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<li id="toc-Nama_People_partial_ancestry_from_Khoikhoi_People_at_the_Cape_Colony_(South_Africa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nama_People_partial_ancestry_from_Khoikhoi_People_at_the_Cape_Colony_(South_Africa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nama People partial ancestry from Khoikhoi People at the Cape Colony (South Africa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nama_People_partial_ancestry_from_Khoikhoi_People_at_the_Cape_Colony_(South_Africa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nama_People_at_German_South_West_Africa_Colony_(Namibia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nama_People_at_German_South_West_Africa_Colony_(Namibia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nama People at German South West Africa Colony (Namibia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nama_People_at_German_South_West_Africa_Colony_(Namibia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_between_Nama_people_and_Herero_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_between_Nama_people_and_Herero_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Conflicts between Nama people and Herero people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_between_Nama_people_and_Herero_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nama–German_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nama–German_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Nama–German conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nama–German_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nama–Herero_genocide_(1904–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nama–Herero_genocide_(1904–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Nama–Herero genocide (1904–1908)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nama–Herero_genocide_(1904–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Subtribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Habitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Burials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedding_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedding_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Wedding ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedding_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nama people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namas" title="Namas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Namas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شعب ناما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب ناما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Нама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names" title="Names – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Names" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_(Volk)" title="Nama (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nama (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namad" title="Namad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Namad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namoj" title="Namoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Namoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_(peuple)" title="Nama (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nama (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_nama" title="Pobo nama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo nama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B8" title="나마인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나마인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="नामा लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नामा लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_(narod)" title="Nama (narod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nama (narod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Nama" title="Orang Nama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98)" title="ნამა (ხალხი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნამა (ხალხი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namai_(tauta)" title="Namai (tauta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Namai (tauta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شعب ناما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب ناما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_(volk)" title="Nama (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nama (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="ナマ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナマ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namas" title="Namas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Namas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Нама (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нама (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudstvo_Nami" title="Ljudstvo Nami – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudstvo Nami" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namat" title="Namat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Namat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_(folk)" title="Nama (folk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nama (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Нама (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нама (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q694525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nama <br /> <small>Namaqua</small></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nama_man_greeting_us_(3693359757).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nama_man_greeting_us_%283693359757%29.jpg/220px-Nama_man_greeting_us_%283693359757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nama_man_greeting_us_%283693359757%29.jpg/330px-Nama_man_greeting_us_%283693359757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nama_man_greeting_us_%283693359757%29.jpg/440px-Nama_man_greeting_us_%283693359757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Nama man of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">112,156 (2023 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a> (rare)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">African Traditional Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoekhoe people">Khoekhoe</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Clicks.svg/28px-Clicks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="40" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Farmarbeiter_Farm_Spitzkoppe_Ost.jpg/220px-Farmarbeiter_Farm_Spitzkoppe_Ost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Farmarbeiter_Farm_Spitzkoppe_Ost.jpg/330px-Farmarbeiter_Farm_Spitzkoppe_Ost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Farmarbeiter_Farm_Spitzkoppe_Ost.jpg/440px-Farmarbeiter_Farm_Spitzkoppe_Ost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A