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鸦片 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-危害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#危害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>危害</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-危害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鴉片與中國大陆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鴉片與中國大陆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>鴉片與中國大陆</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鴉片與中國大陆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鴉片與台灣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鴉片與台灣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>鴉片與台灣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鴉片與台灣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鸦片与北韓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鸦片与北韓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>鸦片与北韓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鸦片与北韓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鸦片与塔利班" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鸦片与塔利班"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>鸦片与塔利班</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鸦片与塔利班-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鴉片與緬甸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鴉片與緬甸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>鴉片與緬甸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鴉片與緬甸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲的鴉片使用情況" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲的鴉片使用情況"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>歐洲的鴉片使用情況</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲的鴉片使用情況-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註腳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註腳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>註腳</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註腳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">鸦片</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。91种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أفيون – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="افيون – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiu" title="Opiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Opiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiry%C9%99k" title="Tiryək – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tiryək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опіум – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Опіум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Опіюм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Опіюм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опиум – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опиум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ယာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="আফিম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijum" title="Opijum – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Opijum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opi" title="Opi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Opi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82-pi%C3%A9ng" title="Ă-piéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ă-piéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiwm" title="Opiwm – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Όπιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όπιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oopium" title="Oopium – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oopium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="تریاک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oopiumi" title="Oopiumi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oopiumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ipiam" title="Óipiam – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óipiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍉𐍀𐌾𐍉 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍉𐍀𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אופיום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="अफ़ीम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़ीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijum" title="Opijum – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opijum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pium" title="Ópium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ópium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ափիոն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ափիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madat_(narkotika)" title="Madat (narkotika) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madat (narkotika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumo" title="Opiumo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Opiumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93p%C3%ADum" title="Ópíum – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ópíum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppio" title="Oppio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oppio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3" title="アヘン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヘン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოპიუმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಫೀಮು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಫೀಮು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8E%B8" title="아편 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아편" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Апийим – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Апийим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ຝິ່ນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຝິ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijus" title="Opijus – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Opijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijs" title="Opijs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Opijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опиум – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D)" title="കറുപ്പ് (മയക്കുമരുന്ന്) – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കറുപ്പ് (മയക്കുമരുന്ന്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82" title="अफू – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अफू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candu" title="Candu – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Candu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဘိန်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="अफिम – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अफिम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="अफिम – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अफिम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92pi" title="Òpi – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òpi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimaaxari" title="Qimaaxari – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qimaaxari" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਫ਼ੀਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اپين – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pio" title="Ópio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ópio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiu" title="Opiu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Opiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опиум – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опиум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="आफीनम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आफीनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppiu" title="Loppiu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Loppiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85" title="آفيم – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آفيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijum" title="Opijum – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pium" title="Ópium – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ópium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opij" title="Opij – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опијум – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyuni" title="Afyuni – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afyuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அபினி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Афюн – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Афюн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ฝิ่น – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opyo" title="Opyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Opyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyon_(narkotik)" title="Afyon (narkotik) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afyon (narkotik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опіум – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опіум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="افیون – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyun" title="Afyun – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afyun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_phi%E1%BB%87n" title="Thuốc phiện – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc phiện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opyo" title="Opyo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Opyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%83%9F" title="大烟 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大烟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოპიუმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოპიუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" title="鴉片 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鴉片" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-phi%C3%A0n" title="A-phiàn – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-phiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" title="鴉片 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鴉片" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&oldid=84378227" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&id=84378227&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25B8%25A6%25E7%2589%2587"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25B8%25A6%25E7%2589%2587"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opium" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46452" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年6月16日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%22">"鸦片"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%22">图像</a></span>),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>)。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span><b>提示</b>:此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a></b>或<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E9%85%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="鸦片酊">鸦片酊</a></b>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="float: right; width: 25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><i>鸦片</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/200px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/300px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/400px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">罂粟果实割破处流出的汁液</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名称</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">鸦片</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">植物</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="罂粟">罂粟</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">提取物</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">罂粟汁</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">来源</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="中南半島">中南半島</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">有效成分</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="吗啡">吗啡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%85%E5%9B%A0" title="可待因">可待因</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">主要产地</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%88%90%E5%93%81" title="半成品">半成品</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="北印度">北印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_Botanical_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox Botanical product(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_Botanical_product" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox Botanical product"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>末年正在吸食鴉片的人們油畫</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG/220px-%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG/330px-%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG/440px-%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英帝國">大英帝國</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="英屬印度">英屬印度</a>的鴉片<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB" title="儲存庫">儲存庫</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>鸦片</b>(英語:<span lang="en">opium</span>)是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>,当作为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="药品">药品</a>时译为意义较中性的<b>阿片</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,是从尚未成熟的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="罂粟果">罂粟果</a>里取出的乳状液体,干燥后变成淡黄色或棕色固体,味苦。 </p><p>阿片属<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="天然">天然</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="抑制剂">抑制剂</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E8%8D%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="医药">医药</a>上用作麻醉性<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E7%97%9B%E8%8D%AF" title="镇痛药">镇痛药</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E7%80%89%E8%97%A5" title="止瀉藥">止泻药</a>。因为用后容易<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" title="成瘾">成瘾</a>,所以非科学研究或非医用,则归类于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>,称鸦片;此毒品又俗称“雅片”、“大煙”、“阿芙蓉”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1999122_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1999122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(阿拉伯语:<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أفيون</span>‎,<small><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>:</small><i lang="ar-Latn" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化">ʻafyun</i>)、“福寿膏”。 </p><p>传统用于鸦片的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="吸毒">吸毒</a>工具有煙籤、煙灯、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E6%9E%AA" title="烟枪">菸枪</a>等,一般将生鸦片加工成熟鸦片,然后搓成小丸或小条,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>上烤软后,塞进烟枪的煙锅裏,翻转菸锅对准火苗,吸食燃烧产生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99" title="煙">煙</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%AF%92%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="吸毒者">吸毒者</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E7%98%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="烟瘾">菸瘾</a>不大者每天吸食10~20次,重者每天百余次;现在吸毒者常直接吞服鸦片小丸,或把鸦片溶于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>中直接用<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%88" class="mw-redirect" title="针">针</a>进行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="靜脈注射">静脉注射</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鸦片是从一种原產於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="小亞細亞">小亞細亞</a>之一年生<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="草本植物">草本植物</a>「<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="罂粟">罂粟</a>」未成熟蒴果经割伤果皮后,渗出之白色汁液干燥凝固而得,含多种鸦片<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%B9%BC" title="生物鹼">生物碱</a>,鸦片分为生鸦片和熟鸦片。 </p><p>生鸦片呈褐色,有些品种则呈黑色;可制成圆块状、饼状或砖状;一般表面干燥而脆,裡面则保持柔软和有粘性,有刺激性气味——陈旧的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF" title="尿">尿</a>味,味很苦。生鸦片中除了15%-30%的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物质">矿物质</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E8%84%82" title="树脂">树脂</a>和水份外,还含有10%-20%的特殊生物碱。 </p><p>生鸦片经加工处理后,成为吸毒者使用的“熟鸦片”。熟鸦片就是生鸦片经过烧煮和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" title="发酵">发酵</a>后,制成条状、板片状或块状;其表面光滑柔软,有油腻感,呈棕色或金黄色,通常包装在薄布或塑料纸中。吸毒者吸食时,熟鸦片可发出强烈的香甜气味。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morphin_-_Morphine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/120px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/180px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Morphin_-_Morphine.svg/240px-Morphin_-_Morphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a> 為鴉片主要活性生物鹼</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codein_-_Codeine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Codein_-_Codeine.svg/120px-Codein_-_Codeine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Codein_-_Codeine.svg/180px-Codein_-_Codeine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Codein_-_Codeine.svg/240px-Codein_-_Codeine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%85%E5%9B%A0" title="可待因">可待因</a> 為鴉片次要活性生物鹼</div></div></div></div></div> <p>生物碱可分为三类,即, </p> <ul><li>第一类是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A2%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吗啡类生物碱(页面不存在)">吗啡类生物碱</a>,其中又包括三种成份,<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="吗啡">吗啡</a>——含量10%-14%,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%85%E5%9B%A0" title="可待因">可待因</a>——含量1%-3%,<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E5%B7%B4%E5%9B%A0" title="蒂巴因">蒂巴因</a>——含量约为0.2%;</li> <li>第二类为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F%E7%A2%B1%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A2%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罂粟碱类生物碱(页面不存在)">罂粟碱类生物碱</a>,含量为0.5%-1%;</li> <li>第三类是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8%E9%82%A3%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%80%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A2%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盐酸那可汀类生物碱(页面不存在)">盐酸那可汀类生物碱</a>,含量为3%-8%。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="危害"><span id=".E5.8D.B1.E5.AE.B3"></span>危害</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:危害"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E9%A1%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片類藥物">鴉片類藥物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E5%89%82" title="阿片剂">阿片剂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="阿片类药物使用障碍">阿片类药物使用障碍</a></div> <p>鴉片作为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="药物">药物</a>使用,长期或过量使用,會造成<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物依賴性">药物依赖性</a>;作为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>吸食,对人体产生难以挽回损害甚至導致<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a>。吸食鸦片后,可以初致欣快感、无法集中<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="精神">精神</a>、产生<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A2" title="夢">梦幻</a>现象,导致高度<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>依赖性,长期使用后停止则会发生渴求药物、不安、流泪、流汗、流鼻水、易怒、发抖、寒顫、打冷颤、厌食、便秘、腹泻、身体卷曲、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="抽筋">抽筋</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E6%96%B7%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80" class="mw-redirect" title="戒斷症狀">戒断症状</a>;过量使用造成急性<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" title="中毒">中毒</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E7%8A%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="症状">症状</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8F%E8%BF%B7" title="昏迷">昏迷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="呼吸抑制">呼吸抑制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%A1%80%E5%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="低血压">低血压</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%B3%E5%AD%94" title="瞳孔">瞳孔</a>变小以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%86%B7%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="性冷感">性冷感</a>,严重的引起<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%8A%91%E6%AD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸抑止(页面不存在)">呼吸抑止</a>致人<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a>。 </p><p>鴉片在歐洲及中亞有長久的使用歷史,被當成一種藥物。而依照過去的統計顯示,清朝时<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="中國人">中國人</a>最愛吸鴉片(濫用鴉片)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鴉片生理傷害及成癮性與嗎啡、海洛因不同,後二者為高純化、注射型的毒品,相較之下,鴉片對人體危害稍減;酒精、菸草對人體的傷害與依賴性並不亞於未純化的鴉片。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鴉片與中國大陆"><span id=".E9.B4.89.E7.89.87.E8.88.87.E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E5.A4.A7.E9.99.86"></span>鴉片與中國大陆</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:鴉片與中國大陆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="鸦片战争">鸦片战争</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E9%94%80%E7%83%9F" title="虎门销烟">虎门销烟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%B4%A7" title="特货">特货</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG/220px-HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG/330px-HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG/440px-HK_SKW_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_Exhibits_Opium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>用來吸食鴉片的煙具</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>時,罌粟經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="大食">大食</a>進貢而傳入中國<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,四川在唐朝已經種植罌粟,叫做阿芙蓉;佛教僧人義淨(635-713)亦從印度將鴉片傳入中國,當時稱為「藥煙」。宋代士大夫用鴉片煎茶是時尚,蘇東坡詩云:「道人勸飲雞蘇水,童子能煎鶯粟湯……」,「鶯粟」即罌粟。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>成化年間學者徐伯齡所著的《曋精雋》卷十《合甫融》條中首次出現鴉片一詞,並提及宮人到明朝境內多個省分大量收購鴉片。鴉片並列为藩属“贡品”,作为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF" title="中药">中药</a>之用,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B8" title="大明会典">大明會典</a>》記載<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="藩屬">藩屬</a>國給明皇室進貢“烏香”,即鴉片,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BE%85" title="暹羅">暹羅</a>給<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>進貢兩百斤,<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="皇后">皇后</a>一百斤。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="本草綱目">本草綱目</a>》將罌粟列在“穀部第二十三卷”中:“罌粟秋種冬生,嫩苗做蔬食甚佳。葉如白苣,三、四月抽薹結青苞,花開則苞脫。花凡四瓣,大如盞,罌在花中,鬚蕊裹之。花開三日即謝,而罌在莖頭,長一、二吋,大如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%9C%E9%88%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="馬兜鈴">馬兜鈴</a>。上有蓋,下有蒂,宛然如酒罌。”<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%A5%8A" title="柏楊">柏楊</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%B2%E7%B6%B1" title="中國人史綱">中國人史綱</a>》說<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="明神宗">明神宗</a>喜在深宮之中吸食鴉片,竟有三十年不上朝。據明史學者吳唅在1959年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="南開大學">南開大學</a>科學研討會上的演講,1958年發掘<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9A%E9%99%B5" title="明定陵">明定陵</a>後,在明神宗屍骨中驗出嗎啡。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="清">清</a>初传至民间。在1729年<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="雍正皇帝">雍正皇帝</a>曾下令禁止鸦片,此后多位皇帝皆有禁鸦片烟命令,但未嚴格執行,<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D" title="道光帝">道光帝</a>在任<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="親王">親王</a>的時候就喜歡抽鴉片<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>,其餘<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="親王">親王</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B" title="郡王">郡王</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB" title="公主">公主</a>、高級<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="官員">官員</a>、高級<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BA%BA" title="文人">文人</a>都吸食鴉片。至晚清,罂粟种植遍及全国<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB" title="同治">同治</a>八年《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%AA%E5%B7%9E%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="涪州志(页面不存在)">涪州志</a>》记载:“远近有种罂粟,牟利倍蓰。”<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%85%89%E7%AC%AC" title="劉光第">刘光第</a>在日记《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%97%8B%E8%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南旋记(页面不存在)">南旋记</a>》中描述<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%AA%E9%99%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="涪陵">涪陵</a>的鸦片种植盛况:“此地与忠州、丰都皆以种罂粟为要务,葫豌,菜、麦,至市他邑,故通市难觅菜油,日用则桐油,皆罂粟油也。”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>传教士<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84" title="理雅各">理雅各</a>曾从北京由陆路旅行到镇江,“据他说,黄河和长江之间的土地上都布满了罂粟田”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>19世纪,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>為了平衡對中<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E9%80%86%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易逆差">貿易逆差</a>,因此英國商人由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="印度次大陸">印度</a>走私進口鸦片至中國,造成清朝財政吃緊,國庫日益空虛。此時,除了國民健康問題外,清政府更在意進口鴉片造成的銀漏(作為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" title="貨幣">貨幣</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E5%85%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="銀兩">白銀</a>流失至外國)問題。1839年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%B8%9D" title="道光帝">道光皇帝</a>任命<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%88%99%E5%BE%90" title="林则徐">林则徐</a>為欽命大臣,命其奉御旨在广东銷毀鴉片,史稱<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%96%80%E9%8A%B7%E7%85%99" class="mw-redirect" title="虎門銷煙">虎門銷煙</a>。此次銷煙行動雖成功打擊在華的英國煙商,卻也激怒了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="英國政府">英國政府</a>,促使英國日後決定對清朝發動<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争">第一次鸦片战争</a>。1840年,第一次鴉片戰爭開打,清朝戰敗,道光皇帝乃命<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E8%8B%B1" title="耆英">耆英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83" title="伊里布">伊里布</a>兩位大臣與英方代表簽署《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="南京条约">南京條約</a>》。1856年,英、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法</a>兩國認為清廷未確實履行《南京條約》內容,遂正式對清宣戰,史稱<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争">第二次鴉片戰爭</a>(英法聯軍)。1858年,清廷與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美</a>、英、法四國簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="天津条约">天津条约</a>》,並被迫在該條約中將鴉片改稱「洋藥」,即允許鴉片贸易合法化。1860年,第二次鴉片戰爭結束,清朝再次戰敗,遂與英、法、俄等三國簽署《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="北京条约">北京條約</a>》,同意割讓<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D" title="九龍">九龍</a>予英國,並使<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津</a>開港通商。之後,英國在引进中國茶葉的种植技術後,於印度種植茶葉,幾乎停止輸出鴉片至中國(已不需要藉由鴉片來避免對中貿易逆差),但此時中國已經學會大量種植鴉片,因而本土鴉片競爭也是英商被迫退出原因之一。 </p><p><br /> 1904年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%96%E6%81%A9%E7%84%98" title="廖恩焘">廖恩焘</a>曾寫作一首題為《鸦片烟》的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AC%B3" title="粵謳">粵謳</a>,描寫鸦片烟對個人健康的影響,以及當時因鸦片烟而導致的各種社會問題:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>你好食唔食,要食鸦片烟。问你近来上瘾,抑或从前。我想一盏红灯,不过系无聊慨消谴;揾个知心嚟倾吓偈,最舒服系一榻横眠。烟具打整得咁精良,无非为应酬起见;果然唔系哙上瘾,我都由得你食一口添。点估你越食越多,你自己唔噲检点;食到口唇黑过火炭,又试两耸寒肩。想你茶饭三餐,食唔食都无乜要紧;总要过江龙几口,日日至少要一两八钱。你近来瘦骨如柴,都系自己作贱;好人唔愿做,偏要做个烟精。日出三竿,你曾唔曾转便;捱埋个的夜,敢就搅到五更天。问你系自己拶衰,还系闹款;就系靓溜后生一个,弄到冤鬼咁痴缠。人怕唔系得罪你一声,都叫你系鸦片鬼;就系恭维你两句,不过当你系烟仙。咁好大厦高楼,你住都唔得干净;纵有娇妻美妾,怕你都共佢无缘。你瘾起番黎,就系美味珍馐,都唔食得一件;打完几个喊啰,就要口角流涎。只恨当初林则徐,唔系把个的烟来烧尽;呢阵通行十八省,重要抽到土税膏捐。上至富贵人家,下至轿夫同着更练;官场幕友,房科差役与共门签。武营又有将官和哨弁山,唔搓烟屎,都要吞几粒烟丸。虽则撬起烟枪,都唔计得数掂;但系拈来当炮,怕唔敌得人地慨铁甲兵船。睇吓咁黑暗一个支那,怕乜你有烟点;问你一灯如豆,点照得遍世界三千。老番叫做阿芙蓉,开得时娇艳;你好似玄坛咁慨面,重怕系火坑莲。唉!听我劝,戒得几多就几多正算,你唔听见人地话,心坚石都会穿。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" title="新小說 (雜誌)">新小说</a>》第九号,1904年8月6日 </p> </blockquote> <p>1906年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>發佈諭令決定禁煙:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>自鴉片煙弛禁以來,流毒幾遍中國,吸食之人廢時失業,病身敗家,數十年來,日行貧弱,實由於此,言之可為痛恨。今朝廷銳意圖強,亟應申儆國人,咸知振拔,俾祛沈痼,而蹈康和,著定限十年以內,將洋土藥之害,一律革除淨盡。 </p> </blockquote> <p>随后中英兩國就禁止鴉片問題多次進行磋商,最終於1907年達成了禁煙協議,規定從1908年起進入中國的鴉片每年減少10%,十年之內完全肅清。英國提出先試行三年,待三年之後如果中國方面做到了協議規定的話再續簽,中國允許試行三年。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1911年5月8日,中英《禁煙條件》規定鴉片進口稅釐每箱增加到350海關兩,並逐年減少鴉片進口,至1917年將完全禁絕;而土產鴉片稅釐也增加相應的比例,增加到每百斤徵稅銀230兩。 </p><p>清政府雖確實執行鴉片減產,但鴉片減產的進度隨著<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝滅亡">清朝滅亡</a>而停止,鴉片生產再起。而清末民初的中国,鸦片在某些地区甚至成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8B%A2%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="強勢貨幣">強勢貨幣</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,吸食鴉片也仍是許多社交場所的日常景象。1927年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中国国民党">中国国民党</a>领导人<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="蒋介石">蒋介石</a>进行“清党”行动,中共于同年8月1日发动<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="南昌起义">南昌起义</a>,为筹集革命经费,<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%B4%A7" title="特货">开始大规模从事鸦片贸易</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1949年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>成立后,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>领导人<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>的指示下,鸦片在之后的数年里基本在中国绝迹。1978年<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="改革开放">改革开放</a>后,毒品重新出现在中国大陆,但已被新型毒品如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="海洛因">海洛因</a>等取代。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鴉片與台灣"><span id=".E9.B4.89.E7.89.87.E8.88.87.E5.8F.B0.E7.81.A3"></span>鴉片與台灣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:鴉片與台灣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="臺灣日治時期鴉片政策">臺灣日治時期鴉片政策</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="臺灣阿片特許問題">臺灣阿片特許問題</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="明治維新">明治維新</a>前後日本即廣泛栽培罌粟,1879年(明治12年)5月1日《藥用阿片賣買竝製造規則》(即鴉片專賣法)施行,購入者及栽培農家由政府登錄,後來鴉片作為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>的軍需品及政府收入。1915年嗎啡在日本國内生產成功,<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="满洲">满洲</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="关东州 (日本)">關東州</a>作為重要的生產基地,嗎啡及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="海洛因">海洛因</a>最早是被當成鴉片戒斷劑的<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%AD%B8%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="張學良">張學良</a>就曾聽信當時最新的醫學觀點,以注射嗎啡來戒鴉片,反而造成反效果(但在當時,口服嗎啡協助戒斷鴉片也有許多成功例子)。爾後關東軍令<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E8%A6%8B%E7%94%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里見甫(页面不存在)">里見甫</a>成立里見機關控制<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%AB" title="青幫">青幫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B9%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅幫">紅幫</a>,以密輸嗎啡、鴉片至上海等地作為掌控方式,以此通路鴉片密輸密售至<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="長崎市">長崎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97" title="臺北">臺北</a>等地,故漸禁成效不彰。 </p><p>日本治台時期,採取鴉片漸禁的手段:也就是允許<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣人">台灣人</a>已成癮者登記並購買鴉片,但不允許<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>及未成癮者在非醫療用途使用鴉片,並且以專賣及逐漸提高價格來減少吸食者;除了鴉片收入對殖民初期<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="臺灣總督府">臺灣總督府</a>財政的顯著貢獻外,亦成為日本在國際間宣揚其殖民鴉片政策最有力的宣傳品。但總督府在輔導成癮者戒除鴉片的努力不足,引起台灣人的不滿,直到鴉片專賣收入大減,發明出由鴉片提煉藥用<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a>的方法及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E8%81%B0%E6%98%8E" title="杜聰明">杜聰明</a>等醫學界人士發明低痛苦戒癮方法後,總督府才認真輔導戒癮。 </p><p>日本人為了減少台灣人的反抗心理,<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣日治時期">臺灣日治時期</a>之初不敢驟禁鴉片,但也大力宣傳鴉片的危害,而到了後期,由於日本人相對成功的以價制量及避免未成癮者成癮,吸食者顯著減少,加上總督府在其他方面的收入已經大增,因此台灣財政對鴉片的專賣的依賴也就跟著減少。日治時期台灣鴉片的進口主要由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%95%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A2" title="三井物產">三井物產</a>與英商三美路商會(Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd.)獨攬。日本在向全球宣告會加速禁絕台灣鴉片後不久,總督府還在1929年1月頒布《改正阿片令》,特許未登記的吸食者補領許可證<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這項法令頒布之後,意外地引起全台知識份子及上流社會的憤怒(令人意外的原因是抗議人士有不少有吸食許可;而且在不久之前,吸食鴉片仍是許多台灣高級社交場所的日常景象,日本警察一直會在這種社交場所找麻煩,以確保未成癮者不會進入這種社交場所而染上毒癮,台灣許多未成癮者為了社交而欺騙總督府說有成癮<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)。然而,<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%A9%AB_(%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="連橫 (歷史學家)">連橫</a>卻於1930年3月2日,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>御用報紙《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣日日新報">台灣日日新報</a>》發表《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="臺灣阿片特許問題">臺灣阿片特許問題</a>》(又稱《鴉片有益論》)辯稱鴉片有害亦有利,其中「台灣人之吸食鴉片,為勤勞也,非懶散也。……我先民之得盡力開墾,前茅後勁,再接再厲,以造成今日之基礎者,非受鴉片之效乎?」之說,受到台灣<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%95%E7%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="仕紳">仕紳</a>與知識分子強烈抨擊與批評,連橫身敗名裂逃往中國大陆,最後病逝上海<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鸦片与北韓"><span id=".E9.B8.A6.E7.89.87.E4.B8.8E.E5.8C.97.E9.9F.93"></span>鸦片与北韓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:鸦片与北韓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據中國媒體報導,從<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">北韓</a>流出的毒品使中国<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="东北三省">东北三省</a>深受其害。該報導并指出每个集体农庄都被125英亩土地种植<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="罂粟">罂粟</a>。还有媒体声称,北韓每年生产40吨鸦片,是世界第三大<a class="mw-selflink selflink">鸦片</a>出口国和第六大<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="海洛因">海洛因</a>出口国,年出口毒品收入5亿美元。根據該報導的說法,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中華人民共和國政府">中國政府</a>有意對北韓產製的毒品進行嚴厲打擊。該報導指明,中國政府於2010年沒收的北韓產毒品總值達約六千萬<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a>,約等於四億三千六百零五萬三千<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81" title="人民币">人民幣</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。針對北韓產毒品,中國政府也開始暗中與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="大韩民国政府">韓國政府</a>展開密切合作。韓國媒體《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" title="東亞日報">東亞日報</a>》宣稱,中國政府「發怒了」<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鸦片与塔利班"><span id=".E9.B8.A6.E7.89.87.E4.B8.8E.E5.A1.94.E5.88.A9.E7.8F.AD"></span>鸦片与塔利班</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:鸦片与塔利班"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E7%9A%84%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="阿富汗的鸦片生产">阿富汗的鸦片生产</a></div> <p>阿富汗地处<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88" title="金新月">金新月</a>的中心地带,是鸦片贸易的中心,在阿富汗大量农田被荒废,农民以种植<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="罂粟">罂粟</a>来获取更高的收益。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班">塔利班</a>声称按照<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰教法">伊斯兰教法</a>的规则,禁止鸦片贸易,但是在2001年<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(2001%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2021%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗戰爭 (2001年-2021年)">阿富汗战争</a>后<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B_(1996%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2001%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國 (1996年-2001年)">塔利班政权</a>倒台,至2021年塔利班<a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="2021年塔利班攻勢">卷土重来</a>,塔利班有60%的资金来源来自鸦片贸易。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些人指出,塔利班和一方面禁止毒品贸易,另一方面为了政权的存续,有不得不通过鸦片来使政权苟延残喘。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2023年12月,<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E5%92%8C%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室">聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室</a>稱,自塔利班去年4月禁止種植罌粟後,阿富汗鴉片產量估計暴跌95%至約330噸。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鴉片與緬甸"><span id=".E9.B4.89.E7.89.87.E8.88.87.E7.B7.AC.E7.94.B8"></span>鴉片與緬甸</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:鴉片與緬甸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室的最新報告,緬甸於2023年成為世界上最大的鴉片生產國,超過阿富汗,估計當地於2023年生產1080公噸鴉片。辦公室表示,緬甸的「鴉片經濟」的總估計價值升至10億至24億美元,相當於該國2022年國內生產總值的1.7%至4.1%。辦公室指,2022年緬甸估計生產了790公噸鴉片。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歐洲的鴉片使用情況"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E7.9A.84.E9.B4.89.E7.89.87.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E6.83.85.E6.B3.81"></span>歐洲的鴉片使用情況</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:歐洲的鴉片使用情況"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鴉片在歐洲長期被當作傳統藥物使用,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>時代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋倫">蓋倫</a>的著作中,記載了鴉片的療效。 </p><p>18、19世纪的歐美医学家仍普遍师从<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>医生的看法,把鸦片当作医治百病的“万灵药”,取代西洋傳統醫學较为野蛮的杯吸法、放血療法和医蛭法。由於當時醫療條件落後,而且對疾病成因亦不太清楚,因此当时医生的目標是抑制病痛,而非治愈疾病。在这种醫治思想下,加上止痛藥物選擇也少,鸦片的麻醉与<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E7%97%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮痛">镇痛</a>特性自然大有用武之地。 </p><p>除了进口鸦片,英国医学协会还设立奖章推动国产鸦片的培育。英国政府一方面把<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="吗啡">吗啡</a>含量为4%-6%的印度鸦片出口到中国,另一方面又进口<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="吗啡">吗啡</a>含量高达10%-13%的土耳其鸦片用於本國制药业;英国人一方面視中國人因享乐而吸鸦片是「独特的东方习俗」,另一方面却以治病的名义毫无顾忌地把鸦片酊(Laudanum)灌进自己的身體。“纵观整个19世纪,鸦片在英国、西欧和美国被广泛使用,就像今天的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿司匹林">阿士匹林</a>(Aspirin)或<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%91%E7%83%AD%E6%81%AF%E7%97%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="扑热息痛">扑热息痛</a>(Paracetamol)一样。在1831-1895年间,英国国内鸦片消费的年平均增长率为2.4%。”<sup id="cite_ref-opium_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opium-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>英国沼泽区的民眾濫用鴉片的情況尤其嚴重,用以减轻农业劳动的单调与繁重,以及沼泽地气候引发的<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE" title="疟疾">疟疾</a>、热症、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%B9%BF" title="风湿">风湿</a>、神经痛和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E7%97%9B" title="肌肉痛">肌肉痛</a>。除此以外,當時英國民眾也可輕易地从<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%89%82%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="药剂师">药剂师</a>、杂货店、书店、甚至流动小贩,用廉價購买由鸦片配制成的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%95%A3" title="杜弗氏散">多弗粉</a>」、「哥罗丁」(<span lang="en">chlorodyne</span>)之类的专卖药。在「鸦片无害」的假設下,當時的英國國民都對「上瘾」這個<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="副作用">副作用</a>,当成解脱病痛的代价。此外,當時英國市场亦出售含鴉片成份的“婴儿保静剂”,为了减轻育儿的负担,英國贫民窟的母亲、保姆、甚至育婴堂都樂意對孩子喂食,可以想象當時服用「婴儿保静剂」的儿童通常肤色灰白、营养不良,陷於比他们的父母更悲惨的境遇。下流社会的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%93%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="妓女">妓女</a>、酒鬼用鸦片鬼混、代替酒精;上流社会的贵族、学者用鸦片享乐、激发灵感;身为英國国王的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治三世">乔治三世</a>嗜食鸦片,导致疯狂,即位的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治四世">乔治四世</a>同样具有鸦片瘾<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</a>,幾乎每個英國人都在他们生命的某一段时期服用过鸦片<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,服食鸦片就像<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9D%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="喝酒">喝酒</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="抽烟">抽烟</a>一样是生活的一部分<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,可以想像當時鸦片在英伦三岛的泛濫程度。 </p><p>即使有因鴉片中毒致命的事例,但當時英國也极少有医生愿意作证把死因归於鸦片,因为这会牵涉到他的同行,或者会令鴉片藥制品的銷量減少<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。医生和药商支持对华鸦片贸易的言论,只不过是他们在对本国同行包庇纵容的延伸。 </p><p>有鑑於鴉片在中國的泛濫,英国政府開始立法禁止將鴉片使用於非醫療用途。但直到19世纪末,随著特效新药的发明,以及對人類疾病成因的深入了解,欧美医学界才开始破除对「鸦片治百病」神話的迷信,其應用范围才得到限制。 </p><p>1907年由神学博士文英兰主持的伦敦禁鸦片大会上,所有与会代表均认为英国应将印度与中国间及英帝国其他各地之鸦片贸易马上停止。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E8%BF%9E%E5%BE%B7" title="伍连德">伍连德</a>在回忆录中写道:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>“在这会议之前,我不知道英国人民对于政府的鸦片政策是这样地感到可耻。在我的演词中,我报告了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="海峡殖民地">海峡殖民地</a>的贩毒情形,并强调英国政府必须想出其他增加税收之方法,不要再从烟田着想。会众报我以热烈的掌声……” </p><p>1909年2月,<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%81%E7%85%99%E6%9C%83" title="萬國禁煙會">万国禁烟会</a>在上海外滩<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%87%E4%B8%AD%E9%A5%AD%E5%BA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="汇中饭店">汇中饭店</a>召开,来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="大清">清</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英帝國">英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第三共和國">法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利王國 (1861年-1946年)">意</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙王國">葡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E9%82%A3%E5%93%A5%E6%AC%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="拉達那哥欣王國">暹罗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡扎爾王朝">波斯</a>13个国家共41名代表,会议最终通过“九项决议案”。敦促各国政府采取必要之措施管制鸦片的生产和消费,“实开国际协作禁烟之端”。 </p><p>1911年5月8日,中英再订《禁烟条约》十条及附件十条。 </p><p>1911年12月1日,上海万国禁烟会13个国家中除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>拒绝参加外,12个国家在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a>召开<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际鸦片会议" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First International Opium Conference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际鸦片会议(页面不存在)">国际鸦片会议</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_International_Opium_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:First International Opium Conference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First International Opium Conference</span></a></span>)</span></span>,1911年1月23日通过《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海牙鸦片公约(页面不存在)">海牙鸦片公约</a>》(INTERNATIONAL OPIUM CONVENTION SIGNED AT THE HAGUE)6章25条。规定熟鸦片、吗啡、海洛因、可卡因及其他衍生物的制造、贩卖、使用限于药用及正当之需。1914年6月25日,《海牙鸦片公约》正式生效。1925年2月19日,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="国际联盟">国际联盟</a>鸦片咨询委员会在日内瓦召开会议,签署了修订后的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="国际鸦片公约">国际鸦片公约</a>》。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="鸦片战争">鸦片战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争">第一次鸦片战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争">第二次鸦片战争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E9%94%80%E7%83%9F" title="虎门销烟">虎门销烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%88%99%E5%BE%90" title="林则徐">林则徐</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国鸦片贸易(页面不存在)">英国鸦片贸易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%A7%90%E8%8F%AF%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="英駐華商務總監督">英駐華商務總監督</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%89%E5%BE%8B" title="查理·义律">查理·义律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%87%BF%E5%BE%8B" title="乔治·懿律">乔治·懿律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E8%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="海洛英">海洛英</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawlove.org/Files/pdfs4web/ph7_1478.pdf">存档副本</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-08</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908011649/https://www.lawlove.org/Files/pdfs4web/ph7_1478.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-09-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawlove.org%2FFiles%2Fpdfs4web%2Fph7_1478.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">凌德祥.opium的历史文化解读与中文名[J].中国科技术语, 2013, 15(3):3.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8578.2013.03.009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">现代汉语词典[M].6 版.北京:商务印书馆,2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1999122-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1999122_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth1999">Booth 1999</a>,第122頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBooth1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=7933596&story_id=11605473">Opium use has fallen in the past century—except in America</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080804021716/http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=7933596&story_id=11605473">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(包括一張世界各國鴉片吸食率比較圖)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《舊唐書》載:“乾封二年(667年)拂霖遣使獻底也伽”。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">歷史研究編輯部編,《關於歷史人物評價等問題的討論(第一輯)》,三聯書店,1965年,頁67。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">光绪朝《东华续录》卷九十八云:“咸、同以后,烟禁已宽,各省种植罂粟者,连阡接畛,农家习为故常,官吏亦以倍利也,而听之。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">来庆葆等:《鸦片与近代中国》,第4页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《领事麦华陀1872年度贸易报告》,见《上晦近代贸易经济发展概况:1854-1898年英国驻上海领事贸易报告汇编玖第257页。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">(清)<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%B8" title="招子庸">招子庸</a>等撰; <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%96%E6%81%A9%E7%84%98" title="廖恩焘">廖恩焘</a>. 陈寂,陈方评注 , 编. 《新粤讴》‧《鸦片烟》 《新小說》第九號,1904年8月6日. 广州: 中山大学出版社. 2017: 121. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-306-05896-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-306-05896-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-306-05896-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.au=%EF%BC%88%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%89%E6%8B%9B%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%B8%E7%AD%89%E6%92%B0&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%96%B0%E7%B2%A4%E8%AE%B4%E3%80%8B%E2%80%A7%E3%80%8A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E7%83%9F%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=%E3%80%8A%E6%96%B0%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E8%99%9F%EF%BC%8C1904%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%886%E6%97%A5&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-306-05896-6&rft.pages=121&rft.place=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:%E6%96%B0%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA.%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC9%E8%99%9F.pdf&page=180">《鸦片烟》</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《禁烟節錄及來往照會》之《外務部致英使禁煙節略》,北京大學法律系國際法教研室編《中外舊約章彙編》第2冊,北京:生活·讀書·新知三聯出版社,1959年,第444頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《禁烟節錄及來往照會》之《外務部致英使照會》,《中外舊約章彙編》第2冊,第447-448頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.sohu.com/20150302/n409262033.shtml">鸦片在中国泛滥成灾的历史真相</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-04</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928183547/http://mil.sohu.com/20150302/n409262033.shtml">存档</a>于2015-09-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%9B%E6%BB%A5%E6%88%90%E7%81%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmil.sohu.com%2F20150302%2Fn409262033.