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<li id="toc-Aspirin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Aspirin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspirin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heroin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Heroin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenobarbital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenobarbital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Phenobarbital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenobarbital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IG_Farben" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IG_Farben"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 IG Farben </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IG_Farben-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 World War II and the Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Products </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Products subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-selling_pharmaceutical_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-selling_pharmaceutical_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Top-selling pharmaceutical products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-selling_pharmaceutical_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Agricultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Acquisitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acquisitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Acquisitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_of_Schering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_of_Schering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Acquisition of Schering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_of_Schering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other acquisitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin_off_of_Covestro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin_off_of_Covestro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Spin off of Covestro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin_off_of_Covestro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_of_Monsanto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_of_Monsanto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Acquisition of Monsanto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_of_Monsanto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Acquisition history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Corporate structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayer_CropScience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_CropScience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bayer CropScience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_CropScience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayer_Consumer_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_Consumer_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bayer Consumer Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_Consumer_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayer_Pharmaceuticals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_Pharmaceuticals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Bayer Pharmaceuticals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_Pharmaceuticals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_business_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_business_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Defunct business units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct_business_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayer_04_Leverkusen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_04_Leverkusen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bayer 04 Leverkusen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_04_Leverkusen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Awards and recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Litigation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Litigation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roundup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Roundup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xarelto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xarelto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Xarelto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xarelto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_A_Day_Vitamins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_A_Day_Vitamins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 One A Day Vitamins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_A_Day_Vitamins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 HIV contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dicamba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dicamba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Dicamba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dicamba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCB_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCB_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 PCB pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCB_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talc-related_liabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talc-related_liabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Talc-related liabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talc-related_liabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bayer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="باير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA)" title="بایر (شیرکت) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بایر (شیرکت)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Байер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Байер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%AF" title="بایر آگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بایر آگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_(entreprise)" title="Bayer (entreprise) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bayer (entreprise)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%98_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85)" title="바이엘 (기업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이엘 (기업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बायर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="באייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ബെയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="باير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB_(%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD)" title="バイエル (企業) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイエル (企業)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_(selskap)" title="Bayer (selskap) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bayer (selskap)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_(podnik)" title="Bayer (podnik) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bayer (podnik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பேயர் நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேயர் நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไบเออร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไบเออร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Bayer" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" title="Bayer AG – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bayer AG" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3" title="拜耳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拜耳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="באיער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באיער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3" title="拜耳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜耳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the company. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bayer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bayer (disambiguation)">Bayer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern">Bayern</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Bayer AG</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Bayer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Logo_Bayer.svg/160px-Logo_Bayer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Logo_Bayer.svg/240px-Logo_Bayer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Logo_Bayer.svg/320px-Logo_Bayer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg/220px-Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg/330px-Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg/440px-Leverkusen_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee_0004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in Leverkusen</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">FWB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/global-search/BAYN">BAYN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">DAX</a> component</li><li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Stoxx_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro Stoxx 50">Euro Stoxx 50</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">Healthcare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1863; 161 years ago (1863-08-01)<a href="#cite_note-bayer1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bayer" title="Friedrich Bayer">Friedrich Bayer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Anderson_(businessman)" title="Bill Anderson (businessman)">Bill Anderson</a> (CEO)</li> <li>Norbert Winkeljohann (chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">supervisory board</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Prescription pharmaceuticals</li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">diagnostic imaging</a></li><li>therapeutics</li><li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant biotechnology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>46.6 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-AR2024-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €−71 million (2024)<a href="#cite_note-AR2024-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €−2.6 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-AR2024-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €102 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-AR2024-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €43.3 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-AR2024-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">92,815 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-AR2024-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayer.com/">bayer.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bayer AG (English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbaɪ.ər/</a>, commonly pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbeɪər/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbaɪɐ]</a>) is a German <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> company and is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical companies">pharmaceutical companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_biomedical_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest biomedical companies by revenue">biomedical companies</a> in the world. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>, Bayer's areas of business include: pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural chemicals">agricultural chemicals</a>, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the <a href="/wiki/Euro_Stoxx_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro Stoxx 50">EURO STOXX 50</a> stock market index.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Bayer was founded in 1863 in <a href="/wiki/Barmen" title="Barmen">Barmen</a> as a partnership between dye salesman <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bayer" title="Friedrich Bayer">Friedrich Bayer</a> (1825–1880) and dyer Friedrich Weskott (1821–1876). The company was established as a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyestuffs</a> producer, but the versatility of aniline chemistry led Bayer to expand its business into other areas. In 1899, Bayer launched the compound acetylsalicylic acid under the trademarked name <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a>. Aspirin is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-5">[5]</a> In 2021, it was the 34th most commonly <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescribed medication</a> in the United States, with more than 17 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1904, Bayer received a trademark for the "Bayer Cross" logo, which was subsequently stamped onto each aspirin tablet, creating an iconic product that is still sold by Bayer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other commonly known products initially commercialized by Bayer include <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbitol" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenobarbitol">phenobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyurethanes">polyurethanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycarbonates">polycarbonates</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1925, Bayer merged with five other German companies to form <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, creating the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical company. The first <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamide</a> and the first <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systemic" class="extiw" title="wikt:systemic">systemically</a> active antibacterial drug, forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prontosil" title="Prontosil">Prontosil</a>, was developed by a research team led by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a> in 1932 or 1933 at the Bayer Laboratories. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> seized IG Farben's assets<a href="#cite_note-seized-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-10">[9]</a> because of its role in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> war effort and involvement in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, including using slave labour from concentration camps and humans for dangerous medical testing, and production of <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a>, a chemical used in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">gas chambers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In 1951, IG Farben was split into its constituent companies, and Bayer was reincorporated as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. After the war, Bayer re-hired several former Nazis to high-level positions, including convicted Nazi war criminals found guilty at the <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben_Trial" title="IG Farben Trial">IG Farben Trial</a> like <a href="/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer" title="Fritz ter Meer">Fritz ter Meer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Bayer played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a> in post-war <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, quickly regaining its position as one of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations. In 2016, Bayer merged with the American multinational <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> in what was the biggest acquisition by a German company to date.