Nama man</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nama</b> (in older sources also called <b>Namaqua</b>) are an African <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of South Africa, Namibia and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>. They traditionally speak the <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe-Kwadi</a> language family, although many Nama also speak <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>. The Nama People (or Nama-Khoe people) are the largest group of the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> people, most of whom have disappeared as a group, except for the Namas. Many of the Nama clans live in Central Namibia and the other smaller groups live in <a href="/wiki/Namaqualand" title="Namaqualand">Namaqualand</a>, which today straddles the Namibian border with South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093,_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika,_Namafamilie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093%2C_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika%2C_Namafamilie.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093%2C_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika%2C_Namafamilie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093%2C_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika%2C_Namafamilie.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093%2C_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika%2C_Namafamilie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093%2C_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika%2C_Namafamilie.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DSWA0093%2C_Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika%2C_Namafamilie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Nama group in front of a hut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaptain_hendrik_wittboi_mit_seinem_stabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kaptain_hendrik_wittboi_mit_seinem_stabe.jpg/250px-Kaptain_hendrik_wittboi_mit_seinem_stabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kaptain_hendrik_wittboi_mit_seinem_stabe.jpg/375px-Kaptain_hendrik_wittboi_mit_seinem_stabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Kaptain_hendrik_wittboi_mit_seinem_stabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Chief <i><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Witbooi_(Namaqua_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)">Hendrik Witbooi</a></i> (centre) and his companions</figcaption></figure><p>For thousands of years, the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> peoples of South Africa and southern Namibia maintained a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> life, the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> as pastoralists and the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> as hunter-gatherers. The Nama are a Khoikhoi group. The Nama originally lived around the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> in southern Namibia and northern South Africa. The early colonialists referred to them as <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Hottentots</a>. Their alternative historical name, "Namaqua", stems from the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe language</a> suffix <i>"-qua/kwa"</i>, meaning "place of" (found in the names of other Southern African nations like the <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a>), to the language name. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nama_People_partial_ancestry_from_Khoikhoi_People_at_the_Cape_Colony_(South_Africa)"><span id="Nama_People_partial_ancestry_from_Khoikhoi_People_at_the_Cape_Colony_.28South_Africa.29"></span>Nama People partial ancestry from Khoikhoi People at the Cape Colony (South Africa)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nama People partial ancestry from Khoikhoi People at the Cape Colony (South Africa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1652, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>, an official of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> with 90 people to start initial Dutch settlement at the request of the company. They found the indigenous settlers called the Khoikhoi there, who had settled in the Cape region at least a thousand years before the Dutch arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabeda_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabeda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khoikhoi at the Cape practiced pastoral farming; they were the first pastoralists in Southern Africa. They lived beside the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>, who were hunter-gathers. The Khoikhoi had a lot of <a href="/wiki/Nguni_cattle" title="Nguni cattle">Nguni cattle</a> and small livestock which they grazed around the Cape. The region was well suited to their lives as pastoralists because it provided enough water for them and their livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, when the Dutch made a stop at the Cape on the way to the Indonesian archipelago, they were concerned with getting fresh produce and water for their people. Indonesia was rich in crops and spices which could not be produced in Europe, which is why the Dutch had major interest there. The Dutch had enslaved a large number of Indonesians to work on their plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Cape, Van Riebeek initially attempted to get cattle, land, and labour from the Khoikhoi people through negotiation, but when these negotiations failed, conflicts began to occur. The Dutch settlers waged wars against the Khoikoi, and seized their lands to construct farms for wheat and other produce, and forced many Khoikoi people to work as labourers. Their livestock was also taken and they were denied access to grazing and water resources unless they worked for the Dutch settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th and 19th centuries, as conflicts intensified and Dutch settlement was expanding and taking up much space in the colony, the expansion of the colony frontier pushed the Khoikhoi Eastwards into the easternmost Cape & the eventual "closed frontier" native reserves (Transkei &Ciskei) and Northwards across the so-called "open frontier" (Northern Cape & South West Africa/Namibia).