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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early life and Roman military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_Roman_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Return to Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Roman_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Roman_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anti-Roman uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Roman_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_retribution_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_retribution_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Roman retribution and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_retribution_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_imperial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_imperial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Roman imperial expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_imperial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Germanic sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>German nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Music and opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arminius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أرمينيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرمينيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiu" title="Arminiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arminiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armini" title="Armini – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Armini" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آرمینیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرمینیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Арміній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арміній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Арминий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арминий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminije" title="Arminije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arminije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armini" title="Armini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Armini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρμίνιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμίνιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminio_(%C4%A4eruska_tribestro)" title="Arminio (Ĥeruska tribestro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arminio (Ĥeruska tribestro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arminio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آرمینیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرمینیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arminio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아르미니우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르미니우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Արմինիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արմինիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminije" title="Arminije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arminije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ארמיניוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארמיניוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="არმინიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არმინიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Армин Арминий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Армин Арминий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminijs" title="Arminijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arminijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminijus" title="Arminijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arminijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arminio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Арминиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арминиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ارمينيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارمينيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Арминиус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арминиус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius_(veldheer)" title="Arminius (veldheer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arminius (veldheer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA)" title="アルミニウス (ゲルマン人) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルミニウス (ゲルマン人)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiy" title="Arminiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arminiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ارمینیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارمینیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%ADnio" title="Armínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Armínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Арминий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арминий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiusi" title="Arminiusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arminiusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiu" title="Arminiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arminiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminij" title="Arminij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arminij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Арминије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арминије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminije" title="Arminije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arminije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="อาร์มินิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์มินิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin" title="Armin – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Armin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Арміній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арміній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arminius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿米尼乌斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿米尼乌斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="阿米尼烏斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿米尼烏斯" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Germanic Cherusci chieftain (18/17 BC – AD 21)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Germanic chieftain. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arminius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arminius (disambiguation)">Arminius (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arimanius" title="Arimanius">Arimanius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armenius" title="Armenius">Armenius</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Arminius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg/220px-Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg/440px-Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="4150" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Statue of Arminius at the <a href="/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal">Hermannsdenkmal</a> memorial</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prince and Chieftain of the Cherusci tribe</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Segimer" title="Segimer">Segimer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italicus_(chieftain)" title="Italicus (chieftain)">Italicus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18/17 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 21 (aged 37–38)<br />Germania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thumelicus" title="Thumelicus">Thumelicus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Arminius<br /><small>(His original Germanic name is unknown; modern German variants, e.g. <i>Hermann</i> and <i>Armin</i>, are <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SchulzeNamen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchulzeNamen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Segimer" title="Segimer">Segimer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_religion_(aboriginal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic religion (aboriginal)">Germanic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arminius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 18/17 BC–AD 21) was a chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in AD 9, in which three <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> under the command of general and governor <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> were destroyed. His victory at Teutoburg Forest precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s permanent strategic withdrawal and the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania Magna">Germania Magna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern historians regard it as one of Imperial Rome's greatest defeats.<sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it prevented the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> of Germanic peoples east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, it has also been considered one of the most decisive battles in history<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cawthorne_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawthorne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creasy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creasy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a turning point in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectator_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectator-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born a prince of the Cherusci tribe, Arminius was part of the Roman-friendly faction of the tribe. He learned Latin and served in the Roman military, which gained him <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>, and the rank of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites"><i>eques</i></a>. After serving with distinction in the <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Great Illyrian Revolt</a>, he was sent to Germania to aid the local governor <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> in completing the Roman conquest of the Germanic tribes. While in this capacity, Arminius secretly plotted a Germanic revolt against Roman rule, which culminated in the ambush and destruction of three Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest. </p><p>In the aftermath of the battle, Arminius fought retaliatory invasions by the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Pontes_Longi" title="Battle at Pontes Longi">Pontes Longi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idistaviso" title="Battle of Idistaviso">Idistaviso</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Angrivarian_Wall" title="Battle of the Angrivarian Wall">Angrivarian Wall</a>, and deposed a rival, the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> king <a href="/wiki/Maroboduus" title="Maroboduus">Maroboduus</a>. Germanic nobles, afraid of Arminius's growing power, assassinated him in 21. He was remembered in <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Germanic legends</a> for generations afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Annals.02.88_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals.02.88-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> designated Arminius as the liberator of the Germanic tribes and commended him for having fought the Roman Empire to a standstill at the peak of its power.<sup id="cite_ref-Annals.02.88_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals.02.88-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in the 19th century, Arminius was hailed by <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalists</a> as a symbol of German unity and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, however, Arminius' significance diminished in Germany due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-militarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarism">anti-militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">anti-nationalism</a>; the 2,000th anniversary of his victory at the Teutoburg Forest was only lightly commemorated in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_given_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin given name">name</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Arminius</i></span> is unknown, and confusion is further created by recent scholars who alternately referred to him as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Armenus</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-MurdochEtymology_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurdochEtymology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Velleius Paterculus">Marcus Velleius Paterculus</a> calls him "Arminius, the son of Sigimer, a prince of the nation" and states he "attained the dignity of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian rank</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Foreign_names" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a> of the time, it is likely <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Arminius</i></span> is an adopted name granted to him upon citizenship or in any case not his <a href="/wiki/Germanic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic names">Germanic name</a>. The name instead appears to ultimately be of Etruscan origin, appearing as <span title="Etruscan-language text"><i lang="ett">armne</i></span> and <span title="Etruscan-language text"><i lang="ett">armni</i></span> on inscriptions found at <a href="/wiki/Volaterrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Volaterrae">Volaterrae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SchulzeNamen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchulzeNamen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another theory, that name was given to Arminius for his service in Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-MurdochEtymology_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurdochEtymology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> translation of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Arminius</i></span> as the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic names">name</a> <i>Hermann</i> dates from the 16th century, possibly first by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In German, Arminius was traditionally distinguished as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hermann der Cherusker</i></span> ("Hermann the Cheruscan") or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hermann der Cheruskerfürst</i></span> ("Hermann the Cheruscan Prince"). Hermann etymologically means "Man of War", coming from the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">heri</i></span> meaning "war" and <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">man</i></span> meaning "person" or "man".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has also led to his English nickname "Herman the German." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_Roman_military_service">Early life and Roman military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and Roman military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg/400px-Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg/600px-Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg/800px-Stammbaum_ADBSegest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4630" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>Relatives of Arminius</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in 18 or 17 BC in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, Arminius was the son of the Cheruscan chief <a href="/wiki/Segimerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Segimerus">Segimerus</a> (German: <i>Segimer</i>; Proto-Germanic: <i>Sigimariz</i>; Old English: <i>Sigemær</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-eb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was allied with Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arminius learned to speak <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and joined the Roman military with his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Flavus_(son_of_Segimerus)" title="Flavus (son of Segimerus)">Flavus</a>. He served in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> between AD 1 and 6, and received a military education as well as <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> and the status of <a href="/wiki/Equite" class="mw-redirect" title="Equite">equite</a> before returning to Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durschmied_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durschmied-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These experiences gave him knowledge of Roman politics and military tactics, which allowed him to successfully anticipate enemy battle maneuvers during his later campaigns against the Roman army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Germany">Return to Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Germania_before_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Magna_Germania_before_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest.png/300px-Magna_Germania_before_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Magna_Germania_before_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest.png 1.5x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Magna Germania in AD 9. The yellow legend represents the areas controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 31 BC, the shades of green represent gradually conquered territories under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and pink areas on the map represent tributary tribes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the year AD 4, Arminius assumed command of a Cheruscan detachment of Roman auxiliary forces, probably while fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonian</a> wars on the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a>. He returned to northern Germania in AD 7 or 8, where the Roman Empire had established secure control of the territories just east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> rivers, and was now seeking to extend its hegemony eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> rivers, under <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a>, a high-ranking administrative official appointed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> as governor. Arminius began plotting to unite various Germanic tribes in order to thwart Roman efforts to incorporate their lands into the empire. This proved a difficult task, as the tribes were strongly independent and many were traditionally enemies of each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between AD 6 and 9, the Romans were forced to move eight of the eleven legions present in Germania east of the Rhine to crush <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">a rebellion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Varus with only three legions to face the Germans, which was still 18,000 troops, or 6,000 men per legion. An additional two legions, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Nonius_Asprenas_(suffect_consul_AD_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Nonius Asprenas (suffect consul AD 6)">Lucius Nonius Asprenas</a>, were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Moguntiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Moguntiacum">Moguntiacum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius saw this as the perfect opportunity to defeat Varus.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Roman_uprising">Anti-Roman uprising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anti-Roman uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg/220px-Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg/330px-Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg/440px-Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption><i>Varusschlacht</i>, Otto Albert Koch (1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the autumn of AD 9, the 25-year-old Arminius brought to Varus a false report of rebellion in northern Germany. He persuaded Varus to divert the three legions under his command (composed of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XVII" title="Legio XVII">17th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XVIII" title="Legio XVIII">18th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIX" title="Legio XIX">19th</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, plus three <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> detachments and six <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohorts</a> of auxiliaries), which were at the time marching to winter quarters, to suppress the rebellion. Varus and his legions marched right into the trap that Arminius had set for them near <a href="/wiki/Kalkriese" title="Kalkriese">Kalkriese</a>. Arminius' tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, and their allies the <a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi (Germanic)">Marsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a> (five out of at least fifty Germanic tribes at the time)<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ambushed and annihilated Varus' entire army, totaling over 20,000 men, as it marched along a narrow road through a dense forest. Recent archaeological finds show the long-debated location of the three-day battle was almost certainly near Kalkriese Hill, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>. When defeat was certain, Varus committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">suicide</a> by falling upon his sword.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was one of the most devastating defeats Rome suffered in its history. Arminius' success in destroying three entire legions and driving the Romans out of Germany marked a high point of Germanic power for centuries. Roman attempts to reconquer Germania failed, although they did eventually manage to break Arminius' carefully coordinated alliance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg/220px-Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg/330px-Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg/440px-Blick-%C3%BCber-den-Teutoburger-Wald1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>View over the <a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest" title="Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the battle, the Germans quickly annihilated every trace of Roman presence east of the Rhine. Roman settlements such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldgirmes_Forum" title="Waldgirmes Forum">Waldgirmes Forum</a> were abandoned. The vastly outnumbered Roman garrison of <a href="/wiki/Aliso_(Roman_camp)" title="Aliso (Roman camp)">Aliso</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Haltern_am_See" title="Haltern am See">Haltern am See</a>), under the command of the prefect Lucius Cedicius, inflicted heavy losses on the Germans before retreating into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, resisting long enough for <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Nonius_Asprenas_(consul_6)" title="Lucius Nonius Asprenas (consul 6)">Lucius Nonius Asprenas</a> to organize the Roman defense on the Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to arrive with a new army. This prevented Arminius from crossing the Rhine and invading Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> At some point after the battle, Arminius married a Germanic princess named <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was the Cheruscan prince <a href="/wiki/Segestes" title="Segestes">Segestes</a>, who was pro-Roman. But Arminius <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">abducted</a> and then impregnated Thusnelda circa AD 14. This <a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">elopement</a> was likely a result of a dispute between Arminius and Segestes who was against their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May of 15 the Roman general Germanicus captured Thusnelda. At the point of her capture she was pregnant and living with her father, who had taken her back.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius deeply grieved the capture of Thusnelda and did not marry again.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus recorded that Arminius was "driven to frenzy" by the loss of his beloved wife.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> states in the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>:</p><blockquote><p>Arminius, with his naturally furious temper, was driven to frenzy by the seizure of his wife and the foredooming to slavery of his wife's unborn child. He flew hither and thither among the Cherusci, demanding "war against Segestes, war against Cæsar." And he refrained not from taunts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Thusnelda gave birth to a son named <a href="/wiki/Thumelicus" title="Thumelicus">Thumelicus</a> who grew up in Roman captivity. Tacitus describes him as having an unusual story, which he promises to tell in his later writings, but these writings have never been found.