<a href="#cite_note-:02-14">[13]</a> However, owing to the massive financial and reputational blows caused by ongoing litigation concerning Monsanto's herbicide <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup</a>, the deal is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history.<a href="#cite_note-:02-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Bayer owns the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Football club">football club</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Bayer 04 Leverkusen">Bayer 04 Leverkusen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg/220px-Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg/330px-Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg/440px-Farbenfabrik_vorm._Friedr._Bayer_%26_Comp_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4304" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>Share of Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Comp in Elberfeld, issued 1 May 1908</figcaption></figure> Bayer AG was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyestuffs</a> factory in 1863 in <a href="/wiki/Barmen" title="Barmen">Barmen</a> (later part of <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>), Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bayer" title="Friedrich Bayer">Friedrich Bayer</a> and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott, a master dyer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisZitzlsperger201692-19">[18]</a> Bayer was responsible for the commercial tasks. <a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">Fuchsine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> became the company's most important products.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in <a href="/wiki/Elberfeld" title="Elberfeld">Elberfeld</a> in 1866. Friedrich Bayer (1851–1920), the son of the company's founder, was a chemist and joined the company in 1873. After the death of his father in 1880, the company became a joint-stock company, Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co, also known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayer-Kreuz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bayer-Kreuz.jpg/170px-Bayer-Kreuz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bayer-Kreuz.jpg/255px-Bayer-Kreuz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bayer-Kreuz.jpg/340px-Bayer-Kreuz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption>Bayer cross, <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></figcaption></figure> A further expansion in Elberfeld was impossible, so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">alizarin</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Leverkus" title="Carl Leverkus">Leverkus and Sons</a>. A new city, <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>, was founded there in 1930 and became home to Bayer AG's headquarters. The company's corporate logo, the Bayer cross, was introduced in 1904, consisting of the word BAYER written vertically and horizontally, sharing the Y and enclosed in a circle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez-Serrano201151-22">[21]</a> An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspirin">Aspirin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aspirin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg/250px-Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg/330px-Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg/500px-Aspirin-Fl%C3%A4schchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Bottle of Bayer aspirin, 1899</figcaption></figure> Bayer's first major product was <a href="/wiki/Acetylsalicylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetylsalicylic acid">acetylsalicylic acid</a>—first described by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederic_Gerhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederic Gerhardt">Charles Frederic Gerhardt</a> in 1853<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrör201612-24">[23]</a>—a modification of <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">salicin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Folk_remedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk remedy">folk remedy</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrör20168-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi2006-26">[25]</a> By 1899, Bayer's trademark <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but it lost its trademark status in the United States, France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer's US assets and trademarks during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by the United States, and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word.<a href="#cite_note-Tulett28May2014-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg/100px-Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg/150px-Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg/200px-Bayer_Aspirin_advert_Life_Magazine_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Advert for Bayer Aspirin in <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life magazine</a>, 1927</figcaption></figure> The term aspirin continued to be used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for all brands of the drug,<a href="#cite_note-Tulett28May2014-27">[26]</a> but it is still a registered trademark of Bayer in over 80 countries, including Canada, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. As of 2011, approximately 40,000 tons of aspirin were produced each year and 10–20 billion tablets consumed in the United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO Model List of Essential Medicines</a>, the most important medications needed in a basic <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> There is an unresolved controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eichengr%C3%BCn" title="Arthur Eichengrün">Arthur Eichengrün</a>, a Bayer chemist, said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have the unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">side effects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric pain">gastric pain</a>. He also said he had invented the name aspirin and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy. Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoffmann" title="Felix Hoffmann">Felix Hoffmann</a> to help his father, who had <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Various sources support the conflicting claims.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader-32">[31]</a> Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and/or Eichengrün.<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi2006-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroin">Heroin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heroin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg/250px-Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg/330px-Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg/500px-Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>Bayer Heroin bottle</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TimesUnion-33">[32]</a> and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over-the-counter treatment for other common ailments, including <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernandezLibby201122-34">[33]</a> While Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, the company did lead the way in commercializing it.<a href="#cite_note-CHFBio-35">[34]</a> Heroin was a Bayer trademark until after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Bayer's director of pharmacology did not want the drug to have "too complicated a name" so Bayer settled on heroisch, the German word for heroic.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phenobarbital">edit</a>]</div> In 1903, Bayer licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug <a href="/wiki/Diethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethylbarbituric acid">diethylbarbituric acid</a> from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at Bayer led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a> in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> through the 1970s, and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization's list of essential medications.<a href="#cite_note-Yasiry_Z,_Shorvon_SD_26–39-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-López-Muñoz_F,_Ucha-Udabe_R,_Alamo_C_329–43-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayerHeroin1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BayerHeroin1911.png/250px-BayerHeroin1911.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/BayerHeroin1911.png/500px-BayerHeroin1911.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Bayer advertisement, 1911</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), Bayer's assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in the United States, Canada and several other countries.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets and trademarks, including the well-known Bayer cross, were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Drug" title="Sterling Drug">Sterling Drug</a>, a predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Winthrop">Sterling Winthrop</a> and were not reclaimed until 1994. Throughout the war, Bayer was involved in production and development of various chemical weapons. In 1914, Bayer manufactured <a href="/wiki/O-Dianisidine" title="O-Dianisidine">dianisidine chlorosulfate</a> for use in 105 mm artillery shell, intended as a lung irritant against British forces.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In 1916, Bayer scientists discovered <a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">suramin</a>, an anti-<a href="/wiki/Trypanosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosomes">parasite</a> drug that is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin. The formula of suramin was kept secret by Bayer for commercial reasons, but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fourneau" title="Ernest Fourneau">Ernest Fourneau</a> and his team at the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESneader2005378–379-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_List_of_Essential_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IG_Farben">IG Farben</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IG Farben">edit</a>]</div> In 1925, Bayer became part of <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, a German conglomerate formed from the merger of six chemical companies: <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer AG">Bayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_AG" title="Hoechst AG">Hoechst</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Cassella_Farbwerke_Mainkur_Aktiengesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur Aktiengesellschaft">Cassella</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalle_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalle & Co. (page does not exist)">Kalle & Co.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Fabrik_Kalle" class="extiw" title="de:Chemische Fabrik Kalle">de</a>]), <a href="/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert" title="Agfa-Gevaert">Agfa</a>, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and <a href="/wiki/Weiler-ter-Meer" class="mw-redirect" title="Weiler-ter-Meer">Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETammen1978195-46">[45]</a> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a>, director of Bayer's Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, discovered <a href="/wiki/Prontosil" title="Prontosil">prontosil</a>, the first commercially available antibacterial drug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVardanyanHruby2016645-47">[46]</a> The discovery and development of this first <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamide</a> drug opened a new era in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHager2006-48">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil".<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> He was forced by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> to relinquish the reward; German citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since the Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a German pacifist, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust">World War II and the Holocaust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II and the Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben_Trial" title="IG Farben Trial">IG Farben Trial</a></div> <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, Bayer's parent company, used <a href="/wiki/Slave_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave labour">slave labour</a> in factories it built in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Monowitz_concentration_camp" title="Monowitz concentration camp">Monowitz concentration camp</a> (known as Auschwitz III), part of the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz camp complex</a> in German-occupied Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickerman2017440-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> By 1943, almost half of IG Farben's 330,000-strong workforce consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001xxi–xxii-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Vetter" title="Helmuth Vetter">Helmuth Vetter</a>, an Auschwitz camp physician, SS captain and employee of the Bayer group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiftonHackett1998310-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In one study of an anaesthetic, the company paid RM 170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> A Bayer employee wrote to <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a>, the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> seized IG Farben for "knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential".<a href="#cite_note-seized-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-10">[9]</a> It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951, then split again into three: BASF, Bayer and Hoechst.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001xxii-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneibel19Aug2011-60">[59]</a> Bayer was at that point known as Farbenfabriken Bayer <a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a>; it changed its name to Bayer AG in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisZitzlsperger201692-19">[18]</a> After the war, some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial, one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer" title="Fritz ter Meer">Fritz ter Meer</a>, who helped to plan the Monowitz camp (Auschwitz III) and IG Farben's Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz, where medical experimentation had been conducted and where 25,000 forced laborers were deployed. Ter Meer was sentenced to seven years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_War_Crimes_Commission194963-61">[60]</a> but was released in 1950. Despite being a convicted <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi war criminal">nazi war criminal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[11]</a> Ter Meer was elected as <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> of Bayer AG's <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">supervisory board</a> in 1956, a position he retained until 1964.