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some descendants of Khoikhoi communities, including the Nama, fled north of the colony and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> into <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, a part of <a href="/wiki/Namaqualand" title="Namaqualand">Namaqualand</a> (home of the Nama and one of the last true wilderness areas of South Africa) was named the <a href="/wiki/Richtersveld_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Richtersveld National Park">Richtersveld National Park</a>. In December 2002, ancestral lands, including the park, were returned to community ownership and the governments of South Africa and Namibia began creating a trans-frontier park from the west coast of southern Africa to the desert interior, absorbing the Richtersveld National Park. Today, the Richtersveld National Park is one of the few places where the original Nama traditions survive. There, the Nama move with the seasons and speak their language. The traditional Nama dwelling – the |haru oms, or portable rush-mat covered domed hut – protects against the blistering sun, and is easy to move when grazing becomes scarce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nama_People_at_German_South_West_Africa_Colony_(Namibia)"><span id="Nama_People_at_German_South_West_Africa_Colony_.28Namibia.29"></span>Nama People at German South West Africa Colony (Namibia)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nama People at German South West Africa Colony (Namibia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Khoikhoi groups including the Nama under the leadership of David Witbooi (<a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Witbooi_(Namaqua_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)">Hendrik Witbooi</a>'s grandfather) had crossed the Orange River into South West Africa. David Witbooi was the first Khoikhoi leader to establish a permanent Namaqua settlement north Orange River beginning in the mid-1840s. In 1863, he eventually led his people to <a href="/wiki/Gibeon,_Namibia" title="Gibeon, Namibia">Gibeon</a> (south-central Namibia) where he developed a communialist society centered on cattle, trade and Christianity. After his death in 1875 Moses Witbooi (Hendrik Witbooi's father) assumed chieftaincy and remained in that position until 1883. Like his father Moses followed Christian practices and worked closely with Johannes Olpp, a Protestant missionary affiliated with <i>Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society" title="Rhenish Missionary Society">Rhenish Mission Society</a>, RMG) who arrived in Gibeon in 1868. Moses supported Olpp's efforts to build a church and mission station, and also helped found an RMG school in the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_between_Nama_people_and_Herero_people">Conflicts between Nama people and Herero people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflicts between Nama people and Herero people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1884 Hendrik Witbooi had taken over leadership from his father, and in that year he began the first of his several treks with his people north into central <a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland">Damaraland</a> in search of new settlement. He had just resigned from his position in church as an elder a year before (1883), he styled himself as a biblical prophet and gained support of the most prominent families in Gibeon. Witbooi established a settlement in Hoornkrans the very same year he moved from Gibeon. Hoornkrans was an important stronghold territory controlled by the Herero, powerful Bantu pastoralists community led by Chief <a href="/wiki/Maharero" title="Maharero">Maharero</a>. Witbooi's decision to expand his influence into Hoornkrans sparked a protracted military conflict between the two tribes. However, a few months before the conflict began, Maharero had finalized a protection agreement with officials from the newly arrived German colonial administration. Although he knew about Maharero's treaty with Germany, Witbooi never waivered in his decision to confront the Herero people. Witbooi was campaigning for his tribe's supremacy in the colony and he continued to clash with other tribal communities that were under the auspices of the German protection. These rivalries between the Nama people and other tribes posed a significant problem for the imperial government because the Germans' mandate for the colony was gradually being weakened. German leaders therefore sought to bring immediate end to the conflicts between Herero people and Witbooi Namaqua.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nama–German_conflicts"><span id="Nama.E2.80.93German_conflicts"></span>Nama–German conflicts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nama–German conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1886, <i>Reichskomissar</i> Göring wrote Witbooi, encouraging him to end his hostile actions in the colony. He pleaded with the Nama Chief to return home to Gibeon to be with his father and tribe and live in peace there; he warned that the German government could not allow chieftains who have placed themselves under German protection to support his ambition of driving a protected chiefdom into war. Witbooi and his people ignored this warning and continued his campaign for dominance against the Herero. Later that same year Louis Nels, a deputy officer to Göering wrote to Witbooi inviting him to participate in a conciliatory meeting between the various warring communities in Walvis Bay. With this meeting German authorities had hoped to facilitate a peace treaty, however the Namaqua chief did not comply with the request but instead he wrote a letter in response telling Nels that he will not listen to him. He made it known to Nels that he (Witbooi) is a chief of his tribe who is free and an autonomous man who answers only to God. The German officials did not respond to Witbooi's diplomatic reproach. With the limits of German on full display, imperial officials were at a loss about how to end the violence in GSWA.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1888, Göring wrote Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck and described the overall situation as "not very encouraging". April 1889 Göring went so far as to threaten open war against Witbooi and his tribe if he did not halt his attacks against groups allied with Germany. Witbooi's resistance prompted policy makers to seek immediate solutions to the instability in GSWA. The Namaqua resistance provoked the German authorities to act decisively, after 1889 Germany's military presence in the colony began to grow exponentially. In March 1893 Chancellor Von Caprivi proclaimed GSWA a German settlement colony. November same year <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Curt_von_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Curt von François">Curt von François</a> as <i>Landeshauptmann</i>. A fanatic, François looked at Witbooi with disdain and called him a mere "tribesman" whom he could defeat easily. He had a notion that his predecessors acted weakly in dealing with the Nama chief and they made too many concessions. François strongly believed that nothing but relentless severity would end Witbooi's resistance decisively. Initially the German official tried to entice with an annual payment of five thousand marks if he would submit, however the Nama chief maintained his stand.