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_retribution_and_death">Roman retribution and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman retribution and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Between 14 and 16, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> led punitive operations into Germany, fighting Arminius to a draw in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Pontes_Longi" title="Battle at Pontes Longi">Battle at Pontes Longi</a> and twice defeating him (according to Tacitus): first in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idistaviso" title="Battle of Idistaviso">Battle of Idistaviso</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Angrivarian_Wall" title="Battle of the Angrivarian Wall">Battle of the Angrivarian Wall</a>. In 15, Roman troops managed to recapture one of the three <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary eagles</a> lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. In 16, a second eagle was retrieved.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiberius denied the request of Germanicus to launch an additional campaign for 17, however, having decided the frontier with Germania would stand at the Rhine river. Instead, he offered Germanicus the honor of a triumph for his two victories. The third Roman eagle was recovered in 41 by Publius Gabinius, under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius also faced opposition from his father-in-law and other pro-Roman Germanic leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Flavus, who had been raised alongside him in Rome, remained loyal to the Roman Empire and fought under Germanicus against Arminius at the Battle of Idistaviso. With the end of the Roman threat, a war broke out between Arminius and <a href="/wiki/Maroboduus" title="Maroboduus">Marbod</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>. It ended with Marbod fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and Roman protection, but Arminius failed to break into the "natural fortification" of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, and the war ended in stalemate. In 19, Germanicus died in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> under circumstances which led many to believe he had been poisoned by his opponents. Arminius died two years later in 21, murdered by opponents within his own tribe who felt that he was becoming too powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-tacit_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacit-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiberius allegedly had refused an earlier offer from a Chatti nobleman to poison Arminius: "It was not by secret treachery but openly and by arms that the people of Rome avenged themselves on their enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg/159px-Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg/239px-Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg/318px-Thusnelda_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_2005_09_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a> in Loggia dei Lanzi. Created in second century AD with modern restorations.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influence">Legacy and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arminius' victory against the Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest had a far-reaching effect on the subsequent history of both the ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> and on the Roman Empire. The Romans made no further concerted efforts to conquer and permanently hold Germania beyond the Rhine and the <i><a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a></i>. Numerous modern historians have regarded Arminius' victory as one of the most decisive battles in history,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cawthorne_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawthorne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creasy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creasy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spectator_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectator-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durschmied_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durschmied-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some calling it "Rome's greatest defeat".<sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_imperial_expansion">Roman imperial expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman imperial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Arminius_pushkin.jpg/220px-Arminius_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Arminius_pushkin.jpg/330px-Arminius_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Arminius_pushkin.jpg/440px-Arminius_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>A Roman sculpture of a young man which is sometimes identified as Arminius.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the accounts of his Roman enemies, Arminius is highly regarded for his military leadership and as a defender of the liberty of his people. Based on these records, the story of Arminius was revived in the 16th century with the recovery of the histories of Tacitus, who wrote in his <i>Annales II, 88</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arminius, without doubt Germania's liberator, who challenged the Roman people not in its beginnings like other kings and leaders, but in the peak of its empire; in battles with changing success, undefeated in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Arminius was not the only reason for Rome's change of policy towards Germania. Politics also played a factor; emperors found they could rarely trust a large army to a potential rival, though Augustus had enough loyal family members to wage his wars. Also, Augustus, in his 40-year reign, had annexed many territories still at the beginning of the process of Romanization. Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus in AD 14, decided that Germania was a far less developed land, possessing few villages and only a small food surplus, and therefore was not currently important to Rome. Conquering Germania would require a commitment too burdensome for the imperial finances and an excessive expenditure of military force. </p><p>Modern scholars have pointed out that the Rhine was a more practical boundary for the Roman Empire than any other river in Germania. Armies on the Rhine could be supplied from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Mosel</a>, with only a brief area of portage. Armies on the Elbe, however, would have to have been supplied by extensive overland routes or by ships travelling the hazardous Atlantic. Economically, the Rhine already had towns and sizable villages at the time of the Gallic conquest. The Rhine was significantly more accessible from Rome and better equipped to supply sizable garrisons than the regions beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rome chose no longer to rule directly in Germania east of the Rhine and north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, instead preferring to exert indirect influence through the tactics of using <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> and the appointing of <a href="/wiki/Client_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Client king">client kings</a>, which were cheaper than military campaigns. <a href="/wiki/Italicus_(chieftain)" title="Italicus (chieftain)">Italicus</a>, nephew of Arminius, was appointed king of the Cherusci; <a href="/wiki/Vangio_and_Sido" title="Vangio and Sido">Vangio and Sido</a> became <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> princes of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only when indirect methods proved insufficient to control the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine, did Roman emperors occasionally lead devastating punitive campaigns deep into Germania. One of them, led by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, resulted in a Roman victory in 235 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Battle at the Harzhorn Hill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the modern German state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, east of the Weser river, between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kalefeld" title="Kalefeld">Kalefeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Gandersheim" title="Bad Gandersheim">Bad Gandersheim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_sagas">Germanic sagas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germanic sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 19th century, attempts were made to show that the story of Arminius and his victory may have lived on in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of the dragon slayer <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a> (Under his Germanic name Siegfried). An