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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log masuk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">Ketahui lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asal_usul_dan_perkembangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_usul_dan_perkembangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Asal usul dan perkembangan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_usul_dan_perkembangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_Sanskrit_Weda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_Sanskrit_Weda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bahasa Sanskrit Weda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_Sanskrit_Weda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_Sanskrit_Klasik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_Sanskrit_Klasik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Bahasa Sanskrit Klasik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_Sanskrit_Klasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_Sanskrit_dan_Prakerta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_Sanskrit_dan_Prakerta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Bahasa Sanskrit dan Prakerta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_Sanskrit_dan_Prakerta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_rumpun_Dravidia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_rumpun_Dravidia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pengaruh rumpun Dravidia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_rumpun_Dravidia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taburan_geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taburan_geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Taburan geografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taburan_geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Taburan geografi </button> <ul id="toc-Taburan_geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_rasmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_rasmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Status rasmi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_rasmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengajian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengajian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pengajian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengajian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Pengajian </button> <ul id="toc-Pengajian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Di_dunia_Timur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_dunia_Timur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Di dunia Timur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_dunia_Timur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_Eropah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_Eropah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Di Eropah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_Eropah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fonologi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Fonologi </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vokal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vokal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsonan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsonan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Konsonan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsonan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hukum sandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sebutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beberapa_ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beberapa_ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Beberapa ciri-ciri </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beberapa_ciri-ciri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Beberapa ciri-ciri </button> <ul id="toc-Beberapa_ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Kasus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skema_asas_imbuhan_tasrifan_(deklensi)_bagi_kata_nama_dan_kata_adjektif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skema_asas_imbuhan_tasrifan_(deklensi)_bagi_kata_nama_dan_kata_adjektif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Skema asas imbuhan tasrifan (deklensi) bagi kata nama dan kata adjektif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skema_asas_imbuhan_tasrifan_(deklensi)_bagi_kata_nama_dan_kata_adjektif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pohon-a" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pohon-a"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Pohon-a </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pohon-a-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pohon_-i_dan_-u" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pohon_-i_dan_-u"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Pohon -i dan -u </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pohon_-i_dan_-u-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pohon_vokal_panjang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pohon_vokal_panjang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Pohon vokal panjang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pohon_vokal_panjang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_kata_majmuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_kata_majmuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pembentukan kata majmuk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_kata_majmuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_terhadap_bahasa_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_terhadap_bahasa_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Pengaruh terhadap bahasa lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_terhadap_bahasa_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Nota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Rujukan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Rujukan </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Pautan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Togol isi kandungan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bahasa Sanskrit</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 185 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" > 185 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5" title="ሳንስክሪት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳንስክሪት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscritisc" title="Sanscritisc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sanscritisc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Асанскрит бызшәа – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асанскрит бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السنسكريتية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السنسكريتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrito" title="Sanscrito – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Սանսկրիդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սանսկրիդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_s%C3%A1nscritu" title="Idioma sánscritu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma sánscritu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nskrito" title="Sánskrito – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sánskrito" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سانسکریت دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سانسکریت دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sansekerta" title="Basa Sansekerta – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Sansekerta" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Hoân-gí – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Санскрыт – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санскрыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Санскрыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Санскрыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྐད། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B1skriteg" title="Sañskriteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sañskriteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Самгарди хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Самгарди хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0nscrit" title="Sànscrit – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sànscrit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Sanskrito" title="Pinulongang Sanskrito – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sansgrit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سنسكريتية – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنسكريتية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ސަންސްކްރިއްތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަންސްކްރިއްތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti_keel" title="Sanskriti keel – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sanskriti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σανσκριτική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σανσκριτική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscrito" title="Sánscrito – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sánscrito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زبان سانسکریت – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskryt" title="Sanskryt – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sanskryt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSanscrait" title="An tSanscrait – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSanscrait" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_s%C3%A1nscrita" title="Lingua sánscrita – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua sánscrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="梵語 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="梵語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="સંસ્કૃત ભાષા – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંસ્કૃત ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2m-ng%C3%AE" title="Fâm-ngî – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fâm-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Санскрит келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Санскрит келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="산스크리트어 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산스크리트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Սանսկրիտ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանսկրիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrita_linguo" title="Sanskrita linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sanskrita linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4" title="সংস্কৃত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সংস্কৃত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrito" title="Sanscrito – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskr%C3%ADt" title="Sanskrít – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sanskrít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sanscrita" title="Lingua sanscrita – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="סנסקריט – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנסקריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sangsekerta" title="Basa Sangsekerta – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Sangsekerta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C9%A9kr%C9%A9t%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Sansɩkrɩtɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sansɩkrɩtɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Sangaskul%C3%ADta" title="Amánung Sangaskulíta – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Sangaskulíta" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სანსკრიტი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანსკრიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%95%D9%9B%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سَنَسکرٕٛت زَبان – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَنَسکرٕٛت زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrytek" title="Sanskrytek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sanskrytek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igisansikiriti" title="Igisansikiriti – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igisansikiriti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisanskrit" title="Kisanskrit – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisanskrit" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_sanskr%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Zimanê sanskrîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê sanskrîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ພາສາສັນສະກິດ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາສັນສະກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Sanscrita" title="Lingua Sanscrita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrits" title="Sanskrits – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sanskrits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritas" title="Sanskritas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sanskritas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_s%C3%A0nscrita" title="Lengua sànscrita – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua sànscrita" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sanskriet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrito" title="Sanscrito – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_sanscrita" title="Lengua sanscrita – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szanszkrit_nyelv" title="Szanszkrit nyelv – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szanszkrit nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्कृत भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="संस्कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sanskrity" title="Fiteny sanskrity – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sanskrity" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സംസ്കൃതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കൃതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संस्‍कृत भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्‍कृत भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სანსკრიტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სანსკრიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="سانسكريتى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانسكريتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="سانسکریت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯁꯪꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯪꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Sanskerta" title="Bahaso Sanskerta – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Huáng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huáng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Санскрит хэл – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Санскрит хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သင်္သကရိုက်ဘာသာစကား – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္သကရိုက်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscritotlaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Sanscritotlahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Sanscritotlahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sanskriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संस्कृत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="サンスクリット – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンスクリット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanscrit" title="Sanscrit – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sanscrit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4" title="ସଂସ୍କୃତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସଂସ୍କୃତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="गिरीवाण वाचा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गिरीवाण वाचा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سنسکرت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنسکرت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سانسکريت ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سانسکريت ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%8F" title="សំស្ក្រឹត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សំស្ក្រឹត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0nscrit" title="Sànscrit – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sànscrit" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskryt" title="Sanskryt – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sanskryt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito" title="Sânscrito – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sânscrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sanscrit%C4%83" title="Limba sanscrită – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba sanscrită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_simi" title="Sanskrit simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sanskrit simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82" title="Санскріт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Санскріт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="संस्कृतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संस्कृतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنسکرت زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سنسکرت زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_s%C3%A0nscrita" title="Limba sànscrita – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba sànscrita" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sanskrite" title="Gjuha sanskrite – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sanskrite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sanscrita" title="Lingua sanscrita – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua sanscrita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD" title="සංස්කෘත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංස්කෘත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سنسڪرت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنسڪرت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskryck%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Sanskryckŏ gŏdka – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sanskryckŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زمانی سانسکریت – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%82_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Санскрт (језик) – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Санскрт (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sanskrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sangsekerta" title="Basa Sangsekerta – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Sangsekerta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tasanskritt" title="Tutlayt Tasanskritt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tasanskritt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Sanskrito" title="Wikang Sanskrito – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Sanskrito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமசுகிருதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமசுகிருதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_sanscrite" title="Lènga sanscrite – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga sanscrite" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="సంస్కృతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్కృతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาสันสกฤต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสันสกฤต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%E1%BA%A1n" title="Tiếng Phạn – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Phạn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Санскрит дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Санскрит дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санскрит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سنسکرت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنسکرت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahfan" title="Vahfan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahfan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="梵語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="梵語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanskrit" title="Sinanskrit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinanskrit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梵文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="סאנסקריט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאנסקריט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梵文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritki" title="Sanskritki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sanskritki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskr%C4%97ts" title="Sanskrėts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sanskrėts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梵语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Sanskerta" title="Saro Sanskerta – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sanskerta" title="Basa Sanskerta – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c">Rencana</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Bahasa_Sanskrit" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Melayu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Peralatan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=history">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pautan ke laman ini</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Bahasa_Sanskrit" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan berkaitan</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u">Muat naik fail</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&oldid=6387316" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini">Pautan kekal</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini">Maklumat laman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Bahasa_Sanskrit&id=6387316&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini">Petik laman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Sanskrit">Dapatkan URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Sanskrit">Muat turun kod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bahasa+Sanskrit">Cipta buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=show-download-screen">Muat turun sebagai PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi boleh cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1749" hreflang="en">Wikifungsi</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11059" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g">Butir Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Bahasa Sangsakerta</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sanskrit (bahasa Inggeris)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Kawasan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, dan sesetengah tempat lain dari <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Selatan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>; banyak sarjana agama Buddha di negara <a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, juga mampu berkomunikasi dalam Sanskrit.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Penutur bahasa</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">49,736 penutur fasih (anggaran <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>) 194,433 penutur bahasa kedua (anggaran <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_bahasa" title="Keluarga bahasa">Keluarga bahasa</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Indo-Eropah" title="Bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah">Indo-Eropah</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Iran" title="Bahasa Indo-Iran">Indo-Iran</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Arya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Indo-Arya">Indo-Arya</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Bahasa Sangsakerta</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Status rasmi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Bahasa rasmi di</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (salah satu daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bahasa_kebangsaan_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bahasa kebangsaan India (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa rasmi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kod bahasa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=">sa</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=386">san</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/san" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:san">san</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="float:left;margin-left:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/Sampel" title="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Sampel"><img alt="Informasi penggunaan templat turunan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div>Sampel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"> <div style="border-radius:0.7em; margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><center>Sampel teks</center></div>Logo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> dalam bahasa Sangsakerta yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.<div style="font-family: times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-left:0.8em;margin-top:0.4em;margin-right:0.8em"><div class="bg-wp"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg/170px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg/255px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg/340px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-sa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_sampel_teks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan sampel teks (laman tidak wujud)">Sampel teks lainnya</a></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><div style="border-radius:0.7em; margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><center>Sampel suara</center></div> Sampel suara bahasa ini, diambil dari <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Sanskrit1.ogg,_Hi-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4.oga" class="new" title="Fail:Sanskrit1.ogg, Hi-संस्कृत.oga">noicon</a><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure> <div style="font-size:90%"><center>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Memainkan_berkas_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Memainkan berkas media (laman tidak wujud)">Bantuan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fail:Sanskrit1.ogg,_Hi-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4.oga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fail:Sanskrit1.ogg, Hi-संस्कृत.oga (laman tidak wujud)">Fail</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_sampel_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan sampel suara (laman tidak wujud)">Lainnya</a>)</center></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Bahasa Sangsakerta<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: ‏<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6444303">.mw-parser-output .script-Adlm{font-family:"Noto Sans 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style>بهاس سڠسکرتا‎‎, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam<a href="#cite_note-Apte1957-592-2">[2]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a>: Sanskrit) merupakan antara <a href="/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa">bahasa</a> di India yang paling tua yang dikenali, dan merupakan salah satu <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi">bahasa rasmi</a> di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Tarafnya di India adalah lebih kurang sama dengan kedudukan bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Etimologi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg/200px-Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg/300px-Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg/400px-Sanskrit_Manuscript_Wellcome_L0070805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6294" data-file-height="3180" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg/200px-Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg/300px-Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg/400px-Text_of_colophon_from_Sanskrit_Manuscript_on_medicine_Wellcome_L0015319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Manuskrip Sanskrit kuno: kitab agama (atas), dan teks perubatan (bawah)</div></div></div></div> Kata "Sangsakerta" berasal daripada kata majmuk sáṃskṛta- terdiri daripada sam (berbudaya, bagus, baik, sempurna) dan krta- (tersusun)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> sekaligus bermaksud suatu bahasa yang "tersusun dengan baik, murni, sempurna, suci dan berbudaya".