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Helge Wehmeier, then CEO of Bayer, offered a public apology in 1995 to <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a> for the company's actions during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945) and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Products">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> In 1953, Bayer brought the first neuroleptic (<a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>) onto the German market.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In the 1960s, Bayer introduced a pregnancy test, <a href="/wiki/Primodos" title="Primodos">Primodos</a>, that consisted of two pills that contained <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> (as acetate) and <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>. It detected pregnancy by inducing <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> in women who were not pregnant; the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant. The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>, and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. Litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the <a href="/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency" title="Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency">Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency</a> in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-MHRAreview2014-65">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG/220px-Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG/330px-Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG/440px-Alka-Seltzer_Ged_Handelsmerk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Bayer has owned <a href="/wiki/Alka-Seltzer" title="Alka-Seltzer">Alka-Seltzer</a> since 1978.</figcaption></figure> In 1978, Bayer purchased <a href="/wiki/Miles_Laboratories" title="Miles Laboratories">Miles Laboratories</a> and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and <a href="/wiki/Cutter_Laboratories" title="Cutter Laboratories">Cutter Laboratories</a>, acquiring along with them a variety of product lines including <a href="/wiki/Alka-Seltzer" title="Alka-Seltzer">Alka-Seltzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flintstones_chewable_vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintstones chewable vitamins">Flintstones vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_A_Day" title="One A Day">One-A-Day</a> vitamins, and Cutter <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">insect repellent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Along with the purchase of Cutter, Bayer acquired Cutter's <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">Factor VIII</a> business. Factor VIII, a clotting agent used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophilia</a>, was produced, at the time, by processing donated blood. In the <a href="/wiki/Gay_related_immune_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay related immune deficiency">early days of the AIDS epidemic</a>, people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983 the CDC had identified <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_haemophilia_blood_products" title="Contaminated haemophilia blood products">contaminated blood products</a> as a source of infection. According to the New York Times, this was "one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history". Companies, including Bayer, developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997, Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States. But in 2003, documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985, including in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, to offload a product they were unable to sell in Europe and the US; they also continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months. Bayer said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new product.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2003-67">[66]</a> Bayer has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products. In the late 1990s it introduced a <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statin</a> drug, Baycol (<a href="/wiki/Cerivastatin" title="Cerivastatin">cerivastatin</a>), but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, Bayer discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Trasylol (<a href="/wiki/Aprotinin" title="Aprotinin">aprotinin</a>), used to control bleeding during major surgery, was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased mortality emerged; it was later re-introduced in Europe but not in the US.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top-selling_pharmaceutical_products">Top-selling pharmaceutical products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Top-selling pharmaceutical products">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer's €40.15 billion in gross revenue.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In 2019, identified "key growth" products were Xarelto (<a href="/wiki/Rivaroxaban" title="Rivaroxaban">rivaroxaban</a>), Eylea (<a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">aflibercept</a>), Stivarga (<a href="/wiki/Regorafenib" title="Regorafenib">regorafenib</a>), Xofigo (<a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">radium-223</a>), and Adempas (riociguat).<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>: 93  Top-selling products as of 2014 included: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leverkusen,_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leverkusen%2C_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg/265px-Leverkusen%2C_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leverkusen%2C_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg/398px-Leverkusen%2C_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leverkusen%2C_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg/530px-Leverkusen%2C_straatzicht_Bayer_-_Science_for_a_better_life_foto2_2015-04-18_12.10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4267" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>Bayer facility in Leverkusen</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Kogenate (<a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">recombinant clotting factor VIII</a>). Kogenate is a recombinant version of clotting factor VIII,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> the absence or deficiency of which causes the abnormal bleeding associated with <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_A" title="Haemophilia A">haemophilia type A</a>. Kogenate is one of several commercially available Factor VIII products having equivalent efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li>Xarelto (<a href="/wiki/Rivaroxaban" title="Rivaroxaban">rivaroxaban</a>) is a small molecule inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/Factor_X" title="Factor X">Factor Xa</a>, a key enzyme involved in <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">blood coagulation</a>. In the United States, the FDA has approved rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in people with <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, and for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in people undergoing hip surgery.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Rivaroxaban competes with other newer generation anticoagulants such as <a href="/wiki/Edoxaban" title="Edoxaban">edoxaban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apixaban" title="Apixaban">apixaban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dabigatran" title="Dabigatran">dabigatran</a> as well as with the generic anticoagulant warfarin. It has similar efficacy to warfarin and is associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding, but unlike warfarin there is no established protocol for rapidly reversing its effects in the event of uncontrolled bleeding or the need for emergency surgery.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></li> <li>Betaseron (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta-1b" title="Interferon beta-1b">interferon beta-1b</a>) is an injectable form of the protein <a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">interferon beta</a> used to prevent relapses in the relapsing remitting form of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Betaseron competes with other injectable forms of interferon beta, <a href="/wiki/Glatiramer_acetate" title="Glatiramer acetate">glatiramer acetate</a>, and a variety of newer multiple sclerosis drugs, some of which can be taken orally (<a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate" title="Dimethyl fumarate">Dimethyl fumarate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teriflunomide" title="Teriflunomide">teriflunomide</a>, others).</li> <li>Yasmin / Yaz birth control pills are part of a group of birth control pill products based on the <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestin</a> <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>. Yaz is approved in the United States for the prevention of pregnancy, to treat symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception, and to treat moderate acne in women at least 14 years of age who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception. The FDA conducted a safety review regarding the potential of Yaz and other drospirenone-containing products to increase the risk of blood clots; Yaz and Yasmin were associated with the deaths of 23 women in Canada, leading <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> to issue a warning in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Although conflicting results were obtained in different studies, the FDA added a warning to the label in 2012 that Yaz and related products may be associated with an increased risk of clotting relative to other birth control pill products.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Subsequently, a meta analysis suggested that birth control pills of the class Yasmin belongs to raise the risk of blood clots to a greater extent than some other classes of birth control pills.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li> <li>Nexavar (<a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">sorafenib</a>) is a kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of liver cancer (<a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a>), kidney cancer (<a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal cell carcinoma</a>), and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></li> <li>Trasylol (<a href="/wiki/Aprotinin" title="Aprotinin">Aprotinin</a>) Trasylol is a trypsin inhibitor used to control bleeding during major surgery. In a 2006 meeting called by the FDA to review the drug's safety, Bayer scientists failed to reveal the results of an ongoing large study suggesting that Trasylol may increase the risks of death and stroke. According to a FDA official who preferred to remain anonymous, the FDA learned of the study only through information provided to the FDA by a whistleblowing scientist who was involved in it.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTtrasylol-82">[81]</a> The study concluded Trasylol carried greater risks of death, serious kidney damage, congestive heart failure and strokes. On 15 December of the same year, the FDA restricted the use of Trasylol,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and in November 2007, they requested that the company suspend marketing.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In 2011, Health Canada lifted its suspension of Trasylol for its originally approved indication of limiting bleeding in coronary bypass surgery, citing flaws in the design of the studies that led to its suspension.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> This decision was controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_Multispecialty-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 2013, the European Medicines Agency lifted its suspension of the Trasylol marketing authorization for selected patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery, citing a favorable risk-benefit ratio.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></li> <li>Cipro (<a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>) Ciprofloxacin was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) in 1987. Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second-generation quinolone antibiotics that came into clinical use in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In 2010, over 20 million outpatient prescriptions were written for ciprofloxacin, making it the 35th-most commonly prescribed drug, and the 5th-most commonly prescribed antibacterial, in the US.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></li> <li>Rennie <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacid</a> tablets, one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £29.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural">Agricultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agricultural">edit</a>]</div> Bayer produces various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some crop varieties.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <ul><li>Fungicides are primarily marketed for <a href="/wiki/Cereal_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal crops">cereal crops</a>, fresh produce, fungal with bacteria-based pesticides, and control of <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust</a> diseases.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Nativo products are a mixture of trifloxystrobin <a href="/wiki/Tebuconazole" title="Tebuconazole">tebuconazole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> XPro products are a mix of bixafen and prothioconazole,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> while Luna contains <a href="/wiki/Fluopyram" title="Fluopyram">fluopyram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrimethanil" title="Pyrimethanil">pyrimethanil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li> <li>Herbicides are marketed primarily for field crops and orchards.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Liberty brands containing <a href="/wiki/Glufosinate" title="Glufosinate">glufosinate</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Liberty or Basta) are used for general weed control.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Capreno containing a mixture of thiencarbazone-methyl and tembotrione is used for grass and broad-leaf control.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li>Insecticides are marketed according to specific crop and insect pest type.