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>François was pressured by the Colonial Society to take action against Witbooi, subsequently on April 12, 1893, he launched a surprise attack on Witbooi and his tribe at Hoornkrans. 214 soldiers had been sent with an ultimate objective to "destroy the Witbooi Nama tribe". Though Witbooi and majority of his male soldiers escaped the encirclement, German troops killed nearly one hundred Namaqua women and children in their sleep. The Namaqua were unprepared for the raid believing François was still committed to neutrality. Previously Hendrik had scrupulously avoided harming Germans, but now was compelled to join the colonizers in war. In a series of running skirmishes that lasted for more than a year the Namaqua had great success, stealing horses and livestock from the German headquarters in Windhoek. At the end of 1893 <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Leutwein" title="Theodor Leutwein">Theodor Leutwein</a> replaced Von François, he was appointed to the colony to investigate the reasons for continuing failure to subdue the Nama people. In July 1894 Leutwein asked for 250 troops, with the enlarged army he was able to defeat the Nama people who at the time had run out of ammunition; the English at the Cape and Walvis Bay had refused them assistance. Leiutwein successfully subdued the Nama and forced Hendrik to sign a protection treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nama–Herero_genocide_(1904–1908)"><span id="Nama.E2.80.93Herero_genocide_.281904.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Nama–Herero genocide (1904–1908)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nama–Herero genocide (1904–1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide</a></div> <p>June 1904 Kaiser Wilhelm replaced Leutwein with Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Lothar_von_Trotha" title="Lothar von Trotha">Lothar von Trotha</a>; like his predecessor, von Trotha believed that violence would ultimately put an end to the wars in the colony. He employed a policy of extermination of the whole African tribes in the colony.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg/220px-Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg/330px-Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg/440px-Herero_and_Nama_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners during the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nama people were fighters in pre-colonial times, the Namas and the Herero people fought for control of pastures in central Namibia. The battle continued for a long part of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1904 to 1908, the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German Empire</a>, which had colonized present-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, waged a war against the Nama and the <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a> (a group of Bantu pastoralists), leading to the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a> and a large loss of life for both the Nama and Herero populations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was motivated by the German desire to establish a prosperous colony which required displacing the indigenous people from their agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large herds of cattle were confiscated and Nama and Herero people were driven into the desert and in some cases interned in concentration camps on the coast,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example at <a href="/wiki/Shark_Island_Concentration_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Island Concentration Camp">Shark Island</a>. Additionally, the Nama and Herero were forced into slave labor to build railways and to dig for diamonds during the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_rush" title="Diamond rush">diamond rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s diamonds were discovered at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a>, and prospectors began moving there, establishing towns at Alexander Bay and <a href="/wiki/Port_Nolloth" title="Port Nolloth">Port Nolloth</a>. This accelerated the appropriation of traditional lands that had begun early in the colonial period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, remaining pastoralists were encouraged to abandon their traditional lifestyle in favour of village life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the dawn of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam people</a> encroached into Namaqualand and <a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland">Damaraland</a>. They likewise descended from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> Khoikhoi but were a group with mixed ancestry including Europeans and slaves from <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two centuries of assimilation into the Nama culture, many Oorlams today regard <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoikhoigowab</a> (Damara/Nama) as their mother tongue, though others speak <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>. The distinction between Namas and Oorlams has gradually disappeared over time to an extent where they are today regarded as one ethnic group, despite their different ancestries.<sup id="cite_ref-Malan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtribes">Subtribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subtribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ǀKhowesen (Direct descendants of Captain <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Witbooi_(Namaqua_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)">Hendrik Witbooi</a>) who was killed in the battle with Germans on 29 October 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The |Khowesin, reside in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Gibeon,_Namibia" title="Gibeon, Namibia">Gibeon</a> under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismael_Hendrik_Witbooi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismael Hendrik Witbooi (page does not exist)">Ismael Hendrik Witbooi</a> the 9th Gaob (meaning captain) of the |Khowesen <a href="/wiki/Gibeon,_Namibia" title="Gibeon, Namibia">Gibeon</a>, situated 72 km south of <a href="/wiki/Mariental,_Namibia" title="Mariental, Namibia">Mariental</a> and 176 km north of <a href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</a> just off the B1, was originally known by the name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaxa-ts%C3%BBs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaxa-tsûs (page does not exist)">Khaxa-tsûs</a>. It received its name from <a href="/wiki/Kido_Witbooi" title="Kido Witbooi">Kido Witbooi</a> first Kaptein of the ǀKhowesin.