CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Entrepreneurship - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"11871f18-7adc-433d-9cdf-0fe4dbf9cafa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Entrepreneurship","wgTitle":"Entrepreneurship","wgCurRevisionId":1256983465,"wgRevisionId":1256983465,"wgArticleId":18950003,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: long volume value","Pages with missing ISBNs","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2022", "Articles with excerpts","Pages with French IPA","Articles needing additional references from August 2021","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from September 2020","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2013","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2015", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2020","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2020","Commons category link from Wikidata","Entrepreneurship","Business economics","Business models","Business occupations","Business terms","Management occupations","Small business"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Entrepreneurship","wgRelevantArticleId":18950003,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Entrepreneur","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Entrepreneurship","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3908516","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/1200px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/800px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/640px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Entrepreneurship - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Entrepreneurship rootpage-Entrepreneurship skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Entrepreneurship" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Entrepreneurship" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Entrepreneurship" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Entrepreneurship" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives_on_entrepreneurship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives_on_entrepreneurship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Perspectives on entrepreneurship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspectives_on_entrepreneurship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurical_opportunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurical_opportunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Entrepreneurical opportunities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurical_opportunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Historical usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_small_business_and_entrepreneurship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_small_business_and_entrepreneurship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Relationship between small business and entrepreneurship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_small_business_and_entrepreneurship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historians'_assesment_and_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians'_assesment_and_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Historians' assesment and ranking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians'_assesment_and_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_entrepreneurship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_entrepreneurship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types of entrepreneurship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_entrepreneurship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of entrepreneurship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_entrepreneurship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ethnic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Feminist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Institutional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millennial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millennial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Millennial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millennial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nascent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nascent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Nascent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nascent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Project-based </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Social </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Biosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurial_behaviours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurial_behaviours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Entrepreneurial behaviours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entrepreneurial_behaviours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Entrepreneurial behaviours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurial_behaviours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncertainty_perception_and_risk-taking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncertainty_perception_and_risk-taking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Uncertainty perception and risk-taking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncertainty_perception_and_risk-taking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designing_individual/opportunity_nexus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designing_individual/opportunity_nexus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Designing individual/opportunity nexus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designing_individual/opportunity_nexus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opportunity_perception_and_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opportunity_perception_and_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Opportunity perception and biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opportunity_perception_and_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Links_to_sea_piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_to_sea_piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Links to sea piracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_to_sea_piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Psychological makeup </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_makeup-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychological makeup subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_entrepreneurship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_entrepreneurship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Strategic entrepreneurship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_entrepreneurship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Global leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurship_training_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurship_training_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Entrepreneurship training and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurship_training_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Resources and financing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resources_and_financing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Resources and financing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Resources_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurial_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurial_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Entrepreneurial resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurial_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bootstrapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contextual_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contextual_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Contextual background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contextual_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Common definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Related methodologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Additional financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Effect of taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predictors_of_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predictors_of_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Predictors of success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predictors_of_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Entrepreneurship</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ريادة أعمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريادة أعمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99bb%C3%BCskarl%C4%B1q" title="Təşəbbüskarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təşəbbüskarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="ব্যবসায় উদ্যোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবসায় উদ্যোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Прадпрымальніцкая дзейнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прадпрымальніцкая дзейнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прадпрымальніцтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прадпрымальніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Предприемачество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предприемачество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emprenedoria" title="Emprenedoria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emprenedoria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Усламтăваслăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Усламтăваслăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentergarwch" title="Mentergarwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mentergarwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unternehmertum" title="Unternehmertum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unternehmertum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettev%C3%B5tlus" title="Ettevõtlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ettevõtlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Επιχειρηματικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιχειρηματικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emprendimiento" title="Emprendimiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emprendimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entreprenemo" title="Entreprenemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Entreprenemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekintzailetza" title="Ekintzailetza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekintzailetza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کارآفرینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارآفرینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneuriat" title="Entrepreneuriat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entrepreneuriat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉદ્યોગ સાહસિકતા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉદ્યોગ સાહસિકતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85%EA%B0%80_%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0" title="기업가 정신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기업가 정신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ձեռնարկատիրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձեռնարկատիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="उद्यमिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्यमिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poduzetni%C5%A1tvo" title="Poduzetništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poduzetništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiraswastaan" title="Kewiraswastaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kewiraswastaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="יזמות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יזמות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE" title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯೋದ್ಯಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯೋದ್ಯಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Кәсіпкерлік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кәсіпкерлік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujasiriamali" title="Ujasiriamali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujasiriamali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ишкердик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ишкердик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%C5%86%C4%93m%C4%93jdarb%C4%ABba" title="Uzņēmējdarbība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uzņēmējdarbība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Претприемништво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претприемништво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بداية اعمال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بداية اعمال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keusahawanan" title="Keusahawanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keusahawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondernemerschap" title="Ondernemerschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ondernemerschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E6%A5%AD" title="起業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="起業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepren%C3%B8rskap" title="Entreprenørskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Entreprenørskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE" title="ਉੱਦਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਦਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Empresario" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AB" title="تشبُث – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تشبُث" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedsi%C4%99biorczo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Przedsiębiorczość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przedsiębiorczość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empreendedorismo" title="Empreendedorismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empreendedorismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antreprenoriat" title="Antreprenoriat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antreprenoriat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Предпринимательство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предпринимательство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Урбаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Урбаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizneset_kryesore" title="Bizneset kryesore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bizneset kryesore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podjetni%C5%A1tvo" title="Podjetništvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podjetništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabare" title="Kabare – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kabare" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کارسازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارسازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preduzetnik" title="Preduzetnik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Preduzetnik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poduzetni%C5%A1tvo" title="Poduzetništvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poduzetništvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yritt%C3%A4jyys" title="Yrittäjyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yrittäjyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தொழில் முனைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழில் முனைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="వ్యవస్థాపకత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యవస్థాపకత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การเป็นผู้ประกอบการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเป็นผู้ประกอบการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Корофаринӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корофаринӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri%C5%9Fimcilik" title="Girişimcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Girişimcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Підприємництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підприємництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_s%E1%BB%B1_doanh_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Khởi sự doanh nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khởi sự doanh nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="אונטערנעמערשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אונטערנעמערשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD" title="創業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="創業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD" title="創業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="創業" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3908516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Entrepreneurship" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Entrepreneurship" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Entrepreneurship" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&oldid=1256983465" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Entrepreneurship&id=1256983465&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEntrepreneurship">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEntrepreneurship">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Entrepreneurship&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Entrepreneurship" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Entrepreneurs" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3908516" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneur&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">Entrepreneur</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Taking financial risks in the hope of profit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Entrepreneur" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Entrepreneur (disambiguation)">Entrepreneur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a> in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones. An entrepreneur (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃tʁəpʁənœʁ]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">individual</a> who creates and/or invests in one or more businesses, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The process of setting up a business is known as "entrepreneurship". The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an <a href="/wiki/Innovator" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovator">innovator</a>, a source of new ideas, <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a>, services, and business/or procedures. More narrow definitions have described entrepreneurship as the process of designing, launching and running a new business, often similar to a <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a>, or (per Business Dictionary) as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>".<a href="#cite_note-businessdictionary.com-2">[2]</a> The people who create these businesses are often referred to as "entrepreneurs".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-moves-4">[4]</a> In the field of economics, the term entrepreneur is used for an entity that has the ability to translate <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Technologies">technologies</a> into products and services.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In this sense, entrepreneurship describes activities on the part of both established firms and new businesses. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives_on_entrepreneurship">Perspectives on entrepreneurship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Perspectives on entrepreneurship">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century the governments of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> have tried to promote entrepreneurship, as well as <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprise culture</a>, in the hope that it would improve or stimulate economic growth and <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a>. After the end of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a>, entrepreneurship was supposed to boost the economy.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As an academic field, entrepreneurship accommodates different schools of thought. It has been studied within disciplines such as management, economics, sociology, and economic history.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Some view entrepreneurship as allocated to the entrepreneur. These scholars tend to focus on <a href="#Elements">what the entrepreneur does</a> and what traits an entrepreneur has. This is sometimes referred to as the functionalistic approach to entrepreneurship.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a> Others deviate from the individualistic perspective to turn the spotlight on the entrepreneurial process and immerse in the interplay between agency and context. This approach is sometimes referred to as the processual approach,<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a> or the contextual turn/approach to entrepreneurship.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Entrepreneurship" title="Special:EditPage/Entrepreneurship">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Entrepreneurship%22">"Entrepreneurship"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Entrepreneurship%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Entrepreneurship%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Entrepreneurship%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Entrepreneurship%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Entrepreneurship%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Entrepreneurship includes the creation or extraction of <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is the act of being an entrepreneur, or the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Entrepreneurs act as managers and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a <a href="/wiki/Business_opportunity" title="Business opportunity">business opportunity</a> and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. In the early 19th century, the French economist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a> provided a broad definition of entrepreneurship, saying that it "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". Entrepreneurs create something new and unique—they change or transmute value. Regardless of the firm size, big or small, it can take part in entrepreneurship opportunities. There are four criteria for becoming an entrepreneur. First, there must be opportunities or situations to recombine resources to generate profit. Second, entrepreneurship requires differences between people, such as preferential access to certain individuals or the ability to recognize information about opportunities. Third, taking on a level of risk is a necessity. Fourth, the entrepreneurial process requires the organization of people and resources.<a href="#cite_note-Shane-14">[14]</a> An entrepreneur uses their time, energy, and resources to create value for others. They are rewarded for this effort monetarily and therefore both the consumer of the value created and the entrepreneur benefit. The entrepreneur is a factor in and the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Richard Cantillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. However, entrepreneurship was largely ignored theoretically until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and empirically until a profound resurgence in business and economics since the late 1970s. In the 20th century, the understanding of entrepreneurship owes much to the work of economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a>. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>. Entrepreneurship employs what Schumpeter called "the gale of creative destruction" to replace in whole or in part inferior innovations across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products, including new <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>. Extensions of Schumpeter's thesis about entrepreneurship have sought to describe the traits of an entrepreneur using various data sets and techniques. Looking at data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), entrepreneurial traits specific to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are: experience in managing or owning a business, pursuit of an opportunity while being employed, and self-employment. In the decision to establish a new business, the ASEAN entrepreneur depends especially on their own long-term mental model of their enterprise, while scanning for new opportunities in the short-term. These driving characteristics allude to the presence of serial entrepreneurship in the region.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It has been argued, that <a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">creative destruction</a> is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. The supposition that entrepreneurship leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory and as such is debated in academic economics. An alternative description posited by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a> suggests that the majority of innovations may be much more incremental improvements such as the replacement of paper with plastic in the making of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">drinking straws</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entrepreneurical_opportunities">Entrepreneurical opportunities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurical opportunities">edit</a>]</div> The exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities may include:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <ul><li>Developing a <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">business plan</a></li> <li>Hiring <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a></li> <li>Acquiring financial and material resources</li> <li>Providing <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a></li> <li>Being responsible for both the venture's success or failure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">Risk aversion</a></li></ul> The economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1883–1950) saw the role of the entrepreneur in the economy as "<a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">creative destruction</a>", Which he defined as launching innovations that simultaneously destroy old industries while ushering in new industries and approaches. For Schumpeter, the changes and "dynamic <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">economic equilibrium</a> brought on by the innovating entrepreneur [were] the norm of a healthy economy".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> While entrepreneurship is often associated with new, small, for-profit start-ups, entrepreneurial behavior can be seen in small-, medium- and large-sized firms, new and established firms and in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, including voluntary-sector groups, charitable organizations and <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Entrepreneurship may operate within an <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_ecosystem" title="Entrepreneurship ecosystem">entrepreneurship ecosystem</a> which often includes: <ul><li>Government programs and services that promote entrepreneurship and support entrepreneurs and start-ups</li> <li>Non-governmental organizations such as small-business associations and organizations that offer advice and mentoring to entrepreneurs (e.g. through entrepreneurship centers or websites)</li> <li>Small-business <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy organization">advocacy organizations</a> that lobby governments for increased support for entrepreneurship programs and more small business-friendly laws and regulations</li> <li>Entrepreneurship resources and facilities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">business incubators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed accelerator">seed accelerators</a>)</li> <li>Entrepreneurship education and training programs offered by schools, colleges and universities</li> <li>Financing (e.g. bank loans, <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital financing">venture capital financing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel_investing" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel investing">angel investing</a> and government and private foundation grants)<a href="#cite_note-VentureCapitalNY1-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]</li></ul> In the 2000s, usage of the term "entrepreneurship" expanded to include how and why some individuals (or teams) identify opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit them.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The term has also been used to discuss how people might use these opportunities to develop new products or services, launch new firms or industries, and create wealth.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The entrepreneurial process is uncertain because opportunities can only be identified after they have been exploited.