Icelandic account<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that Sigurd "slew the dragon" in the Gnitaheidr—today the suburb Knetterheide of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Salzuflen" title="Bad Salzuflen">Bad Salzuflen</a>, located at a strategic site on the <a href="/wiki/Werre" title="Werre">Werre</a> river which could very well have been the point of departure of Varus' legions on their way to their doom in the Teutoburg Forest. One of the foremost Scandinavian scholars of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_Vigf%C3%BAsson" title="Guðbrandur Vigfússon">Guðbrandur Vigfússon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified Sigurd as Arminius. This educated guess was also picked up by <a href="/wiki/Otto_H%C3%B6fler" title="Otto Höfler">Otto Höfler</a>, who was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> academic during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_nationalism">German nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Tacitus' <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)"><i>Annals</i></a> were rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">Renaissance humanists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">first published</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg Revolution">Gutenberg Revolution</a> of the 15th century, Arminius became an important symbol of German <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>, as a figure who successfully opposed <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and prevented the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> of his people by outgeneraling and defeating one of the world's first superpowers. Indeed, learning of his victory over the Roman army was especially important to <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">German Renaissance humanists</a>, as the Renaissance only reached the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> much later than southern Europe and German humanists were widely looked down upon by their Italian colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyé2002587_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyé2002587-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first literary adaptation of the Arminius story came in 1520 with <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a>'s Latin dialogue <a href="/wiki/Arminius_(dialogue)" title="Arminius (dialogue)"><i>Arminius</i></a>, which inserts the Germanic leader into a reimagining of the twelfth chapter of <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s satirical <i>Dialogues of the Dead</i>; a debate between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> before the underworld judgment seat of <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a> over who most deserves the position of history's greatest general and military strategist. Arminius argues his own claim and calls upon <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> to bear witness, and ultimately wins the case and the eloquent praise of Minos.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This version influenced later adaptations of the story, and reflected a wide interest in Arminius during the years of the <a href="/wiki/German_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Reformation">German Reformation</a>; the name <i>Arminius</i> was interpreted as reflecting the name <i>Hermann</i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who saw Arminius as a symbol of his religious followers among the German people and their resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the military occupation of the German States, first by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> and then by the <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="French Imperial Army">French Imperial Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, <i>Hermann der Cheruskerfürst</i> once again became a national icon and a martyr within both <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-Colonialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, which are still termed in Germany the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of Liberation">Wars of Liberation</a>. This may particularly be seen as in <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>'s 1812 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tombs_of_the_Old_Heroes" title="The Tombs of the Old Heroes">The Tombs of the Old Heroes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein/Käppel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein/Käppel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in the 19th century, Arminius was hailed as a symbol of German unity and liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg/220px-Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg/330px-Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg/440px-Gehrts_Armin_verabschiedet_sich_von_Thusnelda_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2155" /></a><figcaption>Arminius says goodbye to <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gehrts" title="Johannes Gehrts">Johannes Gehrts</a> (1884)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1808, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a> wrote the play <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hermannsschlacht_(Kleist)" title="Die Hermannsschlacht (Kleist)">Die Hermannsschlacht</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">victory at Wagram</a> it remained in manuscript, being published in 1821 and not staged until 1860. The play has been revived repeatedly at moments of national crisis and was especially used as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">propaganda in Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, construction was started on a massive statue of Arminius, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal" title="Hermannsdenkmal">Hermannsdenkmal</a></i>, on a hill near <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a> in the Teutoburg Forest; it was finally completed and dedicated during the early years of the Second <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in the wake of the German victory over France in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–1871. The monument has been a major tourist attraction ever since, as has the <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heights_Monument" title="Hermann Heights Monument">Hermann Heights Monument</a>, a similar statue erected in <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a>, in the United States in 1897. The Hermann Heights monument was erected by the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Hermann" title="Sons of Hermann">Sons of Hermann</a>, a fraternal organization formed in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> by <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German Americans</a> as a means of self protection against <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a> and discrimination in 1840; and that flourished during the 19th century in American cities and rural areas with large populations speaking the <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German language in the United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hermann,_Missouri" title="Hermann, Missouri">Hermann, Missouri</a>, a town on the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> founded in the 1830s and incorporated in 1845, was also named for Arminius. </p><p>Following the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1945, Arminius became lesser-known among <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germans</a> and the educational system shied away from teaching about his life due to a sense of guilt and shame, rooted in both <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi war crimes">Nazi war crimes</a>, related to any form of <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was, however, a radically different practice in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. Particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Arminius and his warriors were <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistically</a> reinterpreted quite similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">slave revolt</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Official_history" title="Official history">official history</a> promoted by the State; as an early <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">revolutionary terror</a> against the "Roman slaveholder society"(<i>Sklavenhaltergesellschaft</i>). The