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419205637/https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/4/15/n12881305.htm">中共罪行录之四:陕甘宁边区的鸦片贸易</a>. 大纪元时报. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-31</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/4/15/n12881305.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%95%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%9A%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%AE%81%E8%BE%B9%E5%8C%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%83%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epochtimes.com%2Fgb%2F21%2F4%2F15%2Fn12881305.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1874年《申报》广告:“由伦敦新到戒烟药莫啡散多箱,其药纯正而有力,故杜瘾之效较为速捷。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(陳明道2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參見戴寶村,《樟腦、鴉片與專賣制度產業文化展示資料調查》,頁157-158。同一時代的中國,風氣亦是如此,參見謝柏賢,〈晚清同光年間朝野的鴉片觀(1874-1906年)〉(桃園:國立中央大學歷史研究所碩士論文,2009),頁36-37。學者許宏彬對於日治時代人們看待鴉片的觀念有獨到的觀察,可參見氏著,〈在記憶的邊緣遇見阿片吸食者〉,收錄於陳姃湲編著,《看不見的殖民邊緣:日治台灣邊緣史讀本》(臺北:玉山社,2012),頁38-39。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=49038">媚日成一生的污點 連橫《鴉片有益論》全文</a>. 三立新聞網. 2014-11-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-09-12</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302180127/https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=49038">存档</a>于2020-03-02) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=%E5%AA%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%88%90%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%A1%E9%BB%9E+%E9%80%A3%E6%A9%AB%E3%80%8A%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%8A%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8B%E5%85%A8%E6%96%87&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.setn.com%2FNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D49038&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222514/http://www.21ccom.net/articles/qqsw/qqgc/article_2011120850025.html">朝鲜毒品攻陷东三省</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86%E7%BD%91" title="共识网">共识网</a>. 2011-12-08. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.21ccom.net/articles/qqsw/qqgc/article_2011120850025.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%94%BB%E9%99%B7%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.21ccom.net%2Farticles%2Fqqsw%2Fqqgc%2Farticle_2011120850025.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611125553/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-58327628">阿富汗成为头号鸦片生产国,塔利班是罪魁祸首吗</a>. BBC中文网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-31</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-58327628">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%B4%E5%8F%B7%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD%E6%98%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%AD%81%E7%A5%B8%E9%A6%96%E5%90%97&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fworld-58327628&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526034428/https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/8/22/n13179994.htm">周晓辉:塔利班与中共有共性 两者都靠鸦片发展</a>. 大纪元时报. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-31</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/8/22/n13179994.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E5%91%A8%E6%99%93%E8%BE%89%EF%BC%9A%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B1%E6%80%A7+%E4%B8%A4%E8%80%85%E9%83%BD%E9%9D%A0%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%83%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epochtimes.com%2Fgb%2F21%2F8%2F22%2Fn13179994.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">France-Presse, Agence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/myanmar-opium-biggest-producer-overtaking-afghanistan-unodc-study">Myanmar becomes world’s biggest producer of opium, overtaking Afghanistan</a>. The Guardian. 2023-12-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-12</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0261-3077</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英国英语网页">(英国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=Myanmar+becomes+world%E2%80%99s+biggest+producer+of+opium%2C+overtaking+Afghanistan&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft.aulast=France-Presse&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F12%2Fmyanmar-opium-biggest-producer-overtaking-afghanistan-unodc-study&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opium-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opium_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin Booth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot">Opium - A History</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot/page/n82">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0312206674" title="Special:网络书源/0312206674"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0312206674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.au=Martin+Booth&rft.btitle=Opium+-+A+History&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0312206674&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopiumhistory00boot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, Christopher. George IV(1762–1830). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin Booth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot">Opium - A History</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot/page/n91">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0312206674" title="Special:网络书源/0312206674"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0312206674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.au=Martin+Booth&rft.btitle=Opium+-+A+History&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0312206674&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopiumhistory00boot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin Booth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot">Opium - A History</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot/page/n96">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0312206674" title="Special:网络书源/0312206674"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0312206674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.au=Martin+Booth&rft.btitle=Opium+-+A+History&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0312206674&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopiumhistory00boot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin Booth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot">Opium - A History</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. 1999: 78-79. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0312206674" title="Special:网络书源/0312206674"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0312206674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&rft.au=Martin+Booth&rft.btitle=Opium+-+A+History&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0312206674&rft.pages=78%EF%BC%8D79&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopiumhistory00boot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《鼠疫斗士 伍连德自述》(原作名: Plague Fighter: The Authobiography of a Modern Chinese Physician)译者: 程光胜 / 马学博 / 王丽凤(校) 湖南教育出版社 2011年3月版 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787535576927" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9787535576927</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註腳"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.85.B3"></span>註腳</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:註腳"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此為2024年6月匯率,USD:CNY≒1:7.27。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Opium"><span style="font-weight:bold;">鸦片</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dea.gov/concern/concern.htm">DEA drug information</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070929165608/http://www.dea.gov/concern/concern.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>): Opium, morphine, and heroin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drugs/afghan-opium-survey.html">UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – Afghan Opium Survey 2009</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170916182333/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drugs/afghan-opium-survey.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li>林滿紅:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_1099.pdf">清末本國鴉片之替代進口鴉片(1858-1906)</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141129012232/http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_1099.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>林满红:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jds.cssn.cn/ztyj/jjs/201708/t20170824_3620202.shtml">晚清的鸦片税(1858~1906年)</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180203130936/http://jds.cssn.cn/ztyj/jjs/201708/t20170824_3620202.shtml">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>黃宇和:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_540.pdf">讀史札記──論馮客的鴉片讚歌及其他</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141113151436/http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_540.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%80%A7%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5" title="Template:娛樂性用藥"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%80%A7%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5" title="Template talk:娛樂性用藥"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%80%A7%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:娛樂性用藥"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="娛樂性用藥" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%80%A7%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5" title="娛樂性用藥">娛樂性用藥</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">主要娛樂性<br />藥物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抑制劑 (藥物)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Depressant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91_(%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抑制劑 (藥物)(页面不存在)">中樞神經<br />抑制劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant" class="extiw" title="en:Depressant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Depressant</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%A5%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="巴比妥类药物">巴比妥类药物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE%E4%93%AC%E7%B1%BB" title="苯二氮䓬类">苯二氮䓬类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="氨基甲酸酯">氨基甲酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87_(%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9)" title="乙醇 (藥物)">乙醇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒">啤酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%96%B7%E4%B8%81" title="加巴喷丁">加巴喷丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="Γ-羟基丁酸">Γ-羟基丁酸</a>(GHB)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吸入劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inhalant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸入劑(页面不存在)">吸入劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant" class="extiw" title="en:Inhalant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inhalant</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li>醫療 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE" title="一氧化二氮">一氧化二氮</a></li></ul></li> <li>危險溶剂 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%90%88%E5%89%82" title="黏合剂">黏合剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="汽油">汽油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%94%B2%E6%B2%B9" title="指甲油">指甲油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E9%87%8B%E6%B6%B2" title="稀釋液">稀釋液</a></li></ul></li> <li>其他 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="氟利昂">氟利昂</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E8%83%A1%E6%A4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="卡瓦胡椒">卡瓦胡椒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nonbenzodiazepine" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonbenzodiazepine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonbenzodiazepine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonbenzodiazepine(页面不存在)">Nonbenzodiazepine</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" class="extiw" title="en:Nonbenzodiazepine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonbenzodiazepine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B9%E5%94%91%E5%95%89%E9%85%AE" title="喹唑啉酮">喹唑啉酮</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87" title="類阿片">鴉片類<br />藥物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%99%E8%AF%BA%E5%95%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="丁丙诺啡">丁丙诺啡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%85%E5%9B%A0" title="可待因">可待因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%BB%E6%B0%A7%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="二氫去氧嗎啡">二氫去氧嗎啡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="右丙氧芬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dextropropoxyphene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B3%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A7%E8%8A%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="右丙氧芬(页面不存在)">右丙氧芬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" class="extiw" title="en:Dextropropoxyphene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dextropropoxyphene</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC" title="芬太尼">芬太尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="海洛因">海洛因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8F%AF%E9%85%AE" title="氢可酮">氢可酮</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氫嗎啡酮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydromorphone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1%E9%85%AE" title="氢吗啡酮">氫嗎啡酮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromorphone" class="extiw" title="en:Hydromorphone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydromorphone</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E9%85%AE" title="美沙酮">美沙酮</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美麗帽柱木" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mitragyna speciosa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E9%BA%97%E5%B8%BD%E6%9F%B1%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美麗帽柱木(页面不存在)">美麗帽柱木</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" class="extiw" title="en:Mitragyna speciosa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mitragyna speciosa</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鸦片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E8%80%83%E9%85%AE" title="羟考酮">羟考酮</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羟考酮/对乙酰氨基酚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oxycodone/paracetamol"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%9F%E8%80%83%E9%85%AE/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羟考酮/对乙酰氨基酚(页面不存在)">/对乙酰氨基酚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" class="extiw" title="en:Oxycodone/paracetamol"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oxycodone/paracetamol</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E5%A5%8B%E5%89%82" title="兴奋剂">中樞神經<br />興奮劑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="苯丙胺">苯丙胺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="檳榔鹼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arecoline"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E6%A6%94%E7%A2%B1" title="槟榔碱">檳榔鹼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline" class="extiw" title="en:Arecoline"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arecoline</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E6%A6%94%E5%B1%9E" title="槟榔属">槟榔属</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%8C%E5%8F%B6" title="蒌叶">蒌叶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="咖啡因">咖啡因</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E9%A5%AE%E6%96%99" title="能量饮料">能量饮料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E9%85%AE" title="卡西酮">卡西酮</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A7%E8%8C%B6" title="巧茶">巧茶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因">可卡因</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF" title="古柯">古柯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="霹雳可卡因">霹雳可卡因</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%BB%83%E9%B9%BC" title="麻黃鹼">麻黃鹼</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%BB%84" title="麻黄">麻黄</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF%E6%88%8A%E9%85%AE" title="亞甲基二氧吡咯戊酮">亞甲基二氧吡咯戊酮</a>(MDPV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E9%BA%BB%E9%BB%84%E9%85%AE" title="甲氧麻黄酮">甲氧麻黄酮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="甲基苯丙胺">甲基苯丙胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%9F%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="甲基培尼皮質醇">甲基培尼皮質醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%AF" title="哌甲酯">哌甲酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%BE%E9%9D%9E%E5%B0%BC" title="莫达非尼">莫达非尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B6" title="烟叶">煙草</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF%E7%A2%B1" title="可可碱">可可碱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF%E8%B1%86" title="可可豆">可可豆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="巧克力">巧克力</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神入感激發劑-放心藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Empathogen–entactogen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%A5%E6%84%9F%E6%BF%80%E7%99%BC%E5%8A%91-%E6%94%BE%E5%BF%83%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神入感激發劑-放心藥(页面不存在)">放心藥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="extiw" title="en:Empathogen–entactogen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Empathogen–entactogen</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="3,4-亞甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=3,4-%E4%BA%9E%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,4-亞甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺(页面不存在)">MDA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" class="extiw" title="en:3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B9%99%E8%83%BA%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="2,5-二甲氧基苯乙胺衍生物">2C-* 類藥物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿法-甲基色胺" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="alpha-Methyltryptamine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%89%B2%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿法-甲基色胺(页面不存在)">阿法-甲基色胺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-Methyltryptamine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">alpha-Methyltryptamine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="6-APB" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="6-APB"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-APB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-APB(页面不存在)">6-APB</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-APB" class="extiw" title="en:6-APB"><span lang="en" dir="auto">6-APB</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%B9%BB%E5%89%82" title="致幻剂">致幻剂</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="迷幻药物">迷幻药物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BE%E6%AF%92%E8%89%B2%E8%83%BA" title="蟾毒色胺">蟾毒色胺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive toad">Psychoactive蟾蜍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Anadenanthera colubrina" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anadenanthera colubrina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anadenanthera_colubrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anadenanthera colubrina(页面不存在)">Vilca</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" class="extiw" title="en:Anadenanthera colubrina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anadenanthera colubrina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Anadenanthera peregrina" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anadenanthera peregrina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anadenanthera_peregrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anadenanthera peregrina(页面不存在)">Yopo</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" class="extiw" title="en:Anadenanthera peregrina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anadenanthera peregrina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%89%B2%E8%83%BA" title="二甲基色胺">二甲基色胺</a>(DMT) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E8%97%A4%E6%B0%B4" title="死藤水">死藤水</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="d-麥角酸酰胺" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ergine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-%E9%BA%A5%E8%A7%92%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-麥角酸酰胺(页面不存在)">LSA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine" class="extiw" title="en:Ergine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ergine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%A7%92%E9%85%B8%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="麥角酸二乙酰胺">麥角酸二乙酰胺</a>(LSD-25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8F%B8%E5%8D%A1%E6%9E%97" title="麦司卡林">麦司卡林</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Echinopsis peruviana" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Echinopsis peruviana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echinopsis_peruviana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echinopsis peruviana(页面不存在)">Echinopsis peruviana</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="extiw" title="en:Echinopsis peruviana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Echinopsis peruviana</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%BE%BD%E7%8E%89" title="烏羽玉">烏羽玉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聖佩德羅仙人掌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Echinopsis pachanoi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖佩德羅仙人掌(页面不存在)">聖佩德羅仙人掌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="extiw" title="en:Echinopsis pachanoi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Echinopsis pachanoi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E6%B4%9B%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%BE" title="赛洛西宾">裸盖菇素</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%A3%B8%E7%9B%96%E8%8F%87%E7%B4%A0" title="脱磷酸裸盖菇素">脱磷酸裸盖菇素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%98%91%E8%8F%87" title="迷幻蘑菇">迷幻蘑菇</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="游离药品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dissociative"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E7%A6%BB%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游离药品(页面不存在)">游离药品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative" class="extiw" title="en:Dissociative"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dissociative</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E8%8A%AC" title="右美沙芬">右美沙芬</a>(DXM)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海罂粟碱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glaucine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%BD%82%E7%B2%9F%E7%A2%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海罂粟碱(页面不存在)">海罂粟碱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucine" class="extiw" title="en:Glaucine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glaucine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吸入劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inhalant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸入劑(页面不存在)">吸入劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant" class="extiw" title="en:Inhalant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inhalant</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE" title="一氧化二氮">一氧化二氮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="亚硝酸酯">亚硝酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Poppers" title="Rush Poppers">Rush Poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E5%BC%82%E6%88%8A%E9%85%AF" title="亚硝酸异戊酯">亚硝酸异戊酯</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E9%85%AE" title="氯胺酮">氯胺酮</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2-(3-甲氧基苯基)-2-乙胺環己酮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Methoxetamine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-%EF%BC%883-%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA%EF%BC%89-2-%E4%B9%99%E8%83%BA%E7%92%B0%E5%B7%B1%E9%85%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(3-甲氧基苯基)-2-乙胺環己酮(页面不存在)">MXE</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxetamine" class="extiw" title="en:Methoxetamine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Methoxetamine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%85%E8%95%88%E7%B4%A0" title="蠅蕈素">蠅蕈素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E8%A0%85%E5%82%98" title="毒蠅傘">毒蠅傘</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苯環己哌啶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phencyclidine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%8E%AF%E5%B7%B1%E5%93%8C%E5%95%B6" title="苯环己哌啶">苯環己哌啶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine" class="extiw" title="en:Phencyclidine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phencyclidine</span></a></span>)</span></span>(PCP)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹酚A" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Salvinorin A"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%85%9AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹酚A(页面不存在)">丹酚A</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A" class="extiw" title="en:Salvinorin A"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Salvinorin A</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E9%BC%A0%E5%B0%BE%E8%8D%89" title="墨西哥鼠尾草">墨西哥鼠尾草</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E8%B0%B5%E5%A6%84%E8%8D%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="致谵妄药">致谵妄药</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%89%98%E5%93%81" title="阿托品">阿托品</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%8E%A8%E8%8F%AA%E9%B9%BC" title="東莨菪鹼">東莨菪鹼</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A0%E8%8C%84" title="颠茄">颠茄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B1%9E" title="曼陀罗属">曼陀罗属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BB%99%E5%AD%90_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="天仙子 (植物)">天仙子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%84%E5%8F%82" class="mw-redirect" title="茄参">茄参</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="茶苯海明" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dimenhydrinate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%B6%E8%8B%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="茶苯海明(页面不存在)">茶苯海明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" class="extiw" title="en:Dimenhydrinate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dimenhydrinate</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%98%8E" title="苯海拉明">苯海拉明</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%B4%A0" title="大麻素">大麻素</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A2%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E9%85%9A" title="四氢大麻酚">四氢大麻酚</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E4%BB%80" title="哈希什">哈希什</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大麻脂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hash oil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E8%84%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻脂(页面不存在)">大麻脂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_oil" class="extiw" title="en:Hash oil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hash oil</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="增夢劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oneirogen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%9E%E5%A4%A2%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="增夢劑(页面不存在)">增夢劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneirogen" class="extiw" title="en:Oneirogen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oneirogen</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Calea zacatechichi" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Calea ternifolia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calea_zacatechichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calea zacatechichi(页面不存在)">Calea zacatechichi</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" class="extiw" title="en:Calea ternifolia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Calea ternifolia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Silene capensis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Silene undulata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silene_capensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silene capensis(页面不存在)">Silene capensis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silene_undulata" class="extiw" title="en:Silene undulata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Silene undulata</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="用藥文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="用藥文化(页面不存在)">用藥文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Drug culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大麻文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cannabis culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻文化(页面不存在)">大麻文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Cannabis culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cannabis culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96)" title="420 (大麻文化)">420</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大麻栽培" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cannabis cultivation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻栽培(页面不存在)">大麻栽培</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" class="extiw" title="en:Cannabis cultivation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cannabis