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWill_Durant1963406-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20041–2-6">[6]</a> Menurut Biderman, pengungkapan ini menggambarkan kesempurnaan ciri bahasa tersebut dari segi mutu nada yang disusun para <a href="/wiki/Resi" title="Resi">resi</a> menjadi "himpunan bunyi, sejenis acuan muzikal yang tinggi nilainya" memenuhi citarasa dalam tradisi lisan yang dipandang tinggi dalam tamadun India purba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlomo_Biderman200890-7">[7]</a> Dari akhir zaman <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Weda</a>, menurut Annette Wilke dan Oliver Moebus, India telah mencipta banyak kesusasteraan yang bersifat linguistik, falsafah dan keagamaan, dengan pengaruh muzik yang kuat. Bunyi-bunyi dipercayai mewakili intipati ciptaan dan berkait dengan aspek-aspek mistik dan rahsia pemikiran <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a>. Mencari kesempurnaan idea dan kebebasan berkait dengan bunyi-bunyi sakral, dan bahasa Sanskrit dianggap sebagai bentuk komunikasi yang merangkai semua idea dan inspirasi, menjadi apa yang masyarakat India kuno percaya sebagai bahasa yang sempurna. Kepercayaan yang bahasa adalah penting dalam ilmu dan pemahaman, bersama-sama aspek bunyi dan tuturan dipanggil "epistem fonosentrik".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus201162–66_with_footnotes-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy_L._Beck2006117–123-9">[9]</a> Bahasa ini dianggap sebagai lawan bahasa-bahasa rakyat kebanyakan atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Prakerta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Prakerta (laman tidak wujud)">prākṛta</a>- yakni "tulen, semula jadi, normal, tanpa seni".<a href="#cite_note-Southworth2004-10">[10]</a> Kaitan antara bahasa-bahasa Prakerta dan Sangsakerta terdapat dalam teks India sejak alaf pertama Masihi. Patañjali mengiktiraf bahasa Prakerta sebagai bahasa pertama, yang secara naluri digunakan oleh kanak-kanak yang membawa kepada masalah tafsiran dan salah faham. Kehalusan struktur bahasa Sangsakerta menghilangkan ketidaksempurnaan ini. Ahli tatabahasa Sangsakerta awal Daṇḍin contohnya menyatakan bahawa banyak perkataan Prakerta berasal daripada bahasa Sangsakerta, tetapi menimbulkan "kehilangan bunyi" dan penyalahgunaan makna yang merupakan hasil daripada "kejahilan tatabahasa". Daṇḍin mengakui ada kata-kata dan struktur yang dilihat mengelirukan dalam bahasa Prakerta yang tiada dalam bahasa Sanskrit. Pandangan ini dapat dilihat dalam gaya penulisan Bharata Muni yang menulis manuskrip Natyasastra. Namisādhu, salah seorang cendekiawan Jainisme, mengakui adanya perbezaan tersebut, tetapi tidak bersetuju bahawa bahasa Prakerta adalah hasil penyalahgunaan makna Sangsakerta, tetapi sebaliknya menyatakan ia bersifat pūrvam (semula jadi) bagi anak-anak, dan Sanskrit adalah penyempurnaan bahasa Prakerta melalui "pemurnian tatabahasa".<a href="#cite_note-KleinJoseph2017p318-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asal_usul_dan_perkembangan">Asal usul dan perkembangan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Asal usul dan perkembangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Asal usul dan perkembangan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosa_kata_Indo-Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosa kata Indo-Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Kosa kata Indo-Eropah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:418px;max-width:418px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:IE_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/175px-IE_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/263px-IE_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/350px-IE_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="275" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:IE1500BP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/IE1500BP.png/235px-IE1500BP.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/IE1500BP.png/353px-IE1500BP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/IE1500BP.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="169" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Kiri: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_Kurgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis Kurgan (laman tidak wujud)">Hipotesis Kurgan</a> yang berkaitan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghijrahan_Indo-Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghijrahan Indo-Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">penghijrahan Indo-Eropah</a> antara 4000–1000 SM. Kanan: taburan geografi rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah dengan bahasa ini di Asia Selatan.</div></div></div></div> Bahasa Sangsakerta termasuk dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Indo-Eropah" title="Bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah">rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah</a>. Bahasa ini salah satu daripada tiga bahasa Indo-Eropah tertua yang didokumentasikan serta lahir daripada suatu bahasa purba yang dibentuk semula iaitu <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Eropah_Purba" title="Bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba">bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Woodard122-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2017p90-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramat2015p26-14">[14]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Sanskrit Weda</a> (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1500–500 SM).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yunani_Mikenai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yunani Mikenai (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Yunani Mikenai</a> (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1450 SM)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Purba" title="Bahasa Yunani Purba">Yunani Purba</a> (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 750–400 SM).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Het" title="Bahasa Het">Bahasa Het</a> (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1750–1200 SM).</li></ul> Bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah lain yang berkaitan dengan Sanskrit termasuk Latin kuno dan klasik (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 600 SM–100 M, Itali zaman kuno), bahasa Gothik (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jermanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Jermanik">bahasa Jermanik</a> kuno, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 350 SM), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nor_Kuno" title="Bahasa Nor Kuno">bahasa Nor Kuno</a> (dari <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 200 SM), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Avesta" title="Bahasa Avesta">bahasa Avesta Lama</a> (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> akhir alaf ke-2 SM<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>), dan bahasa Avesta Muda (<abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 900 SM).<a href="#cite_note-Bauer2017p90-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramat2015p26-14">[14]</a> Bahasa purba yang paling dekat dengan Sanskrit Weda ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Nuristan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Nuristan (laman tidak wujud)">rumpun Nuristan</a> yang terdapat di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, timur laut Afganistan dan barat laut Himalaya,<a href="#cite_note-Ramat2015p26-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-DaniMasson1999-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica199334-18">[18]</a> serta bahasa Avesta dan Parsi Kuno yang telah pupus—keduanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Iran" title="Bahasa-bahasa Iran">rumpun Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robins2014p346-21">[21]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit ialah sekumpulan bahasa satem Indo-Eropah. Sejumlah sarjana zaman jajahan yang menguasai bahasa <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Purba" title="Bahasa Yunani Purba">Yunani</a> terkejut dengan persamaan bahasa-bahasa ini kepada persuratan Sanskrit yang dikaji, baik dari segi kosa kata dan tatabahasanya. Dalam The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Mallory dan Adams menjelaskan persamaan tersebut dalam beberapa contoh berikut:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams20066-22">[22]</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <th>IEP</th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>  Latin</th> <th>Yunani </th> <th>Inggeris Lama </th> <th>Inggeris </th> <th>Melayu </th></tr> <tr> <td>*méh₂tēr</td> <td>  mātár- </td> <td>  māter</td> <td>  mētēr </td> <td>  mōdor </td> <td>  mother </td> <td>  ibu </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ph₂tḗr</td> <td>  pitár- </td> <td>  pater</td> <td>  pater </td> <td>  fæder </td> <td>  father </td> <td>  ayah </td></tr> <tr> <td>*bʰréh₂tēr</td> <td>  bhrātar- </td> <td>  frāter</td> <td>  phreter </td> <td>  brōþor </td> <td>  brother </td> <td>  saudara lelaki </td></tr> <tr> <td>*swésōr</td> <td>  svásar- </td> <td>  soror</td> <td>  eor </td> <td>  sweoster </td> <td>  sister </td> <td>  saudara perempuan </td></tr> <tr> <td>*suHnús</td> <td>  sūnú- </td> <td>  fīlius</td> <td>  huius </td> <td>  sunu </td> <td>  son </td> <td>  anak lelaki </td></tr> <tr> <td>*dʰugh₂tḗr</td> <td>  duhitár- </td> <td>  fīlia</td> <td>  thugátēr </td> <td>  dohtor </td> <td>  daughter </td> <td>  anak perempuan </td></tr> <tr> <td>*gʷṓws</td> <td>  gáu- </td> <td>  bōs</td> <td>  bous </td> <td>  cū </td> <td>  cow </td> <td>  lembu </td></tr> <tr> <td>*demh₂-</td> <td>  dām- </td> <td>  domus</td> <td>  dom- </td> <td>  tam, timber </td> <td>  house, tame, build </td> <td>  rumah, jinak, bina </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> Kedekatan hubungan kosakata sesama bahasa-bahasa ini tersebut menunjukkan adanya sebuah akar kata, serta hubungan sejarawi antara beberapa bahasa purba utama dunia.<a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a> Teori migrasi Indo-Arya menerangkan bagaimana bahasa Sanskrit dan bahasa Indo-Eropah lain berkaitan dan menyatakan bahawa penutur asli bahasa duluan Sanskrit tiba di Asia Selatan dari asalnya, mungkin wilayah Indus barat laut pada awal alaf ke-2 SM. Bukti sejarah yang ada dalam teori tersebut ialah kedekatan antara bahasa Indo-Iran dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Baltik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Baltik (laman tidak wujud)">rumpun bahasa Baltik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Slavik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Slavik (laman tidak wujud)">Slavik</a>, pertukaran dengan kosa kata bukan Indo-Eropah seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Ural (laman tidak wujud)">rumpun bahasa Uralik</a>, dan kosa kata Indo-Eropah yang berkaitan dengan flora dan fauna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica199336-38-25">[24]</a> Prasejarah rumpun bahasa Indo-Arya sebagai moyang bahasa Sanskrit tidak jelas dan pelbagai hipotesis diajukan, menyatakan ia mungkin bermula dalam jangka masa yang panjang. Menurut Thomas Burrow, dengan menghubungkannya dengan bahasa rumpun Indo-Eropah, asal usul bahasa tersebut mungkin bermula dari Eropah Tengah atau Timur, dan rumpun Indo-Iran muncul dari Rusia Tengah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197330–32-26">[25]</a> Cabang rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran, Indo-Arya dan Iran, berpisah. Bahasa Sanskrit adalah cabang Indo-Arya yang berpindah menuju Iran timur, kemudian mengarah ke Asia Selatan pada separuh pertama alaf ke-2 SM. Setibanya di India purba, bahasa Indo-Arya mengalami perubahan lingustik yang pesat dan terciptalah bahasa Sanskrit Weda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197330–34-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa_Sanskrit_Weda">Bahasa Sanskrit Weda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa Sanskrit Weda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa Sanskrit Weda">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanskrit_Weda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanskrit Weda (laman tidak wujud)">Sanskrit Weda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/220px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/440px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Rig Weda ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Dewanagari">tulisan Dewanagari</a>, awal abad ke-19. Garis merah melintang dan menegah menandakan perubahan nada rendah dan tinggi dalam pembacaannya.