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<span>Ancient woodland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_woodland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_and_historic_tree_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_and_historic_tree_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Native and historic tree species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_and_historic_tree_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timber_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timber industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timber_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timber industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timber_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Planting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Land values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_the_United_Kingdom&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in the United Kingdom">Deforestation in the United Kingdom</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG/220px-Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG/330px-Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG/440px-Timber_harvesting_in_Kielder_Forest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Timber harvesting in <a href="/wiki/Kielder_Forest" title="Kielder Forest">Kielder Forest</a>, Northumberland, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coed_Plas-y-Nant_(Clwydian_Range_AONB)_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd,_Sir_Ddinbych,_Cymru_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coed_Plas-y-Nant_%28Clwydian_Range_AONB%29_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd%2C_Sir_Ddinbych%2C_Cymru_29.jpg/220px-Coed_Plas-y-Nant_%28Clwydian_Range_AONB%29_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd%2C_Sir_Ddinbych%2C_Cymru_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coed_Plas-y-Nant_%28Clwydian_Range_AONB%29_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd%2C_Sir_Ddinbych%2C_Cymru_29.jpg/330px-Coed_Plas-y-Nant_%28Clwydian_Range_AONB%29_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd%2C_Sir_Ddinbych%2C_Cymru_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coed_Plas-y-Nant_%28Clwydian_Range_AONB%29_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd%2C_Sir_Ddinbych%2C_Cymru_29.jpg/440px-Coed_Plas-y-Nant_%28Clwydian_Range_AONB%29_ger_Llabedr_Dyffryn_Clwyd%2C_Sir_Ddinbych%2C_Cymru_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Electricity wires cut through the forest at Coed Plas-y-Nant (Clwydian Range AONB), <a href="/wiki/Ruthin" title="Ruthin">Ruthin</a>, Wales</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, being in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, is ideal for tree growth, thanks to its mild winters, plentiful rainfall, fertile soil and hill-sheltered topography. In the absence of people, much of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> would be covered with mature <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a>-type of plains, except for Scotland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although conditions for <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> are good, trees face threats from <a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">fungi, parasites and pests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_68_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_68-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, about 13% of Britain's land surface is wooded. European countries average 39%, but this varies widely from 1% (Malta) to 66% (Finland).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nix_22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nix_932_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EG2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, government plans call for 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforested</a> each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="What is labour govt target? (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Efforts to reach these targets have attracted criticism for planting non-native trees, or trees that are out of place for their surroundings, leading to ecological changes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK's supply of timber was depleted during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars, when imports were difficult, and the forested area bottomed out at under 5% of Britain's land surface in 1919. That year, the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a> was established to produce a strategic reserve of timber. </p><p>Of the 31,380 square kilometres (12,120 sq mi) of forest in Britain, around 30% is publicly owned and 70% is in the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 40,000 people work on this land. Conifers account for around one half (51%) of the UK woodland area, although this proportion varies from around one quarter (26%) in England to around three quarters (74%) in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's native tree flora comprises 32 species, of which 29 are <a href="/wiki/Broadleaved_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadleaved forest">broadleaves</a>. </p><p>The UK's industry and populace uses at least 50 million tonnes of timber a year. More than 75% of this is softwood, and British forests cannot supply the demand; in fact, less than 10% of the timber used in Britain is home-grown. Paper and paper products make up more than half the wood consumed in Britain by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nix_942_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_942-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hart_12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womens_Timber_Corps_member_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a uniformed woman at work" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Womens_Timber_Corps_member_at_work.jpg/220px-Womens_Timber_Corps_member_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Womens_Timber_Corps_member_at_work.jpg/330px-Womens_Timber_Corps_member_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Womens_Timber_Corps_member_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Timber_Corps" title="Women's Timber Corps">Women's Timber Corps</a> in the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of British history, people cleared forest to make farmland. Changes in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> climate changed the ranges of many species. This makes it complex to estimate the likely extent of natural <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> four main areas have been identified: oak dominated forest south of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Pine">Scots