cultivation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E9%A3%9F%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="吸食大麻">吸食大麻</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麻醉毒品店" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Head shop"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E5%BA%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麻醉毒品店(页面不存在)">麻醉毒品店</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shop" class="extiw" title="en:Head shop"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Head shop</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國大麻合法史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國大麻合法史(页面不存在)">美國大麻合法史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Legal history of cannabis in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="大麻的合法性">大麻合法化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大麻政策計畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marijuana Policy Project"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻政策計畫(页面不存在)">大麻政策計畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" class="extiw" title="en:Marijuana Policy Project"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marijuana Policy Project</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="医用大麻">医用大麻</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全國大麻法律改革組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全國大麻法律改革組織(页面不存在)">全國大麻法律改革組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" class="extiw" title="en:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%96%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教或精神用大麻(页面不存在)">宗教或精神用大麻</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Stoner電影" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stoner film"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoner%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoner電影(页面不存在)">Stoner電影</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_film" class="extiw" title="en:Stoner film"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stoner film</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="咖啡文化">咖啡文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="休息時間" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Break (work)#Coffee break"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E6%81%AF%E6%99%82%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休息時間(页面不存在)">咖啡時間</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" class="extiw" title="en:Break (work)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Break (work)#Coffee break</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%BA%97" title="咖啡店">咖啡店</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%B1" title="咖啡拉花">拿鐵藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86" title="茶馆">茶馆</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="飲酒文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drinking culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%B2%E9%85%92%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飲酒文化(页面不存在)">飲酒文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Drinking culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drinking culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%85%92%E5%B8%AB" title="調酒師">調酒師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒">啤酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E8%8A%82" title="啤酒节">啤酒节</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%A3%B2" title="暴飲">暴飲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%9A" title="乙醚">乙醚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E4%BB%A4" title="酒令">酒令</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祝酒歌 (飲酒文化)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drinking song"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9D%E9%85%92%E6%AD%8C_(%E9%A3%B2%E9%85%92%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祝酒歌 (飲酒文化)(页面不存在)">祝酒歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_song" class="extiw" title="en:Drinking song"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drinking song</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A1%E6%A8%82%E6%99%82%E5%85%89" title="歡樂時光">歡樂時光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%A3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="酒壺">酒壺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83" title="夜總會">夜總會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7" title="英式酒吧">英式酒吧</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pub crawl" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pub crawl"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub_crawl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pub crawl(页面不存在)">Pub crawl</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_crawl" class="extiw" title="en:Pub crawl"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pub crawl</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E9%85%92%E5%B8%AB" title="侍酒師">侍酒師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7" title="酒吧">酒吧</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="車尾趴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tailgate party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8A%E5%B0%BE%E8%B6%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="車尾趴(页面不存在)">車尾趴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailgate_party" class="extiw" title="en:Tailgate party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tailgate party</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="品酒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wine tasting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%81%E9%85%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="品酒(页面不存在)">品酒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_tasting" class="extiw" title="en:Wine tasting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wine tasting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻文化(页面不存在)">迷幻文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelia" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelia</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Psychonautics" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychonautics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychonautics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychonautics(页面不存在)">Psychonautics</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychonautics" class="extiw" title="en:Psychonautics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychonautics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻藝術(页面不存在)">迷幻藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="迷幻药物">迷幻药物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻時期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelic era"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻時期(页面不存在)">迷幻時期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_era" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelic era"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelic era</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻經驗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelic experience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻經驗(页面不存在)">迷幻經驗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelic experience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelic experience</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻文學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelic literature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻文學(页面不存在)">迷幻文學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelic literature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelic literature</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="迷幻音乐">迷幻音乐</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelic therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻療法(页面不存在)">迷幻療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelic therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelic therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸煙文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="香煙卡片" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cigarette card"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%99%E7%85%99%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="香煙卡片(页面不存在)">香煙卡片</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_card" class="extiw" title="en:Cigarette card"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cigarette card</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吸煙時尚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fashion cigarettes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%85%99%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸煙時尚(页面不存在)">吸煙時尚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" class="extiw" title="en:Fashion cigarettes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fashion cigarettes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="追雲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%BD%E9%9B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="追雲(页面不存在)">Cloud-chasing</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-chasing_(electronic_cigarette)" class="extiw" title="en:Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Loosie" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Loosie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loosie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loosie(页面不存在)">Loosie</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loosie" class="extiw" title="en:Loosie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Loosie</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Smokeasy" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Smokeasy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokeasy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smokeasy(页面不存在)">Smokeasy</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeasy" class="extiw" title="en:Smokeasy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Smokeasy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%80%E8%8F%B8%E7%99%96" title="戀菸癖">戀菸癖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸菸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俱樂部藥物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Club drug"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%B1%E6%A8%82%E9%83%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俱樂部藥物(页面不存在)">俱樂部藥物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_drug" class="extiw" title="en:Club drug"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Club drug</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因">可卡因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%9C%A0%E9%85%AE" title="安眠酮">安眠酮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE" title="一氧化二氮">一氧化二氮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Poppers" title="Rush Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="1960年代反文化运动">1960年代反文化运动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舞蹈派對" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dance party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E6%B4%BE%E5%B0%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舞蹈派對(页面不存在)">舞蹈派對</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_party" class="extiw" title="en:Dance party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dance party</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物用具" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug paraphernalia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%85%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物用具(页面不存在)">藥物用具</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" class="extiw" title="en:Drug paraphernalia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug paraphernalia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物旅遊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug tourism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物旅遊(页面不存在)">藥物旅遊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tourism" class="extiw" title="en:Drug tourism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug tourism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%B4%E5%B9%BB%E5%8A%91" title="宗教致幻劑">宗教致幻劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%89%E7%9A%AE%E5%A3%AB" title="嬉皮士">嬉皮士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8A%E6%99%BA%E8%8D%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="益智药">益智药</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Party and play" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Party and play"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_and_play&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party and play(页面不存在)">Party and play</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_and_play" class="extiw" title="en:Party and play"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Party and play</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多重藥物使用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Poly drug use"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多重藥物使用(页面不存在)">多重藥物使用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="extiw" title="en:Poly drug use"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Poly drug use</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%B3%E8%88%9E" title="銳舞">銳舞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教與藥物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion and drugs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教與藥物(页面不存在)">宗教與藥物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and drugs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion and drugs</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自我用藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-medication"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自我用藥(页面不存在)">自我用藥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-medication" class="extiw" title="en:Self-medication"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-medication</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性與藥物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sex and drugs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性與藥物(页面不存在)">性與藥物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" class="extiw" title="en:Sex and drugs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sex and drugs</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Whoonga" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Whoonga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whoonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whoonga(页面不存在)">Whoonga</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoonga" class="extiw" title="en:Whoonga"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Whoonga</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">製藥與交易</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">製藥</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哥倫比亞古柯生產" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coca production in Colombia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥倫比亞古柯生產(页面不存在)">哥倫比亞古柯生產</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" class="extiw" title="en:Coca