</li> <li>Khaiǁkhaun (<a href="/wiki/Red_Nation,_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Nation, Namibia">Red Nation</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Hoachanas" title="Hoachanas">Hoachanas</a>, the main group and the oldest Nama clan in Namibia<sup id="cite_ref-KDNama_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDNama-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ǃGamiǂnun (<a href="/wiki/Bondelswarts" title="Bondelswarts">Bondelswarts</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Warmbad,_Namibia" title="Warmbad, Namibia">Warmbad</a></li> <li>ǂAonin (<a href="/wiki/Topnaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Topnaar">Topnaars</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Utuseb" title="Utuseb">Utuseb</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooibank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rooibank (page does not exist)">Rooibank</a></li> <li>ǃKharakhoen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fransman_Nama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fransman Nama (page does not exist)">Fransman Nama</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Gochas" title="Gochas">Gochas</a>. After being defeated by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a></i> in the Battle of Swartfontein on 15 January 1905, this Nama group split into two. Part of the ǃKharakhoen fled to <a href="/wiki/Lokgwabe" title="Lokgwabe">Lokgwabe</a>, Botswana, and stayed there permanently,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the part that remained on South West African soil relocated their tribal centre to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amper-Bo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amper-Bo (page does not exist)">Amper-Bo</a>. In 2016 <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hanse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hanse (page does not exist)">David Hanse</a> was inaugurated as chief of the clan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ǁHawoben (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veldschoendragers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veldschoendragers (page does not exist)">Veldschoendragers</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%ABs" title="Koës">Koës</a></li> <li>!Aman at <a href="/wiki/Bethanie,_Namibia" title="Bethanie, Namibia">Bethanie</a> which was led by Cornelius Frederick</li> <li>ǁOgain (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groot_Doden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groot Doden (page does not exist)">Groot Doden</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Schlip" title="Schlip">Schlip</a></li> <li>ǁKhauǀgoan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartbooi_Nama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartbooi Nama (page does not exist)">Swartbooi Nama</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Namibia" title="Rehoboth, Namibia">Rehoboth</a>, later at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salem,_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salem, Namibia (page does not exist)">Salem</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ameib (page does not exist)">Ameib</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fransfontein" title="Fransfontein">Fransfontein</a>, derived from the nickname <i>Swaartbooi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">black boy</i>) of their first leader Kanabeb. <a href="/wiki/Swartbooisdrift" title="Swartbooisdrift">Swartbooisdrift</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kunene_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunene River">Kunene River</a>, where they crossed into <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, is named after the clan. Their current traditional leadership authority, the <i>Swartbooi Traditional Authority</i>, is located in Fransfontein, named after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_Fredrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans Fredrick (page does not exist)">Frans Fredrick</a> who was sent by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Swartbooi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Swartbooi (page does not exist)">Cornelius Swartbooi</a> to explore and find a place to live. The current<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">gaob</a></i> of the Swartbooi Nama is Charles Otto William ǀUirab.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Kharoǃoan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Keetmanshoop_Nama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keetmanshoop Nama (page does not exist)">Keetmanshoop Nama</a>) under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Tseib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Tseib (page does not exist)">Hendrik Tseib</a><sup id="cite_ref-Keetmanshoop_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keetmanshoop-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> split from the Red Nation in February 1850 and settled at <a href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KDNama_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDNama-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nama_huts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nama_huts.JPG/300px-Nama_huts.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nama_huts.JPG/450px-Nama_huts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nama_huts.JPG/600px-Nama_huts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Haru oms huts.