Pine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Central Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>/oak or <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>/oak assemblages in the north-east and south-west Highlands, and birch in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> and far north of the mainland. Furthermore, fire, human clearance, and grazing probably limited forest cover to about 50% of the land area of Scotland even at its peak. The stock of woodland declined sharply during the First World War<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "a Forestry Subcommittee was added to the Reconstruction Committee to advise on policy when the war was over. The Subcommittee, better known as the Acland Committee after its chairman <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Dyke_Acland,_13th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Dyke Acland, 13th Baronet">Sir A. H. D. Acland</a>, came to the conclusion that, in order to secure the double purpose of being able to be independent from foreign supplies for three years and a reasonable insurance against a timber famine, the woods of Great Britain should be gradually increased from three million acres to four and three quarter millions at the end of the war".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Acland Report of 1918, the Forestry Commission was formed in 1919 to meet this need. State forest parks were established in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nix_932_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee,_September_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee%2C_September_1916.jpg/220px-Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee%2C_September_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee%2C_September_1916.jpg/330px-Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee%2C_September_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee%2C_September_1916.jpg/440px-Detail_of_a_certificate_awarded_by_the_Home-Grown_Timber_Committee%2C_September_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a certificate awarded by the <i>Home-Grown Timber Committee</i>, September 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Emergency felling controls had been brought in during the World Wars, and these were made permanent in the Forestry Act 1951. Landowners were also given financial incentives to devote land to forests under the Dedication Scheme, which in 1981 became the Forestry Grant Scheme. By the early 1970s, the annual rate of planting exceeded 40,000 hectares (99,000 acres) per annum. Most of this planting comprised fast-growing conifers. Later in the century the balance shifted, with fewer than 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres) per annum being planted during the 1990s, but broadleaf planting actually increased, exceeding 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) per year in 1987. By the mid-1990s, more than half of new planting was broadleaf.<sup id="cite_ref-Nix_942_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_942-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nix_95_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png/370px-Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png/555px-Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png/740px-Woodland_as_a_percentage_of_land_area_in_England.png 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Historical woodland cover of England. The Domesday Book of 1086 indicated cover of 15%, "but significant loss of woodland started over four thousand years ago in prehistory". By the beginning of the 20th century this had dropped to 5%. The government believes 12% can be reached again by 2060.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988, the Woodland Grant Scheme replaced the Forestry Grant Scheme, paying nearly twice as much for broadleaf woodland as conifers. (In England, the Woodland Grant Scheme was subsequently replaced by the English Woodland Grant Scheme, which operates six separate kinds of grant for forestry projects.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the Farm Woodlands Scheme was also introduced, and replaced by the Farm Woodland Premium Scheme in 1992. Also in the 1990s, a programme of <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Community_forests_in_England" title="Community forests in England">Community Forests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Forest,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forest, England">National Forest</a>, which celebrated the planting of its seven millionth tree in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these initiatives, the stock of forested land is increasing, though the rate of increase has slowed since the turn of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woodland creation is still an important role of the Forestry Commission. It still works closely with government to achieve afforestation, championing initiatives such as <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Tree_Plant" title="The Big Tree Plant">The Big Tree Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a>. Originally, the commission operated across Great Britain, but in 2013 <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales" title="Natural Resources Wales">Natural Resources Wales</a> took over responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry in Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wales_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst two new bodies (<a href="/wiki/Forestry_and_Land_Scotland" title="Forestry and Land Scotland">Forestry and Land Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Forestry" title="Scottish Forestry">Scottish Forestry</a>) were established in Scotland on 1 April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-scot_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scot-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, the new coalition government of the UK suggested it might sell off around half the Forestry Commission-owned woodland in the UK. A wide variety of groups were vocal about their disapproval, and by February 2011, the government abandoned the idea. Instead, it set up the Independent Panel on Forestry led by <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(bishop)" title="James Jones (bishop)">Rt Rev James Jones</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Liverpool" title="Bishop of Liverpool">Bishop of Liverpool</a>. This body published its report in July 2012. Among other suggestions, it recommended that the forested portion of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> should rise to 15% of the country's land area by 2060.