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Entrepreneurs exhibit positive <a href="/wiki/Biases" class="mw-redirect" title="Biases">biases</a> towards finding new possibilities and seeing unmet market needs, and a tendency towards risk-taking that makes them more likely to exploit <a href="/wiki/Business_opportunity" title="Business opportunity">business opportunities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical usage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg/200px-Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg/300px-Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg/400px-Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emil_Jellinek" title="Emil Jellinek">Emil Jellinek-Mercedes</a> (1853–1918), here at the steering wheel of his Phoenix Double-Phaeton</figcaption></figure> "Entrepreneur" (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɒ̃trəprəˈnɜːr, -ˈnjʊər/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/En-us-entrepreneur.ogg\/En-us-entrepreneur.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-entrepreneur.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/En-us-entrepreneur.ogg/En-us-entrepreneur.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-entrepreneur.ogg" title="File:En-us-entrepreneur.ogg">ⓘ</a>, UK also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-prɛ-/</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from French. The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Especially in Britain, the term "adventurer" was often used to denote the same meaning.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Irish-French economist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Richard Cantillon</a>, which was foundational to <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a>. Cantillon defined the term first in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général, or Essay on the Nature of Trade in General, a book <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">William Stanley Jevons</a> considered the "cradle of political economy".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price, "making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise". Cantillon considered the entrepreneur to be a risk taker who deliberately allocates resources to exploit opportunities to maximize the financial return.<a href="#cite_note-Cantillon,_R._1931-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume the risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus he drew attention to the function of the entrepreneur and distinguished between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provided the money.<a href="#cite_note-Cantillon,_R._1931-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landström,_H._2005-31">[31]</a> Jean-Baptiste Say also identified entrepreneurs as a driver for economic development, emphasizing their role as one of the collecting factors of production allocating resources from less to fields that are more productive. Both Say and Cantillon belonged to French school of thought and known as the physiocrats.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Dating back to the time of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a> in Germany, a <a href="/wiki/Craftspeople" class="mw-redirect" title="Craftspeople">craftsperson</a> required special permission to operate as an entrepreneur, the small proof of competence (Kleiner Befähigungsnachweis), which restricted training of apprentices to craftspeople who held a <a href="/wiki/Meister" title="Meister">Meister</a> certificate. This institution was introduced in 1908 after a period of so-called freedom of trade (Gewerbefreiheit, introduced in 1871) in the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>. However, proof of competence was not required to start a business. In 1935 and in 1953, greater proof of competence was reintroduced (Großer Befähigungsnachweis Kuhlenbeck), which required craftspeople to obtain a Meister apprentice-training certificate before being permitted to set up a new business.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a>, successful entrepreneurs who accumulated large wealth and men as well as distinguished themselves through heroic deeds were awarded social and political recognition by being called "Abirempon" which means big men. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, the appellation "Abirempon" had formalized and politicized to embrace those who conducted trade from which the whole state benefited. The state rewarded entrepreneurs who attained such accomplishments with Mena(elephant tail) which was the "heraldic badge"<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> in the 1930s and by other <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian economists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a> (1840–1921), <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> (1881–1973) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a> (1899–1992). While the loan from French of the English-language word "entrepreneur" dates to 1762,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> the word "entrepreneurism" dates from 1902<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and the term "entrepreneurship" also first appeared in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a> into a successful <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter1976-38">[38]</a> Entrepreneurship employs what Schumpeter called the "gale of <a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">creative destruction</a>"<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> to replace in whole or in part inferior offerings across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and new <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] thus creative destruction is largely[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that entrepreneurship leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">endogenous growth theory</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and as such continues to be debated in academic economics. An alternative description by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a> (born 1930) suggests that the majority of innovations may be <a href="/wiki/Incrementalism" title="Incrementalism">incremental</a> improvements – such as the replacement of paper with plastic in the construction of a drinking straw – that require no special qualities. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs. Schumpeter's initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon-making technologies to produce the <a href="/wiki/Horseless_carriage" title="Horseless carriage">horseless carriage</a>. In this case, the innovation (i.e. the car) was <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Transformation (disambiguation)">transformational</a> but did not require the development of dramatic new technology. It did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">auto industry</a>. Despite Schumpeter's early 20th-century contributions, traditional <a href="/wiki/Microeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microeconomic">microeconomic</a> theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks (instead of assuming that resources would find each other through a price system). In this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of <a href="/wiki/X-efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="X-efficiency">x-efficiency</a>. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a>: the capitalist did. Schumpeter believed that the equilibrium was imperfect. Schumpeter (1934) demonstrated that the changing environment continuously provides new information about the optimum allocation of resources to enhance profitability. Some individuals acquire the new information before others and recombine the resources to gain an entrepreneurial <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>. Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the <a href="/wiki/Production%E2%80%93possibility_frontier" title="Production–possibility frontier">production-possibility curve</a> to a higher level using innovations.<a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter1934-40">[40]</a> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a> made the first attempt[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] to study the entrepreneurship concept in depth.<a href="#cite_note-Landstrom2007-41">[41]</a> Alfred Marshall viewed the entrepreneur as a multi-tasking capitalist and observed that in the equilibrium of a completely competitive market there was no spot for "entrepreneurs" as economic-activity creators.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Changes in politics and society in Russia and China in the late 20th century saw a flowering of entrepreneurial activity, producing <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian oligarchs</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_millionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese millionaires">Chinese millionaires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Verveer_Greets_African_Womens_Entrepreneurship_Program_Participants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>In 2012, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues <a href="/wiki/Melanne_Verveer" title="Melanne Verveer">Melanne Verveer</a> greets participants in an African Women's Entrepreneurship Program at the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> In the 2000s, entrepreneurship was extended from its origins in for-profit businesses to include <a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">social entrepreneurship</a>, in which business goals are sought alongside social, environmental or humanitarian goals and even the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Political_entrepreneur" title="Political entrepreneur">political entrepreneur</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] Entrepreneurship within an existing firm or large organization has been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Intrapreneurship" title="Intrapreneurship">intrapreneurship</a> and may include corporate ventures where large entities "spin-off" subsidiary organizations.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Entrepreneurs are leaders willing to take risk and exercise initiative, taking advantage of market opportunities by planning, organizing and deploying resources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakinsFreel2009-46">[46]</a> often by innovating to create new or improving existing products or services.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the 2000s, the term "entrepreneurship" has been extended to include a specific <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mindset</a> resulting in entrepreneurial initiatives, e.g. in the form of <a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">social entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_entrepreneur" title="Political entrepreneur">political entrepreneurship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_entrepreneurship" title="Knowledge entrepreneurship">knowledge entrepreneurship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> According to Paul Reynolds, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Entrepreneurship_Monitor" title="Global Entrepreneurship Monitor">Global Entrepreneurship Monitor</a>, "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have a period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In recent years, entrepreneurship has been claimed as a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending on the type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo, part-time projects to large-scale undertakings that involve a team and which may create many jobs. Many "high value" entrepreneurial ventures seek <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angel_investor" title="Angel investor">angel funding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seed_money" title="Seed money">seed money</a>) to raise <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> for building and expanding the business.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Many organizations exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">business incubators</a> (which may be for-profit, non-profit, or operated by a college or university), <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a> and non-governmental organizations, which include a range of organizations including not-for-profits, charities, foundations and business advocacy groups (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">Chambers of commerce</a>). Beginning in 2008, an annual "<a href="/wiki/Global_Entrepreneurship_Week" title="Global Entrepreneurship Week">Global Entrepreneurship Week</a>" event aimed at "exposing people to the benefits of entrepreneurship" and getting them to "participate in entrepreneurial-related activities" was launched.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_between_small_business_and_entrepreneurship">Relationship between small business and entrepreneurship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship between small business and entrepreneurship">edit</a>]</div> The term "entrepreneur" is often conflated with the term "<a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a>" or used interchangeably with this term. While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business, not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term. Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner—or they have a small number of employees—and many of these small businesses offer an existing product, process or service and they do not aim at growth. In contrast, entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product, process or service and the entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees, seeking international sales and so on, a process which is financed by <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angel_investor" title="Angel investor">angel investments</a>. In this way, the term "entrepreneur" may be more closely associated with the term "startup". <a href="/wiki/Success_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Success (concept)">Successful</a> entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning, to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weaknesses.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historians'_assesment_and_ranking">Historians' assesment and ranking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historians' assesment and ranking">edit</a>]</div> Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, the 18th-century potter and entrepreneur and pioneer of modern marketing, which includes devising <a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">direct mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_back_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Money back guarantee">money back guarantees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">travelling salesmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buy_one,_get_one_free" title="Buy one, get one free">"buy one get one free"</a>, was named by the historian <a href="/wiki/Judith_Flanders" title="Judith Flanders">Judith Flanders</a> as "among the greatest and most innovative retailers the world has ever seen".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Another historian <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a> called Wedgwood a "difficult, brilliant, creative entrepreneur whose personal drive and extraordinary gifts changed the way we work and live."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Victorian-era Welsh entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Pryce_Pryce-Jones" title="Pryce Pryce-Jones">Pryce Pryce-Jones</a>, who would capitalise on the railway network created during the Industrial Revolution and the modern postal system that also developed in the UK, formed the first <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a> business, with the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> summing up his legacy as "The mail order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> A 2002 survey of 58 business history professors gave the top spots in American business history to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan" title="Alfred P. Sloan">Alfred P. Sloan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Welch" title="Jack Welch">Jack Welch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick" title="Cyrus McCormick">Cyrus McCormick</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>; and <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A 1977 survey of management scholars reported the top five pioneers in management ideas were: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chester_Barnard" title="Chester Barnard">Chester Barnard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr.">Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elton_Mayo" title="Elton Mayo">Elton Mayo</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_entrepreneurship">Types of entrepreneurship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of entrepreneurship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural">edit</a>]</div> According to Christopher Rea and Nicolai Volland, cultural entrepreneurship is "practices of individual and collective agency characterized by mobility between cultural professions and modes of cultural production", which refers to creative industry activities and sectors. In their book The Business of Culture (2015), Rea and Volland identify three types of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> entrepreneur: "cultural personalities", defined as "individuals who buil[d] their own personal brand of creativity as a cultural authority and leverage it to create and sustain various cultural enterprises"; "tycoons", defined as "entrepreneurs who buil[d] substantial clout in the cultural sphere by forging synergies between their industrial, cultural, political, and philanthropic interests"; and "collective enterprises", organizations which may engage in cultural production for profit or not-for-profit purposes.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the 2000s, story-telling has emerged as a field of study in cultural entrepreneurship. Some have argued that entrepreneurs should be considered "skilled cultural operators"<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> that use stories to build legitimacy, and seize market opportunities and new capital.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Others have concluded that we need to speak of a 'narrative turn' in cultural entrepreneurship research.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic">Ethnic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg/240px-Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg/360px-Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg/480px-Sir_JACK_COHEN_1898-1979_Entrepreneur_Founder_of_Tesco_Stores_lived_here_as_a_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in London commemorating Jewish entrepreneur Sir <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cohen_(businessman)" title="Jack Cohen (businessman)">Jack Cohen</a> who in 1919 founded <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>, the largest supermarket chain in the UK.</figcaption></figure> The term "ethnic entrepreneurship" refers to <a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">self-employed</a> business owners who belong to racial or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minority</a> groups in Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic-63">[63]</a> A long tradition of academic research explores the experiences and strategies of ethnic entrepreneurs as they strive to integrate economically into mainstream U.S. or European society. Classic cases include Jewish merchants and tradespeople in both regions, South Asians in the UK, Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese in the U.S. and the Turks and North Africans in France.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish and chip">fish and chip</a> industry in the UK was initiated by Jewish entrepreneurs, with Joseph Malin opening the first fish and chip shop in London in the 1860s, while Samuel Isaacs opened the first sit-down fish restaurant in 1896 which he expanded into a chain comprising 22 restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1882, Jewish brothers Ralph and Albert Slazenger founded <a href="/wiki/Slazenger" title="Slazenger">Slazenger</a>, one of the world's oldest sport brands, which has the longest-running sporting sponsorship in providing tennis balls to <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon</a> since 1902.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the 2010s, ethnic entrepreneurship has been studied in the case of Cuban business owners in Miami, Indian motel owners of the U.S. and Chinese business owners in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> across the U.S. While entrepreneurship offers these groups many opportunities for economic advancement, self-employment and business ownership in the U.S. remain unevenly distributed along racial/ethnic lines.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhary_318–354-69">[69]</a> Despite numerous success stories of Asian entrepreneurs, a recent statistical analysis of U.S. census data shows that whites are more likely than Asians, African-Americans and Latinos to be self-employed in high prestige, lucrative industries.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhary_318–354-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious">edit</a>]</div> Religious entrepreneurship refers to both the use of entrepreneurship to pursue religious ends as well as how religion impacts entrepreneurial pursuits. While religion is a central topic in society, it is largely overlooked in entrepreneurship research.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The inclusion of religion may transform entrepreneurship including a focus on opportunities other than profit as well as practices, processes and purpose of entrepreneurship.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Gümüsay suggests a three pillars model to explain religious entrepreneurship: The pillars are the entrepreneurial, socio-economic/ethical, and religio-spiritual in the pursuit of value, values, and the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist">Feminist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Feminist">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> entrepreneur is an individual who applies feminist values and approaches through entrepreneurship, with the goal of improving the quality of life and well-being of girls and women.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Many are doing so by creating "for women, by women" enterprises. Feminist entrepreneurs are motivated to enter commercial markets by desire to create wealth and social change, based on the ethics of cooperation, equality and mutual respect.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These endeavours can have the effect of both empowerment and emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional">Institutional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Institutional">edit</a>]</div> The American-born British economist <a href="/wiki/Edith_Penrose" title="Edith Penrose">Edith Penrose</a> has highlighted the collective nature of entrepreneurship. She mentions that in modern organizations, human resources need to be combined to better capture and create business opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The sociologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_DiMaggio" title="Paul DiMaggio">Paul DiMaggio</a> (1988:14) has expanded this view to say that "new institutions arise when organized actors with sufficient resources [institutional entrepreneurs] see in them an opportunity to realize interests that they value highly".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The notion has been widely applied.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millennial">Millennial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Millennial">edit</a>]</div> The term "millennial entrepreneur" refers to a business owner who is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a> (also known as Generation Y), those people born from approximately 1981 to 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Rauch-84">[84]</a> The offspring of <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomers</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Gen Xers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Strauss_2000_54-85">[85]</a> this generation was brought up using digital technology and mass media. Millennial business owners are well-equipped with knowledge of new technology and new business models and have a strong grasp of its business applications. There have been many breakthrough businesses that have come from millennial entrepreneurs, such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, who created Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However, millennials are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship than prior generations. Some of the barriers to entry for entrepreneurs are the economy, debt from schooling, and the challenges of regulatory compliance.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nascent">Nascent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nascent">edit</a>]</div> A nascent entrepreneur is someone in the process of establishing a business venture.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In this observation, the nascent entrepreneur can be seen as pursuing an <a href="/wiki/Business_opportunity" title="Business opportunity">opportunity</a>, i.e. a possibility to introduce new services or products, serve new markets, or develop more efficient production methods in a profitable manner.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> But before such a venture is actually established, the opportunity is just a venture idea.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In other words, the pursued opportunity is perceptual in nature, propped by the nascent entrepreneur's personal beliefs about the feasibility of the venturing outcomes the nascent entrepreneur seeks to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Its prescience and value cannot be confirmed ex ante but only gradually, in the context of the actions that the nascent entrepreneur undertakes towards establishing the venture as described in <a href="/wiki/Saras_Sarasvathy" title="Saras Sarasvathy">Saras Sarasvathy</a>'s theory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Effectuation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effectuation (page does not exist)">Effectuation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Ultimately, these actions can lead to a path that the nascent entrepreneur deems no longer attractive or feasible, or result in the emergence of a (viable) business. In this sense, over time, the nascent venture can move towards being discontinued or towards emerging successfully as an operating entity. The distinction between the novice, serial and portfolio entrepreneurs is an example of behavior-based categorization.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Other examples are the (related) studies by,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> on start-up event sequences. Nascent entrepreneurship that emphasizes the series of activities involved in new venture emergence,<a href="#cite_note-Delmar,_F_2004-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lichtenstein,_B._B._2007-101">[101]</a> rather than the solitary act of exploiting an opportunity. Such research will help separate entrepreneurial action into its basic sub-activities and elucidate the inter-relationships between activities, between an activity (or sequence of activities) and an individual's motivation to form an opportunity belief, and between an activity (or sequence of activities) and the knowledge needed to form an opportunity belief. With this research, scholars will be able to begin constructing a theory of the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial action. Scholars interested in nascent entrepreneurship tend to focus less on the single act of opportunity exploitation and more on the series of actions in new venture emergence,<a href="#cite_note-Delmar,_F_2004-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lichtenstein,_B._B._2007-101">[101]</a> Indeed, nascent entrepreneurs undertake numerous <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurial">entrepreneurial</a> activities, including actions that make their businesses more concrete to themselves and others. For instance, nascent entrepreneurs often look for and purchase facilities and equipment; seek and obtain financial backing, form <a href="/wiki/Legal_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal entities">legal entities</a>, organize teams; and dedicate all their time and energy to their business<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project-based">Project-based</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Project-based">edit</a>]</div> Project entrepreneurs are individuals who are engaged in the repeated assembly or creation of temporary organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Ferriani2009-104">[104]</a> These are organizations that have limited lifespans which are devoted to producing a singular objective or goal and get disbanded rapidly when the project ends. Industries where project-based enterprises are widespread include: <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, film production, <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, television production, <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> and construction.