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Foliar insecticides include Belt containing flubendiamide, which is marketed against <a href="/wiki/Lepidopteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidopteran">Lepidopteran</a> pests,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and Movento containing <a href="/wiki/Spirotetramat" title="Spirotetramat">spirotetramat</a>, which is marketed against <a href="/wiki/Hemipteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemipteran">sucking insects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonicotinoids">Neonicotinoids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Clothianidin" title="Clothianidin">clothianidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imidacloprid" title="Imidacloprid">imidacloprid</a> are used as systemic seed treatments products such as Poncho and Gaucho.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In 2008, neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impacts starting in Germany. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including <a href="/wiki/Honey-bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey-bee">honey-bee</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">colony collapse disorder</a> (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECbees-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-victory-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a> was discovered by scientists at IG Farben in the 1940s as a <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Cholinesterase inhibitor">cholinesterase inhibitor</a> insecticide. <a href="/wiki/Propoxur" title="Propoxur">Propoxur</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamate</a> insecticide that was introduced by Bayer in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-EXTOXNET-110">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisitions">Acquisitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acquisitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:810px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bayer factory in Leverkusen, Germany, 2009"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg/960px-Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg/1200px-Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg/1600px-Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9375" data-file-height="1688" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg" title="File:Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg"> </a></div>Bayer factory in Leverkusen, Germany, 2009</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_2">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> (OTC) drug business from <a href="/wiki/SmithKline_Beecham" class="mw-redirect" title="SmithKline Beecham">SmithKline Beecham</a> and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reclaiming the U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to "Bayer" and the Bayer cross, as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-latsept1994-111">[110]</a> In 2004, Bayer HealthCare acquired the over-the-counter pharmaceutical division of <a href="/wiki/Roche" title="Roche">Roche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In March 2008, Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc., a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-114">[113]</a> On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at <a href="/wiki/Institute,_West_Virginia" title="Institute, West Virginia">Institute, West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The ruptured tank was close to a <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">methyl isocyanate</a> tank which was undamaged by the explosion.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition_of_Schering">Acquisition of Schering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acquisition of Schering">edit</a>]</div> In March 2006, <a href="/wiki/Merck_Group" title="Merck Group">Merck KGaA</a> announced a €14.6 billion bid for <a href="/wiki/Schering_AG" title="Schering AG">Schering AG</a>, founded in 1851. By 2006, Schering had annual gross revenue of around €5 billion<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar201249–52-118">[117]</a> Bayer responded with a <a href="/wiki/White_knight_(business)" title="White knight (business)">white knight</a> bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6 billion,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> and in 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering was the largest take-over in Bayer's history,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar201249–52-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph2006-120">[119]</a> and as of 2015, was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_acquisitions">Other acquisitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other acquisitions">edit</a>]</div> In November 2010, Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group.<a href="#cite_note-htanna-122">[121]</a> Bayer partnered on the development of the <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapeutic">radiotherapeutic</a> <a href="/wiki/Xofigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Xofigo">Xofigo</a> with Algeta, and in 2014, moved to acquire the company for about $2.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 2014, Bayer agreed to buy Merck's consumer health business for $14.2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's. Bayer would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In June 2015, Bayer agreed to sell its <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic">diabetic</a> care business to <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> Healthcare Holdings for a fee of $1.02 billion.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In August 2019, the business acquired the ≈60% of BlueRock Therapeutics it didn't already own for up to $600 million.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In August 2020, Bayer announced it had acquired KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd, helping to boost its female healthcare business, for $425 million.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In October, Bayer agreed to acquire Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals for $2 billion upfront.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In June 2021, the company announced it acquire Noria Therapeutics Inc. and PSMA Therapeutics Inc. gaining rights to a number of cancer-based investigational compounds based on <a href="/wiki/Actinium-225" title="Actinium-225">actinium-225</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin_off_of_Covestro">Spin off of Covestro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spin off of Covestro">edit</a>]</div> In September 2015, Bayer spun out its $12.3 billion materials science division into a separate, publicly traded company called <a href="/wiki/Covestro" title="Covestro">Covestro</a> in which it retained about a 70% interest.<a href="#cite_note-WSJCovestro2015-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Bayer spun out the division because it had relatively low profit margins compared to its life science divisions (10.2%, compared with 24.9% for the agriculture business and 27.5% for healthcare) and because the business required high levels of investment to maintain its growth, and to more clearly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences.<a href="#cite_note-WSJCovestro2015-133">[132]</a> Covestro shares were first offered on the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Frankfurt Stock Exchange</a> in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro, Bayer rebranded itself as a life sciences company, and restructured into three divisions and one business unit: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, Crop Science, and Animal Health.<a href="#cite_note-2015ARstructure-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition_of_Monsanto">Acquisition of Monsanto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Acquisition of Monsanto">edit</a>]</div> In May 2016, Bayer offered to buy U.S. biotechnology company <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> for $62 billion.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Shortly after Bayer's offer, Monsanto rejected the acquisition bid, seeking a higher price.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In September 2016, Monsanto agreed to a $66 billion offer by Bayer.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In order to receive regulatory approval, Bayer agreed to divest a significant amount of its current agricultural assets to <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> in a series of deals.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On 21 March 2018 the deal was approved by the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The sale closed on 7 June 2018.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The Monsanto brand was discontinued; its products are now marketed under the Bayer name.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> On 16 September 2019, under the approval of National Company Law Tribunal, Bayer completed the merger of Monsanto India.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Bayer's Monsanto acquisition is the biggest acquisition by a German company to date.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[149]</a> However, owing to ongoing litigation concerning the Monsanto's herbicide Roundup and the massive financial and reputational blows it has caused Bayer, the deal is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> By 2023, Bayer's market value had declined by over 60% since its 2016 merger, leaving the company's overall worth at less than half of what it paid to acquire Monsanto.<a href="#cite_note-:4-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition_history">Acquisition history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Acquisition history">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Bayer acquisitions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Bayer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Laboratories" title="Miles Laboratories">Miles Laboratories</a> (Acq 1978) <ul><li>Miles Canada</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_Laboratories" title="Cutter Laboratories">Cutter Laboratories</a></li> <li>Hollister-Stier</li> <li>Corn King Company</li> <li>Plastron Specialties</li> <li>Pacific Plastics Company</li> <li>Olympic Plastics Company</li> <li>Ashe-Lockhart Inc</li> <li>Haver-Glover Laboratories</li> <li>Sterling Winthrop (Acq 1994, over the counter division)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Roche Pharmaceuticals">Roche Pharmaceuticals</a> (Acq 2004, over the counter division)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schering_AG" title="Schering AG">Schering AG</a> (Acq 2006, formed Bayer Schering Pharma AG, renamed Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals in 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenapharm" title="Jenapharm">Jenapharm</a></li> <li>Bomac Group (Acq 2010)</li> <li>Algeta (Acq 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Merck & Co">Merck & Co</a> (Acq 2014, Consumer Health Business)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> (Spun off from <a href="/wiki/Pharmacia_%26_Upjohn" title="Pharmacia & Upjohn">Pharmacia & Upjohn</a> 2000) <ul><li>Emergent Genetics (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Seminis (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Icoria, Inc (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Delta & Pine Land Company (Acq 2007)</li> <li>De Ruiter Seeds (Acq 2008)</li> <li>Agroeste Sementes (Acq 2008)</li> <li>Aly Participacoes Ltda (Acq 2008) <ul><li>CanaVialis S.A.</li> <li>Alellyx S.A.</li></ul></li> <li>Divergence, Inc (Acq 2011)</li> <li>Beeologics (Acq 2011)</li> <li>Precision Planting Inc (Acq 2012)</li> <li>Climate Corp (Acq 2013) <ul><li>640 Labs (Acq 2014)</li></ul></li> <li>Agradis, Inc (Acq 2013)</li> <li>Rosetta Green Ltd (Acq 2013)</li> <li>American Seeds, Inc <ul><li>Channel Bio Corp (Acq 2004)</li> <li>Stone Seeds (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Trelay Seeds (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Stewart Seeds (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Fontanelle Hybrids (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Specialty Hybrids (Acq 2005) </li> <li>NC+ Hybrids, Inc (Acq 2005)</li> <li>Diener Seeds (seed marketing and sales division, acq 2006)</li> <li>Sieben Hybrids (Acq 2006)</li> <li>Kruger Seed Company (Acq 2006)</li> <li>Trisler Seed Farms (Acq 2006)</li> <li>Campbell Seed ((seed marketing and sales business, acq 2006))</li> <li>Gold Country Seed, Inc (Acq 2006)</li> <li>Heritage Seeds (Acq 2013)</li></ul></li> <li>International Seed Group, Inc <ul><li>Poloni Semences (Acq 2007)</li> <li>Charentais Melon Breeding Company (Acq 2007)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>BlueRock Therapeutics (Acq 2019)</li> <li>KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd (Acq 2020)</li> <li>Asklepios BioPharmaceutical (Acq 2020)</li> <li>Noria Therapeutics Inc. (Acq 2021)</li> <li>PSMA Therapeutics Inc. (Acq 2021)</li> <li>Vividion Therapeutics (Acq 2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_structure">Corporate structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Corporate structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG,_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG%2C_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg/250px-Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG%2C_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG%2C_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg/330px-Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG%2C_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG%2C_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg/500px-Undated_token_of_the_Bayer_AG%2C_a_German_multinational_pharmaceutical_and_life_sciences_company_and_one_of_the_largest_pharmaceutical_companies_in_the_world.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Undated Bayer copper token</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Sales by business unit (2023)<a href="#cite_note-MarketScreener-155">[154]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Business unit </th> <th>share </th></tr> <tr> <td>Crop Science </td> <td>48.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pharmaceuticals </td> <td>38.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Consumer Health </td> <td>12.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2003, to separate operational and strategic managements, Bayer AG was reorganized into a <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a>. The group's core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer <a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a>. These companies were: Bayer CropScience AG; Bayer HealthCare AG; <a href="/wiki/Bayer_MaterialScience" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer MaterialScience">Bayer MaterialScience AG</a> and Bayer Chemicals AG, and the three service limited companies Bayer Technology Services <a href="/wiki/GmbH" title="GmbH">GmbH</a>, Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. In 2016, the company began a second restructuring with the aim of allowing it to transition to a <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> based company.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off-loading its Materials division by mid-2016, Bayer will be left with the four core units, as depicted below.