</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, the Nama practice a policy of communal land ownership. Music, poetry and story telling are very important in Nama culture and many stories have been passed down orally through the generations. </p><p>The Nama have a culture that is rich in the musical and literary abilities of its people. Traditional music, folk tales, proverbs, and praise poetry have been handed down for generations and form the base for much of their culture. They are known for crafts which include leatherwork, skin <a href="/wiki/Kaross" title="Kaross">karosses</a> and mats, musical instruments (such as reed flutes), jewellery, clay pots, and tortoiseshell powder containers. </p><p>Many of the Nama people in South Namibia have lost their lands during German colonialism. New Namibian minister of land reform, Uutoni Nujoma has been accused of preferring other Namibians from other regions over native Namas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional dress of Nama women consists of long, formal dresses that resemble Victorian traditional fashion. The long, flowing dresses were developed from the style of the missionaries in the 1800s, and this traditional clothing is today an integral part of the Nama nation's culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitation">Habitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Habitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nama people's hut, also called matjieshuis, is a round hut traditionally made of beautifully designed reed mats on a skeleton of sticks. It corresponds to their nomadic life of the past; matjieshuis is still part of the life of the inhabitants of Richtersveld– a region made up of mountainous deserts in the northwest of South Africa. In fact, this is the last place where we can still find them in significant numbers. In the villages currently in the Richtersveld, the matjieshuis are used as a depot to store, as a kitchen, as an additional place to sleep, or even to provide to tourists, like accommodation. These huts, called <i>haru oms</i> in the Nama language, are made of reed mats woven neatly into a beehive shape. It is a dwelling house for all seasons– it is cool and well ventilated in summer, it is naturally insulated by reed carpets in winter, and protected from the rain by the porous stems which swell with water. All materials are organic and not over-harvested; this is a home that truly respects the environment. Women and men take part in the making of it, in the collection of materials, in the preparation of the rugs, and in the assembly of the hut, in a very meticulous process which has remained a true Nama art.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, Nama camps had 5-30 huts. These huts were circular domes and their doors faced the center of camp. They were also arranged hierarchically; the chief's was placed west and faced east. Other families were placed based on their seniority. Elder brothers and their families were on the far right, while younger brothers and their families on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no enclosures for adult livestock. They are expected to sleep in front of their owners huts. Calves and lambs are placed in an enclosed area in the middle of camp. The huts were lined with reed mats made by women,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mats are placed on wooden frames. The reeds are able to soak and absorb water well, thus being able to protect the Nama people from summer rain. These Huts are very mobile, but also stable, being able to break them down in less than an hour. The huts are also reusable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They have largely abandoned their traditional religion through the sustained efforts of Christian (and now Muslim) missionaries. The majority of the Nama people in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> today are therefore Christian while <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Nama Muslims</a> make up a large percentage of Namibia's Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burials">Burials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past funerals were not a big social gathering. The Nama people simply buried the body and never spoke about the person again due to fear of spirits. Today funerals are social solidarity. The position of the person in the community being buried matters– that determines the burial site. Members of close relatives of the deceased person spend a week preparing the grave site, digging, and using flattened oil drums as sheets. The mourning takes place three days before the actual burial. During the first two nights of the mourning, there is singing of hymns, preaching, and praying. On the last day of the mourning and the day of the burial, there are speeches presented and messages of condolences.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grave site itself is lined with brick, and once the body is inside, a wooden board is laid upon the top before it is covered with dirt. This style of the burial site makes it easy for preservation of the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedding_ritual">Wedding ritual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wedding ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_flag_in_yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/White_flag_in_yard.jpg/220px-White_flag_in_yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/White_flag_in_yard.jpg/330px-White_flag_in_yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/White_flag_in_yard.jpg/440px-White_flag_in_yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>A house in Windhoek's Hochland Park suburb. The white flag indicates marriage arrangements are in place.</figcaption></figure> <p>Namas have a complicated wedding ritual. First, the man has to discuss his intentions with his family. If they agree they will advise him of the customs to ask the bride's family and then accompany him to the place she lives. The yard at the bride's living place is prepared prior to the future husband's family's arrival; animal hides are laid out in the corners for the different groups to sit down and discuss.<sup id="cite_ref-wedding_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedding-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The groom's family will ask for the gate to be opened. If this is granted, the groom is interrogated about details of the bride, including the circumstances of their first meeting and how to identify her body marks to make sure both know each other well. If the bride is pregnant or already has children from her future husband or someone else, the bride is subjected to the "door cleansing" ceremony (slaughtering and consuming a snow-white goat). After several days the wedding ritual continues in reverse; the bride's family visits the clan of the groom. If all is to the satisfaction of the two clans, an engagement day is announced.<sup id="cite_ref-wedding_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedding-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the engagement, the groom's family brings live animals to the woman's family home. The animals are slaughtered, hung on three sticks, and each part is offered to the bride's family. Other items like bags of sugar or flour are only offered in quantities of two or four to indicate that there will always be abundance of food. This process is also celebrated in reverse at the man's family home. White flags are mounted on both families' houses which may not be taken off but wither or are blown off by the wind one day.