<a href="#cite_note-Faulkner1987-105">[105]</a> What makes project-entrepreneurs distinctive from a theoretical standpoint is that they have to "rewire" these temporary ventures and modify them to suit the needs of new project opportunities that emerge. A project entrepreneur who used a certain approach and team for one project may have to modify the business model or team for a subsequent project. Project entrepreneurs are exposed repeatedly to problems and tasks typical of the entrepreneurial process.<a href="#cite_note-DeFillippi2004-106">[106]</a> Indeed, project-based entrepreneurs face two critical challenges that invariably characterize the creation of a new venture: locating the right opportunity to launch the project venture and assembling the most appropriate team to exploit that opportunity. Resolving the first challenge requires project-entrepreneurs to access an extensive range of information needed to seize new investment opportunities. Resolving the second challenge requires assembling a collaborative team that has to fit well with the particular challenges of the project and has to function almost immediately to reduce the risk that performance might be adversely affected. Another type of project entrepreneurship involves entrepreneurs working with business students to get analytical work done on their ideas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League,_New_Orleans,_February_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League%2C_New_Orleans%2C_February_2011.jpg/200px-Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League%2C_New_Orleans%2C_February_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League%2C_New_Orleans%2C_February_2011.jpg/300px-Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League%2C_New_Orleans%2C_February_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League%2C_New_Orleans%2C_February_2011.jpg/400px-Tulane_University_Environmental_Action_League%2C_New_Orleans%2C_February_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Student organizers from the Green Club at Newcomb College Institute formed a social entrepreneurship organization in 2010.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></div>Social entrepreneurship is the use of the by <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start up companies</a> and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> This concept may be applied to a variety of organizations with different sizes, aims, and beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenues" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenues">revenues</a> and increases in <a href="/wiki/Stock_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock price">stock prices</a>, but social entrepreneurs are either <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profits</a> or blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to society" and therefore must use different metrics. Social entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social, cultural, and environmental goals often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">voluntary sector</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> in areas such as poverty alleviation, health care<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">community development</a>. At times, profit-making <a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">social enterprises</a> may be established to support the social or cultural goals of the organization but not as an end in itself. For example, an organization that aims to provide housing and employment to the <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> may operate a restaurant, both to raise money and to provide employment for the homeless people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosphere">Biosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biosphere">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> entrepreneurship is "entrepreneurial activity that generates value for the biosphere and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> It is part of a larger trend of business schools seeking to incorporate environmental topics more actively into their curricula.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entrepreneurial_behaviours">Entrepreneurial behaviours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurial behaviours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncertainty_perception_and_risk-taking">Uncertainty perception and risk-taking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uncertainty perception and risk-taking">edit</a>]</div> Theorists <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a> defined entrepreneurship in terms of risk-taking. The entrepreneur is willing to put his or her career and financial security on the line and take risks in the name of an idea, spending time as well as capital on an uncertain venture. However, entrepreneurs often do not believe that they have taken an enormous amount of risks because they do not perceive the level of uncertainty to be as high as other people do. Knight classified three types of uncertainty: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a>, which is measurable statistically (such as the probability of drawing a red color ball from a jar containing five red balls and five white balls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a>, which is hard to measure statistically (such as the probability of drawing a red ball from a jar containing five red balls but an unknown number of white balls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">True uncertainty</a> or Knightian uncertainty, which is impossible to estimate or predict statistically (such as the probability of drawing a red ball from a jar whose contents, in terms of numbers of coloured balls, are entirely unknown)</li></ul> Entrepreneurship is often associated with true uncertainty, particularly when it involves the creation of a novel good or service, for a market that did not previously exist, rather than when a venture creates an incremental improvement to an existing product or service. A 2014 study at ETH Zürich found that compared with typical managers, entrepreneurs showed higher decision-making efficiency and a stronger activation in regions of frontopolar cortex (FPC) previously associated with explorative choice.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designing_individual/opportunity_nexus">Designing individual/opportunity nexus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Designing individual/opportunity nexus">edit</a>]</div> According to Shane and Venkataraman, entrepreneurship comprises both "enterprising individuals" and "entrepreneurial opportunities", so researchers should study the nature of the individuals who identify opportunities when others do not, the opportunities themselves and the nexus between individuals and opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On the other hand, Reynolds et al.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> argue that individuals are motivated to engage in entrepreneurial endeavours driven mainly by necessity or opportunity, that is individuals pursue entrepreneurship primarily owing to survival needs, or because they identify business opportunities that satisfy their need for achievement. For example, higher <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> tends to increase necessity-based entrepreneurship rates at the individual level.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunity_perception_and_biases">Opportunity perception and biases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Opportunity perception and biases">edit</a>]</div> One study has found that certain genes affecting personality may influence the income of self-employed people.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Some people may be able to use[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] "an innate ability" or <a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence#Quasi-statistical_organ" title="Spiral of silence">quasi-statistical sense</a> to gauge <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2005:278-119">[119]</a> and market demand for new products or services. Entrepreneurs tend to have the ability to see unmet market needs and underserved markets. While some entrepreneurs assume they can sense and figure out what others are thinking, the mass media plays a crucial role in shaping views and demand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheufeleMoy2000-120">[120]</a> Ramoglou argues that entrepreneurs are not that distinctive and that it is essentially poor conceptualizations of "non-entrepreneurs" that maintain laudatory portraits of "entrepreneurs" as exceptional innovators or leaders<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Entrepreneurs are often overconfident, exhibit illusion of control, when they are opening/expanding business or new products/services.<a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Styles">edit</a>]</div> Differences in entrepreneurial organizations often partially reflect their founders' <a href="/wiki/Heterogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogenous">heterogenous</a> identities. Fauchart and Gruber have classified entrepreneurs into three main types: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>. These types of entrepreneurs diverge in fundamental ways in their self-views, social motivations and patterns of new firm creation.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Communication">edit</a>]</div> Entrepreneurs must practice effective communication both within their firm and with external partners and investors to launch and grow a venture and enable it to survive. An entrepreneur needs a communication system that links the staff of their firm and connects the firm to outside firms and clients. Entrepreneurs should be <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic leader">charismatic leaders</a>, so they can communicate a <a href="/wiki/Vision_statement" title="Vision statement">vision</a> effectively to their team and help to <a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">create a strong team</a>. Communicating a vision to followers may be the most important act of the transformational leader.<a href="#cite_note-HackmanJohnson-124">[124]</a> Compelling visions provide employees with a sense of purpose and encourage commitment. According to Baum et al.<a href="#cite_note-Baum_et_al.-125">[125]</a> and Kouzes and Posner,<a href="#cite_note-Kouzes-126">[126]</a> the vision must be communicated through written statements and through in-person communication. Entrepreneurial leaders must speak and listen to articulate their vision to others.<a href="#cite_note-Locke_et_al.-127">[127]</a> Communication is pivotal in the role of entrepreneurship because it enables leaders to convince potential investors, partners and employees about the feasibility of a venture.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Entrepreneurs need to communicate effectively to shareholders.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonverbal">Nonverbal</a> elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the sender's eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions are also important communication tools. The <a href="/wiki/Communication_Accommodation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication Accommodation Theory">Communication Accommodation Theory</a> posits that throughout communication people will attempt to accommodate or adjust their method of speaking to others.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Face_Negotiation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Face Negotiation Theory">Face Negotiation Theory</a> describes how people from different cultures manage conflict negotiation to maintain "<a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Face (sociological concept)">face</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Ting_Toomey-131">[131]</a> Hugh Rank's "intensify and downplay" communications model can be used by entrepreneurs who are developing a new product or service. Rank argues that entrepreneurs need to be able to intensify the advantages of their new product or service and downplay the disadvantages to persuade others to support their venture.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Links_to_sea_piracy">Links to sea piracy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Links to sea piracy">edit</a>]</div> Research from 2014 found links between entrepreneurship and historical sea <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. In this context, the claim is made for a non-moral approach to looking at the history of piracy as a source of inspiration for entrepreneurship education<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> as well as for research in entrepreneurship<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> and business model generation.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_makeup">Psychological makeup</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Psychological makeup">edit</a>]</div> Ross Levine, an economist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and Yona Rubinstein, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> released a study which suggests entrepreneurs are disproportionately white, male, from wealthy and highly educated backgrounds, and prone to "aggressive, illicit, risk-taking activities" as teenagers and young adults. Entrepreneurs also performed above average on aptitude tests.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> This masculine image is also found when studying how male entrepreneurs are represented in media. A supporting but invisible family are one of the success factors when being portrayed as a male entrepreneur in media.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> A study conducted by the Census Bureau and two MIT professors, after compiling a list of 2.7 million company founders who hired at least one employee between 2007 and 2014, found the average age of a successful start-up founder when he or she founded it is 45. They consistently found chances of entrepreneurial success rises with age.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazear" title="Edward Lazear">Edward Lazear</a> found in a 2005 study that variety in education and in <a href="/wiki/Work_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Work experience">work experience</a> was the most important trait that distinguished entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> A 2013 study by Uschi Backes-Gellner of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> and Petra Moog of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Siegen" title="University of Siegen">University of Siegen</a> in Germany found that a diverse social network was also an important characteristic of students that would go on to become entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Studies show that the psychological propensities for male and <a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Female entrepreneur">female entrepreneurs</a> are more similar than different. <a href="/wiki/Empirical_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical studies">Empirical studies</a> suggest that female entrepreneurs possess strong negotiating skills and consensus-forming abilities.<a href="#cite_note-Entrepreneurship-143">[143]</a> Åsa Hansson, who looked at empirical evidence from Sweden, found that the probability of becoming self-employed decreases with age for women, but increases with age for men.<a href="#cite_note-:0-144">[144]</a> She also found that marriage increased the probability of a person's becoming an entrepreneur.<a href="#cite_note-:0-144">[144]</a> Jesper Sørensen wrote in 2010 that significant influences on the decision to become an entrepreneur include workplace peers and social composition. Sørensen discovered a correlation between working with former entrepreneurs and how often these individuals become entrepreneurs themselves, compared to those who did not work with entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-Sorensen-145">[145]</a> Social composition can influence entrepreneurialism in peers by demonstrating the possibility for success, stimulating a "He can do it, why can't I?" attitude. As Sørensen stated: "When you meet others who have gone out on their own, it doesn't seem that crazy."<a href="#cite_note-sorensen_interview-146">[146]</a> Entrepreneurs may also be driven to entrepreneurship by past experiences. If someone has faced multiple work stoppages or has been unemployed in the past, the probability of becoming an entrepreneur increases<a href="#cite_note-:0-144">[144]</a> Per Cattell's personality framework, both personality traits and attitudes are thoroughly investigated by psychologists. However, in case of entrepreneurship research these notions are employed by academics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] too, but vaguely. Cattell states that personality is a system that is related to the environment and further adds that the system seeks explanation to the complex transactions conducted by both—traits and attitudes. This is because both of them bring about change and growth in a person. Personality is that which informs what an individual will do when faced with a given situation. A person's response is triggered by his/her personality and the situation that is faced.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Innovative entrepreneurs may be more likely to experience what psychologist <a href="/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi" title="Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi">Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi</a> calls <a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">"flow"</a>. "Flow" occurs when an individual forgets about the outside world due to being thoroughly engaged in a process or activity. Csikszentmihalyi suggested that breakthrough innovations tend to occur at the hands of individuals in that state.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Other research has concluded that a strong internal motivation is a vital ingredient for breakthrough innovation.<a href="#cite_note-ChristensenJohnson2008-149">[149]</a> Flow can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a>'s concept of normalization, a state that includes a child's capacity for joyful and lengthy periods of intense concentration.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Csikszentmihalyi acknowledged that Montessori's prepared environment offers children opportunities to achieve flow.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Thus quality and type of early education may influence entrepreneurial capability.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Research on high-risk settings such as oil platforms, <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>, medical surgery, aircraft piloting and nuclear-power plants has related distrust to failure avoidance.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> When non-routine strategies are needed, distrusting persons perform better, while when routine strategies are needed trusting persons perform better. Gudmundsson and Lechner extended this research to entrepreneurial firms.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> They argued that in entrepreneurial firms the threat of failure is ever-present, resembling non-routine situations in high-risk settings. They found that the firms of distrusting entrepreneurs were more likely to survive than the firms of optimistic or overconfident entrepreneurs. The reasons were that distrusting entrepreneurs would emphasize failure-avoidance through sensible task selection and more analysis. Kets de Vries has pointed out that distrusting entrepreneurs are more alert about their external environment.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He concluded that distrusting entrepreneurs are less likely to discount negative events and are more likely to engage control mechanisms. Similarly, Gudmundsson and Lechner found that distrust leads to higher precaution and therefore increases chances of entrepreneurial-firm survival. In recent decades, researchers have examined the social and psychological traits that characterize entrepreneurs, which could potentially help identify those who may become entrepreneurs in the future. Entrepreneurial personality is associated with high self-efficacy, autonomy, innovativeness, internal locus of control, achievement motivation, optimism, and stress tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Research published in 2022 revealed that enterprising tendency is negatively associated with trait victimhood (a persistent tendency to see oneself as a victim) and that among people with lower self-efficacy, having lower trait victimhood predicted more behavioral entrepreneurship (founding at least one business initiative).<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Researchers Schoon and Duckworth completed a study in 2012 that could potentially help identify who may become an entrepreneur at an early age. They determined that the best measures to identify a young entrepreneur are family and social status, parental role-modelling, entrepreneurial competencies at age 10, academic attainment at age 10, generalized <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>, social skills, entrepreneurial intention and experience of unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_entrepreneurship">Strategic entrepreneurship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Strategic entrepreneurship">edit</a>]</div> Some scholars have constructed an operational definition of a more specific subcategory called "Strategic Entrepreneurship". Closely tied with principles of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategic management</a>, this form of entrepreneurship is "concerned about growth, creating value for customers and subsequently creating wealth for owners".<a href="#cite_note-Hitt,_M._A._2011-159">[159]</a> A 2011 article for the Academy of Management provided a three-step, "Input-Process-Output" model of strategic entrepreneurship. The model's three steps entail the collection of different resources, the process of orchestrating them in the necessary manner and the subsequent creation of competitive advantage, value for customers, wealth and other benefits. Through the proper use of strategic management/<a href="/wiki/Strategic_leadership" title="Strategic leadership">leadership</a> techniques and the implementation of risk-bearing entrepreneurial thinking, the strategic entrepreneur is, therefore, able to align resources to create value and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Hitt,_M._A._2011-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> Leadership in entrepreneurship can be defined as "process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task"<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> in "one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This refers to not only the act of entrepreneurship as managing or starting a business, but how one manages to do so by these social processes, or leadership skills. (Entrepreneurship in itself can be defined somewhat circularly as "the process by which individuals, teams, or organizations identify and pursue entrepreneurial opportunities without being immediately constrained by the resources they currently control".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-162">[162]</a>) An entrepreneur typically has a mindset that seeks out potential opportunities during uncertain times.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-162">[162]</a> With the growing global market and increasing technology use throughout all industries, the core of entrepreneurship and the decision-making has become an ongoing process rather than isolated incidents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This becomes <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which is "identifying and harnessing intellectual assets" for organizations to "build on past experiences and create new mechanisms for exchanging and creating knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> This belief[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] draws upon a leader's past experiences that may prove useful. It is a common mantra for one to learn from their past mistakes, so leaders should take advantage of their failures for their benefit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This is how one may take their experiences as a leader for the use in the core of entrepreneurship decision-making.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_leadership">Global leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Global leadership">edit</a>]</div> The majority of scholarly research done on these topics has taken place in North America.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Words like "leadership" and "entrepreneurship" do not always translate well into other cultures and languages. For example, in North America a leader is often thought of as charismatic, but German culture frowns on such charisma due to the charisma of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1889–1945). Other cultures, as in some European countries, view the term "leader" negatively, like the French.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The participative leadership style that is prevalent in the United States is considered disrespectful in many other parts of the world due to the differences in power distance.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Many Asian and Middle Eastern countries do not have "open door" policies for subordinates, who would never informally approach their managers/bosses. For countries like that, an authoritarian approach to management and leadership is more customary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite cultural differences, the successes and failures of entrepreneurs can be traced to how leaders adapt to local conditions.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Within the increasingly global business environment a successful leader must be able to adapt and have insight into other cultures. To respond to the environment, corporate visions are becoming transnational in nature, to enable the organization to operate in or provide services/goods for other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entrepreneurship_training_and_education">Entrepreneurship training and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurship training and education">edit</a>]</div> Michelacci and Schivardi are a pair of researchers who believe that identifying and comparing the relationships between an entrepreneur's earnings and education level would determine the rate and level of success. Their study focused on two education levels, college degree and post-graduate degree. While Michelacci and Schivardi do not specifically determine characteristics or traits for successful entrepreneurs, they do believe that there is a direct relationship between education and success, noting that having a college knowledge does contribute to advancement in the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-Michelacci_and_Schivardi-169">[169]</a> Michelacci and Schivardi state there has been a rise in the number of self-employed people with a baccalaureate degree. However, their findings also show that those who are self-employed and possess a graduate degree has remained consistent throughout time at about 33 percent. They briefly mention those famous entrepreneurs like <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> who were college dropouts, but they don't consider these cases to be exceptional as many entrepreneurs view formal education as costly due to the <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">time that needs to be spent on it</a>. Michelacci and Schivardi believe that for an individual to reach the full success they need to have education beyond high school. Their research shows that the higher the education level the greater the success. The reason is that college gives people additional skills that can be used within their business and to operate on a higher level than someone who only "runs" it.<a href="#cite_note-Michelacci_and_Schivardi-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources_and_financing">Resources and financing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Resources and financing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrepreneurial_resources">Entrepreneurial resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurial resources">edit</a>]</div> An entrepreneurial resource is any company-owned <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">asset</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a> creating capabilities. Economic value creating both tangible and intangible sources are considered as entrepreneurial resources. Their economic value is generating activities or services through mobilization by entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Entrepreneurial resources can be divided into two fundamental categories: tangible and intangible resources.