legacy of Arminius and his followers was further reinterpreted as symbolic of the allegedly "peace-loving" <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries, while Imperial Rome was made into a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> and allegedly <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascistic</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a>, which were cast as the new evil empire needing to be resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-zeit_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to journalist David Crossland: "The old nationalism has been replaced by an easy-going <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> that mainly manifests itself at sporting events like the soccer <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German Bundesliga football club <a href="/wiki/DSC_Arminia_Bielefeld" class="mw-redirect" title="DSC Arminia Bielefeld">DSC Arminia Bielefeld</a> is named after Arminius. In the <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a>, on the other hand, the 2,000-year anniversary of the battle was celebrated in <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a>, proudly and without restraint. There were mock battles between Romans and club-wielding barbarians and also a lecture series in an auditorium.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fictionalized versions of Arminius or commentary upon his legacy appear in: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arminius_(dialogue)" title="Arminius (dialogue)">Arminius</a></i> (1520), by <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hermannsschlacht_(Kleist)" title="Die Hermannsschlacht (Kleist)">Die Hermannschlacht</a></i> (1808) by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany._A_Winter%27s_Tale" title="Germany. A Winter's Tale">Germany. A Winter's Tale</a></i> (1843) by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifteen_Decisive_Battles_of_the_World" title="The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World">The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World</a></i> (1851) by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Edward Shepherd Creasy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i> (1934) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_If%3F_(essays)" title="What If? (essays)">What If?</a></i> (1999), edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cowley" title="Robert Cowley">Robert Cowley</a></li> <li><i>Give Me Back My Legions!</i> (2009) by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a></li> <li><i>Eagles At War</i> (2015) by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kane" title="Ben Kane">Ben Kane</a></li> <li><i>Wolves of Rome</i> (2016) by <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Massimo_Manfredi" title="Valerio Massimo Manfredi">Valerio Massimo Manfredi</a> (first published in Italian as <i>Teutoburgo</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_opera">Music and opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music and opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arminio_(Biber)" title="Arminio (Biber)">Arminio</a></i> is a 1692 opera about Arminius by the Bohemian-Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germanico_in_Germania" title="Germanico in Germania">Germanico in Germania</a></i>, a 1732 opera by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Nicola Porpora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio">Arminio</a></i> is a 1736 opera about Arminius by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arminius_(Bruch)" title="Arminius (Bruch)">Arminius</a></i> is an 1877 oratorio about Arminius by the German composer <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbarians_(2020_TV_series)" title="Barbarians (2020 TV series)">Barbarians</a></i> is a 2020 TV show that features a fictionalised version of Arminius (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rupp" title="Laurence Rupp">Laurence Rupp</a>) as one of the central characters.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SchulzeNamen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchulzeNamen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchulzeNamen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchulze1904" class="citation book cs1">Schulze, Wilhelm (1904). <i>Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen</i>. Weidmann. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Geschichte+lateinischer+Eigennamen&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Weidmann&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Aaron_Ralby2013" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Aaron Ralby (2013). "The Roman Legion: Refining Military Organization". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldmili0000ralb"><i>Atlas of Military History</i></a></span>. Parragon. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldmili0000ralb/page/241">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4723-0963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4723-0963-1"><bdi>978-1-4723-0963-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Legion%3A+Refining+Military+Organization&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Military+History&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Parragon&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4723-0963-1&rft.au=Dr.+Aaron+Ralby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofworldmili0000ralb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murdoch-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurdoch2012">Murdoch 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2010">Tucker 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC&pg=PA75">75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawthorne-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawthorne_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawthorne_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorne2012">Cawthorne 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=no&id=nv73QlQs9ocC&pg=PA68">68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creasy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creasy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creasy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreasy2007">Creasy 2007</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spectator-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spectator_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spectator_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-the-eagles-were-tamed/">"How the eagles were tamed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>. 27 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a> referred to the Battle of the Teutoburg forest as a turning-point in world history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=How+the+eagles+were+tamed&rft.date=2004-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhow-the-eagles-were-tamed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annals.02.88-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annals.02.88_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annals.02.88_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#63" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">The Annals.2.88</a>. "Assuredly he was the deliverer of Germany, one too who had defied Rome, not in her early rise, as other kings and generals, but in the height of her empire's glory, had fought, indeed, indecisive battles, yet in war remained unconquered. He completed thirty-seven years of life, twelve years of power, and he is still a theme of song among barbarous nations, though to Greek historians, who admire only their own achievements, he is unknown, and to Romans not as famous as he should be, while we extol the past and are indifferent to our own times."