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Bayer AG</th> <th>Divested business units </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bayer Pharmaceuticals Head of Division: Stefan Oelrich</td> <td>Bayer Consumer Health Head of Division: Heiko Schipper</td> <td>Bayer Crop Science Head of Division: Rodrigo Santos </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanxess" title="Lanxess">Lanxess</a> (Bayer Chemicals AG) Diagnostics Division Diabetes Devices Division <a href="/wiki/Covestro" title="Covestro">Covestro</a> (Bayer MaterialScience) Bayer Animal Health (sold to <a href="/wiki/Elanco" title="Elanco">Elanco</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_CropScience">Bayer CropScience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bayer CropScience">edit</a>]</div> Bayer CropScience has products in crop protection (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>), nonagricultural <a href="/wiki/Pest_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (animal)">pest</a> control, and <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> and plant <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>. In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetic engineering of food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> In 2002, Bayer AG acquired Aventis (now part of <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a>) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division (Bayer Pflanzenschutz or "Crop Protection") to form Bayer CropScience; the Belgian biotech company <a href="/wiki/Plant_Genetic_Systems" title="Plant Genetic Systems">Plant Genetic Systems</a> became part of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> Also in 2002, Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the time was one of the world's top five seed companies.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a>: 270  In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience's <a href="/wiki/LibertyLink" title="LibertyLink">LibertyLink</a> genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice supply. Shortly after the public learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers $48 million. The case was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgement.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> On 1 July 2011, Bayer CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to $750 million.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In September 2014, the firm announced plans to invest $1 billion in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between 2013 and 2016. A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto's product, <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">Roundup</a>, which are both used to kill weeds. <a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In 2016, as part of the wholesale corporate restructuring, Bayer CropScience became one of the three major divisions of Bayer AG, reporting directly to the head of the division, Liam Condon.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Under the terms of the merger, Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto's more than 9,000 U.S. jobs and add 3,000 new U.S. high-tech positions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The prospective merger parties said at the time the combined agriculture business planned to spend $16 billion on research and development over the next six years and at least $8 billion on research and development in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The global headquarters of Bayer CropScience is located in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Bayer CropScience Limited is the Indian subsidiary of Bayer AG. It is listed on the Indian <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock exchanges">stock exchanges</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National Stock Exchange of India</a>, and has a <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Bayer BioScience, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad, India</a>, has about 400 employees, and has research, production, and an extensive sales network spread across <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_Consumer_Health">Bayer Consumer Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bayer Consumer Health">edit</a>]</div> Before the 2016 restructuring, Bayer HealthCare comprised a further four subdivisions: Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care, Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> As part of the corporate restructuring, Animal Health was moved into its own business unit, leaving the division with the following categories; Allergy, Analgesics, Cardiovascular Risk Prevention, Cough & Cold, Dermatology, Foot Care, Gastrointestinals, Nutritionals and Sun Care.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer's OTC medicines portfolio. Key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and <a href="/wiki/Aleve" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleve">Aleve</a>, food supplements <a href="/wiki/Redoxon" title="Redoxon">Redoxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berocca" title="Berocca">Berocca</a>, and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> Women's healthcare is an example of a General Medicine business unit. Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Yaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasmin (drug)">Yasmin</a>. Both pills use a newer type of <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestin</a> hormone called <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a> in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a> (PMDD) and moderate acne. Other key products include the cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Nexavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexavar">Nexavar</a>, the multiple sclerosis drug <a href="/wiki/Betaferon" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaferon">betaferon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Betaseron" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaseron">betaseron</a> and the blood-clotting drug, <a href="/wiki/Kogenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogenate">Kogenate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> In May 2014, it was announced that Bayer would buy <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Merck & Co">Merck & Co</a>'s consumer health care unit for $14.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Bayer also controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd in China.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_Pharmaceuticals">Bayer Pharmaceuticals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bayer Pharmaceuticals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG/240px-Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG/360px-Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG/480px-Wedding_Fennstra%C3%9Fe_Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of Bayer Pharmaceuticals in <a href="/wiki/Wedding_(Berlin)" title="Wedding (Berlin)">Berlin-Wedding</a></figcaption></figure> The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products, especially for women's healthcare and <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a>, and also on specialty therapeutics in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>. The division also comprises the Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging equipment together with the necessary contrast agents.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In addition to internal R&D, Bayer has participated in <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnerships</a>. One example in the area of <a href="/wiki/Pre-clinical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-clinical development">non-clinical</a> safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-InnoMed_PredTox_official_project_website-179">[178]</a> Another is the <a href="/wiki/Innovative_Medicines_Initiative" title="Innovative Medicines Initiative">Innovative Medicines Initiative</a> of <a href="/wiki/EFPIA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFPIA">EFPIA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMI_Call_Topics_2008-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_business_units">Defunct business units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Defunct business units">edit</a>]</div> Bayer Chemicals AG (with the exception of H.C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode) was combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company <a href="/wiki/Lanxess" title="Lanxess">Lanxess</a> on 1 July 2004; Lanxess was listed on the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Frankfurt Stock Exchange</a> in early 2005.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Bayer HealthCare's Diagnostics Division was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Medical_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens Medical Solutions">Siemens Medical Solutions</a> in January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Bayer sold its Animal Health business to <a href="/wiki/Elanco" title="Elanco">Elanco</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Bayer Diabetes Care managed Bayer's medical devices portfolio. Key products included the blood glucose monitors Contour Next EZ (XT), Contour, Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> The diabetes business unit was sold to Panasonic Healthcare Co. for $1.15 billion in June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Bayer MaterialScience was a supplier of high-tech polymers, and developed solutions for a broad range of applications relevant to everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-AR2010-159">[158]</a> On 18 September 2014, the Board of Directors of Bayer AG announced plans to float the Bayer MaterialScience business on the stock market as a separate entity.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> On 1 June 2015, Bayer announced that the new company would be named <a href="/wiki/Covestro" title="Covestro">Covestro</a>;<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Bayer formally spun out Covestro in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-WSJCovestro2015-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership">Ownership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ownership">edit</a>]</div> The 10 largest shareholders of Bayer AG in early 2024 were:<a href="#cite_note-MarketScreener-155">[154]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Shareholder name </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temasek_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Temasek Holdings">Temasek Holdings</a> </td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norges Bank</a> </td> <td>3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silchester_International_Investors" title="Silchester International Investors">Silchester International Investors</a> </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amundi" title="Amundi">Amundi</a> </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MFS_Investment_Management" title="MFS Investment Management">MFS Investment Management (UK)</a> </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Investment" title="Universal Investment">Universal-Investment-Gesellschaft</a> mbH </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyxor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyxor">Lyxor</a> </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_Investment" title="Union Investment">Union Investment</a> Institutional GmbH </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_Investment" title="Union Investment">Union Investment</a> Privatfonds GmbH </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC Global Asset Management</a> GmbH </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>86.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> For the fiscal year 2017, Bayer reported earnings of EUR€7.3 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€35 billion, a decrease of 25.1% over the previous fiscal cycle.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Bayer's shares traded at over €69 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US€65.4 billion in November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> In September 2019, Bayer announced to reduce the number of management board members from seven to five to reduce overall costs.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> The key trends of Bayer are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <table class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Revenue<a href="#cite_note-192">[b]</a> (€ bn) </th> <th>Net income<a href="#cite_note-193">[c]</a> (€ bn) </th> <th>Total assets (€ bn) </th> <th>Research and development expenses (€ bn) </th> <th>Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>40.1 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>51.3 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>112,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>42.2 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>70.2 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>118,888 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>46.3 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>73.9 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>116,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>46.7 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>82.2 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>115,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017* </td> <td>35.0 </td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>75.0 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>99,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>39.5 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>126 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>107,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>43.5 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>126 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>103,824 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>41.4 </td> <td>−10.4 </td> <td>117 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>99,538 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>44.0 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>99,637 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>50.7 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>124 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>101,369 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>47.6 </td> <td>−2.9 </td> <td>123 </td> <td> </td> <td>99,723 </td></tr></tbody></table> * without Covestro from 2017 on <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bayer_04_Leverkusen">Bayer 04 Leverkusen</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bayer 04 Leverkusen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Bayer 04 Leverkusen">Bayer 04 Leverkusen</a></div> In 1904, the company founded the sports club TuS 04 ("Turn- und Spielverein der Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co."), later SV Bayer 04 ("Sportvereinigung Bayer 04 Leverkusen"), finally becoming TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen ("Turn- und Sportverein") in 1984, generally, however, known simply as <a href="/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Bayer 04 Leverkusen">Bayer 04 Leverkusen</a>. The club is best known for its football team, but has been involved in many other sports, including athletics, fencing, team handball, volleyball, boxing, and basketball. TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany. The company also supports similar clubs at other company sites, including Dormagen (particularly handball), Wuppertal (particularly volleyball), and Krefeld-Uerdingen (featuring another former Bundesliga football club, SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, now <a href="/wiki/KFC_Uerdingen_05" title="KFC Uerdingen 05">KFC Uerdingen 05</a>).