) and fired two torpedoes to finish the ship off. Both left big holes in the starboard side, but did little to sink the ship itself. Its tanks had been empty and the ship remained afloat on the other, undamaged tanks, despite the 30 or 35 degree list. <i>Aikoku Maru</i> then changed course and the Japanese gunners opened fire on the drifting lifeboats. One sailor was killed, three others were badly wounded. One of them was a young British sailor named Henry, originally assigned to the <i>Bengal</i>. Satisfied with the results, <i>Aikoku Maru</i> steamed away to pick up survivors from <i>Hōkoku Maru</i>. The <i>Aikoku Maru</i> came back once more, firing a torpedo which missed the tanker. She paid scant attention to the survivors, convinced the <i>Ondina</i> was doomed.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the men in the lifeboats had given the deceased a seaman's burial and then exchanged thoughts about what to do next. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_mate" title="Chief mate">first officer</a>, Rehwinkel, wanted to return to the tanker, but only one man in the gun crew was willing to go with him. Most of the others were convinced the <i>Ondina</i> was about to go down. Not without trouble, Rehwinkel managed to assemble a small number of men and returned to the ship, where counterflooding reduced the list. Inspection revealed that her engines were also still intact. Small fires were extinguished and the last crew members in the lifeboats were taken aboard after they were convinced there was no danger of sinking. The long leg back to Fremantle began. The lifeboats were patched up as well as possible, in case the <i>Aikoku Maru</i> came back.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return">Return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British sailor Henry was in very bad shape. He had a crushed leg and after two days the first officer was forced to send out a signal for help. The signal was sent uncoded, because the codebooks had all been thrown overboard when "abandon ship" was ordered. This unexpected signal caused a shock in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, as the <i>Ondina</i> had been reported sunk and logically, the British suspected a Japanese trick. A request went out from Fremantle to report her position.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wary of a trap, the <i>Ondina</i> did not reply. Without medical attention for her wounded, the <i>Ondina</i> steamed towards Fremantle. On the 17th an <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">PBY Catalina</a> flying-boat was sighted, about 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Fremantle. The lookouts had reported a ship some time earlier and the Catalina was asked if that ship could provide much needed help. The unknown vessel proved to be a hospital ship where doctors immediately began a series of blood transfusions which succeeded in saving Henry's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 November, the <i>Ondina</i> entered Fremantle after a journey only a few ships had experienced and even fewer had survived. The corvette <i>Bengal</i> had entered Diego Garcia the day before. <i>Ondina</i> remained in Australia as a <a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">depot ship</a> until 1943, when she was finally repaired. Both <i>Bengal</i> and <i>Ondina</i> survived the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In retrospect, this battle was not only a tactical success for the Allies, it also had strategic implications. The loss of the <i>Hōkoku Maru</i> forced the Japanese to abandon raider warfare and subsequently the Imperial Japanese Navy did not try to break the lifeline again until early 1944 when a force of three heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Indian Ocean raid (1944)">raided</a> Allied shipping in the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remains uncertain as to which vessel fired the fatal shot that resulted in the destruction of the <i>Hōkoku Maru</i>. Both the <i>Ondina</i> and <i>Bengal</i> claimed to have scored the vital hit, although the Japanese themselves thought it was the <i>Ondina</i>. According to them, her shell hit the starboard torpedo launcher, causing the torpedo to explode. At the time, the <i>Bengal</i> was given the credit, which was used by the British as propaganda in India, where they were struggling to keep control of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, for its actions during the battle, the <i>Ondina</i> was given a rare Dutch distinction, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koninklijke_Vermelding_by_Dagorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koninklijke Vermelding by Dagorder (page does not exist)">Koninklijke Vermelding by Dagorder</a>, issued on 9 July 1948. Captain W. Horsman became <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridder_in_de_Militaire_Willemsorde_der_4de_Klasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridder in de Militaire Willemsorde der 4de Klasse (page does not exist)">Ridder in de Militaire Willemsorde der 4de Klasse</a> posthumously and was Mentioned in Dispatches, while the gunner, Hammond, received the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distinguished_Service_Medal_and_the_Bronzen_Kruis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distinguished Service Medal and the Bronzen Kruis (page does not exist)">Distinguished Service Medal and the Bronzen Kruis</a>. The captain of the <i>Bengal</i>, Lieutenant-Commander Wilson, received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a>, while others of his crew were also decorated.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Aikoku Maru</i> was converted into a high-speed transport and was sunk in February 1944 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hailstone" title="Operation Hailstone">Operation Hailstone</a>, the bombardment by American aircraft of the Japanese base at Truk in the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_auxiliary_cruiser_commerce_raiders" title="List of Japanese auxiliary cruiser commerce raiders">List of Japanese auxiliary cruiser commerce raiders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Visser-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visser_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVisser1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Visser, Jan (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/ondina.html">"The Ondina Story"</a>. <i>Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321233336/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/ondina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+Ondina+Story&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fondina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+raiders+in+the+Indian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proceedings-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton,_Edwin_T.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Layton, Edwin T. (June 1976). "24 Sentai – Japan's Commerce Raiders". <i>United States Naval Institute Proceedings</i>: 53–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Naval+Institute+Proceedings&rft.atitle=24+Sentai+%E2%80%93+Japan%27s+Commerce+Raiders&rft.pages=53-61&rft.date=1976-06&rft.au=Layton%2C+Edwin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+raiders+in+the+Indian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier,_Basil1979" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Basil (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaneseaircraft00coll/page/101"><i>Japanese Aircraft of World War II</i></a></span>. Mayflower Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaneseaircraft00coll/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-5137-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-5137-1"><bdi>0-8317-5137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Aircraft+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Mayflower+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8317-5137-1&rft.au=Collier%2C+Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaneseaircraft00coll%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+raiders+in+the+Indian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL2000" class="citation web cs1">L, Klemen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html">"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+raiders+in+the+Indian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl">Royal Netherlands Navy Warships of World War II</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&oldid=1248843873">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean&oldid=1248843873</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_World_War_II_involving_Japan" title="Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Japan">Naval battles of World War II involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II">Battles and operations of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_naval_operations_and_battles_of_the_Southeast_Asia_Theatre" title="Category:World War II naval operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre">World War II naval operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_commerce_raiders" title="Category:World War II commerce raiders">World War II commerce raiders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 19:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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