production in Colombia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coca production in Colombia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%89%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物前體">藥物前體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿富汗鴉片生產" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Opium production in Afghanistan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿富汗鴉片生產(页面不存在)">阿富汗鴉片生產</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="en:Opium production in Afghanistan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Opium production in Afghanistan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滾動實驗室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rolling meth lab"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BE%E5%8B%95%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滾動實驗室(页面不存在)">滾動實驗室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" class="extiw" title="en:Rolling meth lab"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rolling meth lab</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">藥物交易</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非法藥物交易" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illegal drug trade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非法藥物交易(页面不存在)">非法藥物交易</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" class="extiw" title="en:Illegal drug trade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illegal drug trade</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哥倫比亞非法藥物交易" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥倫比亞非法藥物交易(页面不存在)">哥倫比亞非法藥物交易</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" class="extiw" title="en:Illegal drug trade in Colombia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑暗市場" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Darknet market"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑暗市場(页面不存在)">黑暗市場</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darknet_market" class="extiw" title="en:Darknet market"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Darknet market</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">用藥議題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" title="物質濫用">物質濫用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%9C%83%E5%BC%B7%E5%A7%A6%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="約會強姦藥物">約會強暴藥物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%89%E9%85%92%E9%A7%95%E9%A7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="醉酒駕駛">醉酒駕駛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大麻的影響" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Effects of cannabis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻的影響(页面不存在)">大麻的影響</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" class="extiw" title="en:Effects of cannabis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Effects of cannabis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" title="成瘾">成瘾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">物質依賴</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物質濫用防治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Substance abuse prevention"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物質濫用防治(页面不存在)">物質濫用防治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" class="extiw" title="en:Substance abuse prevention"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Substance abuse prevention</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鴉片替代治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Opioid replacement therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鴉片替代治療(页面不存在)">鴉片替代治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Opioid replacement therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Opioid replacement therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戒毒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug rehabilitation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%92%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戒毒(页面不存在)">戒毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" class="extiw" title="en:Drug rehabilitation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug rehabilitation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="負責任的藥物使用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Responsible drug use"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A0%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="負責任的藥物使用(页面不存在)">負責任的藥物使用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" class="extiw" title="en:Responsible drug use"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Responsible drug use</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物相關犯罪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug-related crime"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物相關犯罪(页面不存在)">藥物相關犯罪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug-related_crime" class="extiw" title="en:Drug-related crime"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug-related crime</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E8%AD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="胎兒酒精譜系障礙">胎兒酒精譜系障礙</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大麻的長期影響" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Long-term effects of cannabis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%9A%84%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻的長期影響(页面不存在)">大麻的長期影響</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" class="extiw" title="en:Long-term effects of cannabis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Long-term effects of cannabis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="神經毒性">神經毒性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%81%8E%E9%87%8F" title="藥物過量">藥物過量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E7%85%99" title="二手煙">二手煙</a> <ul><li>香煙或其他物質</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">用藥合法性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">國際</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%93%81%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="麻醉品单一公约">麻醉品单一公约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="精神药物公约">精神药物公约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%B4%A9%E8%BF%90%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E5%92%8C%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约">联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约</a>》</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲聯盟狡詐家藥物決策委員會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E7%8B%A1%E8%A9%90%E5%AE%B6%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲聯盟狡詐家藥物決策委員會(页面不存在)">歐洲聯盟狡詐家藥物決策委員會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" class="extiw" title="en:Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E7%A6%81%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="毒品禁制政策">毒品禁制政策</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E7%BD%AA%E5%8C%96" title="除罪化">除罪化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="減少藥物供應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supply reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="減少藥物供應(页面不存在)">減少藥物供應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Supply reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supply reduction</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物政策改革" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy reform"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物政策改革(页面不存在)">藥物政策改革</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy reform"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy reform</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="減少藥物需求" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Demand reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="減少藥物需求(页面不存在)">減少藥物需求</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Demand reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Demand reduction</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物政策聯盟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug Policy Alliance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物政策聯盟(页面不存在)">藥物政策聯盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" class="extiw" title="en:Drug Policy Alliance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug Policy Alliance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="減少傷害" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harm reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="減少傷害(页面不存在)">減少傷害</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Harm reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harm reduction</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="執法者反禁令" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Law Enforcement Against Prohibition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E8%80%85%E5%8F%8D%E7%A6%81%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="執法者反禁令(页面不存在)">執法者反禁令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Against_Prohibition" class="extiw" title="en:Law Enforcement Against Prohibition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Law Enforcement Against Prohibition</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="執法者行動夥伴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E8%80%85%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%A4%A5%E4%BC%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="執法者行動夥伴(页面不存在)">執法者行動夥伴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" class="extiw" title="en:Law Enforcement Action Partnership"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="药物自由化">药物自由化</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁美洲藥物合法化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latin American drug legalization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁美洲藥物合法化(页面不存在)">拉丁美洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" class="extiw" title="en:Latin American drug legalization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latin American drug legalization</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="學生理性用藥政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學生理性用藥政策(页面不存在)">學生理性用藥政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" class="extiw" title="en:Students for Sensible Drug Policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物改革政策基金會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物改革政策基金會(页面不存在)">藥物改革政策基金會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:Transform Drug Policy Foundation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">各國用藥<br />政策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E7%A6%81%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="毒品禁制政策">澳洲</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加拿大藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Canada"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加拿大藥物政策(页面不存在)">加拿大</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Canada"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Canada</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>歐洲 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德國藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國藥物政策(页面不存在)">德國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Germany</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荷蘭藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Netherlands"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷蘭藥物政策(页面不存在)">荷蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Netherlands" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Netherlands"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Netherlands</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Portugal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙藥物政策(页面不存在)">葡萄牙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Portugal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Portugal</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯洛伐克藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Slovakia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛伐克藥物政策(页面不存在)">斯洛伐克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Slovakia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Slovakia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑞典藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Sweden"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典藥物政策(页面不存在)">瑞典</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Sweden"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Sweden</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E7%A6%81%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="毒品禁制政策">瑞士</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of India"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度藥物政策(页面不存在)">印度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of India"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of India</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇聯藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯藥物政策(页面不存在)">蘇聯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of the Soviet Union</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國聯邦政府藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federal drug policy of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國聯邦政府藥物政策(页面不存在)">美國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Federal drug policy of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federal drug policy of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%8D" title="向毒品說不">向毒品說不</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國家毒品管制政策辦公室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Office of National Drug Control Policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家毒品管制政策辦公室(页面不存在)">國家毒品管制政策辦公室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" class="extiw" title="en:Office of National Drug Control Policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Office of National Drug Control Policy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="校園藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="School district drug policies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="校園藥物政策(页面不存在)">校園藥物政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" class="extiw" title="en:School district drug policies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">School district drug policies</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>各州 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加利福尼亞州藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of California"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加利福尼亞州藥物政策(页面不存在)">加州</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of California"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of