<sup id="cite_ref-EG2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_woodland">Ancient woodland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient woodland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">Ancient woodland</a></div> <p>Ancient woodland is defined as any woodland that has been continuously forested since 1600. It is recorded on either the Register of Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland or the Register of Planted Woodland Sites. There is no woodland in Britain that has not been profoundly affected by human intervention. Apart from certain native pinewoods in Scotland, it is predominantly broadleaf. Such woodland is less productive, in terms of timber yield, but ecologically rich, typically containing a number of "<a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a>" of indigenous wildlife. It comprises roughly 20% of the forested area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hart_146_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_146-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_and_historic_tree_species">Native and historic tree species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native and historic tree species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland">List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div> <p>Britain is relatively impoverished in terms of native species. For example, only thirty-one species of deciduous tree and shrub are native to Scotland, including ten <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willows</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Whitebeam" title="Whitebeam">whitebeams</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">cherry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Forestry Commission states its aims as: </p> <ul><li>more trees, more diverse species, growing & thriving</li> <li>better managed woods and forests that are protected and improving</li> <li>bigger benefits for nature, climate, people and the economy<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white bracket fungus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg/220px-Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg/330px-Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg/440px-Heterobasidion_annosum_2_-_Lindsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>White Rot Fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Heterobasidion_annosum" title="Heterobasidion annosum">Heterobasidion annosum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, a report by <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Trust" title="Woodland Trust">Woodland Trust</a> assessed that only 7% of the UK's native woodlands are in good condition.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most serious disease threats to British woodland involve fungus. For conifers, the greatest threat is white rot fungus (<i><a href="/wiki/Heterobasidion_annosum" title="Heterobasidion annosum">Heterobasidion annosum</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a> arises from two related species of fungi in the genus <i>Ophiostoma</i>, spread by <a href="/wiki/Elm_bark_beetle" title="Elm bark beetle">elm bark beetles</a>. Another fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Nectria_coccinea" title="Nectria coccinea">Nectria coccinea</a></i>, causes <a href="/wiki/Beech_bark_disease" title="Beech bark disease">Beech bark disease</a>, as does <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria_polymorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgaria polymorpha (page does not exist)">Bulgaria polymorpha</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash_canker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ash canker (page does not exist)">Ash canker</a> results from <i><a href="/wiki/Nectria_galligena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectria galligena">Nectria galligena</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_savastanoi" title="Pseudomonas savastanoi">Pseudomonas savastanoi</a></i>, and most trees are vulnerable to Honey Fungus (<i><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Armillaria mellea</a></i>). The <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycete</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_ramorum" title="Phytophthora ramorum">Phytophthora ramorum</a></i> (responsible for "Sudden oak death" in the USA) has killed large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Larix_kaempferi" title="Larix kaempferi">Japanese Larch</a> trees in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hart_230_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_230-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-James_142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acute_oak_decline" title="Acute oak decline">Acute oak decline</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> cause. Beetles, moths and weevils can also damage trees, but the majority do not cause serious harm. Notable exceptions include the Large Pine Weevil (<i><a href="/wiki/Hylobius_abietis" title="Hylobius abietis">Hylobius abietis</a></i>), which can kill young conifers, the Spruce Bark Beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Ips_typographus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ips typographus">Ips typographus</a></i>) which can kill <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruces</a>, and the Cockchafer (<i><a href="/wiki/Melolontha_melolontha" class="mw-redirect" title="Melolontha melolontha">Melolontha melolontha</a></i>) which eats young tree roots and can kill in a dry season. <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apodemus" title="Apodemus">field mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girdling#By_animals" title="Girdling">deer</a>, and farm animals can pose a significant threat to trees. <a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> represent the main <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">environmental hazards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James_158_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_158-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, winter storms destroyed about 12,000 hectares of forest in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, a study conducted by 42 researchers, with 1,200 experts consulted, warned that UK forests are heading for "catastrophic ecosystem collapse" within the next 50 years due to multiple threats including disease, extreme weather and wildfires. The study suggested action plans to save the forests including increasing the diversity of tree species, planting trees of different ages, promoting natural regeneration, managing deer populations and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timber_industry">Timber industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Timber industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, the UK produced 3,145,000 cubic metres of sawn wood, 3,466,000 cubic metres of wood-based panels and 3,462,000 tonnes of paper and paperboard. The UK does not produce enough timber to satisfy domestic demand, and the country imports 80% of its timber and paper from abroad, as the world's second largest timber importer after China.