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Tangible resources are material sources such as equipment, building, furniture, land, vehicle, machinery, stock, cash, bond and inventory that has a physical form and can be quantified. On the contrary, intangible resources are nonphysical or more challenging to identify and evaluate, and they possess more value creating capacity such as human resources including skills and experience in a particular field, organizational structure of the company, brand name, reputation, entrepreneurial networks that contribute to promotion and financial support, <a href="/wiki/Know-how" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-how">know-how</a>, intellectual property including both <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>, trademarks and patents.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootstrapping">Bootstrapping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bootstrapping">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contextual_background">Contextual background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Contextual background">edit</a>]</div> At least early on, entrepreneurs often "bootstrap-finance" their start-up rather than seeking external investors from the start. One of the reasons that some entrepreneurs prefer to "bootstrap" is that obtaining <a href="/wiki/Equity_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity financing">equity financing</a> requires the entrepreneur to provide ownership shares to the investors. If the start-up becomes successful later on, these early equity financing deals could provide a windfall for the investors and a huge loss for the entrepreneur. If investors have a significant stake in the company, they may as well be able to exert influence on company strategy, chief executive officer (CEO) choice and other important decisions. This is often problematic since the investor and the founder might have different incentives regarding the long-term goal of the company. An investor will generally aim for a profitable exit and therefore promotes a high-valuation sale of the company or IPO to sell their shares. Whereas the entrepreneur might have philanthropic intentions as their main driving force. Soft values like this might not go well with the short-term pressure on yearly and quarterly profits that publicly traded companies often experience from their owners.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_definition">Common definition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Common definition">edit</a>]</div> One consensus definition of bootstrapping sees it as "a collection of methods used to minimize the amount of outside debt and equity financing needed from banks and investors".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_methodologies">Related methodologies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Related methodologies">edit</a>]</div> Bootstrapping methods include:<a href="#cite_note-NarayananO'Connor2010-176">[176]</a> <ul><li>Owner financing, including savings, personal loans and credit card debt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_capital" title="Working capital">Working capital</a> management that minimizes <a href="/wiki/Accounts_receivable" title="Accounts receivable">accounts receivable</a></li> <li>Joint use, such as reducing <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overhead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">coworking</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">independent contractors</a></li> <li>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Accounts_payable" title="Accounts payable">accounts payable</a> by delaying payment, or leasing rather than buying equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_manufacturing" title="Lean manufacturing">Lean manufacturing</a> strategies such as minimizing inventory and <a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">lean startup</a> to reduce product development costs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_subsidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Government subsidy">Subsidy finance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_financing">Additional financing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Additional financing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Entrepreneurship" title="Special:EditPage/Entrepreneurship">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many businesses need more capital than can be provided by the owners themselves. In this case, a range of options is available including a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private</a> and public equity, <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a>. Private equity options include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Startup_accelerator" title="Startup accelerator">Start-up accelerators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_investor" title="Angel investor">Angel investors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a> investors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_crowdfunding" title="Equity crowdfunding">Equity crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">Hedge funds</a></li></ul> Debt options open to entrepreneurs include: <ul><li>Loans from banks, specialized financial companies (such as <a href="/wiki/Payment_card_industry" title="Payment card industry">credit card companies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> organizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_credit" title="Line of credit">Line of credit</a> also from banks and specialized financial companies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">Microcredit</a> also known as microloans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_cash_advance" title="Merchant cash advance">Merchant cash advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue-based_financing" title="Revenue-based financing">Revenue-based financing</a></li></ul> Grant options open to entrepreneurs include: <ul><li>Equity-free accelerators</li> <li>Business plan/business pitch competitions for college entrepreneurs and others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Innovation_Research" title="Small Business Innovation Research">Small Business Innovation Research</a> grants from the U.S. government</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_taxes">Effect of taxes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Effect of taxes">edit</a>]</div> Entrepreneurs are faced with <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_constraint" title="Liquidity constraint">liquidity constraints</a> and often lack the necessary <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a> needed to borrow large amounts of money to finance their venture.<a href="#cite_note-:2-177">[177]</a> Because of this, many studies have been done on the effects of taxes on entrepreneurs. The studies fall into two camps: the first camp finds that taxes help and the second argues that taxes hurt entrepreneurship.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cesaire Assah Meh found that corporate taxes create an incentive to become an entrepreneur to avoid double taxation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-177">[177]</a> Donald Bruce and John Deskins found literature suggesting that a higher corporate tax rate may reduce a state's share of entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-:3-178">[178]</a> They also found that states with an inheritance or <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate tax</a> tend to have lower entrepreneurship rates when using a tax-based measure.<a href="#cite_note-:3-178">[178]</a> However, another study found that states with a more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive personal income tax</a> have a higher percentage of sole proprietors in their workforce.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Ultimately, many studies find that the effect of taxes on the probability of becoming an entrepreneur is small. Donald Bruce and Mohammed Mohsin found that it would take a 50 percentage point drop in the top tax rate to produce a one percent change in entrepreneurial activity.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predictors_of_success">Predictors of success</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Predictors of success">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg/200px-Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg/300px-Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg/400px-Computer_industry_entrepreneur_workshop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> Women's Entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Network</a> event in New York City</figcaption></figure> Factors that may predict entrepreneurial success include the following:<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <dl><dt>Methods</dt></dl> <ul><li>Establishing strategies for the firm, including growth and survival strategies</li> <li>Maintaining the human resources (recruiting and retaining talented employees and executives)</li> <li>Ensuring the availability of required materials (e.g. raw resources used in manufacturing, computer chips, etc.)</li> <li>Ensuring that the firm has one or more unique <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantages</a></li> <li>Ensuring good organizational design, sound <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> and organizational coordination</li> <li>Congruency with the culture of the society<a href="#cite_note-Shane2008-182">[182]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Market</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">Business-to-business</a> (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) models can be used</li> <li>High growth market</li> <li>Target customers or markets that are untapped or missed by others</li></ul> <dl><dt>Industry</dt></dl> <ul><li>Growing industry</li> <li>High technology impact on the industry</li> <li>High capital intensity</li> <li>Small average incumbent firm size</li></ul> <dl><dt>Team</dt></dl> <ul><li>Large, gender-diverse and racially diverse team with a range of talents, rather than an individual entrepreneur</li> <li>Graduate degrees</li> <li>Management experience prior to start-up</li> <li>Work experience in the start-up industry</li> <li>Employed full-time prior to new venture as opposed to unemployed</li> <li>Prior entrepreneurial experience</li> <li>Full-time involvement in the new venture</li> <li>Motivated by a range of goals, not just profit</li> <li>Number and diversity of team members' social ties and breadth of their <a href="/wiki/Business_network" title="Business network">business networks</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Company</dt></dl> <ul><li>Written <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">business plan</a></li> <li>Focus on a unified, connected product line or service line</li> <li>Competition based on a dimension other than price (e.g. quality or service)</li> <li>Early, frequent intense and well-targeted marketing</li> <li>Tight financial controls</li> <li>Sufficient start-up and growth capital</li> <li>Corporation model, not sole proprietorship</li></ul> <dl><dt>Status</dt></dl> <ul><li>Wealth can enable an entrepreneur to cover start-up costs and deal with <a href="/wiki/Cash_flow" title="Cash flow">cash flow</a> challenges</li> <li>Dominant race, ethnicity or gender in a socially stratified culture<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entrepreneurs" title="List of entrepreneurs">List of entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_opportunity" title="Business opportunity">Business opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_entrepreneurship" title="Corporate social entrepreneurship">Corporate social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_ecosystem" title="Entrepreneurship ecosystem">Entrepreneurship ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrapreneur" title="Extrapreneur">Extrapreneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_optimal_firm_size" title="Socially optimal firm size">Socially optimal firm size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_spin-off" title="University spin-off">University spin-off</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp">"Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started"</a>. Investopedia. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Entrepreneur%3A+What+It+Means+to+Be+One+and+How+to+Get+Started&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fe%2Fentrepreneur.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessdictionary.com-2"><a href="#cite_ref-businessdictionary.com_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116084818/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entrepreneurship.html#ixzz3xv9ci0nt">"What is entrepreneurship? definition and meaning"</a>. Business Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entrepreneurship.html#ixzz3xv9ci0nt">the original</a> on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+entrepreneurship%3F+definition+and+meaning&rft.pub=Business+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessdictionary.com%2Fdefinition%2Fentrepreneurship.html%23ixzz3xv9ci0nt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAK_YetisenLR_Bob_VolpattiAF_CoskunS_Cho2015" class="citation journal cs1">AK Yetisen; LR Bob Volpatti; AF Coskun; S Cho; E Kamrani; H Butt; A Khademhos\\seini; SH Yun (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150918-154718642">"Entrepreneurship"</a>. Lab Chip. 15 (18): 3638–3660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc5lc00577a">10.1039/c5lc00577a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0189">1473-0189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26245815">26245815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lab+Chip&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=3638-3660&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1473-0189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26245815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc5lc00577a&rft.au=AK+Yetisen&rft.au=LR+Bob+Volpatti&rft.au=AF+Coskun&rft.au=S+Cho&rft.au=E+Kamrani&rft.au=H+Butt&rft.au=A+Khademhos%5C%5Cseini&rft.au=SH+Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.caltech.edu%2FCaltechAUTHORS%3A20150918-154718642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moves-4"><a href="#cite_ref-moves_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatilaChenPiezunka2012" class="citation journal cs1">Katila, Riitta; Chen, Eric L.; Piezunka, Henning (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~rkatila/new/pdf/KatilaSEJ12.pdf">"All the right moves: How entrepreneurial firms compete effectively"</a> (PDF). Strategic Entrepreneurship JNL. 6 (2): 116–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsej.1130">10.1002/sej.1130</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Entrepreneurship+JNL&rft.atitle=All+the+right+moves%3A+How+entrepreneurial+firms+compete+effectively&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=116-132&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsej.1130&rft.aulast=Katila&rft.aufirst=Riitta&rft.au=Chen%2C+Eric+L.&rft.au=Piezunka%2C+Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2F~rkatila%2Fnew%2Fpdf%2FKatilaSEJ12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudretschBozemanCombsFeldman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Audretsch, David B.; Bozeman, Barry; Combs, Kathryn L.; Feldman, Maryann; Link, Albert N.; Siegel, Donald S.; Stephan, Paula; Tassey, Gregory; Wessner, Charles (2002). "The Economics of Science and Technology". The Journal of Technology Transfer. 27 (2): 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1014382532639">10.1023/A:1014382532639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143820412">143820412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Technology+Transfer&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1014382532639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143820412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Audretsch&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Bozeman%2C+Barry&rft.au=Combs%2C+Kathryn+L.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Maryann&rft.au=Link%2C+Albert+N.&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Donald+S.&rft.au=Stephan%2C+Paula&rft.au=Tassey%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Wessner%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlina_HyzMarzanna_B._LamentSławomir_I._Bukowski2021" class="citation book cs1">Alina Hyz; Marzanna B. Lament; Sławomir I. Bukowski, eds. (2021). Competitiveness and Economic Development in Europe: Prospects and Challenges. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000373288" title="Special:BookSources/9781000373288"><bdi>9781000373288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competitiveness+and+Economic+Development+in+Europe%3A+Prospects+and+Challenges&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000373288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonica_LindgrenJohann_Packendorff2009" class="citation journal cs1">Monica Lindgren; Johann Packendorff (1 January 2009). "Social constructionism and entrepreneurship: Basic assumptions and consequences for theory and research". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 15 (1): 25–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F13552550910934440">10.1108/13552550910934440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2554">1355-2554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurial+Behavior+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Social+constructionism+and+entrepreneurship%3A+Basic+assumptions+and+consequences+for+theory+and+research&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-47&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F13552550910934440&rft.issn=1355-2554&rft.au=Monica+Lindgren&rft.au=Johann+Packendorff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelle_NeergaardJohn_P._Ulhøi2007" class="citation book cs1">Helle Neergaard; John P. Ulhøi (2007). Handbook of Qualitative R Methods in Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847204387" title="Special:BookSources/9781847204387"><bdi>9781847204387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Qualitative+R+Methods+in+Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781847204387&rft.au=Helle+Neergaard&rft.au=John+P.+Ulh%C3%B8i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLena_Olaison2014" class="citation book cs1">Lena Olaison (2014). Entrepreneurship at the limits. Frederiksberg: Copenhagen Business School (CBS). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788793155251" title="Special:BookSources/9788793155251"><bdi>9788793155251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship+at+the+limits&rft.pub=Frederiksberg%3A+Copenhagen+Business+School+%28CBS%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788793155251&rft.au=Lena+Olaison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriederike_Welter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Friederike Welter (1 January 2011). "Contextualizing Entrepreneurship: Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 35 (1): 165–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2010.00427.x">10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-2587">1042-2587</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153467294">153467294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Contextualizing+Entrepreneurship%3A+Conceptual+Challenges+and+Ways+Forward&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-184&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153467294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1042-2587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2010.00427.x&rft.au=Friederike+Welter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddeforsAnderson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gaddefors, Johan; Anderson, Alistair R. (1 January 2017). "Entrepreneurship and context: when entrepreneurship is greater than entrepreneurs". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 23 (2): 267–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJEBR-01-2016-0040">10.1108/IJEBR-01-2016-0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10059%2F2299">10059/2299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2554">1355-2554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurial+Behavior+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship+and+context%3A+when+entrepreneurship+is+greater+than+entrepreneurs&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-278&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10059%2F2299&rft.issn=1355-2554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJEBR-01-2016-0040&rft.aulast=Gaddefors&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Alistair+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiochonAnderson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Diochon, Monica; Anderson, Alistair R. (1 March 2011). "Ambivalence and ambiguity in social enterprise; narratives about values in reconciling purpose and practices". International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 7 (1): 93–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11365-010-0161-0">10.1007/s11365-010-0161-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10059%2F613">10059/613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-1938">1555-1938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144081539">144081539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Entrepreneurship+and+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Ambivalence+and+ambiguity+in+social+enterprise%3B+narratives+about+values+in+reconciling+purpose+and+practices&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-109&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10059%2F613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144081539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1555-1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11365-010-0161-0&rft.aulast=Diochon&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Alistair+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezBusenitz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarez, Sharon A.; Busenitz, Lowell W. (1 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014920630102700609">"The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory"</a>. Journal of Management. 27 (6): 755–775. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014920630102700609">10.1177/014920630102700609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-2063">0149-2063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220587830">220587830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&rft.atitle=The+entrepreneurship+of+resource-based+theory&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=755-775&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220587830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0149-2063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014920630102700609&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Sharon+A.&rft.au=Busenitz%2C+Lowell+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F014920630102700609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shane-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Shane_14-0">^</a> Shane, S. A. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: the individual-opportunity nexus. Northampton, Massachusetts: E. Elgar. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Tan, J. J., & Arceo, V. R. (2024). The regional entrepreneurial lens: An ASEAN 5 developing country perspective. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Resesearch, 14(36). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-024-00408-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-024-00408-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rdcu.be/dWrVA">https://rdcu.be/dWrVA</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Hisrich2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Hisrich (2011). Entrepreneurship. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070620179" title="Special:BookSources/9780070620179"><bdi>9780070620179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780070620179&rft.au=Robert+D.+Hisrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419115820/https://www.conferenceboard.ca/(X(1)S(0jpcvewkdqettdqjlap0vmtd))/hcp/provincial/innovation/ambition.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">"Entrepreneurial Ambition – Innovation Provincial Rankings – How Canada Performs"</a>. Conference Board Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conferenceboard.ca/(X(1)S(0jpcvewkdqettdqjlap0vmtd))/hcp/provincial/innovation/ambition.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">the original</a> on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Ambition+%E2%80%93+Innovation+Provincial+Rankings+%E2%80%93+How+Canada+Performs&rft.pub=Conference+Board+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conferenceboard.ca%2F%28X%281%29S%280jpcvewkdqettdqjlap0vmtd%29%29%2Fhcp%2Fprovincial%2Finnovation%2Fambition.aspx%3FAspxAutoDetectCookieSupport%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Clifford2013" class="citation web cs1">Catherine Clifford (3 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/228176">"Why everyone will have to become an entrepreneur"</a>. entrepreneur.com. Retrieved 8 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=entrepreneur.com&rft.atitle=Why+everyone+will+have+to+become+an+entrepreneur&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft.au=Catherine+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F228176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VentureCapitalNY1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-VentureCapitalNY1_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408104240/http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/">"Venture Investment – Regional Aggregate Data"</a>. National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/">the original</a> on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venture+Investment+%E2%80%93+Regional+Aggregate+Data&rft.pub=National+Venture+Capital+Association+and+PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvca.org%2Fresearch%2Fventure-investment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottVenkatraman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, S.; Venkatraman, S. (2000). "The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research". Academy of Management Review. 25: 217–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.2000.2791611">10.5465/amr.2000.2791611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=The+promise+of+entrepreneurship+as+a+field+of+research&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=217-226&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.2000.2791611&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Venkatraman%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrush2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brush, C.; et al. (2003). "Doctoral education in the field of entrepreneurship". Journal of Management. 29 (3): 309–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0149-2063%2803%2900014-x">10.1016/s0149-2063(03)00014-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&rft.atitle=Doctoral+education+in+the+field+of+entrepreneurship&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-331&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0149-2063%2803%2900014-x&rft.aulast=Brush&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamoglouTsang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramoglou, S.; Tsang, E.W.K. (2016). "A realist perspective of entrepreneurship: Opportunities as propensities". Academy of Management Review. 41 (3): 409–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.2014.0281">10.5465/amr.2014.0281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146376795">146376795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=A+realist+perspective+of+entrepreneurship%3A+Opportunities+as+propensities&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-434&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.2014.0281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146376795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramoglou&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Tsang%2C+E.W.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.X._ZhangJ._Cueto2015" class="citation journal cs1">S.X. Zhang; J. Cueto (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psyarxiv.com/76rkv/">"The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship"</a>. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 41 (3): 419–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fetap.12212">10.1111/etap.12212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146617323">146617323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Bias+in+Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=419-454&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fetap.12212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146617323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=S.X.+Zhang&rft.au=J.+Cueto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsyarxiv.com%2F76rkv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBurtonWoodZimbelman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Ervin L.; Burton, F. Greg; Wood, David A.; Zimbelman, Aaron F. (August 2010). "Entrepreneurial success: differing perceptions of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists". The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. 