</figcaption></figure> Bentuk praklasik bahasa Sanskrit ialah Sanskrit Weda. Manuskrip bertulis terawal yang menggunakan bahasa Sanskrit adalah salah satu daripada empat <a href="/wiki/Weda" class="mw-redirect" title="Weda">kitab suci Hindu</a> yang empat, <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a>, ditulis pada pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-2 SM. Tiada catatan bertulis dari zaman-zaman awal yang telah dipelihara, bahkan jika ada, tetapi sarjana umumnya percaya <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a> diturunkan turun-temurun secara lisan dan sebutannya andal: teks tersebut adalah teks upacara keagamaan, yang mana cara sebutannya dan pemeliharaannya adalah sebahagian daripada tradisi.<a href="#cite_note-Meier-Brügger2003-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonell2004-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keith1993-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a> adalah kumpulan kitab suci yang dibuat oleh ramai pengarang secara berasingan dari pelbagai tempat[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] di India purba.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] Penulis-penulisnya mewakili generasi yang berbeza-beza: Mandala 2 hingga 7 adalah yang tertua, sedangkan mandala 1 dan 10 adalah yang termuda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_A._Holdrege2012229–230-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200166–67-32">[31]</a> Namun Sanskrit Weda dalam kitab-kitab <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a> "Namun, Sanskrit Weda dalam buku-buku Ṛg-Weda ini "hampir tidak membentangkan sebarang kepelbagaian dialektik", menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Renou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Renou (laman tidak wujud)">Louis Renou</a>—seorang ahli Indologi yang dikenali kerana penelitiannya dalam sastera Sanskrit dan khususnya <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a>. Menurut Renou, ini menunjukkan bahawa Sanskrit Weda sudah memiliki "corak linguistik yang teratur" setakat separuh kedua alaf ke-2 SM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20045–6-33">[32]</a> Selain <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a>, Weda lain-lain yang telah bertahan ialah<a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" title="Sama Veda">Samaweda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" title="Yajur Veda">Yajurweda</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" title="Atharva Veda">Atharvaweda</a>, bersama naskhah-naskhah lain seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_Brahmana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab Brahmana (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aranyaka (laman tidak wujud)">Aranyaka</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meier-Brügger2003-28">[27]</a> Dokumen-dokumen Weda ini mencerminkan dialek bahasa Sanskrit yang terdapat di pelbagai tempat di barat laut, utara, dan timur benua kecil India.<a href="#cite_note-britsanskrit-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-35">[34]</a>(p 9) Bahasa yang tertulis dalam kitab Weda adalah bahasa lisan zaman India purba.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] Menurut Michael Witzel, Sanskrit Weda adalah bahasa lisan suku Arya yang kemudiannya menetap di satu tempat buat satu ketika dan tetap memelihara tabiat harian mereka seperti penternakan lembu, bertani pada skala kecil, lalu berpindah dengan gerabak barang yang dipanggil grama.<a href="#cite_note-Witzel-35">[34]</a>(pp 16–17)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward19903–12,_36–47,_111–112,_Note:_Sanskrit_was_both_a_literary_and_spoken_language_in_ancient_India.-36">[35]</a> Sanskrit Weda atau varian Indo-Eropah terdekatnya diketahui di seluruh wilayah India purba yang dibuktikan dengan "Perjanjian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitanni (laman tidak wujud)">Mitanni</a>" antara bangsa Het dan Mitanni, dipahat pada batu, di suatu wilayah yang kini sebahagian daripada Syria dan Turki.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2017p11-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[b]</a> Sebahagian daripada perjanjian ini, seperti nama putera Mitanni dan istilah teknikal yang berhubungan dengan latihan kuda, atas sebab-sebab yang tidak difahami, adalah dalam bentuk awal Sanskrit Weda. Perjanjian ini juga menyeru dewa-dewa <a href="/wiki/Waruna" title="Waruna">Waruna</a>, Mitra, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indera</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashvins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashvins (laman tidak wujud)">Nasatya</a> yang ditemukan dalam lapisan-lapisan awal sastera Weda.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2017p11-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:28%; ; background-color: #FFE0BB; min-width:25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4920641">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:0.5em auto 0.8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft p,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright p{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:360px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{min-width:100%;margin:0 0 0.8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""><div class="poem"> Wahai Respati, semasa memberi nama orang menetapkan permulaan Bahasa, Rahsia yang terunggul dan nirmala mereka didedahkan menerusi kasih sayang, Semasa pendeta membentuk Bahasa dengan fikiran mereka, memurnikannya seperti bijian dengan kipas menampi, Maka kawan-kawan tahu persahabatan – tanda yang baik diletakkan pada bahasa mereka. </div></div> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Weda</a> 10.71.1–4 Berdasarkan terjemahan Roger Woodard<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></cite> </div> Sanskrit Weda yang ada dalam Rig Weda lebih usang daripada Weda-weda yang lain, dan dalam banyak hal, gaya bahasa Rig Weda lebih mirip dengan teks-teks bahasa Avesta Lama <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianisme">Majusi</a> Gathas dan juga Iliad dan Odisi karya Homeros.<a href="#cite_note-Lowe2015p2-42">[40]</a> Menurut Stephanie W. Jamison dan Joel P. Brereton—ahli Indologi yang terkenal kerana menterjemahkan Rig Weda—sastera Weda "telah jelas mewarisi" daripada struktur sosial zaman Indo-Iran dan Indo-Eropah, seperti peranan penyair dan pendeta, ekonomi naungan, persamaan frasa, dan beberapa meter puisi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201410–11,_72-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[c]</a> Walaupun terdapat persamaan, menurut Jamison dan Brereton, terdapat perbezaan antara kesusasteraan Weda, Avesta Lama, dan Yunani Mikenai. Contohnya, tidak seperti penggunaan kiasan perumpamaan dalam Rig Weda, teks Gathas tidak mempunyai perumpamaan, dan ia jarang digunakan dalam versi bahasa Avesta Lama yang terkemudian. Bahasa Yunani Homer, seperti Sanskrit Rig Weda, banyak menggunakan perumpamaan, tetapi strukturnya sangat berbeza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201466–67-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa_Sanskrit_Klasik">Bahasa Sanskrit Klasik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa Sanskrit Klasik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa Sanskrit Klasik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg/260px-Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg/390px-Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg/520px-Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5216" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>Naskhah tatabahasa Sanskrit Pāṇini abad ke-17 dari Kashmir</figcaption></figure> Bentuk bahasa Sanskrit Weda kurang homogen daripada Sanskrit Klasik, dan kemudian berevolusi menjadi bahasa yang lebih terstruktur dan homogen pada pertengahan alaf pertama SM. Menurut Richard Gombrich—ahli Indologi dan sarjana bahasa Sanskrit, Pāli, dan pengajian agama Buddha—Sanskrit Weda usang Rig Weda telah pun berkembang pada zaman Weda, seperti yang dibuktikan dalam karya sastera Weda yang terkemudian. Bahasa dalam Upanisad Hindu awal dan karya sastera Weda berikutnya menggunakan bahasa Sanskrit Klasik, sedangkan Sanskrit Weda yang usang pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> menjadi tidak dapat difahami oleh sesiapa pun kecuali orang pendeta, menurut Gombrich.<a href="#cite_note-Gombrich2006p24-47">[44]</a> Orang yang diterima umum telah berjasa dalam pembakuan bahasa Sanskrit ialah Pāṇini, juga Mahabhasya karya Patanjali dan komentar Katyayana yang mendahului karya Patanjali.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Panini menyusun kitab Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Lapan Bab Tatabahasa Sanskrit"). Masa beliau hidup sering diperdebatkan, tetapi umumnya karya beliau disepakati dibuat antara abad ke-6 hingga ke-4 SM.<a href="#cite_note-cardona268-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-britpanini-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pāṇini_1979-51">[48]</a> Aṣṭādhyāyī bukanlah karya pertama yang menerangkan tatabahasa Sanskrit, tetapi ia karya terawal yang masih terpelihara. Pāṇini memetik sepuluh orang pendeta berkenaan aspek-aspek awal tatabahasa dan fonologi Sanskrit, serta variasi penggunaan Sanskrit di bahagian-bahagian berlainan di India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111-52">[49]</a> Dia memetik sepuluh orang resi, iaitu Apisali, Kasiyapa, Gargya, Galawa, Cakerawarmana, Baharadwaja, Sakatayana, Sakalya, Senaka, dan Sphotayana.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Aṣṭādhyāyī menjadi asas salah satu cabang ilmu Weda, Wyakarana iaitu nahu dan analisis linguistik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111-52">[49]</a> Dalam Aṣṭādhyāyī, bahasa dikaji dengan cara yang berbeza dengan tatabahasa Yunani atau Latin. Tatabahasa Pāṇini, menurut Renou dan Filliozat, adalah karya terkenal yang menerangkan peraturan bahasa dan berfungsi sebagai model untuk bahasa Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Pāṇini menggunakan istilah khas—seperti sintaksis, morfologi dan leksikon—untuk menghasilkan peraturan bagaimana perkataan dibentuk dan digunakan. Peraturan-peraturan ini disusun mengikuti garis panduan tertentu, sebahagian daripadanya beliau jelaskan dengan terang-terangan manakala yang lain boleh disimpulkan dengan sendiri.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Walaupun terdapat perbezaan dengan analisis dalam bidang linguistik moden, karya Pāṇini dianggap amat bernilai dan merupakan analisis linguistik paling maju sehingga abad kedua puluh.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a>(§10.26) Teori tatabahasa Pāṇini yang komprehensif dan saintifik kemudiannya akan menjadi permulaan Sanskrit Klasik.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Karya sistematiknya telah mengilhamkan dan menjadikan bahasa Sanskrit sebagai bahasa utama pembelajaran dan kesusasteraan India selama dua alaf.<a href="#cite_note-bowman328-58">[55]</a> Tidak jelas sama ada Pāṇini menulisnya sendiri atau beliau memberi syarahan kepada pelajar-pelajarnya yang kemudian diturunkan secara turun-temurun. Sejumlah sarjana bersetuju bahawa beliau sudah tahu menulis, berdasarkan rujukan kepada perkataan lipi ("tulisan") atau lipikara ("penulis") pada subbab 3.2 Aṣṭādhyāyī.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon199811-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Juhyung_Rhi_2009_5,_1–13-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[d]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit Klasik yang diformalkan oleh Pāṇini, menurut Renou, "bukan bahasa yang dimiskinkan", hanya "bahasa yang diatur dan ditata dengan mengabaikan keusangan dan alternatif formal yang tidak perlu".