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most sawn softwood imports come from the Baltic, in particular Sweden (42%), Latvia (16%) and Finland (14%).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the domestically produced construction timber is spruce graded to the strength class C16.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nations">Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forestry is a devolved matter in the UK, administered by separate agencies in each nation. They are: in England, the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>; in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Forestry" title="Scottish Forestry">Scottish Forestry</a>; in Wales, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales" title="Natural Resources Wales">Natural Resources Wales</a>; and in Northern Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs">Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a> (DAERA).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these agencies is tasked with delivering the UK Forestry Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planting">Planting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Planting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tree_planting#United_Kingdom" title="Tree planting">Tree_planting § United_Kingdom</a></div> <p>Successful forestry requires healthy, well-formed trees that are resistant to diseases and parasites. The best wood has a straight, circular stem without a spiral grain or fluting, and small, evenly spaced branches. The chances of achieving these are maximised by planting good-quality seed in the best possible growing environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_572_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_572-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tree breeding programmes, to ensure the best seed, are hampered by the trees' long life-cycles. However, particularly since the 1950s, the Forestry Commission among other organisations has been running a programme of breeding, propagation, induced flowering and controlled pollination with the aim of producing healthy, disease-resistant, fast-growing stock.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg/220px-Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg/330px-Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg/440px-Southbound_timber_train_at_Greenholme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A timber train at Greenholme, near Kendal, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, the vast majority of Britain's timber uses road haulage. As forests are located in rural areas, the heavy timber vehicles have severely damaged many single lane tracks, especially in the Highlands. In order to combat this, companies are being forced to provide funding for repairs, as well as using alternative transport systems such as rail and coastal shipping. Despite the number of <a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">forest railways</a> plummeting after the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching Axe</a>, rail's share of timber transport has risen from 3% in 2002<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">to what percentage when?</span></a></i>]</sup> with the opening of new lines in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">the Pennines</a>, Scotland and South Wales by <a href="/wiki/Colas_Rail" title="Colas Rail">Colas Rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_values">Land values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Land values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The price of woodland has risen out of proportion to its timber yield, and in 2022 reached £28,000 per hectare (£11,000 per acre). Woodland prices are affected by its very favourable tax treatment and its high amenity value.<sup id="cite_ref-EG2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of forests in the United Kingdom">List of forests in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Great_British_Trees" title="List of Great British Trees">List of Great British Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests" title="English Lowlands beech forests">English Lowlands beech forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Forest_Standard" title="Natural Forest Standard">Natural Forest Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry in Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, this is not easy to establish. There is no complete register of who owns land in the United Kingdom. HM Land Registry records purchases by way of conveyance, but where land has not changed hands since the Land Registry was established in 1862, no records exist. Two attempts have been made to take a complete census of ownership (the Domesday Book in 1086 and a census in 1873) but both contain significant omissions and are extremely dated besides; and much of the forested land is on long-established estates where ownership is not recorded on any register that can be examined. Often-quoted figures for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> come from the Forestry Commission, National Inventory of Woodland and Trees (1998), which claims the breakdown is as follows: <b>Private:</b> Personal: 47.1% Business (including pension funds) 14.3% <b>Public:</b> Forestry Commission 21.8% Other central government: 2.7% Local authority 6% Charity 6.7% Forestry or timber business 0.7%</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This source includes the following shrubs and small trees that do not appear in Hart 1994 or Sterry Press 1995: <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">Prunus spinosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_canina" title="Rosa canina">Rosa canina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_cinerea" title="Salix cinerea">Salix cinerea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_aurita" title="Salix aurita">Salix aurita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_lanata" title="Salix lanata">Salix lanata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_lapponum" title="Salix lapponum">Salix lapponum</a></i> (Downy willow), <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_phylicifolia" title="Salix phylicifolia">Salix phylicifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salix_arbuscala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salix arbuscala (page does not exist)">Salix arbuscala</a></i> (Mountain willow), <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_myrsinites" title="Salix myrsinites">Salix myrsinites</a></i> (Whortle-leaved willow), <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_myrsinifolia" title="Salix myrsinifolia">Salix myrsinifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_reticulata" title="Salix reticulata">Salix reticulata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sambucus_nigra" title="Sambucus nigra">Sambucus nigra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Viburnum_opulus" title="Viburnum opulus">Viburnum opulus</a></i>. <a href="#CITEREFSmout_et_al.2007">Smout et al. 2007</a> also lists the <a href="/wiki/Arran_Whitebeams" class="mw-redirect" title="Arran Whitebeams">Arran Whitebeams</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus_rupicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus rupicola">Sorbus rupicola</a></i> (Rock Whitebeam), <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus_pseudofennica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus pseudofennica">Sorbus pseudofennica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus_arranensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus arranensis">Sorbus arranensis</a></i> although not the very rare and recently discovered <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus_pseudomeinichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus pseudomeinichii">Sorbus pseudomeinichii</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hart_68-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart_68_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart 1994, p.68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/de/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210321-1">"39% of the EU is covered with forests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=39%25+of+the+EU+is+covered+with+forests&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fde%2Fweb%2Fproducts-eurostat-news%2F-%2Fedn-20210321-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220359/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/ForestryStatistics2014.pdf/$FILE/ForestryStatistics2014.pdf"><i>Forestry Facts and Figures 2014: A Summary of Statistics about Woodland and Forestry in the UK</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Forestry Commission. 1 January 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780855389147" title="Special:BookSources/9780855389147"><bdi>9780855389147</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/ForestryStatistics2014.pdf/$FILE/ForestryStatistics2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forestry+Facts+and+Figures+2014%3A+A+Summary+of+Statistics+about+Woodland+and+Forestry+in+the+UK.&rft.pub=Forestry+Commission&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=9780855389147&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestry.gov.uk%2Fpdf%2FForestryStatistics2014.pdf%2F%24FILE%2FForestryStatistics2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nix_22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nix_22_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nix et al. 1999, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nix_932-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nix_932_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nix_932_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nix et al. 1999, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EG2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EG2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rural Focus: Forestry Policy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Estates_Gazette" title="Estates Gazette">Estates Gazette</a>, 28 July 2012, pages 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/23/row-over-uk-tree-planting-drive-we-want-the-right-trees-in-the-right-place">"Row over UK tree-planting drive: 'We want the right trees in the right place'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Row+over+UK+tree-planting+drive%3A+%27We+want+the+right+trees+in+the+right+place%27&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F23%2Frow-over-uk-tree-planting-drive-we-want-the-right-trees-in-the-right-place&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/">"Forestry Statistics 2019, Chapter 1 - Woodland area and planting"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forestry+Statistics+2019%2C+Chapter+1+-+Woodland+area+and+planting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestresearch.gov.uk%2Ftools-and-resources%2Fstatistics%2Fforestry-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nix_942-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nix_942_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nix_942_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nix et al. 1999, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart_12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart_12_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart 1994, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g. The Brecon & Radnor Express June 13, 1918 for local concerns</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Willem Oesthook, The Logic of British Forest Policy, 1919-1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tivy, Joy "The Bio-climate" in Clapperton 1983, pp 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nix_95-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nix_95_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nix et al. 1999, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government Forestry and Woodlands Policy Statement, January 2013.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/2013/01/31/pb13871-forestry-policy-statement/">http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/2013/01/31/pb13871-forestry-policy-statement/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ewgs">"English Woodland Grant Scheme"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2002) [1980]. <i>Trees</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-711074-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-711074-X"><bdi>0-00-711074-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-00-711074-X&rft.aulast=Fitter&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForestry_Commission2009" class="citation book cs1">Forestry Commission (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FCFS209.pdf/$FILE/FCFS209.pdf"><i>Forestry Facts and Figures 2009</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85538-790-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85538-790-7"><bdi>978-0-85538-790-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forestry+Facts+and+Figures+2009&rft.pub=Forestry+Commission&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85538-790-7&rft.au=Forestry+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestry.gov.uk%2Fpdf%2FFCFS209.pdf%2F%24FILE%2FFCFS209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1994" class="citation book cs1">Hart, C (1994) [1991]. <i>Practical Forestry for the Agent and