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Orbita molnija - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orbita molnija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 20 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbita_M%C3%B3lnia" title="Òrbita Mólnia – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òrbita Mólnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnija-Orbit" title="Molnija-Orbit – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molnija-Orbit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Molniya orbit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_de_M%C3%B3lniya" title="Órbita de Mólniya – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Órbita de Mólniya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مدار مولنیا – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار مولنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnija-kiertorata" title="Molnija-kiertorata – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molnija-kiertorata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbite_de_Molnia" title="Orbite de Molnia – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbite de Molnia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מסלול מולניה – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסלול מולניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnyija-p%C3%A1lya" title="Molnyija-pálya – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molnyija-pálya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Molniya" title="Orbit Molniya – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orbit Molniya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_Molnija" title="Orbita Molnija – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orbita Molnija" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A4%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="モルニヤ軌道 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モルニヤ軌道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_Molnia" title="Órbita Molnia – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órbita Molnia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%C2%BB" title="Орбита «Молния» – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орбита «Молния»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnijabana" title="Molnijabana – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molnijabana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="మోల్నియా కక్ష్య – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోల్నియా కక్ష్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_y%C3%B6r%C3%BCnge" title="Molniya yörünge – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molniya yörünge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%C2%BB" title="Орбіта «Молнія» – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орбіта «Молнія»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_Molniya" title="Quỹ đạo Molniya – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quỹ đạo Molniya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="闪电轨道 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="闪电轨道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Orbita molnija</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ru%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ruščina">rusko</a> <span lang="ru">молния</span>, "Strela") je tip visoko eliptične orbite z inklinacijo 63,4 stopinj z argumentom perigeja -90 stopinj. Čas orbite je pol zvezdnega dneva. Ime Molnija je dobilo pa seriji satelitev Molnija, ki jih je <a href="/wiki/Sovjetska_zveza" title="Sovjetska zveza">Sovjetska zveza</a> od 1960ih let izstreljevala v to orbito. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:NASA_molniya_oblique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NASA_molniya_oblique.png/220px-NASA_molniya_oblique.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NASA_molniya_oblique.png/330px-NASA_molniya_oblique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NASA_molniya_oblique.png/440px-NASA_molniya_oblique.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Molnija orbita, po navadi se transmitira od perigej +2 uri do perigeja +10 ur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Molniya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Molniya.jpg/220px-Molniya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Molniya.jpg/330px-Molniya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Molniya.jpg/440px-Molniya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Zemeljska pot satelita v orbiti molnija</figcaption></figure> <p>Satelit v zelo ekscentrični orbiti preživi več čas v bližini apogeja, ki je za orbito molnija v severni polobli. Apogej je približno 40 000 kilometrov, zato bo imel dobro vidljivost na severni polobli, kjer leži <a href="/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija">Rusija</a>, Severna Evropa, <a href="/wiki/Grenlandija" title="Grenlandija">Grenlandija</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>. </p><p>Za dobro pokritost so potrebni trije pravilno nameščeni Molnija sateliti. </p><p>Velik del prejšnje Sovjetske zveze, je bil lociran na velikih severnih geografskih širinah. Zato bi satelit v geostacionarni orbiti, ki je lociran nad okrog 35000 kilometrov ekvatorjem in ima inklinacijo nič, moral oddajati zelo močan signal za sprejem zaradi majhnega kota. Molnija satelit je bolj primeren za severne širine ker gleda naravnost dol del svoje orbite. </p><p>Prednost molnije je tudi precej manjša potrebna energija za izstrelitev v primerjavi z geostacionarno orbito. Slabost je, da se satelit premika, zato je potrebna sledilna antena. Satelit v molniji tudi prečka <a href="/wiki/Van_Allenovi_sevalni_pasovi" title="Van Allenovi sevalni pasovi">Van Allenove sevalne pasove</a> štirikrat dnevno. </p><p>Molnija se največkrat uporablja za istoimenske komunikacijske satelite. Po dveh neuspelih izstrelitvah leta 1964, je bil prvi uspešni satelit izstreljen februarja 1965. Sprva so jih uporabljalo za vojaške namene in so imeli zelo kratko življenjsko dobo. Molnija-2 se je uporablja za vojaške in civilne prenose po vsej Sovjetski zvezi, ustvarili so televizijsko omrežje Orbita. Novi sateliti imajo oznako Molnija-3. </p><p>Sateliti v molniji so se uporabljali tudi za izvidniške (vohunske) lete nad ameriški izstrelišči raket. Prednost je bil boljši kontrast s severnih pozicij v primerjavi z <a href="/wiki/GSO" class="mw-disambig" title="GSO">GSO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbita_molnija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbita_molnija&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbita_molnija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbita_molnija&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wgpqqror.homepage.t-online.de/work.html">JAVA applet animating the orbit of a satellite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090338/https://wgpqqror.homepage.t-online.de/work.html">Arhivirano</a> 2011-07-19 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. in an elliptic Kepler orbit around the Earth. For a Molniya orbit, set the semi-major axis to 26562 km and eccentricity to 0.74105.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.n2yo.com/?s=27834">Real time satellite tracking for a typical Molniya satellite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://screamyguy.net/ephemeris/viewer.htm?TITLE=Molniya">3D Molniya constellation viewer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407215413/http://screamyguy.net/ephemeris/viewer.htm?TITLE=Molniya">Arhivirano</a> 2008-04-07 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Java applet)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_Iykeouj3g">illustration of the communication geometry provided by satellites in 12-hour Molniya orbits</a> (video</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67876799fc‐5xcbd Cached time: 20241127182845 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.163 seconds Real time usage: 0.445 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 60/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1022/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 38/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.129/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 24422524/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 176.492 1 -total 96.49% 170.302 1 Predloga:Lang-ru 3.39% 5.991 2 Predloga:Webarchive 2.88% 5.075 1 Predloga:Ifeq 1.42% 2.501 1 Predloga:P1 --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key slwiki:pcache:370095:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241127182845 and revision id 5783553. 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