11 (3): 189–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5367%2F000000010792217272">10.5367/000000010792217272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167492528">167492528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+and+Innovation&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurial+success%3A+differing+perceptions+of+entrepreneurs+and+venture+capitalists&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-198&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5367%2F000000010792217272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167492528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ervin+L.&rft.au=Burton%2C+F.+Greg&rft.au=Wood%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Zimbelman%2C+Aaron+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavale2013" class="citation journal cs1">Navale, Ashok Bhanudas (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060112/http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/48.pdf">"Developing Entrepreneur Skills for Corporate Work"</a> (PDF). Research Directions. 1 (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2321-5488">2321-5488</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/48.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Directions&rft.atitle=Developing+Entrepreneur+Skills+for+Corporate+Work&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013-10&rft.issn=2321-5488&rft.aulast=Navale&rft.aufirst=Ashok+Bhanudas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchdirection.org%2FUploadArticle%2F48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlen2016" class="citation book cs1">Carlen, Joe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tkbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">A Brief History of Entrepreneurship: The Pioneers, Profiteers, and Racketeers Who Shaped Our World</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231542814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231542814"><bdi>978-0231542814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Entrepreneurship%3A+The+Pioneers%2C+Profiteers%2C+and+Racketeers+Who+Shaped+Our+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0231542814&rft.aulast=Carlen&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tkbDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1992" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yD9NWJ8_mwC">Richard Cantillon: Pioneer of Economic Theory</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07577-0"><bdi>978-0-415-07577-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Cantillon%3A+Pioneer+of+Economic+Theory&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07577-0&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2yD9NWJ8_mwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Stanley_Jevons1881" class="citation cs2">William Stanley Jevons (January 1881), "Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy", Contemporary Review, The Contemporary Review Company, pp. 333–360</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Richard+Cantillon+and+the+Nationality+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=333-360&rft.date=1881-01&rft.au=William+Stanley+Jevons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantillon,_R._1931-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cantillon,_R._1931_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cantillon,_R._1931_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantillon1755" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Cantillon, Richard</a> (1755). Essai sur la nature du commerce en général. London: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essai+sur+la+nature+du+commerce+en+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Cantillon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonJarillo2007" class="citation cs2">Stevenson, H.; Jarillo, J. (2007), Cuervo, Álvaro; Ribeiro, Domingo; Roig, Salvador (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2v-aWpdgoPQC&pg=5">"A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management, in"</a>, Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective, Springer Science Business Media, pp. 5–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48543-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48543-8"><bdi>978-3-540-48543-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship%3A+Concepts%2C+Theory+and+Perspective&rft.atitle=A+Paradigm+of+Entrepreneurship%3A+Entrepreneurial+Management%2C+in&rft.pages=5-&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-48543-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Jarillo%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2v-aWpdgoPQC%26pg%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landström,_H._2005-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Landström,_H._2005_31-0">^</a> • Landström, H. & SpringerLink 2005, Pioneers in entrepreneurship and small business research, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, N.Y. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweMarriott2006" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Robin; Marriott, Sue (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enterpriseentrep00lowe_046">Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and Innovation</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enterpriseentrep00lowe_046/page/n31">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6920-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-6920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enterprise%3A+Entrepreneurship+and+Innovation&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-6920-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Marriott%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenterpriseentrep00lowe_046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRostam-Afschar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rostam-Afschar, Davud (2013). "Entry regulation and entrepreneurship: A natural experiment in German craftsmanship". Empirical Economics. 47 (3): 1067–1101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00181-013-0773-7">10.1007/s00181-013-0773-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154355298">154355298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Empirical+Economics&rft.atitle=Entry+regulation+and+entrepreneurship%3A+A+natural+experiment+in+German+craftsmanship&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1067-1101&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00181-013-0773-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154355298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rostam-Afschar&rft.aufirst=Davud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeng1996" class="citation book cs1">Obeng, J.Pashington (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh9jIVu2CyEC&pg=PA23">Asante Catholicism; Religious and Cultural Reproduction among the Akan of Ghana</a>. Vol. 1. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10631-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asante+Catholicism%3B+Religious+and+Cultural+Reproduction+among+the+Akan+of+Ghana&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10631-4&rft.aulast=Obeng&rft.aufirst=J.Pashington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZh9jIVu2CyEC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_entrepreneur" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=entrepreneur">"entrepreneur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=entrepreneur&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dentrepreneur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_entrepreneurism" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=entrepreneurism">"entrepreneurism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=entrepreneurism&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dentrepreneurism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_entrepreneurship" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=entrepreneurship">"entrepreneurship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=entrepreneurship&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dentrepreneurship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumpeter1976-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter1976_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1976" class="citation book cs1">Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eM6YrMj46sC">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10762-4"><bdi>978-0-415-10762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10762-4&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Alois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eM6YrMj46sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMurtola2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Campbell; Murtola, Anna-Maria (2012). "Entrepreneurship, crisis, critique". In Hjorth, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZEuGZu0hsC">Handbook on Organisational Entrepreneurship</a>. Elgar Original Reference Series. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781009055" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781009055"><bdi>978-1781009055</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2020. <q>[...] Schumpeter famously evokes the image of the 'perennial gale of creative destruction' (1950: 84).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship%2C+crisis%2C+critique&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Organisational+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.series=Elgar+Original+Reference+Series&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1781009055&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Murtola%2C+Anna-Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZZEuGZu0hsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumpeter1934-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter1934_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter, Joseph Alois</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OZwWcOGeOwC">The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-698-4"><bdi>978-0-87855-698-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Economic+Development%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+Profits%2C+Capital%2C+Credit%2C+Interest%2C+and+the+Business+Cycle&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-698-4&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Alois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OZwWcOGeOwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landstrom2007-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Landstrom2007_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandstrom2007" class="citation book cs1">Landstrom, H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSjccQt5zTsC">Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23633-9"><bdi>978-0-387-23633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+in+Entrepreneurship+and+Small+Business+Research&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-23633-9&rft.aulast=Landstrom&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSjccQt5zTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallGuillebaud1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall, Alfred</a>; Guillebaud, C. W. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97iZXwAACAAJ">Principles of Economics. 9th (variorum) Ed</a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Economics.+9th+%28variorum%29+Ed&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Guillebaud%2C+C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97iZXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonFerguson2014" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, James; Ferguson, Alastair (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYUBAwAAQBAJ">International Partnership in Russia: Conclusions from the Oil and Gas Industry</a> (reprint ed.). SpringerPalgrave Macmillan. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137352279" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137352279"><bdi>978-1137352279</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2020. <q>[...] successful oligarchs/entrepreneurs in Russia were 'crooks, who transferred their skimming talents to the enterprises they acquired, and used their wealth to further corrupt the government and block reforms'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Partnership+in+Russia%3A+Conclusions+from+the+Oil+and+Gas+Industry&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=SpringerPalgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1137352279&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYUBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1997" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Rashid (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dc8UNlGkDZsC">Chinese Entrepreneurs in the Economic Development of China</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275958480" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275958480"><bdi>978-0275958480</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2020. <q>[...] the rise to power of the CCP in 1949 signaled the end of entrepreneurship in China until 1978.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Entrepreneurs+in+the+Economic+Development+of+China&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0275958480&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddc8UNlGkDZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane2000" class="citation book cs1">Shane, Scott Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FxO_Wsh30kC">A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-opportunity Nexus</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-799-0"><bdi>978-1-78100-799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Theory+of+Entrepreneurship%3A+The+Individual-opportunity+Nexus&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-78100-799-0&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FxO_Wsh30kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeakinsFreel2009-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeakinsFreel2009_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeakinsFreel2009">Deakins & Freel 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_D._P._M.2005" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, D. P. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720225149/https://libraries.ucsd.edu/info/resources/glossary-political-economy-terms">"A Glossary of Political Economy Terms, 2005"</a>. Auburn University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraries.ucsd.edu/info/resources/glossary-political-economy-terms">the original</a> on 20 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Political+Economy+Terms%2C+2005&rft.pub=Auburn+University&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.+P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraries.ucsd.edu%2Finfo%2Fresources%2Fglossary-political-economy-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff, G. E. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemconsortium.org/news/record-breaking-entrepreneurial-growth-in-u.s.-according-to-latest-gem-national-report">"Record-Breaking Entrepreneurial Growth in U.S. according to Latest GEM National Report"</a>. GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GEM+Global+Entrepreneurship+Monitor&rft.atitle=Record-Breaking+Entrepreneurial+Growth+in+U.S.+according+to+Latest+GEM+National+Report&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemconsortium.org%2Fnews%2Frecord-breaking-entrepreneurial-growth-in-u.s.-according-to-latest-gem-national-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_D._Reynolds2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul D. Reynolds (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPBP7oP9-p4C">Entrepreneurship in the United States: The Future Is Now</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-45671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-45671-3"><bdi>978-0-387-45671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Future+Is+Now&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-45671-3&rft.au=Paul+D.+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPBP7oP9-p4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Van_OsnabruggeRobert_J._Robinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Mark Van Osnabrugge; Robert J. Robinson (2000). Angel Investing. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-5202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-5202-0"><bdi>978-0-7879-5202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angel+Investing&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7879-5202-0&rft.au=Mark+Van+Osnabrugge&rft.au=Robert+J.+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessenZwart2010" class="citation web cs1">Driessen, Martyn P.; Zwart, Peter S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ondernemerstest.nl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ICSBv5.pdf">"The role of the entrepreneur in small business success: the Entrepreneurship Scan"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+role+of+the+entrepreneur+in+small+business+success%3A+the+Entrepreneurship+Scan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Driessen&rft.aufirst=Martyn+P.&rft.au=Zwart%2C+Peter+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ondernemerstest.nl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F03%2FICSBv5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanders2009" class="citation news cs1">Flanders, Judith (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/10/opinion/10flanders.html?_r=2">"They Broke It"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=They+Broke+It&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Flanders&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F10%2Fopinion%2F10flanders.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2021" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Tristram (2021). The Radical Potter: The Life and Times of Josiah Wedgwood. Henry Holt and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Potter%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Josiah+Wedgwood&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Tristram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-55244397">"Christmas: The mail order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christmas%3A+The+mail+order+pioneer+who+started+a+billion-pound+industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-55244397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Blaine McCormick, and Burton W. Folsom. "A survey of business historians on America's greatest entrepreneurs." Business History Review 2003; 77(4): 703–716. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041235">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson_HeamesBreland2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson Heames, Joyce; Breland, Jacob W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sites.google.com/site/merycitrasondari/in-the-news/personsnamesnewwebsitewinswobbyaward/Kel5_Management_pioneer.pdf">"Management pioneer contributors: 30-year review"</a> (PDF). Journal of Management History. 16 (4): 427–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17511341011073915">10.1108/17511341011073915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+History&rft.atitle=Management+pioneer+contributors%3A+30-year+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-436&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17511341011073915&rft.aulast=Thompson+Heames&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Breland%2C+Jacob+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fmerycitrasondari%2Fin-the-news%2Fpersonsnamesnewwebsitewinswobbyaward%2FKel5_Management_pioneer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Christopher Rea and Nicolai Volland, "The Business of Culture" (UBC Press, 2015), pp. 4–7. (See also pp. 9–31: "Enter the Cultural Entrepreneur") </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLounsbury,_MGlynn,_M.A2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lounsbury, M; Glynn, M.A (2001). "Cultural Entrepreneurship: Stories, Legitimacy, and the Acquisition of Resources". Strategic Management Journal. 22, no. 6/7 (6–7): 545–564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmj.188">10.1002/smj.188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14577423">14577423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Cultural+Entrepreneurship%3A+Stories%2C+Legitimacy%2C+and+the+Acquisition+of+Resources&rft.volume=22%2C+no.+6%2F7&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.pages=545-564&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmj.188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14577423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Lounsbury%2C+M&rft.au=Glynn%2C+M.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHjorth,_DSteyaert,_C2004" class="citation book cs1">Hjorth, D; Steyaert, C (2004). Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship: A Second Movements in Entrepreneurship Book. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781845421472">10.4337/9781845421472</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843765899" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843765899"><bdi>978-1843765899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+and+Discursive+Approaches+in+Entrepreneurship%3A+A+Second+Movements+in+Entrepreneurship+Book.&rft.place=Cheltenham+and+Northampton%2C+MA&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781845421472&rft.isbn=978-1843765899&rft.au=Hjorth%2C+D&rft.au=Steyaert%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner,_W.B.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gartner, W.B. (2007). "Entrepreneurial narrative and a science of the imagination". Journal of Business Venturing. 22 (5): 613–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2006.10.003">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurial+narrative+and+a+science+of+the+imagination&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=613-627&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2006.10.003&rft.au=Gartner%2C+W.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriotta,_GSiegel,_D2019" class="citation journal cs1">Patriotta, G; Siegel, D (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/115167/1/WRAP-context-entreprenuership-Patriotta-2019.pdf">"The Context of Entrepreneurship"</a> (PDF). Journal of Management Studies. 56 (6): 1194–1196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoms.12440">10.1111/joms.12440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159302926">159302926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Context+of+Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1194-1196&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoms.12440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159302926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Patriotta%2C+G&rft.au=Siegel%2C+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F115167%2F1%2FWRAP-context-entreprenuership-Patriotta-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHjorth,_D2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hjorth, D (2007). "Lessons from Iago: narrating the event of entrepreneurship". Journal of Business Venturing. 22 (5): 712–732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2006.10.002">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.10.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Iago%3A+narrating+the+event+of+entrepreneurship&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=712-732&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2006.10.002&rft.au=Hjorth%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimGalt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Gamal; Galt, Vaughan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969593111000345">"Explaining ethnic entrepreneurship: An evolutionary economics approach"</a>. International Business Review. 20 (6): 607–613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ibusrev.2011.02.010">10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.010</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Explaining+ethnic+entrepreneurship%3A+An+evolutionary+economics+approach&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=607-613&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ibusrev.2011.02.010&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Gamal&rft.au=Galt%2C+Vaughan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0969593111000345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020162025/http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=978-0520024854">"Out Of Print : Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare Among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks : Ivan Light – University of California Press"</a>. www.ucpress.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=978-0520024854">the original</a> on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucpress.edu&rft.atitle=Out+Of+Print+%3A+Ethnic+Enterprise+in+America%3A+Business+and+Welfare+Among+Chinese%2C+Japanese%2C+and+Blacks+%3A+Ivan+Light+%E2%80%93+University+of+California+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fop.php%3Fisbn%3D978-0520024854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJollesRubinstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, W. (2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Anglo-Jewish+History&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jolles&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/drinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london/fish-and-chips/">"Fish & chips: Drinks & dishes you might not have realised were invented in London"</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>It was, the Federation declared, one Joseph Malin, a Jewish émigré of Cleveland Way, Whitechapel, who opened the first chippie around 1860.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fish+%26+chips%3A+Drinks+%26+dishes+you+might+not+have+realised+were+invented+in+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fgalleries%2Fdrinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london%2Ffish-and-chips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> J. R. Lowerson, 'Slazenger, Ralph (1845–1910)’, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39048">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, Oxford University Press, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/atoz/official_partners.html">"Wimbledon: Official Partners"</a>. Wimbledon.com. Retrieved 6 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wimbledon.com&rft.atitle=Wimbledon%3A+Official+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wimbledon.com%2Fen_GB%2Fatoz%2Fofficial_partners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhary_318–354-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhary_318–354_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhary_318–354_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chaudhary, Ali R. (1 June 2015). "Racialized Incorporation: The Effects of Race and Generational Status on Self-Employment and Industry-Sector Prestige in the United States". International Migration Review. 49 (2): 318–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fimre.12087">10.1111/imre.12087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-7379">1747-7379</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145352741">145352741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=Racialized+Incorporation%3A+The+Effects+of+Race+and+Generational+Status+on+Self-Employment+and+Industry-Sector+Prestige+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-354&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145352741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1747-7379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fimre.12087&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Ali+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCongerMcMullenNeubert2019" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Brett R.; Conger, Michael J.; McMullen, Jeffery S.; Neubert, Mitchell J. (1 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352673418301653">"Why believe? The promise of research on the role of religion in entrepreneurial action"</a>. Journal of Business Venturing Insights. 11: e00119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbvi.2019.e00119">10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6734">2352-6734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150959740">150959740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing+Insights&rft.atitle=Why+believe%3F+The+promise+of+research+on+the+role+of+religion+in+entrepreneurial+action&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=e00119&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150959740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-6734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbvi.2019.e00119&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brett+R.&rft.au=Conger%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=McMullen%2C+Jeffery+S.&rft.au=Neubert%2C+Mitchell+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2352673418301653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMcMullenCardon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Brett R.; McMullen, Jeffery S.; Cardon, Melissa S. (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2021.106139">"Toward a theological turn in entrepreneurship: How religion could enable transformative research in our field"</a>. Journal of Business Venturing. 36 (5): 106139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2021.106139">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-9026">0883-9026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Toward+a+theological+turn+in+entrepreneurship%3A+How+religion+could+enable+transformative+research+in+our+field&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=106139&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2021.106139&rft.issn=0883-9026&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brett+R.