Surveyor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Publishing">Sutton Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-962-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-962-6"><bdi>0-86299-962-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Forestry+for+the+Agent+and+Surveyor&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-86299-962-6&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibberd1991" class="citation book cs1">Hibberd, B. G. (1991). <i>Forestry Practice</i> (11th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-710281-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-710281-4"><bdi>0-11-710281-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forestry+Practice&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Forestry+Commission&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-11-710281-4&rft.aulast=Hibberd&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1966" class="citation book cs1">James, N. D. G. (1966) [1955]. <i>The Forester's Companion</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forester%27s+Companion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwood&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=N.+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNix_et_al.1999" class="citation book cs1">Nix; Hill; Williams; Bough (1999) [1987]. <i>Land and Estate Management</i> (3rd ed.). Packard Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85341-111-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85341-111-6"><bdi>1-85341-111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Estate+Management&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Packard+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85341-111-6&rft.au=Nix&rft.au=Hill&rft.au=Williams&rft.au=Bough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmout_et_al.2007" class="citation book cs1">Smout, T. C.; MacDonald, R.; Watson, Fiona (2007). <i>A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland 1500–1920</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3294-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-3294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Native+Woodlands+of+Scotland+1500%26ndash%3B1920&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3294-7&rft.aulast=Smout&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+R.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterryPress1995" class="citation book cs1">Sterry, P.; Press, B. (1995). <i>A Photographic Guide to Trees of Britain and Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85368-416-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85368-416-3"><bdi>1-85368-416-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Photographic+Guide+to+Trees+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85368-416-3&rft.aulast=Sterry&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Press%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForestry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Estonia" title="Forestry in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forestry in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_by_country" title="Template:Forestry by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry_by_country" title="Template talk:Forestry by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools" title="List of forestry technical schools">Technical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">Timber mafia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Africa" title="Category:Forestry in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chad" title="Forestry in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Ethiopia" title="Forestry in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Ghana" title="Forestry in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sudan" title="Forestry in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Uganda" title="Forestry in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrouseMountainBC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/120px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/180px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/240px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Argentina" title="Forestry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Canada" title="Forestry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Asia" title="Category:Forestry in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bhutan" title="Forestry in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan#Forestry" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Syria" title="Forestry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Turkey" title="Forests in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Europe" title="Category:Forestry in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Estonia" title="Forestry in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_industry_in_Finland" title="Forest industry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Germany" title="Forests of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Turkey" title="Forests in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Oceania" title="Category:Forestry in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Tasmania" title="Forestry in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_New_Zealand" title="Forestry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forest_Service" title="Canadian Forest Service">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_Corporation_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forest Corporation (Chile)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Forest_and_Nature_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Forest and Nature Agency">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Forest_Service" title="Kenya Forest Service">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forestry_Commission_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forestry Commission of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Forestry_Authority" title="Papua New Guinea Forestry Authority">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romsilva" title="Romsilva">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Forest_Service" title="Korea Forest Service">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Forest_Conservation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_and_Nature_Conservation_Agency" title="Forestry and Nature Conservation Agency">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_by_country" title="Category:Forestry by country">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_by_continent" title="Category:Forestry by continent">by continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_agencies" title="Category:Forestry agencies">agencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International 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href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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