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir200453-69">[65]</a> Bentuk klasik Sanskrit meringkaskan hukum sandhi tetapi tetap mempertahankan ciri-ciri Sanskrit Weda, serta menambahkan ketelitian dan fleksibiliti, sehingga ada ruang yang cukup untuk mengekspresikan fikiran serta "mampu menjawab tuntutan sastera yang beragam pada zaman mendatang", menurut Renou. Pāṇini juga membuat "peraturan tidak wajib" di luar kerangka bahulam Sanskrit Weda, untuk menghargai kebebasan dan kreativiti sehingga penulis-penulis yang berada di tempat atau waktu yang berbeza bebas mengekspresikan fakta dan pandangannya sendiri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir200453–54-70">[66]</a> Perbezaan fonetik Sanskrit Weda dan Sanskrit Klasik dapat diabaikan apabila dibandingkan dengan perubahan ketara yang berlaku pada zaman pra-Weda, antara bahasa Indo-Arya dan Sanskrit Weda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197333–34-71">[67]</a> Yang membuat Sanskrit Weda dan Sanskrit klasik berbeza ialah tatabahasa dan kategori nahuan yang diperluas, serta perbezaan aksen, semantik dan sintaksis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383-72">[68]</a> Ada juga perbezaan bagaimana akhiran sesetengah kata nama dan kata kerja, juga hukum sandhi, baik dalaman atau luaran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383-72">[68]</a> Banyak sekali perkataan dalam Sanskrit Weda tidak ditemui dalam sastera Sanskrit Weda akhir atau Sanskrit Klasik, sedangkan ada kata Sanskrit Klasik yang maknanya berbeza dan baharu jika dibandingkan dengan sastera Sanskrit Weda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383-72">[68]</a> Arthur Macdonell merupakan salah satu sarjana zaman penjajahan yang telah menyimpulkan sejumlah perbezaan Sanskrit Weda dan Sanskrit Klasik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Terbitan berbahasa Perancis karya Louis Renou tahun 1956, berisi pembahasan yang lebih terperinci tentang kemiripan, perbezaan dan evolusi Sanskrit Weda dalam zaman Weda ke bahasa Sanskrit Klasik berserta pandangan peribadi beliau. Karya beliau kemudian diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggeris oleh Jagbans Balbir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20041–59-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa_Sanskrit_dan_Prakerta">Bahasa Sanskrit dan Prakerta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa Sanskrit dan Prakerta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa Sanskrit dan Prakerta">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg/220px-Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg/330px-Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg/440px-Word_for_Sanskrit_Samskrita_in_the_Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana_532_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Perkataan "Sanskrit" dalam tulisan Brahmi Akhir (juga dipanggil aksara Gupta):<center><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/29px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="335" /></a><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg/17px-Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg/34px-Gupta_ashoka_skrr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="590" /></a><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gupta_ashoka_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Saṃ-skṛ-ta</center>Batu bertulis Mandsaur Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana, 532 M.<a href="#cite_note-JFF-75">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> Penggunaan perkataan Saṃskṛta dengan erti kata bahasa ditemukan dalam ayat 5.28.17–19 kitab Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-wright-sanskrit-first-76">[72]</a> Di luar bahasa Sanskrit Klasik yang ditulis dan dipelajari, beberapa bahasa rakyat (Prakerta) muncul. Bahasa Sanskrit wujud bersama Prakerta di India purba. Bahasa-bahasa Prakerta mempunyai akar bahasa Sanskrit yang dipanggil Apabhramsa, yang bermaksud "bahasa yang mengabaikan tatabahasa" atau "rosak".<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Teks-teks Weda mempunyai perkataan-perkataan yang tidak ditemui dalam bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah lain tetapi terdapat dalam Prakerta, menandakan bermulanya interaksi dan perkongsian perkataan dan idea dalam sejarah India awal. Dengan pemikiran bangsa India menjadi lebih pelbagai dan ajaran awal Hindu dicabar, khususnya dengan kemunculan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jain</a>, bahasa-bahasa Prakerta seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Pali" title="Bahasa Pali">Pali</a> yang dituturkan oleh penganut Buddha <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a> dan Ardhamagadhi yang dituturkan oleh penganut Jain bersaing dengan bahasa Sanskrit pada zaman purba.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundas69-81">[77]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, menurut Paul Dundas, seorang ulama Jain, bahasa Prakerta purba "dianggap berkait rapat dengan Sanskrit seperti bahasa Itali zaman pertengahan dengan Latin."<a href="#cite_note-dundas69-81">[77]</a> Riwayat India mengakui bahawa <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahawira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahawira (laman tidak wujud)">Mahawira</a> lebih memilih bahasa Prakerta supaya siapa pun dapat memahaminya. Namun, sarjana seperti Dundas mempersoalkan hipotesis ini. Mereka mengaku tidak ada bukti dan bahkan jika ada buktinya pada awal zaman Masihi, tiada siapa selain pendeta yang terpelajar mampu memahami bahasa-bahasa Prakerta kuno seperti Ardhamagadhi.<a href="#cite_note-dundas69-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[e]</a> Sarjana zaman kolonial mempersoalkan sama ada bahasa Sanskrit adalah bahasa pertuturan atau hanya bahasa sastera.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> Salah satu aliran sarjana Barat mengatakan Sanskrit tidak pernah menjadi bahasa pertuturan, sementara yang lain dan kebanyakan sarjana India tidak bersetuju.<a href="#cite_note-Shastri1987p20-85">[80]</a> Mereka yang menegaskan bahawa Sanskrit adalah bahasa daerah menyatakan bahawa Sanskrit sebelum ini merupakan satu bahasa lisan yang dipelihara dalam begitu banyak manuskrip Sanskrit di India kuno. Di samping itu, karya Yaksa, Panini, dan Patanajali menyokong bahawa Sanskrit Klasik pada masa itu bahasa yang dituturkan oleh orang yang berpendidikan dan berbudaya. Sesetengah <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> menerangkan dengan panjang lebar tentang perbezaan Sanskrit lisan dengan Sanskrit tulisan.<a href="#cite_note-Shastri1987p20-85">[80]</a> Penziarah Buddha China abad ke-7 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanzang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanzang (laman tidak wujud)">Xuanzang</a> menulis dalam memoir beliau bahawa perdebatan falsafah rasmi di India dibuat dalam bahasa Sanskrit, bukan bahasa daerah di wilayah itu.<a href="#cite_note-Shastri1987p20-85">[80]</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0; padding:0; float:right;"><div style="position:relative; z-index:1; margin:0; padding:0;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fail:IndoEuropeanTree.svg&lang=ms" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/langms-350px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/langms-525px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/langms-700px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Hubungan Sanskrit dengan bahasa-bahasa Sanskrit dan bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah lain</figcaption></figure></div></div>Pakar linguistik Sanskrit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhav_Kashinath_Deshpande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhav Kashinath Deshpande (laman tidak wujud)">Madhav Deshpande</a> menyatakan bahawa bahasa Sanskrit merupakan bahasa lisan basahan pada pertengahan alaf pertama SM yang wujud di samping bahasa Sanskrit sastera yang lebih formal dan tersusun mengikut nahu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220-86">[81]</a> Ini, menurut Deshpande, adalah benar untuk bahasa-bahasa moden, yang mempunyai bahasa sehari-hari dan dialek yang dituturkan dan boleh difahami, bersama dengan bentuk bertulis yang lebih "halus, canggih, dan tepat dari segi tatabahasa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220-86">[81]</a> Tradisi India, menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moriz_Winternitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moriz Winternitz (laman tidak wujud)">Moriz Winternitz</a>, mempelajari dan menggunakan pelbagai bahasa sejak zaman purba. Bahasa Sanskrit adalah bahasa kaum terpelajar dan elit, tetapi juga bahasa yang harus difahami dalam lingkungan sosial yang lebih luas kerana hikayat-hikayat masyhur seperti <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagawatapurana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhagawatapurana (laman tidak wujud)">Bhagawatapurana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancatantra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pancatantra (laman tidak wujud)">Pancatantra</a>, dan teks lain juga ditulis dalam bahasa Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit, dengan tatabahasanya yang tegar, menjadi bahasa kaum terpelajar India, dan yang lain berkomunikasi dengan bahasa seharian yang boleh mengabaikan tatabahasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220-86">[81]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit sebagai bahasa yang terpelajar, makanya wujud di sisi bahasa vernakular Prakerta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220-86">[81]</a> Banyak drama berbahasa Sanskrit juga menandakan yang Sanskrit wujud berdampingan dengan Prakerta. Bandar-bandar <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" class="mw-disambig" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanchipuram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanchipuram (laman tidak wujud)">Kanchipuram</a> merupakan pusat kajian dan perdebatan awam bahasa Sanskrit hingga permulaan penjajahan di India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011222–223-88">[83]</a> Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Lamotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Lamotte (laman tidak wujud)">Étienne Lamotte</a>, ahli Indologi dan sarjana ilmu agama Buddha, bahasa Sanskrit menjadi dominan sebagai bahasa bertulis rasmi kerana ketepatan komunikasinya. Menurut Lamotte, bahasa ini merupakan alat yang sesuai untuk menyampaikan idea dan ilmu agar tersebar luas dan berpengaruh.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit diterima sebagai wadah untuk kebudayaan, kesenian, dan gagasan. Pollock tidak bersetuju dengan usulan Lamotte namun yakin bahawa pengaruh bahasa Sanskrit berkembang menjadi sebuah "Kosmopolis Sanskrit" yang mencakup seluruh Asia Selatan dan sebagian besar Asia Tenggara. Kosmopolis tersebut berkembang pesat di luar India antara 300 dan 1300 M.<a href="#cite_note-pollock1996p197-90">[85]</a> Hari ini, bahasa Kashmir dipercayai merupakan bahasa yang paling dekat dengan Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_rumpun_Dravidia">Pengaruh rumpun Dravidia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengaruh rumpun Dravidia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengaruh rumpun Dravidia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Reinöhl berkata bahawa rumpun bahasa Dravidia bukan sahaja menyerap kosa kata Sanskrit malah telah mempengaruhi bahasa Sanskrit dalam strukturnya, "misalnya, dalam fonologi retroflex Indo-Arya, yang dipengaruh oleh rumpun bahasa Dravidia".<a href="#cite_note-:02-94">[89]</a> Hock et al. memetik George Hart yang menyatakan bahawa terdapat pengaruh bahasa Tamil Kuno dalam bahasa Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-:11-95">[90]</a> Hart membandingkan Tamil Kuno dan Sanskrit Klasik untuk menyimpulkan jika kedua-dua bahasa ini diturunkan daripada satu bahasa yang sama—"Tamil dan Sanskrit mendapat peraturan, matra, dan teknik daripada sumber yang sama, serta jelas bahasa-bahasa ini tidak meminjam secara langsung daripada satu sama lain."<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Reinöhl mengatakan bahawa bahasa Dravidia seperti Kannada dan Tamil berkait rapat dengan bahasa Indo-Arya seperti Benggali dan Hindi. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan rapat ini tidak dilihat dengan bahasa bukan Indo-Arya seperti Parsi atau Inggeris: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6366573">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 50px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.5em;padding-top:1.0em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Ayat dalam bahasa Dravidia seperti Tamil atau Kannada boleh ditukar kepada Bengali atau Hindi dengan menggantikan kosa kata Bengali atau Hindi yang setara dengan perkataan dan bentuk Dravidia, tanpa mengubah susunan perkataan, tetapi yang sama tidak boleh dilakukan untuk menukar ayat Parsi atau Inggeris menjadi bahasa bukan Indo-Arya"<div class="templatequotecite" style="text-align: right">— <cite>Reinöhl<a href="#cite_note-:02-94">[89]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Shulman menyebutkan, "Bentuk kata kerja tak finit Dravidia (dipanggil vinaiyeccam dalam bahasa Tamil) mempengaruhi kata kerja tak finit Sanskrit (asalnya berasal daripada bentuk infleksi kata nama perbuatan dalam Sanskrit Weda). Kes yang sangat menonjol tentang kemungkinan pengaruh bahasa Dravidia dalam bahasa Sanskrit hanyalah satu daripada banyak asimilasi sintaktik, terutama sekali bilangan besar modus dan aspek morfologi yang, sekali kita mencarinya, dapat didapati di mana-mana dalam bahasa Sanskrit klasik dan pascaklasik".