California</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科羅拉多州藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Colorado"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科羅拉多州藥物政策(页面不存在)">科羅拉多州</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Colorado" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Colorado"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Colorado</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬里蘭州藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Maryland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%B7%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬里蘭州藥物政策(页面不存在)">馬里蘭州</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Maryland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Maryland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="維吉尼亞州藥物政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug policy of Virginia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維吉尼亞州藥物政策(页面不存在)">維吉尼亞州</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Virginia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug policy of Virginia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贊成及反對藥物禁止的論述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%8A%E6%88%90%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贊成及反對藥物禁止的論述(页面不存在)">贊成及反對藥物禁止的論述</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" class="extiw" title="en:Arguments for and against drug prohibition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="販毒死刑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A9%E6%AF%92%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="販毒死刑(页面不存在)">販毒死刑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" class="extiw" title="en:Capital punishment for drug trafficking"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="認知自由" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cognitive liberty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="認知自由(页面不存在)">認知自由</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" class="extiw" title="en:Cognitive liberty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cognitive liberty</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%A1%E8%A9%90%E5%AE%B6%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="狡詐家藥物">狡詐家藥物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物法庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug court"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物法庭(页面不存在)">藥物法庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_court" class="extiw" title="en:Drug court"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug court</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%9F%E6%80%A7%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軟性毒品(页面不存在)">軟性毒品</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物所有權" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug possession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物所有權(页面不存在)">藥物所有權</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_possession" class="extiw" title="en:Drug possession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug possession</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物有害程度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug harmfulness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%B3%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物有害程度(页面不存在)">藥物有害程度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="extiw" title="en:Drug harmfulness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug harmfulness</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物所有權" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drug possession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物所有權(页面不存在)">藥物所有權</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_possession" class="extiw" title="en:Drug possession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drug possession</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="藥物測試">興奮劑檢查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="藥物測試">藥物測試</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="墨西哥毒品戰爭">墨西哥毒品戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="菲律宾毒品战争">菲律賓毒品戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%89%E5%A0%B1%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="舉報人">舉報人</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藥物濫用政治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Politics of drug abuse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藥物濫用政治(页面不存在)">藥物濫用政治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" class="extiw" title="en:Politics of drug abuse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Politics of drug abuse</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="毒品戰爭">毒品戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="零容忍政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zero tolerance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%B9%E5%BF%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="零容忍政策(页面不存在)">零容忍政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_tolerance" class="extiw" title="en:Zero tolerance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zero tolerance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">依各國<br />排列列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="酒精法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alcohol law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酒精法(页面不存在)">酒精合法性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_law" class="extiw" title="en:Alcohol law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alcohol law</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均酒精消费量列表">各国人均酒精消费量列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96%E9%A1%9E%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="同化類固醇合法性">同化類固醇合法性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國大麻合法性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legality of cannabis by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國大麻合法性(页面不存在)">大麻合法性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Legality of cannabis by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legality of cannabis by country</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國每年大麻用量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Annual cannabis use by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國每年大麻用量(页面不存在)">每年用量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Annual cannabis use by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Annual cannabis use by country</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國成人終身大麻用量列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國成人終身大麻用量列表(页面不存在)">終身用量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Adult lifetime cannabis use by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adult lifetime cannabis use by country</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均烟草消费量列表">各国人均烟草消费量列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古柯鹼合法狀態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal status of cocaine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF%E9%B9%BC%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古柯鹼合法狀態(页面不存在)">古柯鹼合法性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" class="extiw" title="en:Legal status of cocaine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal status of cocaine</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國古柯鹼施用盛行情形列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF%E9%B9%BC%E6%96%BD%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國古柯鹼施用盛行情形列表(页面不存在)">古柯鹼施用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" class="extiw" title="en:List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="甲基安非他命合法狀態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal status of methamphetamine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%AE%89%E9%9D%9E%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲基安非他命合法狀態(页面不存在)">甲基安非他命合法性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" class="extiw" title="en:Legal status of methamphetamine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal status of methamphetamine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國鴉片類施用盛行情形列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E9%A1%9E%E6%96%BD%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國鴉片類施用盛行情形列表(页面不存在)">鴉片類施用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" class="extiw" title="en:List of countries by prevalence of opiates use"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of countries by prevalence of opiates use</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻蘑菇合法狀態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%98%91%E8%8F%87%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻蘑菇合法狀態(页面不存在)">迷幻蘑菇合法性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" class="extiw" title="en:Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻鼠尾草合法狀態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E9%BC%A0%E5%B0%BE%E8%8D%89%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻鼠尾草合法狀態(页面不存在)">迷幻鼠尾草合法性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" class="extiw" title="en:Legal status of Salvia divinorum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal status of Salvia divinorum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>參見:<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E8%8D%AF" title="春药">春药</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="致欣快劑" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euphoriants" title="Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euphoriants" title="Template talk:Euphoriants"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Euphoriants" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="致欣快劑" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A3%E5%BF%AB" title="欣快">致欣快劑</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%B4%A0" title="大麻素">大麻素</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A2%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E9%85%9A" title="四氢大麻酚">四氢大麻酚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87_(%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9)" title="乙醇 (藥物)">乙醇</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E9%A1%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片類藥物">鴉片類藥物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="kratom" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="7-Hydroxymitragynine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kratom(页面不存在)">kratom</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" class="extiw" title="en:7-Hydroxymitragynine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">7-Hydroxymitragynine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Buprenorphine" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buprenorphine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buprenorphine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buprenorphine(页面不存在)">Buprenorphine</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine" class="extiw" title="en:Buprenorphine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buprenorphine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%85%E5%9B%A0" title="可待因">可待因</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Dipipanone" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dipipanone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipipanone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipipanone(页面不存在)">Dipipanone</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipipanone" class="extiw" title="en:Dipipanone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dipipanone</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%A4%AA%E5%B0%BC" title="芬太尼">芬太尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="海洛因">海洛因</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Heterocodeine" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heterocodeine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterocodeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterocodeine(页面不存在)">Heterocodeine</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocodeine" class="extiw" title="en:Heterocodeine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heterocodeine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hydromorphone" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydromorphone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromorphone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromorphone(页面不存在)">Hydromorphone</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromorphone" class="extiw" title="en:Hydromorphone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydromorphone</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E9%85%AE" title="美沙酮">美沙酮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鸦片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E8%80%83%E9%85%AE" title="羟考酮">羟考酮</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Oxymorphone" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oxymorphone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone(页面不存在)">Oxymorphone</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymorphone" class="extiw" title="en:Oxymorphone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oxymorphone</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8C%E6%9B%BF%E5%95%B6" title="哌替啶">哌替啶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E5%A5%8B%E5%89%82" title="兴奋剂">兴奋剂</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多巴胺能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dopaminergic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺能(页面不存在)">多巴胺能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic" class="extiw" title="en:Dopaminergic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dopaminergic</span></a></span>)</span></span>興奮劑 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="苯丙胺">苯丙胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="甲基苯丙胺">甲基苯丙胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因">可卡因</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哌乙酯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethylphenidate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%8C%E4%B9%99%E9%85%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哌乙酯(页面不存在)">哌乙酯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylphenidate" class="extiw" title="en:Ethylphenidate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethylphenidate</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%AF" title="哌甲酯">哌甲酯</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="膽鹼能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cholinergic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E9%B9%BC%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膽鹼能(页面不存在)">膽鹼能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic" class="extiw" title="en:Cholinergic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cholinergic</span></a></span>)</span></span>興奮劑 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吸入劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inhalant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸入劑(页面不存在)">吸入劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant" class="extiw" title="en:Inhalant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inhalant</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE" title="一氧化二氮">一氧化二氮</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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