<sup id="cite_ref-wedding_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedding-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wedding preparations can take up to a year. The family of the groom makes a gift to the bride's mother, traditionally a cow and a calf, for she has raised the bride at her breast. A bargaining process accompanies the gift that can take weeks in itself. On wedding day, both families provide animals and other food and bring it to the bride's home. The wedding itself takes place in a church. Festivities afterward go on for several days. The first night after the wedding the couple spends separately. On the next morning, they set off for their own home.<sup id="cite_ref-wedding_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedding-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_for_Namas" title="Democratic Action for Namas">Democratic Action for Namas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2023_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf">"Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Namibia Statistics Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/4844/ASC-1293873-017.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>When the war finally ended in 1908 no less than 80% of the Herero had lost their lives. 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Great Britain: Cambridge University. pp. 177–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521411882" title="Special:BookSources/0521411882"><bdi>0521411882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunters+and+Herders+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=177-189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521411882&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southafrica.co.za/early-humans-of-the-richtersveld.html">"The |Haru Oms in the Richtersveld"</a>. <i>southafrica.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southafrica.co.za&rft.atitle=The+%7CHaru+Oms+in+the+Richtersveld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthafrica.co.za%2Fearly-humans-of-the-richtersveld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=18129">"Islam in Namibia, making an impact"</a>. Islamonline.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Namibia%2C+making+an+impact&rft.pub=Islamonline.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.islamonline.net%2F%3Fp%3D18129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidloka1998" class="citation journal cs1">Widloka, Thomas (1998). "Unearthing Culture: Khoisan Funerals and Social Change". <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>93</b> (1/3): 115–126. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465783">40465783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Unearthing+Culture%3A+Khoisan+Funerals+and+Social+Change&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=115-126&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40465783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Widloka&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wedding-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wedding_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wedding_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wedding_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wedding_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasman2010" class="citation news cs1">Sasman, Catherine (3 December 2010). "Love, traditionally – a ǀHaiǀKhaua wedding". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(Namibia)" title="New Era (Namibia)">New Era</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=Love%2C+traditionally+%E2%80%93+a+%C7%80Hai%C7%80Khaua+wedding&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.aulast=Sasman&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoernlé1925" class="citation journal cs1">Hoernlé, A. Winifred (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1925.27.1.02a00020">"The Social Organization of the Nama Hottentots of Southwest Africa"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1925.27.1.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1925.27.1.02a00020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/661495">661495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Social+Organization+of+the+Nama+Hottentots+of+Southwest+Africa&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1925.27.1.02a00020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F661495%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hoernl%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=A.+Winifred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1925.27.1.02a00020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowie1919" class="citation journal cs1">Lowie, Robert H. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1919.21.2.02a00160">"Reviewed work: Harvard African Studies II; Varia Africana II, Oric Bates"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 208–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1919.21.2.02a00160">10.1525/aa.1919.21.2.02a00160</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/660280">660280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Harvard+African+Studies+II%3B+Varia+Africana+II%2C+Oric+Bates&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-210&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1919.21.2.02a00160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F660280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lowie&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1919.21.2.02a00160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANama+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schultze, Leonhard (1907) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSIPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Aus Namaland und Kalahari</i></a>, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470637064">470637064</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Leonhard Schultze et al. (1970) <i>In Namaland and the Kalahari</i>, Human Relations Area Files, New Haven, Conn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37146594">37146594</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/">South African National Parks website</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nama_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nama people">Nama people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Maotwa">Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batalaunda" title="Batalaunda">Batalaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana_and_Gwi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana and Gwi people">Gana and Gwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangwato_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangwato tribe">Mangwato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbanderu_people" title="Mbanderu people">Mbanderu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiya people">Subiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaote_tribe" title="Talaote tribe">Talaote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%B4kwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlôkwa tribe">Tlôkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_people" title="Yeyi people">Yeyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Namibia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Namibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Namibia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">Ethnic groups in Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">!Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai%C7%81om" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiǁom">Haiǁom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Kxoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ncoakhoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ncoakhoe">Ncoakhoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbanderu_people" title="Mbanderu people">Mbanderu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjimba_people" title="Tjimba people">Tjimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba" title="Zemba">Zemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga" title="Ndonga">Ndonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombalantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombalantu">Ombalantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongandjera" title="Ongandjera">Ongandjera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oukwanyama" title="Oukwanyama">Oukwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uukwaluudhi" title="Uukwaluudhi">Uukwaluudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uukwambi" title="Uukwambi">Uukwambi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uukolonkadhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uukolonkadhi (page does not exist)">Uukolonkadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Caprivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbadja_people" title="Mbadja people">Mbadja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavango_people" title="Kavango people">Kavangos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloured_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured people">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baster" class="mw-redirect" title="Baster">Baster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Namibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Namibian">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">Ethnic groups in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_people" title="Bhaca people">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpondomise_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpondomise people">Mpondomise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Fengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondo people">Pondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Thembu people">Thembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gcaleka" title="Gcaleka">Gcaleka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gqunukhwebe" title="Gqunukhwebe">Gqunukhwebe</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaika_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaika people">Gaika</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Xesibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Xesibe">Xesibe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fingo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingo people">Fingo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khumalo_clan" title="Khumalo clan">Khumalo</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples" title="Sotho-Tswana peoples">Sotho-Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Basotho/S. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koena_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koena tribe">Bakoena</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Taung_tribe" title="Taung tribe">Bataung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tlokwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlokwa tribe">Batlokwa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi/N. Sotho</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lobedu_people" title="Lobedu people">Balobedu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mabelane_tribe" title="Mabelane tribe">Mabelane</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Balete_people" title="Balete people">Balete</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hlengwe</li> <li>Xika</li> <li>N'walungu</li> <li>Gwamba</li> <li>Tswha</li> <li>Rhonga</li> <li>Hlanganu</li> <li>Nhlave</li> <li>Bila</li> <li>Dzonga</li> <li>Copi</li> <li>Ndzawu</li> <li>Thonga</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ngona</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandloper_peoples" title="Strandloper peoples">Strandloper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li> <li>ǀXam</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#South_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Angolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora#South_Africa" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Mozambicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamils</a></li> <li>Telegu/Andhras</li> <li>Hindi</li> <li>Urdu</li> <li>Gujaratis <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_South_Africa" title="Memons in South Africa">Memons</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Surtis</span></li></ul></li> <li>Koknis</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Template:Immigration to South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Immigration to South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration to South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_South_Africa" title="Filipinos in South Africa">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians in South Africa">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694525#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85089580">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119984749">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119984749">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558125705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028077520">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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