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2009" class="citation web cs1">Crossland, David (28 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/battle-of-the-teutoburg-forest-germany-recalls-myth-that-created-the-nation-a-644913.html">"Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Germany Recalls Myth That Created the Nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online International</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Teutoburg+Forest%3A+Germany+Recalls+Myth+That+Created+the+Nation&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fbattle-of-the-teutoburg-forest-germany-recalls-myth-that-created-the-nation-a-644913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurdochEtymology-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MurdochEtymology_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurdochEtymology_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch2009" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Adrian (2009). <i>Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest</i>. The History Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750940160" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750940160"><bdi>978-0750940160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Greatest+Defeat%3A+Massacre+in+the+Teutoburg+Forest&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0750940160&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Velleius_Paterculus1924" class="citation book cs1">C. Velleius Paterculus (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html"><i>The Roman History</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+History&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=C.+Velleius+Paterculus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FVelleius_Paterculus%2F2D%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_W._Benario2004" class="citation journal cs1">Herbert W. Benario (April 2004). "Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend". <i>Greece and Rome</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 83–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgr%2F51.1.83">10.1093/gr/51.1.83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=Arminius+into+Hermann%3A+History+into+Legend&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-94&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgr%2F51.1.83&rft.au=Herbert+W.+Benario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörstemann1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Förstemann, Ernst Wilhelm (1900). <i>Altdeutsches Namenbuch</i> (in German). Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781270714996" title="Special:BookSources/9781270714996"><bdi>9781270714996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altdeutsches+Namenbuch&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=9781270714996&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rstemann&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vorname.com/name,Hermann.html">"▷ Vorname Hermann: Herkunft, Bedeutung & Namenstag"</a>. <i>vorname.com</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vorname.com&rft.atitle=%E2%96%B7+Vorname+Hermann%3A+Herkunft%2C+Bedeutung+%26+Namenstag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorname.com%2Fname%2CHermann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Arminius". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite">Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite</a></i>. 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September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legio+V+Alaudae&rft.pub=www.livius.org&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fle-lh%2Flegio%2Fv_alaudae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, pg. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius Paterculus, <i>Compendium of Roman History</i> 2, 109, 5; <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Roman History</i> 55, 28, 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich2006" class="citation web cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Ambush+That+Changed+History&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-ambush-that-changed-history-72636736%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History II, 120, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History LVI, 22, 2a-2b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arminius/">"Arminius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Arminius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FArminius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, The Annals <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#55" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, The Annals <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#57" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanamericanpioneers.org/ThusneldaWifeofHermann_001.htm">"Thusnelda, Wife of Hermann"</a>. <i>www.germanamericanpioneers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.germanamericanpioneers.org&rft.atitle=Thusnelda%2C+Wife+of+Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanamericanpioneers.org%2FThusneldaWifeofHermann_001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, The Annals <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#59" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2015" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Martin M. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049352-3"><bdi>978-0-19-049352-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminius+the+Liberator%3A+Myth+and+Ideology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049352-3&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Martin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSegCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThusnelda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, The Annals <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#58" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tac. <i>Ann</i>. 1.60.4, 2.25.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio 60.8.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tac. <i>Ann</i>. 1.54–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacit-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tacit_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, The Annals <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#88" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">2.88</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i> 2.22 ff.; <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i>Caligula</i> 1.4; Dio 57.18.1; on Arminius' assassination, Tac. <i>Ann</i>. 2.88;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tac. <i>Ann</i>. 2.87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arminius">"Arminius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arminius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FArminius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2016" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Martin M. 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(April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3567880">"Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend"</a>. <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 83–94. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3567880">3567880</a> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Arminius+into+Hermann%3A+History+into+Legend&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-94&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3567880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benario&rft.aufirst=Herbert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3567880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Bradford_Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1">W. Bradford Smith (2004). "German Pagan Antiquity in Lutheran Historical Thought". <i>The Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 351–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-921X.2004.00104.x">10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00104.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=German+Pagan+Antiquity+in+Lutheran+Historical+Thought&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=351-74&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1529-921X.2004.00104.x&rft.au=W.+Bradford+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein/Käppel-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klein/Käppel_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothea Klein (ed.), Lutz Käppel (ed.): <i>Das diskursive Erbe Europas: Antike und Antikerezeption</i>. Peter Lang, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631560136" title="Special:BookSources/9783631560136">9783631560136</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvfqcAjU9wsC&pg=PA329">p. 329</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich von Kleist: Die Herrmannsschlacht. Ein Drama [1808] (Frankfurt am Main and Basel: Stroemfeld-Roter Stern, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reeve, William C (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=13117">"Die Hermannsschlacht"</a>. <i>The Literary Encyclopedia</i>. The Literary Dictionary Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Hermannsschlacht&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=The+Literary+Dictionary+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=William+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D13117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeit-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zeit_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tillmann Bendikowski: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2008/45/DOS-varus-schlacht"><i>Deutsche Geschichte – Mythos einer Schlacht</i></a>. Zeit Online, 4 November 2008 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twincities.com/2009/09/20/new-ulm-celebrates-2000th-anniversary-of-battle/">"New Ulm celebrates 2,000th anniversary of battle"</a>. <i>Twin Cities</i>. 