<a href="#cite_note-:8-97">[92]</a> Pengaruh utama Dravidia terhadap bahasa Sanskrit didapati tertumpu sekitar zaman Weda akhir dan pembentukan Sanskrit Klasik. Memandangkan dalam tempoh ini puak-puak Indo-Arya belum lagi berhubungan dengan penduduk di Selatan subbenua kecil India, ini menunjukkan ramai penutur Dravidia hadir di India Utara (dataran Gangga tengah dan Madhyadeśa klasik) yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pengaruh substrata ini pada bahasa Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973386-98">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taburan_geografi">Taburan geografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Taburan geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Taburan geografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence,_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence%2C_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg/langms-220px-Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence%2C_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence%2C_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg/langms-330px-Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence%2C_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence%2C_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg/langms-440px-Global_distribution_of_Sanskrit_language_presence%2C_texts_and_inscriptions_dated_between_300_and_1800_CE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Taburan bahasa Sanskrit dalam sejarah, dituturkan di banyak negara. Buktinya termasuk manuskrip dan inskripsi yang terdapat di Asia Selatan, Tenggara dan Tengah. Bukti-bukti tersebut bertarikh antara 300 dan 1800 Masihi.</figcaption></figure> Bahasa Sanskrit terbukti hadir dalam sejarah di pelbagai tempat di luar Asia Selatan. Batu-batu bersurat dan karya sastera menunjukkan bahawa bahasa Sanskrit dituturkan di Asia Tenggara dan Tengah pada alaf pertama SM, melalui pendeta <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, penziarah, dan pedagang.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197363–66-101">[96]</a> Asia Selatan merupakan kawasan yang kaya dengan manuskrip dan batu bertulis Sanskrit dari zaman purba hingga sebelum abad ke-18. Di luar India Purba, manuskrip dan batu bertulis Sanskrit telah ditemui di China (terutama di Tibet),<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-vergahen159-103">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998154–155-104">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158–159-105">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998155–157-106">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158-107">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998157-108">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998155-109">[104]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158-107">[102]</a> Prasasti dan manuskrip Sanskrit, ataupun sisa-sisanya, seperti sejumlah teks bertulis Sanskrit yang tertua yang diketahui, telah ditemukan di gurun-gurun kering tinggi dan pergunungan seperti di Nepal,<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis343-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[f]</a> Tibet,<a href="#cite_note-vergahen159-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998159–160-113">[107]</a> Afganistan,<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998152–153-115">[109]</a> Mongolia,<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> Uzbekistan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998153–154-117">[111]</a> Turkmenistan, Tajikistan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998153–154-117">[111]</a> dan Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> Beberapa teks dan inskripsi Sanskrit juga telah ditemui di kuil-kuil Jepun dan Korea.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998160_with_footnote_134-121">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_rasmi">Status rasmi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Status rasmi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Status rasmi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, bahasa Sanskrit salah satu daripada 22 bahasa rasmi yang ada dalam Jadual Kelapan Perlembagaan India.<a href="#cite_note-groff2013-122">[116]</a> Pada 2010, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> menjadi negeri India pertama yang menetapkan bahasa Sanskrit sebagai bahasa rasmi kedua,<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> menyusul sama pada tahun 2019.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengajian">Pengajian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengajian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengajian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Di_dunia_Timur">Di dunia Timur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Di dunia Timur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Di dunia Timur">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Titik kemuncak penyebaran bahasa ini di <a href="/wiki/Tanah_besar_China" title="Tanah besar China">tanah besar China</a> seawal <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Han" title="Dinasti Han">dinasti Han</a> sampai <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="Dinasti Tang">dinasti Tang</a> dari agamawan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Xuan_Zang" title="Xuan Zang">Xuan Zang</a>; pengajian bahasa Sangsakerta di <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> mula diterajui kedatangan <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%83%8A%E9%82%A3" class="extiw" title="ja:菩提僊那">Bodhisena</a> dan diteruskan <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%ABkai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kūkai (laman tidak wujud)">Kūkai</a>, biku pengasas sekolah aliran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wajrayana (laman tidak wujud)">Wajrayana</a> sana yang berguru di negeri China pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Kanmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Kanmu">Maharaja Kanmu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Di_Eropah">Di Eropah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Di Eropah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Di Eropah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pengajian bahasa Sanskrit di Eropah dipelopori oleh <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Roth</a> (1620–1668) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Ernst (laman tidak wujud)">Johann Ernst Hanxleden</a> (1681–1731), dan dianggap telah menjadi pencetus penemuan <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa">rumpun bahasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Indo-Eropah" title="Bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah">Indo-Eropah</a> oleh Sir William Jones. Hal ini memainkan peranan penting dalam perkembangan ilmu perbandingan bahasa, atau linguistik sejarawi, di <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Dunia Barat</a>. Sir William Jones, semasa memberikan syarahan kepada Persatuan Asiatik Bengal di Kolkata pada 2 Februari 1786, berkata: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6366573"><blockquote class="templatequote">Bahasa Sanskrit amat purba dan mempunyai struktur yang menakjubkan; lebih sempurna daripada bahasa Yunani, lebih luas daripada bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> dan lebih halus dan berbudaya daripada kedua-duanya, tetapi mempunyai hubungan yang amat erat dengan kedua-duanya, dalam bentuk akar kata kerja dan bentuk tatabahasa, yang tidak mungkin terjadi secara kebetulan; sangat berkait rapat sehinggakan tiada ahli bahasa dapat meneliti ketiga-tiganya, tanpa mempercayai bahawa ketiga-tiga bahasa ini datang daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Eropah_Purba" title="Bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba">sumber yang sama</a>, yang mungkin tidak lagi wujud.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologi">Fonologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fonologi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bahasa Sanskrit mempunyai banyak ciri fonologi yang serupa dengan bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba, namun ia mempunyai lebih banyak fonem. Bunyi-bunyi konsonan agak serupa tetapi Sanskrit mempunyai lebih banyak bunyi unik. Sebagai contoh, Sanskrit menambahkan hembusan tak bersuara "tʰ" di samping "t" tak bersuara, dan "d" bersuara dan "dʰ" hembusan bersuara yang terdapat dalam bahasa-bahasa IEP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9-126">[120]</a> Perubahan fonologi paling penting dalam Sanskrit ialah peleburan vokal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9-126">[120]</a> iaitu apabila vokal-vokal pendek, seperti *e, *o, dan *a, semuanya berbunyi seperti a (अ), dan vokal panjang seperti *ē, *ō, dan *ā, semuanya berbunyi seperti ā panjang (आ). Peleburan ini berlaku amat awal dan telah memberi impak yang besar kepada sistem <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(linguistik)" title="Morfologi (linguistik)">morfologi</a> Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9-126">[120]</a> Beberapa perubahan dalam bunyi-bunyi bahasa Sanskrit serupa dengan perubahan dalam bahasa-bahasa IEP yang lain. Contohnya, bunyi-bunyi labiovelar lebur dengan bunyi-bunyi <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_velar" title="Konsonan velar">velar</a> seperti dalam bahasa-bahasa satem yang lain. Pempalatalan sekunder bunyi-bunyi tertentu lebih lengkap dan konsisten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9-126">[120]</a> Untuk melafazkan bunyi dengan lebih jelas, Sanskrit juga menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_hentian" title="Konsonan hentian">konsonan hentian</a> <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gelungan" title="Konsonan gelungan">gelungan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">gigi</a>. Contohnya, berbeza dengan Yunani awal dan bahasa-bahasa Eropah tenggara yang pemendekan bunyi vokal menyebabkan makna perkataan kurang jelas, Sanskrit menggunakan *y, *w, dan *s antara bunyi vokal supaya struktur perkataan menjadi jelas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9-126">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vokal">Vokal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Vokal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Vokal">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:auto;max-width:358px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/Fail:828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt,_Late_Gupta_script,_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salah satu manuskrip daun palma tertua dan bertarikh yang masih terpelihara dalam bahasa Sanskrit (828 TM). Ditemui di Nepal, daun bawah menunjukkan semua vokal dan konsonan Sanskrit (lima konsonan pertama diserlahkan dalam warna biru dan kuning)."><img alt="Manuskrip daun palma yang diterbitkan pada 828 TM dengan abjad Sanskrit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal.jpg/350px-828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal.jpg/525px-828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal.jpg/700px-828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Fail:828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt,_Late_Gupta_script,_Nepal.jpg" title="Fail:828 CE Paramesvaratantra Sanskrit palm leaf manuscipt, Late Gupta script, Nepal.jpg"> </a></div>Salah satu manuskrip daun palma tertua dan bertarikh yang masih terpelihara dalam bahasa Sanskrit (828 TM). Ditemui di Nepal, daun bawah menunjukkan semua vokal dan konsonan Sanskrit (lima konsonan pertama diserlahkan dalam warna biru dan kuning).</div></div></div>Vokal kardinal (svara) i (इ), u (उ), a (अ) menunjukkan panjang sesuatu bunyi dalam Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman20021–9-128">[122]</a> Bunyi a pendek (अ) dalam Sanskrit lebih tertutup daripada ā, menjadi bunyi e-pepet. Bunyi vokal tengah ē (ए) dan ō (ओ) dalam Sanskrit merupakan pemonoftongan diftong Indo-Iran *ai dan *au. Bahasa Iran Kuno telah memeliharan *ai dan *au.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089-127">[121]</a> Bunyi vokal Sanskrit biasanya panjang, walaupun ia biasa dituliskan sebagai e dan o tanpa diakritik. Konsonan likuida vokal r̥ dalam Sanskrit ialah peleburan *r̥ dan *l̥ daripada IEP. Bunyi r̥ panjang ialah satu inovasi dan digunakan dalam beberapa bentuk perkataan yang dicipta berdasarkan analogi morfologi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_CoulsonRichard_GombrichJames_Benson201121–36-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993163–165-130">[124]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:60%"> <caption>Vokal Sanskrit dalam tulisan Devanagari<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman200213–19-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-manyscript-132">[g]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td rowspan="10"> </td> <th>Bentuk bebas </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Transliterasi_Sanskrit_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Transliterasi Sanskrit Antarabangsa">IAST</a>/ <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a> </th> <th style="width:3em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fonetik_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa">AFA</a> </th> <td rowspan="10"> </td> <th>Bentuk bebas </th> <th>IAST/ ISO </th> <th style="width:3em">AFA </th></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhya (Gutural) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अ </td> <td>a </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Vokal_pusat_hampir_luas" title="Vokal pusat hampir luas">ɐ</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">आ </td> <td>ā </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Vokal_tak_bundar_belakang_luas" title="Vokal tak bundar belakang luas">ɑː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>tālavya (Lelangit) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">इ </td> <td>i </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Vokal_tak_bundar_depan_sempit" title="Vokal tak bundar depan