&rft.au=McMullen%2C+Jeffery+S.&rft.au=Cardon%2C+Melissa+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jbusvent.2021.106139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGümüsay2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gümüsay, Ali Aslan (3 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2017.1404430">"Unpacking entrepreneurial opportunities: an institutional logics perspective"</a>. Innovation. 20 (3): 209–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14479338.2017.1404430">10.1080/14479338.2017.1404430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1447-9338">1447-9338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149355402">149355402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovation&rft.atitle=Unpacking+entrepreneurial+opportunities%3A+an+institutional+logics+perspective&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-222&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149355402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1447-9338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14479338.2017.1404430&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCm%C3%BCsay&rft.aufirst=Ali+Aslan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14479338.2017.1404430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGümüsay2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gümüsay, Ali Aslan (1 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2223-7">"Entrepreneurship from an Islamic Perspective"</a>. Journal of Business Ethics. 130 (1): 199–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2223-7">10.1007/s10551-014-2223-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0697">1573-0697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140869670">140869670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship+from+an+Islamic+Perspective&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=199-208&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140869670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2223-7&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCm%C3%BCsay&rft.aufirst=Ali+Aslan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-014-2223-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrserElliott2015" class="citation book cs1">Orser, Barbara; Elliott, Catherine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=22349">Feminine Capital: Unlocking the Power of Women Entrepreneurs</a>. Stanford Business Books. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804783798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804783798"><bdi>978-0804783798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminine+Capital%3A+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Women+Entrepreneurs&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Stanford+Business+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0804783798&rft.aulast=Orser&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D22349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_J._OrserCatherine_ElliottJoanne_Leck2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barbara J. Orser; Catherine Elliott; Joanne Leck (8 November 2011). "Feminist attributes and entrepreneurial identity". Gender in Management. 26 (8): 561–589. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17542411111183884">10.1108/17542411111183884</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-2413">1754-2413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+in+Management&rft.atitle=Feminist+attributes+and+entrepreneurial+identity&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=561-589&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17542411111183884&rft.issn=1754-2413&rft.au=Barbara+J.+Orser&rft.au=Catherine+Elliott&rft.au=Joanne+Leck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Orser, Barbara, and Joanne Leck. "Physician as feminist entrepreneur: The gendered nature of venture creation and the Shirley E. Greenberg Women's Health Centre." Women entrepreneurs and the global environment for growth (2010): 284–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roos, Annie (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08985626.2018.1551793">"Embeddedness in context: understanding gender in a female entrepreneurship network"</a>. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 31 (3–4): 279–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08985626.2018.1551793">10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-5626">0898-5626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+%26+Regional+Development&rft.atitle=Embeddedness+in+context%3A+understanding+gender+in+a+female+entrepreneurship+network&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=279-292&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08985626.2018.1551793&rft.issn=0898-5626&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F08985626.2018.1551793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Penrose, Edith T. (1959). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York: John Wiley. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> DiMaggio, P. 1988 'Interest and agency in institutional theory'. In Institutional patterns and culture, L. Zucker (ed.), Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company: 3–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyScully2007" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, D.; Scully, M. (2007). "The institutional entrepreneur as modern prince: The strategic face of power in contested fields". Organization Studies. 28 (7): 971–991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840607078109">10.1177/0170840607078109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10917386">10917386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organization+Studies&rft.atitle=The+institutional+entrepreneur+as+modern+prince%3A+The+strategic+face+of+power+in+contested+fields&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=971-991&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0170840607078109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10917386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Scully%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Khan, F., K. Munir, and H. Willmott 2007 "A Dark Side of Institutional Entrepreneurship: Soccer Balls, Child Labour and Postcolonial Impoverishment". Organization Studies 28/7: 1055–1077. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Hardy, C., and S. Maguire: "Entrepreneurship" in Handbook of organizational institutionalism. R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin-Andersson and R. Suddaby (eds). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmeidaDe_PaulaPessali2014" class="citation journal cs1">Almeida, Felipe; De Paula, Nilson; Pessali, Huascar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895469">"Institutional entrepreneurship in building the Brazilian market of functional yogurts"</a>. British Food Journal. 116: 2–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FBFJ-02-2012-0028">10.1108/BFJ-02-2012-0028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Food+Journal&rft.atitle=Institutional+entrepreneurship+in+building+the+Brazilian+market+of+functional+yogurts&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=2-15&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FBFJ-02-2012-0028&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft.au=De+Paula%2C+Nilson&rft.au=Pessali%2C+Huascar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F895469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rauch-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Rauch_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauch2018" class="citation news cs1">Rauch, Jonathan (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190313195431/http://te.tbr.fun/generation-next/">"Generation next, Millennials will outnumber baby-boomers in 2019"</a>. The Economist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldin2019.economist.com/millennialsvboomers">the original</a> on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Generation+next%2C+Millennials+will+outnumber+baby-boomers+in+2019&rft.date=2018-11&rft.aulast=Rauch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldin2019.economist.com%2Fmillennialsvboomers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss_2000_54-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_2000_54_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraussHowe2000" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To_Eu9HCNqIC">Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation</a>. Cartoons by R.J. Matson. New York: Vintage Original. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375707193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375707193"><bdi>978-0375707193</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennials+Rising%3A+The+Next+Great+Generation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Vintage+Original&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0375707193&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Howe%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo_Eu9HCNqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/zoe-henry/the-richest-millennial-entrepreneurs-in-america.htm.html">"The 10 Richest Millennial Entrepreneurs in America"</a>. Inc.com. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inc.com&rft.atitle=The+10+Richest+Millennial+Entrepreneurs+in+America&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fzoe-henry%2Fthe-richest-millennial-entrepreneurs-in-america.htm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmouth2016" class="citation web cs1">Wilmouth, Daniel (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522070425/https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/Millenial_IB.pdf">"The Missing Millennial Entrepreneurs"</a> (PDF). U.S. Small Business Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/Millenial_IB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Small+Business+Administration&rft.atitle=The+Missing+Millennial+Entrepreneurs&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Wilmouth&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sba.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fadvocacy%2FMillenial_IB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Reynolds, P. D. and White, S. (1997). The Entrepreneurial Process. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Casson, M., 1982. The entrepreneur: An economic theory. Rowman & Littlefield. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaneVenkataraman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Shane, S.; Venkataraman, S. (2000). "The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research". Academy of Management Review. 25: 217–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.2000.2791611">10.5465/amr.2000.2791611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=The+promise+of+entrepreneurship+as+a+field+of+research&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=217-226&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.2000.2791611&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Venkataraman%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davidsson, P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F0300000005">"Nascent entrepreneurship: empirical studies and developments"</a>. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship. 2: 1–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F0300000005">10.1561/0300000005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+and+Trends+in+Entrepreneurship&rft.atitle=Nascent+entrepreneurship%3A+empirical+studies+and+developments&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-76&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1561%2F0300000005&rft.aulast=Davidsson&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1561%252F0300000005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Dimov, D. (2007b). 'Beyond the single-person, single-insight attribution in understanding entrepreneurial opportunities' Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31, 713–731. 'From opportunity insight to opportunity intention: the importance of person-situation learning match' </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dimov, Dimo (July 2007). "From Opportunity Insight to Opportunity Intention: The Importance of Person-Situation Learning Match". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 31 (4): 561–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2007.00188.x">10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00188.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143353586">143353586</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=999462">999462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=From+Opportunity+Insight+to+Opportunity+Intention%3A+The+Importance+of+Person-Situation+Learning+Match&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=561-583&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143353586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D999462%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2007.00188.x&rft.aulast=Dimov&rft.aufirst=Dimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherdMcMullenJennings2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shepherd, D. A.; McMullen, J. S.; Jennings, P. D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsej.3">"The formation of opportunity beliefs: overcoming ignorance and reducing doubt"</a>. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. 1 (1–2): 75–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsej.3">10.1002/sej.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145411658">145411658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Entrepreneurship+Journal&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+opportunity+beliefs%3A+overcoming+ignorance+and+reducing+doubt&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=75-95&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsej.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145411658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=McMullen%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fsej.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarasvathy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). "Causation and effectuation: toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency". Academy of Management Review. 26 (2): 243–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F259121">10.2307/259121</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259121">259121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Causation+and+effectuation%3A+toward+a+theoretical+shift+from+economic+inevitability+to+entrepreneurial+contingency&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-263&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F259121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sarasvathy&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUcbasaranWestheadWright2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ucbasaran, D.; Westhead, P.; Wright, M. (2009). "The extent and nature of opportunity identification by experienced entrepreneurs". Journal of Business Venturing. 24 (2): 99–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2008.01.008">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=The+extent+and+nature+of+opportunity+identification+by+experienced+entrepreneurs&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-115&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2008.01.008&rft.aulast=Ucbasaran&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Westhead%2C+P.&rft.au=Wright%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bozward D. and Rogers-Draycott, M., (2017) Developing a Staged Competency Based Approach to Enterprise Creation. Proceedings of the International Conference for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development. ISSN 2411-5320 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsosKolvereid1998" class="citation journal cs1">Alsos, G.A.; Kolvereid, L. (1998). "The business gestation process of novice, serial, and parallel business founders". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 22 (4): 101–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104225879802200405">10.1177/104225879802200405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151263063">151263063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=The+business+gestation+process+of+novice%2C+serial%2C+and+parallel+business+founders&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=101-102&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F104225879802200405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151263063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alsos&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rft.au=Kolvereid%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delmar,_F_2004-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delmar,_F_2004_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delmar,_F_2004_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmarShane2004" class="citation journal cs1">Delmar, F.; Shane, S. (2004). "Legitimizing first: organizing activities and the survival of new ventures". Journal of Business Venturing. 19 (3): 385–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0883-9026%2803%2900037-5">10.1016/s0883-9026(03)00037-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Legitimizing+first%3A+organizing+activities+and+the+survival+of+new+ventures&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-410&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0883-9026%2803%2900037-5&rft.aulast=Delmar&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Shane%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gartner, W.B. (1985). "A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation". Academy of Management Review. 10 (4): 696–706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.1985.4279094">10.5465/amr.1985.4279094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=A+conceptual+framework+for+describing+the+phenomenon+of+new+venture+creation&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=696-706&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.1985.4279094&rft.aulast=Gartner&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lichtenstein,_B._B._2007-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lichtenstein,_B._B._2007_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lichtenstein,_B._B._2007_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtensteinCarterDooleyGartner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtenstein, B. B.; Carter, N. M.; Dooley, K. J.; Gartner, W. B. (2007). "Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship". Journal of Business Venturing. 22 (2): 236–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2006.06.001">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.06.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Complexity+dynamics+of+nascent+entrepreneurship&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=236-261&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2006.06.001&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=B.+B.&rft.au=Carter%2C+N.+M.&rft.au=Dooley%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Gartner%2C+W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimLongestLippmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, P.H.; Longest, K.C.; Lippmann, S. (2015). "The tortoise versus the hare: Progress and business viability differences between conventional and leisure-based founders". Journal of Business Venturing. 30 (2): 185–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2014.02.005">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.02.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=The+tortoise+versus+the+hare%3A+Progress+and+business+viability+differences+between+conventional+and+leisure-based+founders&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-204&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2014.02.005&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rft.au=Longest%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Lippmann%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterGartnerReynolds1996" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, N.M.; Gartner, W.B.; Reynolds, P.D. (1996). "Exploring start-up event sequences". Journal of Business Venturing. 11 (3): 151–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0883-9026%2895%2900129-8">10.1016/0883-9026(95)00129-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Exploring+start-up+event+sequences&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=151-166&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0883-9026%2895%2900129-8&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=N.M.&rft.au=Gartner%2C+W.B.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+P.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferriani2009-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferriani2009_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrianiCattaniBaden-Fuller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ferriani, S.; Cattani, G.; Baden-Fuller, C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByE7rCUuloTlM1NabFZra1RiUDg/edit?usp=sharing">"The Relational Antecedents of Project-Entrepreneurship: Network Centrality, Team Composition, and Project Performance"</a>. Research Policy. 38 (10): 1545–1558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.respol.2009.09.001">10.1016/j.respol.2009.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1071710">1071710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Relational+Antecedents+of+Project-Entrepreneurship%3A+Network+Centrality%2C+Team+Composition%2C+and+Project+Performance&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1545-1558&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.respol.2009.09.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1071710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ferriani&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Cattani%2C+G.&rft.au=Baden-Fuller%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0ByE7rCUuloTlM1NabFZra1RiUDg%2Fedit%3Fusp%3Dsharing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faulkner1987-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Faulkner1987_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulknerAnderson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Faulkner, R. R.; Anderson, A. B. (1987). "Short-term projects and emergent careers: evidence from Hollywood". American Journal of Sociology. 92 (4): 879–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F228586">10.1086/228586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144195668">144195668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Short-term+projects+and+emergent+careers%3A+evidence+from+Hollywood&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=879-909&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F228586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144195668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeFillippi2004-106"><a href="#cite_ref-DeFillippi2004_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFillippiSpring2004" class="citation journal cs1">DeFillippi, R.; Spring, S. (2004). "Project entrepreneurs for project-based enterprises: Extension or complement to project management competencies?". Projects and Profits. 4 (2): 50–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Projects+and+Profits&rft.atitle=Project+entrepreneurs+for+project-based+enterprises%3A+Extension+or+complement+to+project+management+competencies%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=DeFillippi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Spring%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811030258/https://www.pbs.org/opb/thenewheroes/whatis/">The New Heroes</a>, What is Social Entrepreneurship, Oregon Public Broadcasting, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship," J. Gregory Dees, 1998, rev 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caseatduke.org/">"The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. caseatduke.org. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=caseatduke.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaseatduke.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, J.L. (2002). "The World of the Social Entrepreneur". The International Journal of Public Sector Management. 15 (4/5): 413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09513550210435746">10.1108/09513550210435746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Public+Sector+Management&rft.atitle=The+World+of+the+Social+Entrepreneur&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4%2F5&rft.pages=413&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F09513550210435746&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Wilden, R., Garbuio, M., Angeli, F. and Mascia, D. (2018) Entrepreneurship in Healthcare. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138068407" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138068407">978-1138068407</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick2018" class="citation journal cs1">Frederick, Howard H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/storage/f712106428511193.pdf">"The emergence of biosphere entrepreneurship: are social and business entrepreneurship obsolete?"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 34 (3). Inderscience Publishers: 381–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJESB.2018.092785">10.1504/IJESB.2018.092785</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+and+Small+Business&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+biosphere+entrepreneurship%3A+are+social+and+business+entrepreneurship+obsolete%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381-419&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJESB.2018.092785&rft.aulast=Frederick&rft.aufirst=Howard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inderscience.com%2Fstorage%2Ff712106428511193.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2021" class="citation news cs1">Jack, Andrew (11 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/731bf2bd-4345-4fbc-933e-4c68648494c6">"European business schools join forces to offer free climate training, November 11 2021"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=European+business+schools+join+forces+to+offer+free+climate+training%2C+November+11+2021&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F731bf2bd-4345-4fbc-933e-4c68648494c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Knight">Knight, Frank Hyneman</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-alYLsfnCXUC">Risk, Uncertainty and Profit</a>. Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-242-0"><bdi>978-1-59605-242-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk%2C+Uncertainty+and+Profit&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59605-242-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Frank+Hyneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-alYLsfnCXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaureiro-MartínezCanessaBrusoniZollo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Laureiro-Martínez, Daniella; Canessa, Nicola; Brusoni, Stefano; Zollo, Maurizio; Hare, Todd; Alemanno, Federica; Cappa, Stefano F. (22 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897871">"Frontopolar cortex and decision-making efficiency: comparing brain activity of experts with different professional background during an exploration-exploitation task"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 927. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00927">10.3389/fnhum.2013.00927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897871">3897871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24478664">24478664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Frontopolar+cortex+and+decision-making+efficiency%3A+comparing+brain+activity+of+experts+with+different+professional+background+during+an+exploration-exploitation+task&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=927&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3897871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24478664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00927&rft.aulast=Laureiro-Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Daniella&rft.au=Canessa%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Brusoni%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Zollo%2C+Maurizio&rft.au=Hare%2C+Todd&rft.au=Alemanno%2C+Federica&rft.au=Cappa%2C+Stefano+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3897871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane2000" class="citation journal cs1">Shane, S. (2000). "The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research". Academy of Management Review. 25 (1): 217–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2FAMR.2000.2791611">10.5465/AMR.2000.2791611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=The+Promise+of+Entrepreneurship+as+a+Field+of+Research&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-226&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2FAMR.2000.2791611&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Reynolds PD, Hay M, Bygrave WD et al. (2002) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2002 Global Executive Report. Kansas City, MO: Kauffman Foundation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Xavier-Oliveira et al. (1 July 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hum.sagepub.com/content/68/7/1183.abstract">What motivates entrepreneurial entry under economic inequality? The role of human and financial capital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018161250/http://hum.sagepub.com/content/68/7/1183.abstract">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Human Relations 68(7): 1183–1207, Sage. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaneNicolaou2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shane, S.; Nicolaou, N. (2013). "The genetics of entrepreneurial performance". International Small Business Journal. 31 (5): 473–495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0266242613485767">10.1177/0266242613485767</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145370748">145370748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Small+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+entrepreneurial+performance&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=473-495&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0266242613485767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145370748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Nicolaou%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2005:278-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2005:278_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2005">Miller 2005</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheufeleMoy2000-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheufeleMoy2000_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheufeleMoy2000">Scheufele & Moy 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamoglou2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ramoglou, S. (2013). "Who is a 'non-entrepreneur'? Taking the 'others' of entrepreneurship seriously". International Small Business Journal. 31 (4): 432–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0266242611425838">10.1177/0266242611425838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153471645">153471645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Small+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Who+is+a+%27non-entrepreneur%27%3F+Taking+the+%27others%27+of+entrepreneurship+seriously&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=432-453&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0266242611425838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153471645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramoglou&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gartner, William B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uv.es/bcjauveg/docs/LibroCuervoRibeiroRoigENG.pdf#page=235">"Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development; Business research"</a> (PDF). Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 25 (4): 27–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104225870102500403">10.1177/104225870102500403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220124642">220124642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Is+There+an+Elephant+in+Entrepreneurship%3F+Blind+Assumptions+in+Theory+Development%3B+Business+research&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-39&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F104225870102500403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220124642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gartner&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2Fbcjauveg%2Fdocs%2FLibroCuervoRibeiroRoigENG.pdf%23page%3D235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauchartGruber2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fauchart, E; Gruber, M. (2011). "Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identify in Entrepreneurship". Academy of Management Journal. 54 (5): 935–957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famj.2009.0211">10.5465/amj.2009.0211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167415395">167415395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Darwinians%2C+Communitarians%2C+and+Missionaries%3A+The+Role+of+Founder+Identify+in+Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=935-957&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famj.2009.0211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167415395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fauchart&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Gruber%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HackmanJohnson-124"><a href="#cite_ref-HackmanJohnson_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackmanJohnson,_C.E.2009" class="citation book cs1">Hackman, M.Z.; Johnson, C.E. (2009). Leadership: A communication perspective (5th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership%3A+A+communication+perspective&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+IL&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Waveland&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hackman&rft.aufirst=M.Z.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum_et_al.-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Baum_et_al._125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumLocke,_Edwin_A.Kirkpatrick,_Shelley_A.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Baum, Robert J.; Locke, Edwin A.; Kirkpatrick, Shelley A. (1998). "A longitudinal study of the relation of vision and vision communication to venture growth in entrepreneurial firms". Journal of Applied Psychology. 83 (1): 43–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.83.1.43">10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.43</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+longitudinal+study+of+the+relation+of+vision+and+vision+communication+to+venture+growth+in+entrepreneurial+firms.&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0021-9010.83.1.43&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Locke%2C+Edwin+A.&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Shelley+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kouzes-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Kouzes_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouzesPosner,_B.Z.1987" class="citation book cs1">Kouzes, J.M; Posner, B.Z. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadershipchalle00kouz_1">The leadership challenge: How to get extraordinary things done in organizations</a>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987lcht.book.....K">1987lcht.book.....K</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555422110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555422110"><bdi>978-1555422110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+leadership+challenge%3A+How+to+get+extraordinary+things+done+in+organizations&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987lcht.book.....K&rft.isbn=978-1555422110&rft.aulast=Kouzes&rft.aufirst=J.M&rft.au=Posner%2C+B.Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadershipchalle00kouz_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke_et_al.-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Locke_et_al._127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockeKirkpatrick,_S.Wheeler,_J.KSchneider,_J1991" class="citation book cs1">Locke, E.A.; Kirkpatrick, S.; Wheeler, J.K; Schneider, J; Niles, K.; Goldstein, H; Welsh, K; Chah, D.O. (1991). The essence of leadership. New York: Lexington Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essence+of+leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+J.K&rft.au=Schneider%2C+J&rft.au=Niles%2C+K.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+H&rft.au=Welsh%2C+K&rft.au=Chah%2C+D.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeCornelissen,_J2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, J.; Cornelissen, J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02276729/file/264638-AMR_Clarke_201110.pdf">"Language, communication, and socially situated cognition in entrepreneurship. Academy Of Management Review"</a> (PDF). Academy of Management Review. 36 (4): 776–778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2FAMR.2011.65554783">10.5465/AMR.2011.65554783</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Language%2C+communication%2C+and+socially+situated+cognition+in+entrepreneurship.+Academy+Of+Management+Review&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=776-778&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2FAMR.2011.65554783&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Cornelissen%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02276729%2Ffile%2F264638-AMR_Clarke_201110.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEulerVollmar,_B._H.Kraus,_S.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Euler, M; Vollmar, B. H.; Kraus, S. (2011). "Communication matters—Network constellations in entrepreneurship". International Journal of Economics and Business Research. 3 (3): 283–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2Fijebr.2011.040021">10.1504/ijebr.2011.040021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Economics+and+Business+Research&rft.atitle=Communication+matters%E2%80%94Network+constellations+in+entrepreneurship.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-301&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2Fijebr.2011.040021&rft.aulast=Euler&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Vollmar%2C+B.+H.&rft.au=Kraus%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesWiemann,_J.M1987" class="citation book cs1">Giles, H; Wiemann, J.M (1987). Language, social comparison and power. The handbook of communication science. pp. 350–384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+social+comparison+and+power.+The+handbook+of+communication+science&rft.pages=350-384&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Wiemann%2C+J.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ting_Toomey-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Ting_Toomey_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTing-Toomey1985" class="citation book cs1">Ting-Toomey, S (1985). Toward a theory of conflict and culture in communication. Culture & Organizational processes. pp. 71–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+theory+of+conflict+and+culture+in+communication.+Culture+%26+Organizational+processes&rft.pages=71-86&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Ting-Toomey&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRank1976" class="citation book cs1">Rank, H (1976). Teaching about public persuasion. National Council of Teachers of English.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+about+public+persuasion&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Teachers+of+English&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Rank&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Lawrence, D. (2014) Disruptors are just pirates on the high seas of capitalism. The Globe and Mail Special on Business Education, 5 November 2014. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/disruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism/article21443149/">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/disruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism/article21443149/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115200/http://works.bepress.com/roth/9/">"Booties, bounties, business models: a map to the next red oceans"</a>. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 22 (4): 439–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2Fijesb.2014.064272">10.1504/ijesb.2014.064272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53140269">53140269</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/roth/9/">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+and+Small+Business&rft.atitle=Booties%2C+bounties%2C+business+models%3A+a+map+to+the+next+red+oceans&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=439-448&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2Fijesb.2014.064272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53140269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Froth%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114118/http://works.bepress.com/roth/8/">"The eye-patch of the beholder"</a>. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 22 (4): 399–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2Fijesb.2014.064271">10.1504/ijesb.2014.064271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53131826">53131826</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/roth/8/">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+and+Small+Business&rft.atitle=The+eye-patch+of+the+beholder&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-407&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2Fijesb.2014.064271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53131826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Froth%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissmann2013" class="citation news cs1">Weissmann, Jordan (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/08/entrepreneurship-the-ultimate-white-privilege/278727/">"Entrepreneurship: The Ultimate White Privilege?"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship%3A+The+Ultimate+White+Privilege%3F&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.aulast=Weissmann&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2013%2F08%2Fentrepreneurship-the-ultimate-white-privilege%2F278727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernbergLindbäckRoos2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jernberg, Frida; Lindbäck, Anna; Roos, Annie (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2019-0004">"A new male entrepreneur? Media representation of male entrepreneurs before and after #metoo"</a>. Gender in Management. 35 (2): 211–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FGM-01-2019-0004">10.1108/GM-01-2019-0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-2413">1754-2413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216384140">216384140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+in+Management&rft.atitle=A+new+male+entrepreneur%3F+Media+representation+of+male+entrepreneurs+before+and+after+%23metoo&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-224&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216384140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1754-2413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FGM-01-2019-0004&rft.aulast=Jernberg&rft.aufirst=Frida&rft.au=Lindb%C3%A4ck%2C+Anna&rft.au=Roos%2C+Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2FGM-01-2019-0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/age-of-successful-entrepreneurs/">"The Average Age of Successful Entrepreneurs Is Actually 45"</a>. Knowledge@Wharton. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knowledge%40Wharton&rft.atitle=The+Average+Age+of+Successful+Entrepreneurs+Is+Actually+45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.wharton.upenn.edu%2Farticle%2Fage-of-successful-entrepreneurs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaden2018" class="citation news cs1">Haden, Jeff (16 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/a-study-of-27-million-startups-found-ideal-age-to-start-a-business-and-its-much-older-than-you-think.html">"A Study of 2.7 Million Startups Found the Ideal Age to Start a Business (and It's Much Older Than You Think)"</a>. Inc. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+2.7+Million+Startups+Found+the+Ideal+Age+to+Start+a+Business+%28and+It%27s+Much+Older+Than+You+Think%29&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.aulast=Haden&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fjeff-haden%2Fa-study-of-27-million-startups-found-ideal-age-to-start-a-business-and-its-much-older-than-you-think.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazear2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lazear, Edward (2005). "Entrepreneurship". Journal of Labor Economics. 23 (4): 649–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F491605">10.1086/491605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Labor+Economics&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=649-680&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F491605&rft.aulast=Lazear&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackes-Ge1llnerMoog2013" class="citation journal cs1">Backes-Ge1llner, Uschi; Moog, Petra (December 2013). "The disposition to become an entrepreneur and the jacks-of-all-trades in social and human capital". The Journal of Socio-Economics. 47: 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socec.2013.08.008">10.1016/j.socec.2013.08.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Socio-Economics&rft.atitle=The+disposition+to+become+an+entrepreneur+and+the+jacks-of-all-trades+in+social+and+human+capital&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socec.2013.08.008&rft.aulast=Backes-Ge1llner&rft.aufirst=Uschi&rft.au=Moog%2C+Petra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2015" class="citation web cs1">Baer, Drake (19 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/personality-difference-between-entrepreneurs-and-employees-2015-2#ixzz3SklQUxLd-2">"Scientists have discovered a personality difference between entrepreneurs and employees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Scientists+have+discovered+a+personality+difference+between+entrepreneurs+and+employees&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Drake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fpersonality-difference-between-entrepreneurs-and-employees-2015-2%23ixzz3SklQUxLd-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entrepreneurship-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Entrepreneurship_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuljadi" class="citation book cs1">Muljadi, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231164003/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNy7hA-rvOUC">Entrepreneurship</a>. Paul Muljadi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNy7hA-rvOUC">the original</a> on 31 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=Paul+Muljadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNy7hA-rvOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hansson, Åsa (2012). "Tax policy and entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from Sweden". Small Business Economics. 38 (4): 495–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-010-9282-7">10.1007/s11187-010-9282-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153414747">153414747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Business+Economics&rft.atitle=Tax+policy+and+entrepreneurship%3A+empirical+evidence+from+Sweden&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=495-513&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11187-010-9282-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153414747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=%C3%85sa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorensen-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Sorensen_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSørensenNanda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sørensen, J.; Nanda, R. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010062717/http://www.edegan.com/pdfs/Nanda%20Sorensen%20(2010)%20-%20Workplace%20peers%20and%20entrepreneurship.pdf">"Workplace Peers and Entrepreneurship"</a> (PDF). Management Science. 56 (7): 1116–1126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fmnsc.1100.1179">10.1287/mnsc.1100.1179</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edegan.com/pdfs/Nanda%20Sorensen%20(2010)%20-%20Workplace%20peers%20and%20entrepreneurship.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Science&rft.atitle=Workplace+Peers+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1116-1126&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Fmnsc.1100.1179&rft.aulast=S%C3%B8rensen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Nanda%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edegan.com%2Fpdfs%2FNanda%2520Sorensen%2520%282010%29%2520-%2520Workplace%2520peers%2520and%2520entrepreneurship.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sorensen_interview-146"><a href="#cite_ref-sorensen_interview_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/research/sorensen_peers.html">"Peers Influence Decision to Become an Entrepreneur"</a>. Stanford Graduate School of Business; News. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peers+Influence+Decision+to+Become+an+Entrepreneur&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsb.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2Fresearch%2Fsorensen_peers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723210058/http://www.nyenrode.com/FacultyResearch/research/Documents/Research%20Paper%20Series/2007/07-04.pdf">Entrepreneurial Behavior</a>, Retrieved 17 December 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsikszentmihalyi2009" class="citation book cs1">Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epmhVuaaoK0C">Flow</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-187672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-187672-1"><bdi>978-0-06-187672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flow&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-187672-1&rft.aulast=Csikszentmihalyi&rft.aufirst=Mihaly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepmhVuaaoK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristensenJohnson2008-149"><a href="#cite_ref-ChristensenJohnson2008_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenJohnsonHorn2008" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Clayton; Johnson, Curtis W.; Horn, Michael B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiBcUl44FEcC">Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns</a>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-164174-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-164174-6"><bdi>978-0-07-164174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disrupting+Class%3A+How+Disruptive+Innovation+Will+Change+the+Way+the+World+Learns&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-164174-6&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Curtis+W.&rft.au=Horn%2C+Michael+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiBcUl44FEcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontessori1967" class="citation book cs1">Montessori, Maria (1967). The Absorbent Mind. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Absorbent+Mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Montessori&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathundeCsikszentmihalyi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rathunde, Kevin; Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (May 2005). "Middle School Students' Motivation and Quality of Experience: A Comparison of Montessori and Traditional School Environments". American Journal of Education. 111 (3): 341–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F428885">10.1086/428885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146766889">146766889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Education&rft.atitle=Middle+School+Students%27+Motivation+and+Quality+of+Experience%3A+A+Comparison+of+Montessori+and+Traditional+School+Environments&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-371&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F428885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146766889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rathunde&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Csikszentmihalyi%2C+Mihaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConchieDonald2007" class="citation journal cs1">Conchie, S. M.; Donald, I. J. (2007). "The functions and development of safety-specific trust and distrust". Safety Science. 46 (1): 92–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ssci.2007.03.004">10.1016/j.ssci.2007.03.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Safety+Science&rft.atitle=The+functions+and+development+of+safety-specific+trust+and+distrust&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-103&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ssci.2007.03.004&rft.aulast=Conchie&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Donald%2C+I.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudmundssonLechner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gudmundsson, S.V.; Lechner, C. (2013). "Cognitive Biases, Organization, and Entrepreneurial Firm Survival". European Management Journal. 31 (3): 278–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.emj.2013.01.001">10.1016/j.emj.2013.01.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Biases%2C+Organization%2C+and+Entrepreneurial+Firm+Survival&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278-294&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.emj.2013.01.001&rft.aulast=Gudmundsson&rft.aufirst=S.V.&rft.au=Lechner%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKets_de_Vries2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kets de Vries, M. (2003). "The entrepreneur on the couch". INSEAD Quarterly. 5: 17–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=INSEAD+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+entrepreneur+on+the+couch&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=17-19&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kets+de+Vries&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGielnikBledowStark2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gielnik, Michael; Bledow, Ronald; Stark, Miriam (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lkcsb_research/6503">"A Dynamic Account of Self-Efficacy in Entrepreneurship"</a>. Journal of Applied Psychology. 105 (105–5): 487–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fapl0000451">10.1037/apl0000451</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31535872">31535872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+Account+of+Self-Efficacy+in+Entrepreneurship&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=105%E2%80%935&rft.pages=487-505&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fapl0000451&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31535872&rft.aulast=Gielnik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bledow%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Stark%2C+Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fink.library.smu.edu.sg%2Flkcsb_research%2F6503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuestaSuárez-ÁlvarezLozanoGarcía-Cueto2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cuesta, Marcelino; Suárez-Álvarez, Javier; Lozano, Luis Manuel; García-Cueto, Eduardo; Muñiz, José (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281960">"Assessment of Eight Entrepreneurial Personality Dimensions: Validity Evidence of the BEPE Battery"</a>. Frontiers in Psychology. 29: 2352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02352">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02352</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281960">6281960</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30555379">30555379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+Eight+Entrepreneurial+Personality+Dimensions%3A+Validity+Evidence+of+the+BEPE+Battery&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=2352&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6281960%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30555379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02352&rft.aulast=Cuesta&rft.aufirst=Marcelino&rft.au=Su%C3%A1rez-%C3%81lvarez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Luis+Manuel&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Cueto%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1iz%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6281960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaaraviHameiriTamar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Maaravi, Yossi; Hameiri, Boaz; Tamar, Gur (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8882629">"Perceptions of Victimhood and Entrepreneurial Tendencies"</a>. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.797787">10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797787</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8882629">8882629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35237209">35237209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Perceptions+of+Victimhood+and+Entrepreneurial+Tendencies&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8882629%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35237209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.797787&rft.aulast=Maaravi&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Hameiri%2C+Boaz&rft.au=Tamar%2C+Gur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8882629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoonDuckworth2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schoon, Ingrid; Duckworth, Kathryn (2012). "Who becomes an entrepreneur? Early life experiences as predictors of entrepreneurship". Developmental Psychology. 48 (6): 1719–1726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029168">10.1037/a0029168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22746220">22746220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Who+becomes+an+entrepreneur%3F+Early+life+experiences+as+predictors+of+entrepreneurship&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1719-1726&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029168&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22746220&rft.aulast=Schoon&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitt,_M._A._2011-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitt,_M._A._2011_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitt,_M._A._2011_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHittIrelandSirmonTrahms2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hitt, M. A.; Ireland, R.; Sirmon, D. G.; Trahms, C. A. (2011). "Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating Value for Individuals, Organizations, and Society". Academy of Management Perspectives. 