<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition">edit</a>]</div> In October 2008, Bayer's Canadian division was named one of "<a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Top_100_Employers" title="Canada's Top 100 Employers">Canada's Top 100 Employers</a>" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. The Canadian division was named one of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto%27s_Top_Employers" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Toronto's Top Employers">Greater Toronto's Top Employers</a> by the Toronto Star newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Bayer USA was given a score of 85 (out of 100) in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>'s 2011 <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Equality_Index" title="Corporate Equality Index">Corporate Equality Index</a>, a measure of gay and lesbian workplace equality.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ethics_Aei" title="Standard Ethics Aei">Standard Ethics Aei</a> gave a rating to Bayer in order to include the company in its Standard Ethics German Index. Bayer received an EE− rating, the fourth tier in an eight-tier ranking.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Ranked third in Access to Seeds Index in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litigation">Litigation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Litigation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roundup">Roundup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Roundup">edit</a>]</div> In August 2018, two months after Bayer acquired Monsanto,<a href="#cite_note-Bloomerberg:_Roundup_Cancer_Trial-200">[197]</a> a U.S. jury ordered Monsanto to pay $289 million to a school groundskeeper who claimed his <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma">Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a> was caused by regularly using <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>-based herbicide produced by Monsanto.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._Monsanto_Co." title="Johnson v. Monsanto Co.">Johnson v. Monsanto Co.</a> verdict, Bayer's share price dropped by around 14% or $14 Billion in market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters,_Bayer_stock_-14%-202">[199]</a> The company filed an appeal on 18 September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Pending appeal, the award was later reduced to $78.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC7-205">[202]</a> In November 2018, Monsanto appealed the judgement, asking an appellate court to consider a motion for a new trial.<a href="#cite_note-ABC7-205">[202]</a> A verdict on the appeal was delivered in June 2020 upholding the verdict but further reducing the award to $21.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> On 13 May 2019, a United States Superior Court Judge ordered Bayer to pay more than <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a> 2.5 billion in damages to a couple in California, both of whom contracted <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_Lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma</a>, later cut to $87 million on appeal.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> In June 2020, the company agreed to pay $9.6 billion to settle more than 10,000 lawsuits claiming harm from Roundup, saying this action will result in the resolution of 75% of those claims. Bayer will also assign $1.25 billion for future claims, an action that needs approval from the US District Court, Northern District of California. The settlement, according to the company, does not admit either liability or wrongdoing, but brings an end to irresolution in the case.<a href="#cite_note-Nash_Holdings-208">[205]</a> The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed.<a href="#cite_note-npr_settlement-209">[206]</a> In July 2020, the California Court of Appeals denied the appeal but reduced the damages owed to $20.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> As of 2023, around 165,000 claims, more than 50,000 of which still pending, have been made against Roundup, mostly alleging that it had caused cancer.<a href="#cite_note-:1-211">[208]</a> The general consensus among national regulatory agencies, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> is that labeled usage of the herbicide poses no carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Tarazona-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> In January 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its interim registration review for Roundup, stating that it "...did not identify any risks of concern" for cancer and other risks to humans from glyphosate exposure."<a href="#cite_note-Nash_Holdings-208">[205]</a> On 17 June 2022, California-based <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> to reexamine this 2020 finding that <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> did not pose a health risk for people exposed to it by any means.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> In 2024, legislation was introduced in Iowa, Missouri and Idaho with language supplied by Bayer that experts say could shield the company from any lawsuits related to cancer risk. Bayer leads a group called Modern Ag Alliance which produces advertisements claiming that lawsuits threaten the availability of <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> In 2025, flyers from a <a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a> source were sent to constituents of Missouri senators who oppose the bill, claiming that the lawmakers' opposition would cause "Chinese Communist Party chemicals" to enter the food supply. The targeted senators allege that Bayer is behind the mailers, which Bayer denies.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xarelto">Xarelto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Xarelto">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, Bayer and Johnson & Johnson (who market Xarelto together) settled around 25,000 lawsuits on the blood thinning drug <a href="/wiki/Xarelto" class="mw-redirect" title="Xarelto">Xarelto</a> (rivaroxaban) by agreeing to disburse $775 million (US) to federal and state plaintiffs who said the companies had not properly warned patients about possible fatal bleeding as a result of ingesting the drug. There was no admission of liability from the companies in the settlement as they noted they had prevailed in six previous trials. The settlement will be divided evenly between the companies.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_A_Day_Vitamins">One A Day Vitamins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: One A Day Vitamins">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, a federal jury in San Francisco CA sided with Bayer in a $600 million (US) class action suit alleging that the company misinformed consumers by promoting its <a href="/wiki/One_A_Day" title="One A Day">One A Day</a> vitamins as supporting cardiac health, vigorous immune systems and boosting user energy. The suit was first filed as a nationwide class action; in 2017, the US District Court in San Francisco said subclasses of purchasers of the vitamin in Florida, New York, and California could act together.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> The jury found that the plaintiffs failed to prove that Bayer misrepresented its One A Day claims, and also did not demonstrate that any of the class representative consumers who purchased One A Day relied on the so-called false information as part of their buying decision.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV_contamination">HIV contamination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: HIV contamination">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1980s, when Bayer's <a href="/wiki/Cutter_Laboratories" title="Cutter Laboratories">Cutter Laboratories</a> realized that their blood products, the <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting</a> agents <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII_(medication)" title="Factor VIII (medication)">Factor VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factor_IX_(medication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Factor IX (medication)">IX</a>, were contaminated with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, the financial investment in the product was considered too high to destroy the inventory. Bayer misrepresented the results of its own research and <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_haemophilia_blood_products" title="Contaminated haemophilia blood products">knowingly supplied hemophilia medication tainted with HIV</a> to patients in Asia and Latin America, without the precaution of heat treating the product, recommended for eliminating the risk. As a consequence, thousands who infused the product tested positive for HIV and later developed <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dicamba">Dicamba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dicamba">edit</a>]</div> On 14 February 2020, Bayer and BASF were ordered to pay Missouri peach farmer Bill Bader $15 million in damages as a result of destruction of his peach trees which was caused by the usage of <a href="/wiki/Dicamba" title="Dicamba">dicamba</a> by nearby farmers.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Dicamba was another product which Bayer acquired from <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Bayer also inherited the lawsuit from Monsanto as well.<a href="#cite_note-monsantoacquired-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-apnewsacquired-226">[223]</a> On 15 February 2020, Bayer—representing Monsanto—and BASF were ordered to pay not only the $15 million in damages, but an additional $250 million in <a href="/wiki/Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">punitive damages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-monsantoacquired-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-apnewsacquired-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Bayer and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the $265 million fine.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> In June 2020, Bayer agreed to a settlement of up to $400 million for all 2015 to 2020 crop year dicamba claims, not including the $265 million judgement.<a href="#cite_note-npr_settlement-209">[206]</a> On 25 November 2020, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Stephen_N._Limbaugh_Jr." title="Stephen N. Limbaugh Jr.">Stephen Limbaugh Jr.</a> reduced the punitive damage amount in the Bader Farms case to $60 million.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCB_pollution">PCB pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: PCB pollution">edit</a>]</div> In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay $800 million to settle lawsuits in a variety of jurisdictions which claimed contamination of public waterways with <a href="/wiki/PCBs" class="mw-redirect" title="PCBs">PCBs</a> by Monsanto before 1978.<a href="#cite_note-npr_settlement-209">[206]</a> On 25 November 2020, however, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Fernando_M._Olguin" title="Fernando M. Olguin">Fernando M. Olguin</a> rejected Bayer's settlement offer, which was now at $650 million, and allowed Monsanto-related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talc-related_liabilities">Talc-related liabilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Talc-related liabilities">edit</a>]</div> On 4 April 2023, a Delaware judge dismissed a lawsuit by <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Merck & Co">Merck & Co</a>’s seeking to hold Bayer AG responsible for more <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>-related liabilities stemming from its $14.2 billion purchase of Merck’s consumer care business in 2014. The judge called Bayer’s interpretation of the purchase agreement “the only reasonable one,” and said letting Merck “dump” cases would give the <a href="/wiki/Rahway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahway">Rahway</a>, New Jersey–based company an incentive to prolong or stall lawsuits. Bayer said in a statement, it welcomed the decision, and it "will continue to defend itself against any further efforts by Merck to avoid or improperly transfer its liabilities to Bayer”.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German companies">List of German companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies" title="List of pharmaceutical companies">List of pharmaceutical companies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-seized-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seized_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seized_9-1">b</a> Peter Hayes (Cambridge University Press, 2001): "[O]ne of the first acts of the American occupation authorities in 1945 was to seize the enterprise as punishment for 'knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential'. Two years later, twenty-three of the firm's principal officers went on trial ... By the time <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John McCloy</a>, the American high commissioner [for Germany], pardoned the last of them in 1951, IG Farben scarcely existed. Its holdings in the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> had been nationalized; those in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic</a> had been divided into six, later chiefly three, separate corporations: <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, Bayer, and <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_AG" title="Hoechst AG">Hoechst</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2001xxii-59">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> "Sales" </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> "Net income (from continuing and discontinued operations)" </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bayer1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-bayer1_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayer.com/en/history/1863-1881">"History of Bayer: 1863–1881"</a>. 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Center City, MN: Hazelden Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroin%3A+Its+History%2C+Pharmacology+%26+Treatment&rft.place=Center+City%2C+MN&rft.pub=Hazelden+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rft.au=Libby%2C+Therissa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHager2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hager" title="Thomas Hager">Hager T</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Demon_under_the_Microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="The Demon under the Microscope">The Demon under the Microscope</a>. Harmony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-8214-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-8214-5"><bdi>1-4000-8214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demon+under+the+Microscope&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4000-8214-5&rft.aulast=Hager&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes2001" class="citation book cs1">Hayes P (2001) [1987]. Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industry+and+Ideology%3A+IG+Farben+in+the+Nazi+Era&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Jacobs" title="Steven L. Jacobs">Jacobs SL</a> (2017). "I G Farben". In Bartrop PR, Dickerman M (eds.). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 312–314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+G+Farben&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection.+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Steven+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys D (2009) [2008]. Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell%27s+Cartel%3A+IG+Farben+and+the+Making+of+Hitler%27s+War+Machine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation book cs1">Kumar BR (2012). Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137005908" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137005908"><bdi>978-1137005908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mega+Mergers+and+Acquisitions%3A+Case+Studies+from+Key+Industries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137005908&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=B.+Rajesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisZitzlsperger2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis D, Zitzlsperger U (2016). "Bayer AG". Historical Dictionary of Contemporary Germany. Lanham, MA, and Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bayer+AG&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Germany&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MA%2C+and+Plymouth&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Zitzlsperger%2C+Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiftonHackett1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Lifton RJ</a>, Hackett A (1998). "Nazi Doctors". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Gutman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisrael Gutman">Gutman Y</a> (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 301–316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nazi+Doctors&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lifton&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jay&rft.au=Hackett%2C+Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRees2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Rees L</a> (2006) [2005]. Auschwitz: A New History. New York: PublicAffairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSánchez-Serrano2011" class="citation book cs1">Sánchez-Serrano I (2011). The World's Health Care Crisis: From the Laboratory Bench to the Patient's Bedside. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123918758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123918758"><bdi>978-0123918758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Health+Care+Crisis%3A+From+the+Laboratory+Bench+to+the+Patient%27s+Bedside&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0123918758&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez-Serrano&rft.aufirst=Ibis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSneader2005" class="citation book cs1">Sneader W (2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471899792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471899792"><bdi>978-0471899792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+Discovery%3A+A+History&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0471899792&rft.aulast=Sneader&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrör2016" class="citation book cs1">Schrör K (2016). Acetylsalicylic Acid. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acetylsalicylic+Acid&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTammen1978" class="citation book cs1">Tammen H (1978). Die I.G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft (1925–1933): Ein Chemiekonzern in der Weimarer Republik. Berlin: H. Tammen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88344-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-88344-001-9"><bdi>3-88344-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+I.G.+Farbenindustrie+Aktiengesellschaft+%281925%E2%80%931933%29%3A+Ein+Chemiekonzern+in+der+Weimarer+Republik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=H.+Tammen&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=3-88344-001-9&rft.aulast=Tammen&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_War_Crimes_Commission1949" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_War_Crimes_Commission" title="United Nations War Crimes Commission">The United Nations War Crimes Commission</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-10.pdf">"Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. Volume X: The I.G. Farben and Krupp trials"</a> (PDF). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 1–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211085726/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Reports+of+Trials+of+War+Criminals.+Volume+X%3A+The+I.G.+Farben+and+Krupp+trials&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1949&rft.au=The+United+Nations+War+Crimes+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FLaw-Reports_Vol-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVardanyanHruby2016" class="citation book cs1">Vardanyan R, Hruby V (2016). Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs. Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthesis+of+Best-Seller+Drugs&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Vardanyan&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft.au=Hruby%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonderdrug.com">"The original Bayer Aspirin"</a>. wonderdrug.com. Bayer AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wonderdrug.com&rft.atitle=The+original+Bayer+Aspirin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonderdrug.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blaschke, Stefan (1999). Unternehmen und Gemeinde: Das Bayerwerk im Raum Leverkusen 1891–1914. Cologne: SH-Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89498-068-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89498-068-0">3-89498-068-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornwell_(writer)" title="John Cornwell (writer)">Cornwell J</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780142004807">Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact</a>. London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Scientists%3A+Science%2C+War%2C+and+the+Devil%27s+Pact&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780142004807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesch2000" class="citation book cs1">Lesch JE, ed. (2000). The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Chemical+Industry+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlumpe1990" class="citation book cs1">Plumpe G (1990). Die I.G. Farbenindustrie AG: Wirtschaft, Technik und Politik 1904–1945. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+I.G.+Farbenindustrie+AG%3A+Wirtschaft%2C+Technik+und+Politik+1904%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Plumpe&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes1988" class="citation book cs1">Stokes R (1988). Divide and Prosper: The Heirs of I.G. Farben under Allied Authority, 1945–1951. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divide+and+Prosper%3A+The+Heirs+of+I.G.+Farben+under+Allied+Authority%2C+1945%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes1994" class="citation book cs1">Stokes R (1994). Opting for Oil: The Political Economy of Technological Change in the West German Chemical Industry, 1945–1961. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opting+for+Oil%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Technological+Change+in+the+West+German+Chemical+Industry%2C+1945%E2%80%931961&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tenfelde, Klaus (2007). Stimmt die Chemie? : Mitbestimmung und Sozialpolitik in der Geschichte des Bayer-Konzerns. Essen: Klartext. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89861-888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89861-888-5">978-3-89861-888-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTully2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Tully" title="John A. Tully">Tully J</a> (2011). The Devil's Milk: A Social History of Rubber. New York: Monthly Review Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Milk%3A+A+Social+History+of+Rubber&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">DAX</a> companies of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiersdorf" title="Beiersdorf">Beiersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenntag" title="Brenntag">Brenntag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covestro" title="Covestro">Covestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Truck" title="Daimler 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Griesheim-Elektron</li> <li>Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalle_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalle & Co. (page does not exist)">Kalle & Co.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Fabrik_Kalle" class="extiw" title="de:Chemische Fabrik Kalle">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoechst_AG" title="Hoechst AG">Hoechst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Synthetic dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontosil" title="Prontosil">Prontosil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">Resochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:IG_Farben_people" title="Category:IG Farben people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrialists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (1925–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz" title="Hermann Schmitz">Hermann Schmitz</a> (1935–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-executive_director" title="Non-executive director">Non-executive directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Duisberg" title="Carl Duisberg">Carl Duisberg</a> (1925–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (1935–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Krauch" title="Carl Krauch">Carl Krauch</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Gajewski" title="Fritz Gajewski">Fritz Gajewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gattineau" title="Heinrich Gattineau">Heinrich Gattineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ilgner" title="Max Ilgner">Max Ilgner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rudolf_Mann" title="Wilhelm Rudolf Mann">Wilhelm Rudolf Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Schnitzler" title="Georg von Schnitzler">Georg von Schnitzler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ambros" title="Otto Ambros">Otto Ambros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bayer" title="Otto Bayer">Otto Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%BCtefisch" title="Heinrich Bütefisch">Heinrich Bütefisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_der_Heyde" title="Erich von der Heyde">Erich von der Heyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BChne" title="Hans Kühne">Hans Kühne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lautenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Carl Lautenschläger">Carl Lautenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer" title="Fritz ter Meer">Fritz ter Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Oster" title="Heinrich Oster">Heinrich Oster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Schneider" title="Christian Schneider">Christian Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wurster" title="Carl Wurster">Carl Wurster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_IG" title="American IG">American IG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monowitz_concentration_camp#Buna_Werke" title="Monowitz concentration camp">Buna Werke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IG_Farben_Building" title="IG Farben Building">IG Farben Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IG_Farben_Trial" title="IG Farben Trial">IG Farben Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monowitz_concentration_camp" title="Monowitz concentration camp">Monowitz concentration camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:IG_Farben" title="Category:IG Farben">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IG_Farben" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:IG Farben">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genetic_engineering301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetic_engineering" title="Template talk:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genetic_engineering301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Maize/corn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MON_810" title="MON 810">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_863" title="MON 863">MON 863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_corn_recall#StarLink_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink corn recall">StarLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">Potato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_rice" title="Genetically modified rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Soybean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundup_ready_soybean" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup ready soybean">Roundup ready soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistive_Gold" title="Vistive Gold">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato" title="Genetically modified tomato">Tomato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Genetic_modification" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_wheat" title="Genetically modified wheat">Wheat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HB4_Wheat" title="HB4 Wheat">HB4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_brinjal" title="Genetically modified brinjal">Brinjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_canola" title="Genetically modified canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya#Genetically_engineered_cultivars" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rose" title="Blue rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartStax" title="SmartStax">SmartStax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco#Genetic_modification" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMH-11_Mustard" title="DMH-11 Mustard">Mustard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mammal" title="Genetically modified mammal">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">Knockout mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncomouse" title="Oncomouse">Oncomouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolly_mouse" title="Woolly mouse">Woolly mouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviropig" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviropig">Enviropig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman the Bull">Herman the Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_rat" title="Knockout rat">Knockout rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppy" title="Ruppy">Ruppy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_insect" title="Genetically modified insect">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism#Frogs" title="Genetically modified organism">Frogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacteria" title="Genetically modified bacteria">Bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_virus" title="Genetically modified virus">viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Inserting DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_gun" title="Gene gun">Biolistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroporation" title="Electroporation">Electroporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic transduction">Genetic transduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipofection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipofection">Lipofection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microinjection" title="Microinjection">Microinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenesis">Transgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenesis" title="Cisgenesis">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming</a></li> <li>Companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASF_Plant_Science" title="BASF Plant Science">BASF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bayer_CropScience">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_AgroSciences" title="Dow AgroSciences">Dow AgroSciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont Pioneer">DuPont Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">humans</a> and diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">Gene knockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">Gene knockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">Gene targeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">Transgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transfection" title="Reverse transfection">Reverse transfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in North America">North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152051#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403744101">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406255397">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134841299">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2002513-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97053225">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12362679m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12362679m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001184298">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20010093696&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX142660">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/413185">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90388550">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000068872">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012622602305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527859506706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03427737?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/26954">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028179455">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/12cb4c88-66bf-4114-9f93-387e89f3a2fd">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bayer_04_Leverkusen_Fußball_GmbH61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#E00000; color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Template:Bayer 04 Leverkusen"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Template talk:Bayer 04 Leverkusen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bayer 04 Leverkusen"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bayer_04_Leverkusen_Fußball_GmbH61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E00000; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen" title="Bayer 04 Leverkusen">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_players" title="List of Bayer 04 Leverkusen players">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bayer_04_Leverkusen_managers" title="Category:Bayer 04 Leverkusen managers">Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bayer_04_Leverkusen_matches" title="Category:Bayer 04 Leverkusen matches">Matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BayArena" title="BayArena">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_seasons" title="List of Bayer 04 Leverkusen seasons">Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen_in_European_football" title="Bayer 04 Leverkusen in European football">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen_(women)" title="Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)">Women's team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E00000; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Seasons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="1991–92 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">1991–92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="1997–98 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">1997–98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="1999–2000 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">1999–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2000–01 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2000–01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2001–02 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2001–02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2002–03 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2002–03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2003–04 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2003–04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2004–05 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2006–07 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2006–07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2007–08 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2007–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2008–09 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2008–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2009–10 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2009–10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2010–11 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2010–11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2011–12 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2011–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2012–13 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2012–13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2013–14 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2013–14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2014–15 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2015–16 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2015–16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2016–17 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2016–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2017–18 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2017–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2018–19 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2018–19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2019–20 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2019–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2020–21 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2020–21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2021–22 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2021–22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2022–23 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2022–23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2023–24 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2023–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Bayer_04_Leverkusen_season" title="2024–25 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E00000; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TSV_Bayer_04_Leverkusen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen (page does not exist)">TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bayer AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverkusen" title="Neverkusen">Neverkusen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/38px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayer&oldid=1279838483">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayer&oldid=1279838483</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bayer" title="Category:Bayer">Bayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_initial_public_offerings" title="Category:1950s initial public offerings">1950s initial public offerings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies_of_Germany" title="Category:Agriculture companies of Germany">Agriculture companies of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aspirin" title="Category:Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology_companies_of_Germany" title="Category:Biotechnology companies of Germany">Biotechnology companies of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_companies_of_Germany" title="Category:Chemical companies of Germany">Chemical companies of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia">Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Category:Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_formerly_listed_on_the_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Category:Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange">Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_in_the_Euro_Stoxx_50" title="Category:Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50">Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_in_the_DAX_index" title="Category:Companies in the DAX index">Companies in the DAX index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" title="Category:Companies involved in the Holocaust">Companies involved in the Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetic_engineering_and_agriculture" title="Category:Genetic engineering and agriculture">Genetic engineering and agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_brands" title="Category:German brands">German brands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_companies_established_in_1863" title="Category:German companies established in 1863">German companies established in 1863</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care_companies_of_Germany" title="Category:Health care companies of Germany">Health care companies of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IG_Farben" title="Category:IG Farben">IG Farben</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_sciences_industry" title="Category:Life sciences industry">Life sciences industry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leverkusen" title="Category:Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_companies_established_in_1863" title="Category:Chemical companies established in 1863">Chemical companies established in 1863</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmaceutical_companies_established_in_1863" title="Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1863">Pharmaceutical companies established in 1863</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_Germany" title="Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Germany">Multinational companies headquartered in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nanotechnology_companies" title="Category:Nanotechnology companies">Nanotechnology companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmaceutical_companies_of_Germany" title="Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Germany">Pharmaceutical companies of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Germany" title="Category:Antisemitism in Germany">Antisemitism in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-9s777","wgBackendResponseTime":296,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.153","walltime":"2.640","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16770,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":511632,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12343,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":828057,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2277.371 1 -total"," 42.30% 963.380 3 Template:Reflist"," 19.49% 443.921 112 Template:Cite_web"," 9.38% 213.569 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 9.37% 213.357 54 Template:Cite_news"," 8.90% 202.782 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.17% 140.609 18 Template:Sfn"," 5.72% 130.322 28 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisZitzlsperger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiftonHackett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez-MuñozUcha-UdabeAlamo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahdiMahdiMahdiBowen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannucciMancusoSantagostino2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald-Gibson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMullanAlston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOLMOS1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOur_Bureau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumpe1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandazzo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandazzo2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRees2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblattBurnsonKresge2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblattChediak2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSardarChatterjeeWuLichstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneibel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrör2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShevlinDrozdiak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneader,_Walter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneader1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneader2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStegemande_BastosRosendaal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzelecka2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez-Serrano2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTammen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarazonaCourt-MarquesTiramaniReich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTully2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_EPA2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_War_Crimes_Commission1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVardanyanHruby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_Shelly2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasiryShorvon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"war\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 8,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aka\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bayer 04 Leverkusen\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 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