sempit">i</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ई </td> <td>ī </td> <td>/iː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>oṣṭhya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Bibir</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">उ </td> <td>u </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Vokal_bundar_belakang_sempit" title="Vokal bundar belakang sempit">u</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ऊ </td> <td>ū </td> <td>/uː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>mūrdhanya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gelungan" title="Konsonan gelungan">Gelungan</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऋ </td> <td>ṛ/r̥ </td> <td>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_silabik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan silabik (laman tidak wujud)">r̩</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ॠ </td> <td>ṝ/r̥̄ </td> <td>/r̩ː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>dantya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">Gigi</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऌ </td> <td>ḷ/l̥ </td> <td>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_silabik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan silabik (laman tidak wujud)">l̩</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">(ॡ) </td> <td>(ḹ/l̥̄)<a href="#cite_note-134">[h]</a> </td> <td>/l̩ː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhatālavya (Lelangit-gutural) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ए </td> <td>e/ē </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Vokal_tak_bundar_depan_separuh_sempit" title="Vokal tak bundar depan separuh sempit">eː</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ऐ </td> <td>ai </td> <td>/ɑj/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhoṣṭhya (Bibir-gutural) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ओ </td> <td>o/ō </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Vokal_bundar_belakang_separuh_sempit" title="Vokal bundar belakang separuh sempit">oː</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">औ </td> <td>au </td> <td>/ɑw/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>(alofon konsonan) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ं </td> <td>ṃ/ṁ<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyengauan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyengauan (laman tidak wujud)">◌̃</a>/ </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ः </td> <td>ḥ<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> </td> <td>/h/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Menurut Masica, Sanskrit mempunyai empat bunyi semivokal tradisional, yang dikelaskan bersama fonem-fonem likuida, "y, r, l, dan v atas sebab morfofonemik; kerana y dan v adalah bunyi bukan sukuan yang sepadan dengan i, u, begitu juga r, l berhubung dengan r̥ dan l̥".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993160–161-137">[129]</a> Dialek Sanskrit barat laut, tengah dan timur keliru dengan perbezaan "r" dan "l". Sistem Panini yang mengikut dialek tengah yang mengekalkan perbezaan kedua-dua bunyi tersebut, mungkin kerana menghormati bahasa Sanskrit Weda yang membezakan "r" dan "l". Walau bagaimanapun, dialek barat laut hanya mempunyai "r", manakala dialek timur mungkin hanya mempunyai "l", seperti yang dinyatakan oleh Masica. Ini menimbulkan ketakkonsistenan dalam penggunaan "r" dan "l" dalam karya-karya dari wilayah India purba yang berlainan, menghasilkan perkataan yang kadangkala mempunyai makna yang berbeza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993160–161-137">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsonan">Konsonan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Konsonan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Konsonan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bahasa Sangsakerta mempunyai corak bunyi konsonan yang dibuat secara simetri tetapi cara bunyi-bunyi ini sebenarnya digunakan boleh membuatkannya nampak sentiasa konsisten. Ketiadaan simetri ini mungkin terjadi akibat perubahan dalam bahasa dari semasa ke semasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10-138">[130]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:95%"> <caption>Konsonan Sanskrit dalam tulisan Dewanagari<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman200213–19-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-manyscript-132">[g]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="8">sparśa (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan letupan">Letupan</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">anunāsika (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sengauan" title="Konsonan sengauan">Sengauan</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">antastha (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_malaran_tak_geser" title="Konsonan malaran tak geser">Malaran tak bergeser</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">ūṣman/saṃgharṣhī (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geseran" title="Konsonan geseran">Geseran</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Suara_(fonetik)" title="Suara (fonetik)">Suara</a> → </th> <td colspan="4">aghoṣa </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:beige;">ghoṣa </td> <td colspan="2">aghoṣa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik)">Hembusan</a> → </th> <td colspan="2">alpaprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">mahāprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2">alpaprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">mahāprāṇa </td> <td colspan="4">alpaprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">mahāprāṇa </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhya (Gutural) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">क </td> <td>ka [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_velar_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan velar tak bersuara">k</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ख </td> <td>kha [<a href="/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik)">kʰ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ग </td> <td>ga [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_velar_bersuara" title="Letupan velar bersuara">ɡ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">घ </td> <td>gha [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suara_mengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suara mengah (laman tidak wujud)">ɡʱ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ङ </td> <td>ṅa [<a href="/wiki/Sengauan_velar" title="Sengauan velar">ŋ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ह </td> <td>ha [<a href="/wiki/Geseran_glotis_bersuara" title="Geseran glotis bersuara">ɦ</a>] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tālavya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_lelangit" title="Konsonan lelangit">Lelangit</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">च </td> <td>ca [<a href="/wiki/Letusan_gusi-lelangit_tak_bersuara" title="Letusan gusi-lelangit tak bersuara">t͜ɕ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">छ </td> <td>cha [<a href="/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik)">t͜ɕʰ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ज </td> <td>ja [<a href="/wiki/Letusan_gusi-lelangit_bersuara" title="Letusan gusi-lelangit bersuara">d͜ʑ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">झ </td> <td>jha [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suara_mengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suara mengah (laman tidak wujud)">d͜ʑʱ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ञ </td> <td>ña [<a href="/wiki/Sengauan_lelangit" title="Sengauan lelangit">ɲ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">य </td> <td>ya [<a href="/wiki/Malaran_tak_geser_lelangit" title="Malaran tak geser lelangit">j</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">श </td> <td>śa [<a href="/wiki/Geseran_gusi-lelangit_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran gusi-lelangit tak bersuara">ɕ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>mūrdhanya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gelungan" title="Konsonan gelungan">Gelungan</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ट </td> <td>ṭa [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_gelungan_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan gelungan tak bersuara">ʈ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ठ </td> <td>ṭha [<a href="/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik)">ʈʰ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ड </td> <td>ḍa [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_gelungan_bersuara" title="Letupan gelungan bersuara">ɖ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ढ </td> <td>ḍha [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suara_mengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suara mengah (laman tidak wujud)">ɖʱ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ण </td> <td>ṇa [<a href="/wiki/Sengauan_gelungan" title="Sengauan gelungan">ɳ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">र </td> <td>ra [<a href="/wiki/Tamparan_gusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamparan gusi">ɾ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ष </td> <td>ṣa [<a href="/wiki/Geseran_gelungan_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran gelungan tak bersuara">ʂ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>dantya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">Gigi</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">त </td> <td>ta [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_gusi_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan gusi tak bersuara">t</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">थ </td> <td>tha [<a href="/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik)">tʰ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">द </td> <td>da [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_gusi_bersuara" title="Letupan gusi bersuara">d</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ध </td> <td>dha [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suara_mengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suara mengah (laman tidak wujud)">dʱ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">न </td> <td>na [<a href="/wiki/Sengauan_gusi" title="Sengauan gusi">n</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ल </td> <td>la [<a href="/wiki/Malaran_tak_geser_sisian_gusi" title="Malaran tak geser sisian gusi">l</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">स </td> <td>sa [<a href="/wiki/Sibilan_gusi_tak_bersuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilan gusi tak bersuara">s</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>oṣṭhya (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Konsonan bibir</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">प </td> <td>pa [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_dwibibir_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan dwibibir tak bersuara">p</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">फ </td> <td>pha [<a href="/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik)">pʰ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">ब </td> <td>ba [<a href="/wiki/Letupan_dwibibir_bersuara" title="Letupan dwibibir bersuara">b</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">भ </td> <td>bha [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suara_mengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suara mengah (laman tidak wujud)">bʱ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">म </td> <td>ma [<a href="/wiki/Sengauan_dwibibir" title="Sengauan dwibibir">m</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;">व </td> <td>va [<a href="/wiki/Malaran_tak_geser_bibir-gigi" title="Malaran tak geser bibir-gigi">ʋ</a>] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Sanskrit mempunyai beberapa bunyi hentian gelungan yang pada mulanya varian konsonan gigi yang hanya muncul apabila di sebelah fonem-fonem tertentu, tetapi bunyi-bunyi ini telah menjadi fonem tersendiri dalam Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10-138">[130]</a> Mengenai konsonan letupan lelangit, sebutannya masih diperdebatkan. Dalam bukti-bukti kontemporari, ia diterangkan sebagai hentian yang dibuat dengan bahagian depan lelangit, dan ini disokong dengan kebanyakan hukum sandhi Sanskrit. Namun, bunyi-bunyi refleks dalam bahasa turunan Sanskrit, serta beberapa hukum sandhi yang berkaitan dengan ch, seolah-olah menunjukkan yang ia sejenis letusan. jh merupakan fonem yang nadir dalam Sanskrit, membuatkan sebutannya sukar dibina semula; ia lebih banyak digunakan dalam bahasa-bahasa Indo-Arya Tengah akibat proses-proses fonologi yang menghasilkan fonem tersebut. Konsonan sengau lelangit, "ny", ialah bentuk khas "n" apabila ia berada di sebelah suatu obstruen lelangit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10-138">[130]</a> Simbol anusvara, tanda sengau, yang Sanskrit gunakan ialah varian fonem sengau yang hadir selepas bunyi vokal, apabila syarat-syarat sandhi tertentu dicapai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200810-139">[131]</a> Visarga pula—[h] tak bersuara—varian bersyarat yang muncul di akhir perkataan atau akhir morfem bagi "s" dan "r" di bawah syarat-syarat sandhi tertentu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200810-139">[131]</a><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ; background-color: #FFE0BB; min-width: 15em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4920641"> <div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">Sistem Bunyi Sanskrit Susunan bunyi dalam bahasa Sanskrit mengikuti tiga prinsip: ia bermula dengan bunyi yang mudah dan bergerak kepada yang lebih kompleks; ia bergerak dari belakang mulut ke depan; dan ia mengumpulkan bunyi-bunyi yang serupa. Baik vokal mahupun konsonan diatur berdasarkan tempat di mana ia dilafazkan dalam mulut, dari belakang ke depan.