25 (2): 57–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2FAMP.2011.61020802">10.5465/AMP.2011.61020802</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Strategic+Entrepreneurship%3A+Creating+Value+for+Individuals%2C+Organizations%2C+and+Society&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-75&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2FAMP.2011.61020802&rft.aulast=Hitt&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Ireland%2C+R.&rft.au=Sirmon%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Trahms%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Martin Chemers tentatively suggests a generic definition of leadership: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemers2014" class="citation book cs1">Chemers, Martin (2014) [1997]. "The Functions of Leadership in Organization". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAbsAgAAQBAJ">An integrative theory of leadership</a> (reprint ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317778400" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317778400"><bdi>978-1317778400</bdi></a>. <q>A definition of leadership that would be widely accepted by the majority of theorists and researchers might say that 'leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Functions+of+Leadership+in+Organization&rft.btitle=An+integrative+theory+of+leadership&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317778400&rft.aulast=Chemers&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAbsAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Andrew_Shane" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Andrew Shane">Shane, Scott Andrew</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FxO_Wsh30kC">A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-opportunity Nexus</a>. New horizons in entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781007990" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781007990"><bdi>978-1781007990</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Theory+of+Entrepreneurship%3A+The+Individual-opportunity+Nexus&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.series=New+horizons+in+entrepreneurship&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1781007990&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FxO_Wsh30kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_162-1">b</a> Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E.. (2011). Strategic Management. (9th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Heaton, L. H. (2008) Knowledge Management. International Encyclopedia of Communication. Boston: Blackledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyacigillerAdler1991" class="citation journal cs1">Boyacigiller, N.; Adler, N. J. (1991). "The Parochial Dinosaur: The Organizational Sciences in Global Context". Academy of Management Review. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.1991.4278936">10.5465/amr.1991.4278936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=The+Parochial+Dinosaur%3A+The+Organizational+Sciences+in+Global+Context&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.1991.4278936&rft.aulast=Boyacigiller&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Adler%2C+N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraumannMoscovici2012" class="citation book cs1">Graumann, Carl F.; <a href="/wiki/Serge_Moscovici" title="Serge Moscovici">Moscovici, Serge</a>, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lFDBAAAQBAJ">Changing Conceptions of Leadership</a>. Springer Series in Social Psychology. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461248767" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461248767"><bdi>978-1461248767</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Conceptions+of+Leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Springer+Series+in+Social+Psychology&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1461248767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lFDBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Hofestede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, Leadership and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad? Organizational Dynamics. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Adler, N. J. % Gundersen, A. (2008). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelacci_and_Schivardi-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michelacci_and_Schivardi_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelacci_and_Schivardi_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelacci2015" class="citation journal cs1">Michelacci, Claudio (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208202510/http://www.sciencespo.fr/liepp/sites/sciencespo.fr.liepp/files/paper_Are_They_All_Like_Bill_Michelacci.pdf">"Are They All Like Bill, Mark, and Steve? The Education Premium for Entrepreneurs"</a> (PDF). EIEF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencespo.fr/liepp/sites/sciencespo.fr.liepp/files/paper_Are_They_All_Like_Bill_Michelacci.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EIEF&rft.atitle=Are+They+All+Like+Bill%2C+Mark%2C+and+Steve%3F+The+Education+Premium+for+Entrepreneurs&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.aulast=Michelacci&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fliepp%2Fsites%2Fsciencespo.fr.liepp%2Ffiles%2Fpaper_Are_They_All_Like_Bill_Michelacci.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_GrandoriLaura_Gaillard_Giordani2011" class="citation book cs1">Anna Grandori; Laura Gaillard Giordani (2011). Organizing Entrepreneurship. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57037-4"><bdi>978-0-415-57037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizing+Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57037-4&rft.au=Anna+Grandori&rft.au=Laura+Gaillard+Giordani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._L._HillGareth_R._Jones2009" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. L. Hill; Gareth R. Jones (2009). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. South-Western College Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-75107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-538-75107-0"><bdi>978-0-538-75107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Management+Theory%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pub=South-Western+College+Pub&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-538-75107-0&rft.au=Charles+W.+L.+Hill&rft.au=Gareth+R.+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Duane_IrelandRobert_E._HoskissonMichael_A._Hitt2008" class="citation book cs1">R. Duane Ireland; Robert E. Hoskisson; Michael A. Hitt (8 October 2008). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases (Strategic Management). South-Western College Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-324-57899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-324-57899-7"><bdi>978-0-324-57899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Business+Strategy%3A+Concepts+and+Cases+%28Strategic+Management%29&rft.pub=South-Western+College+Pub&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-324-57899-7&rft.au=R.+Duane+Ireland&rft.au=Robert+E.+Hoskisson&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._L._HillGareth_R._Jones2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. L. Hill; Gareth R. Jones (2008). Essentials of Strategic Management. South-Western College Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-19432-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-19432-5"><bdi>978-0-547-19432-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Strategic+Management&rft.pub=South-Western+College+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-547-19432-5&rft.au=Charles+W.+L.+Hill&rft.au=Gareth+R.+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhide1999" class="citation book cs1">Bhide, Amar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhide.net/books/Origin%20and%20Evolution/part1.pdf">The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170313" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170313"><bdi>978-0195170313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Evolution+of+New+Businesses&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195170313&rft.aulast=Bhide&rft.aufirst=Amar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhide.net%2Fbooks%2FOrigin%2520and%2520Evolution%2Fpart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbbenaJohnson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ebbena, Jay; Johnson, Alec (2006). "Bootstrapping in small firms: An empirical analysis of change over time". Journal of Business Venturing. 21 (6) (published November 2006): 851–865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2005.06.007">10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.06.007</a>. <q>Bootstrapping has taken on many definitions in the literature, but there has been some recent consensus that it is a collection of methods used to minimize the amount of outside debt and equity financing needed from banks and investors (Winborg and Landstrom, 2001 and Harrison and Mason, 1997).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Venturing&rft.atitle=Bootstrapping+in+small+firms%3A+An+empirical+analysis+of+change+over+time&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=851-865&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusvent.2005.06.007&rft.aulast=Ebbena&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NarayananO'Connor2010-176"><a href="#cite_ref-NarayananO'Connor2010_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayananColarelli_O'Connor2010" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, V. K.; Colarelli O'Connor, Gina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=duIY77a2WRYC">Encyclopedia of Technology and Innovation Management</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6049-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6049-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-6049-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Technology+and+Innovation+Management&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6049-0&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=V.+K.&rft.au=Colarelli+O%27Connor%2C+Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduIY77a2WRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Meh, Cesaire Assah (2002). "Entrepreneurial Risk, Credit Constraints, and the Corporate Income Tax: A Quantitative Exploration". Bank of Canada, Working Papers 2002–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Canada%2C+Working+Papers+2002%E2%80%9321&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurial+Risk%2C+Credit+Constraints%2C+and+the+Corporate+Income+Tax%3A+A+Quantitative+Exploration&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Meh&rft.aufirst=Cesaire+Assah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bruce, Donald and John Deskins (2012). "Can state tax policies be used to promote entrepreneurial activity?". Small Business Economics. 38 (4): 375–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-010-9262-y">10.1007/s11187-010-9262-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14117173">14117173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Business+Economics&rft.atitle=Can+state+tax+policies+be+used+to+promote+entrepreneurial+activity%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-397&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11187-010-9262-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14117173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Donald+and+John+Deskins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsoniSanandaji2014" class="citation journal cs1">Asoni, Andrea; Sanandaji, Tino (2014). "Taxation and the quality of entrepreneurship". Journal of Economics. 113 (2): 101–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00712-013-0375-z">10.1007/s00712-013-0375-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43574687">43574687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154956413">154956413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Taxation+and+the+quality+of+entrepreneurship&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-123&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154956413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43574687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00712-013-0375-z&rft.aulast=Asoni&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Sanandaji%2C+Tino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bruce, Donald and Mohammed Mohsin (2006). "Tax Policy and Entrepreneurship: New Time Series Evidence". Small Business Economics. 26 (5): 409–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-005-5602-8">10.1007/s11187-005-5602-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154429897">154429897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Business+Economics&rft.atitle=Tax+Policy+and+Entrepreneurship%3A+New+Time+Series+Evidence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=409-425&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11187-005-5602-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154429897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Donald+and+Mohammed+Mohsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> D.S Adegbenro I.C.T Poytechnic Lecture on EED 126, 2015">Entrepreneurship Lecture( EED 126) in D.S adegbenro Polytechnic, on 1 July 2015. Nigeria </li> <li id="cite_note-Shane2008-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Shane2008_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_A._Shane2008" class="citation book cs1">Scott A. Shane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clePgiDAoGQC">"7"</a>. The Illusions of Entrepreneurship: The Costly Myths That Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Policy Makers Live By. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15006-3"><bdi>978-0-300-15006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=The+Illusions+of+Entrepreneurship%3A+The+Costly+Myths+That+Entrepreneurs%2C+Investors%2C+and+Policy+Makers+Live+By&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15006-3&rft.au=Scott+A.+Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclePgiDAoGQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry-Rivers,_P.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Perry-Rivers, P. (October 2014). "Stratification, Economic Adversity, and Entrepreneurial Launch: The Converse Effect of Resource Position on Entrepreneurial Strategy". Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. 40 (3): 685–712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fetap.12137">10.1111/etap.12137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153562537">153562537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurship+Theory+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Stratification%2C+Economic+Adversity%2C+and+Entrepreneurial+Launch%3A+The+Converse+Effect+of+Resource+Position+on+Entrepreneurial+Strategy&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=685-712&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fetap.12137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153562537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Perry-Rivers%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeakinsFreel2009" class="citation book cs1">Deakins, D.; Freel, M. S. (2009). "Entrepreneurial activity, the economy and the importance of small firms". Entrepreneurship and small firms. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-712162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-712162-4"><bdi>978-0-07-712162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurial+activity%2C+the+economy+and+the+importance+of+small+firms&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship+and+small+firms&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-712162-4&rft.aulast=Deakins&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Freel%2C+M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, K. (2005). Communication theories: perspectives, processes, and contexts (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+theories%3A+perspectives%2C+processes%2C+and+contexts&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheufeleMoy2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dietram_Scheufele" title="Dietram Scheufele">Scheufele, D.</a>; Moy, P. (2000). "Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Public_Opinion_Research" title="International Journal of Public Opinion Research">International Journal of Public Opinion Research</a>. 12 (1): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijpor%2F12.1.3">10.1093/ijpor/12.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-2892">0954-2892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Public+Opinion+Research&rft.atitle=Twenty-five+years+of+the+spiral+of+silence%3A+A+conceptual+review+and+empirical+outlook&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijpor%2F12.1.3&rft.issn=0954-2892&rft.aulast=Scheufele&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Moy%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrepreneurship" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Entrepreneurship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7588126-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01058089">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115766&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&oldid=1256983465">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&oldid=1256983465</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Entrepreneurship" title="Category:Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_economics" title="Category:Business economics">Business economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_models" title="Category:Business models">Business models</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_occupations" title="Category:Business occupations">Business occupations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_terms" title="Category:Business terms">Business terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Management_occupations" title="Category:Management occupations">Management occupations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Small_business" title="Category:Small business">Small business</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2022">Use dmy dates from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2021">Articles needing additional references from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_July_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_September_2020" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from September 2020">Vague or ambiguous time from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2013" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2013">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2013">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_March_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 15:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entrepreneurship&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gjvwm","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.728","walltime":"3.046","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14574,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":492757,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17400,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":628694,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2705.260 1 -total"," 45.51% 1231.258 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.71% 533.150 81 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.98% 270.009 47 Template:Cite_book"," 8.47% 229.125 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.09% 191.776 20 Template:Fix"," 6.16% 166.610 1 Template:IPA"," 5.98% 161.708 13 Template:Cite_web"," 5.67% 153.399 3 Template:Excerpt"," 5.58% 151.066 1 Template:Capitalism_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.837","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20114861,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAK_YetisenLR_Bob_VolpattiAF_CoskunS_Cho2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlina_HyzMarzanna_B._LamentSławomir_I._Bukowski2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmeidaDe_PaulaPessali2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlsosKolvereid1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarezBusenitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_GrandoriLaura_Gaillard_Giordani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsoniSanandaji2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudretschBozemanCombsFeldman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackes-Ge1llnerMoog2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_J._OrserCatherine_ElliottJoanne_Leck2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumLocke,_Edwin_A.Kirkpatrick,_Shelley_A.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhide1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackBurtonWoodZimbelman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyacigillerAdler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrush2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantillon1755\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarterGartnerReynolds1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherine_Clifford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_W._L._HillGareth_R._Jones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_W._L._HillGareth_R._Jones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhary2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChemers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensenJohnsonHorn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeCornelissen,_J2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConchieDonald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCsikszentmihalyi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuestaSuárez-ÁlvarezLozanoGarcía-Cueto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFillippiSpring2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeakinsFreel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmarShane2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiochonAnderson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriessenZwart2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbbenaJohnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEulerVollmar,_B._H.Kraus,_S.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFauchartGruber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulknerAnderson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrianiCattaniBaden-Fuller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlanders2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriederike_Welter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddeforsAnderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartner,_W.B.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartner1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGielnikBledowStark2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilesWiemann,_J.M1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraumannMoscovici2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudmundssonLechner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGümüsay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGümüsay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackmanJohnson,_C.E.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelle_NeergaardJohn_P._Ulhøi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendersonFerguson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHittIrelandSirmonTrahms2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHjorth,_D2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHjorth,_DSteyaert,_C2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahimGalt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJernbergLindbäckRoos2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_D._P._M.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJollesRubinstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesMurtola2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatilaChenPiezunka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKets_de_Vries2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimLongestLippmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKouzesPosner,_B.Z.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandstrom2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaureiro-MartínezCanessaBrusoniZollo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazear2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLena_Olaison2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyScully2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtensteinCarterDooleyGartner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockeKirkpatrick,_S.Wheeler,_J.KSchneider,_J1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLounsbury,_MGlynn,_M.A2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweMarriott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaaraviHameiriTamar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Van_OsnabruggeRobert_J._Robinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallGuillebaud1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelacci2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonica_LindgrenJohann_Packendorff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontessori1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuljadi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayananColarelli_O\u0026#039;Connor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeng1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrserElliott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatriotta,_GSiegel,_D2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_D._Reynolds2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry-Rivers,_P.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Duane_IrelandRobert_E._HoskissonMichael_A._Hitt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamoglou2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamoglouTsang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRank1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathundeCsikszentmihalyi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_D._Hisrich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRostam-Afschar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS.X._ZhangJ._Cueto2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarasvathy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheufeleMoy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoonDuckworth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumpeter1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumpeter1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottVenkatraman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_A._Shane2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShane2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShane2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaneNicolaou2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaneVenkataraman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherdMcMullenJennings2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithCongerMcMullenNeubert2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMcMullenCardon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensonJarillo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraussHowe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSørensenNanda2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson_HeamesBreland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTing-Toomey1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUcbasaranWestheadWright2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Stanley_Jevons1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmouth2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Aspects of capitalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Economics\"] = 1,\n [\"Economics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 13,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Oed\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Qn\"] = 2,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weasel inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 2,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","27.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.0"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","4.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.0"],["date","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.0"],["[others]","460","23.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4dtrt","timestamp":"20241124053619","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurship","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3908516","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3908516","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-24T20:57:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T15:42:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8c\/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg","headline":"creation or extraction of economic value"}</script> </body> </html>