20 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twin+Cities&rft.atitle=New+Ulm+celebrates+2%2C000th+anniversary+of+battle&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twincities.com%2F2009%2F09%2F20%2Fnew-ulm-celebrates-2000th-anniversary-of-battle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Cawthorne" title="Nigel Cawthorne">Cawthorne, Nigel</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC&pg=PA75"><i>Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i></a>. Arcturus Publishing. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848589544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848589544"><bdi>978-1848589544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+That+Changed+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Conflict&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848589544&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHpVn68GCogC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreasy2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Creasy, Edward</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8loBFKe3LoC"><i>The Fifteen Decisive War Battles of the World: From Marathon to Waterloo</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84664-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84664-127-5"><bdi>978-1-84664-127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifteen+Decisive+War+Battles+of+the+World%3A+From+Marathon+to+Waterloo&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84664-127-5&rft.aulast=Creasy&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8loBFKe3LoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Davis_(historian)" title="Paul K. Davis (historian)">Davis, Paul K.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC"><i>100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 68–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195143663" title="Special:BookSources/0195143663"><bdi>0195143663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=68-71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0195143663&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnv73QlQs9ocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dörner, Andreas, <i>Politischer Mythos und symbolische Politik. Der Hermannmythos: Zur Entstehung des Nationalbewußtseins der Deutschen</i> (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1996).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyé2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Doyé, Werner M (2002). "Arminius". In François, Etienne; Schulze, Hagen (eds.). <i>Deutsche Erinnerungsorte</i> (in German). Vol. 3. Munich: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag C.H. Beck">Verlag C.H. Beck</a>. pp. 587–602.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arminius&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Erinnerungsorte&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=587-602&rft.pub=Verlag+C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Doy%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Werner+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurschmied2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Durschmied" title="Erik Durschmied">Durschmied, Erik</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESY980GKv3cC&pg=PA1751"><i>The Weather Factor: How Nature Has Changed History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette UK</a>. pp. 1751–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444769654" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444769654"><bdi>978-1444769654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weather+Factor%3A+How+Nature+Has+Changed+History&rft.pages=1751-70&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1444769654&rft.aulast=Durschmied&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESY980GKv3cC%26pg%3DPA1751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>von Essen, Gesa, <i>Hermannsschlachten. Germanen- und Römerbilder in der Literatur des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts</i> (Göttingen: Wallstein, 1998).</li> <li>Kuehnemund, Richard, <i>Arminius or the Rise of a National Symbol in Literature: From Hutten to Grabbe</i> (New York: AMS Press, 1966).</li> <li>Münkler Herfried, and Hans Grünberger: "Arminius/ Hermann als nationales Symbol im Diskurs der deutschen Humanisten 1500–1570", In: Herfried Münkler, Hans Grünberger, and Kathrin Mayer, <i>Nationenbildung. Die Nationalisierung Europas im Diskurs humanistischer Intellektueller. Italien und Deutschland</i> (Berlin: Akademie, 1998), pp. 263–308.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch2012" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Adrian (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pao7AwAAQBAJ"><i>Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752494555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752494555"><bdi>978-0752494555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Greatest+Defeat%3A+Massacre+in+the+Teutoburg+Forest&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0752494555&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPao7AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC"><i>Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598844290" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598844290"><bdi>978-1598844290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+That+Changed+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Conflict&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1598844290&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHpVn68GCogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Wagner-Egelhaaf" title="Martina Wagner-Egelhaaf">Wagner-Egelhaaf, Martina</a> (ed.), <i>Hermanns Schlachten. Zur Literaturgeschichte eines nationalen Mythos</i> (Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2016" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Martin M. (2016). <i>Arminius the Liberator: Myth and Ideology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025291-5"><bdi>978-0-19-025291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminius+the+Liberator%3A+Myth+and+Ideology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-025291-5&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Martin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wolters, Reinhard <i>Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald: Arminius, Varus und das roemische Germanien</i> (München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arminius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arminius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arminius">Arminius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arminius" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arminius">Arminius</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arminius">Arminius</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arminius/">Arminius</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westfaelische-geschichte.de/web840">"Arminius / Varus: Die Varusschlacht im Jahre 9 n. Chr."</a> – LWL-Institut für westfälische Regionalgeschichte (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x42a2ep">"Terry Jones' Barbarians: The Savage Goths"</a> – includes a portion on Arminius</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831030318/http://www.geschichte.uni-osnabrueck.de/projekt/start.html">A description of Arminius and his fight against the Romans</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studenthandouts.com/historical-figures/h/hermann/hermann-biography-workbook.htm">Hermann Biography Workbook for High School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/they-need-a-hero">"They Need a Hero"</a> by Clay Risen in <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a></i>, 9 October 2009 – article on modern German views of Hermann and the 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