</div> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— A. M. Ruppel, The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel201718–19-140">[132]</a></cite> </div> Siri konsonan hembusan tak bersuara ialah tambahan baharu kepada bahasa Sanskrit, tetapi ia tidak sebiasa tiga siri yang lain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10-138">[130]</a> Walaupun bahasa Sanskrit mempunyai bunyi-bunyi yang tidak ada terdapat dalam bahasa IEP, ia berkongsi banyak ciri yang terdapat dalam bahasa Iran dan Balto-Slavik. Satu contoh ialah bunyi ʂ yang dihasilkan apabila huruf tertentu menyusuli i, u, r, dan k dalam ketiga-tiga bahasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200810-139">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_sandhi">Hukum sandhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Hukum sandhi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hukum sandhi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandhi (laman tidak wujud)">Sandhi</a></div>Selain itu, dalam bahasa Sanskrit terdapat apa yang dipanggil hukum sandhi, fenomena fonetik di mana dua bunyi berbeza yang berdekatan boleh <a href="/wiki/Asimilasi_(linguistik)" title="Asimilasi (linguistik)">diasimilasikan</a>, sama seperti dalam bahasa Melayu "bawak" disebut "bak", "tanpa" menjadi "tampa" dan "bank" menjadi "bengk". Sanskrit membenarkan perubahan ini, tetapi ia juga mempunyai peraturan khusus untuk menggabungkan perkataan dalam ayat atau menghubungkan ayat bersama-sama. Hukum sandhi mengatakan bahawa vokal pendek yang serupa menjadi satu bunyi vokal panjang, manakala vokal yang berbeza boleh menjadi geluncuran atau bertukar menjadi diftong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200810–11-141">[133]</a> Untuk konsonan, kebanyakan hukum sandhi mencadangkan konsonan bersuara berubah supaya padan dengan bunyi-bunyi berdekatan agar jelas. Hukum-hukum ini biasanya digunakan apabila perkataan bergabung atau di hujung bahagian perkataan. Dalam bahasa Sanskrit Weda, peraturan sandhi boleh lebih fleksibel berbanding Sanskrit Klasik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200811-142">[134]</a> Peraturan sandhi dalaman dalam bahasa Sanskrit adalah lebih kompleks dan mempertimbangkan akar dan struktur perkataan Sanskrit. Peraturan-peraturan ini meramalkan apa yang kini dikenali sebagai hukum Bartholomae dan hukum Grassmann. Contohnya, menurut Jamison, "obstruen hembusan tak bersuara, obstruen tak bersuara dan obstruen bersuara boleh bertukar ganti dengan satu sama lain (seperti p ≈ b ≈ bh; t ≈ d ≈ dh, dsb.; akan tetapi, c ≈ j ≈ h). Ini bermakna morfem dengan akhiran hembusan bersuara yang mendasarinya mungkin menunjukkan varian dengan ketiga-tiga hentian mengikut syarat-syarat sandhi dalaman yang berbeza."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200811–12-143">[135]</a> Siri lelangit lembut (k, g, gʰ) bertukar ganti dengan siri lelangit (c, j, h). Apabila bunyi siri lelangit diikuti bunyi gigian, ia bertukar menjadi gugus bunyi gelungan. Peraturan ini menghasilkan dua siri bunyi daripada siri lelangit yang asal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200811–12-143">[135]</a> Pergantian dalam bunyi vokal dalam bahasa Sanskrit dipanggil "pengukuhan", dan dinamakan guṇa dan vr̥ddhi apabila datang sebelum konsonan. Istilah ini serupa dengan yang digunakan dalam tatabahasa Indo-Eropah. Dalam Sanskrit, akar yang tidak diperkukuh adalah seperti gred sifar, guṇa adalah seperti gred biasa, dan vr̥ddhi adalah serupa dengan keadaan dipanjangkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200812-144">[136]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit tidak mempunyai ablaut kualitatif seperti dalam bahasa Iran, tetapi ia mempunyai ablaut kuantitatif melalui pengukuhan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200812-144">[136]</a> Perubahan daripada tidak dikukuhkan kepada guṇa adalah penting dalam sistem morfologi Sanskrit, menurut Jamison, sementara vr̥ddhi amat penting apabila mencipta adjektif asal usul atau kepunyaan. Cara ia dilakukan berbeza sedikit antara Sanskrit Weda dan Klasik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200812-144">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993164–166-145">[137]</a> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent; color:inherit; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg" title="Fail:Sanskrit Chanting Guru Stotram.ogg">Bunyi nanyian puja Sanskrit</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="295" data-mwtitle="Sanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Sanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Sanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg/Sanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASanskrit_Chanting_Guru_Stotram.ogg&lang=sa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sa" label="संस्कृतम् ‪(sa)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding:0;">Bacaan daripada gubahan Sanskrit Guru Stotram, atau "lagu pujian untuk guru". (4 min 55 s)</td> </tr><tr> <td><hr /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;">Masalah mendengarkan ? Sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bantuan_audio" title="Wikipedia:Bantuan audio">bantuan media</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Bahasa Sanskrit sangat fleksibel dalam struktur suku katanya. Suku kata boleh bermula atau diakhiri dengan vokal, atau bermula dengan konsonan tunggal atau gugusan. Suku kata juga boleh mempunyai apa-apa nilai vokal dalaman. Sanskrit mengikut hukum Sievers-Edgerton tetapi Sanskrit Klasik tidak.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] Sanskrit Weda mempunyai sistem aksen nada (diwarisi daripada Indo-Eropah Purba) yang diakui oleh Pāṇini, menurut Jamison; tetapi dalam karya tentang Sanskrit Klasik beliau, aksen sudah tiada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813-146">[138]</a> Kebanyakan perkataan Sanskrit Weda mempunyai satu aksen, tetapi kedudukannya tidak mudah diramal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813-146">[138]</a> Ia boleh berada di mana-mana sahaja dalam perkataan dan selalunya membawa maklumat morfologi dan sintaksis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813-146">[138]</a> Kehadiran sistem aksen ini dalam bahasa Sanskrit Veda terbukti dengan tanda baca dalam teks-teks Weda. Ini penting kerana ia menghubungkan bahasa Sanskrit dengan bahasa IEP dan linguistik Indo-Eropah perbandingan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993163–164-147">[139]</a> Sanskrit, seperti kebanyakan bahasa Indo-Eropah awal, telah hilang "konsonan larinks (ditunjukkan dengan *H) yang terdapat dalam bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba", kata Jamison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813-146">[138]</a> Ini telah memberi kesan yang besar terhadap evolusi fonologi dan morfologi Sanskrit, terutamanya dalam bentuk kata akar yang berbeza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813–14-148">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebutan">Sebutan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Sebutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sebutan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kerana bahasa Sanskrit bukan bahasa ibunda sesiapa, ia tidak mempunyai sebutan tetap. Orang ramai cenderung melafazkannya mengikut bahasa ibunda sendiri. Rencana mengenai fonologi <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hindustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Hindustan">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Marathi" title="Bahasa Marathi">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Nepal" title="Bahasa Nepal">Nepal</a>, Oriya dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Benggali" title="Bahasa Benggali">Benggali</a> akan menunjukkan variasi yang dihadapi. Semasa bahasa Sanskrit bahasa pertuturan, sebutannya berubah mengikut wilayah dan juga dari semasa ke semasa. Walau bagaimanapun, Panini menggambarkan sistem bunyi Sanskrit dengan cukup baik sehingga kita mempunyai gambaran yang agak baik tentang apa yang beliau maksudkan. Sanskrit, like most early Indo-European languages, lost the so-called "laryngeal consonants (cover-symbol *H) present in the Proto-Indo-European", states Jamison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813-146">[138]</a> This significantly affected the evolutionary path of the Sanskrit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" class="extiw" title="en:Phonology">phonology</a> and morphology, particularly in the variant forms of roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813–14-148">[140]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Pelbagai tafsiran sebutan Sanskrit </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Transkripsi </th> <th> </th> <th>Goldman (2002)<a href="#cite_note-150">[i]</a> </th> <th>Cardona (2003)<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td>ɐ </td> <td>ɐ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ā </th> <td>aː </td> <td>aː </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>i </th> <td>ɪ </td> <td>ɪ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ī </th> <td>iː </td> <td>iː </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td>ʊ </td> <td>ʊ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ū </th> <td>uː </td> <td>uː </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>r̥ </th> <td>ɽɪ </td> <td>ɽɪ </td> <td>ᵊɾᵊ or ᵊɽᵊ<a href="#cite_note-152">[j]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>r̥̄ </th> <td>ɽiː </td> <td>ɽiː?<a href="#cite_note-longr-153">[k]</a> </td> <td>?<a href="#cite_note-longr-153">[k]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>l̥ </th> <td>lɪ </td> <td>?<a href="#cite_note-154">[l]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-155">[m]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ē </th> <td>eː </td> <td>eː </td> <td>eː </td></tr> <tr> <th>ai </th> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ɐi or ɛi </td></tr> <tr> <th>ō </th> <td>oː </td> <td>oː </td> <td>oː </td></tr> <tr> <th>au </th> <td>au </td> <td>au </td> <td>ɐu or ɔu </td></tr> <tr> <th>aṃ </th> <td>ɐ̃, ɐɴ </td> <td>ɐ̃, ɐɴ<a href="#cite_note-156">[n]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>aḥ </th> <td>ɐh </td> <td>ɐhɐ<a href="#cite_note-157">[o]</a> </td> <td>ɐh </td></tr> <tr> <th>k </th> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>kh </th> <td>kʰ </td> <td>kʰ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>g </th> <td>ɡ </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>gh </th> <td>ɡʱ </td> <td>ɡʱ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ṅ </th> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td>ɦ </td> <td>ɦ </td> <td>ɦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>c </th> <td>t͡ɕ </td> <td>t͡ɕ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ch </th> <td>t͡ɕʰ </td> <td>t͡ɕʰ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>j </th> <td>d͡ʑ </td> <td>d͡ʑ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>jh </th> <td>d͡ʑʱ </td> <td>d͡ʑʱ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ñ </th> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>y </th> <td>j </td> <td>j </td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <th>ś </th> <td>ɕ </td> <td>ɕ </td> <td>ɕ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ṭ </th> <td>t̠ </td> <td>t̠ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ṭh </th> <td>t̠ʰ </td> <td>t̠ʰ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ḍ </th> <td>d̠ </td> <td>d̠ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ḍh </th> <td>d̠ʱ </td> <td>d̠ʱ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ṇ </th> <td>n̠ </td> <td>n̠ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>r </th> <td>ɾ </td> <td>ɾ </td> <td>ɾ̪, ɾ or ɽ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ṣ </th> <td>s̠ </td> <td>s̠ </td> <td>ʂ </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td>t̪ </td> <td>t̪ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>th </th> <td>t̪ʰ </td> <td>t̪ʰ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>d </th> <td>d̪ </td> <td>d̪ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>dh </th> <td>d̪ʱ </td> <td>d̪ʱ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>n </th> <td>n̪ </td> <td>n̪ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l̪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s̪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>p </th> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ph </th> <td>pʰ </td> <td>pʰ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>b </th> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>bh </th> <td>bʱ </td> <td>bʱ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>v </th> <td>ʋ </td> <td>ʋ </td> <td>ʋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>penekanan </th> <td> </td> <td>ketiga terakhir<a href="#cite_note-158">[p]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beberapa_ciri-ciri">Beberapa ciri-ciri</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Beberapa ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Beberapa ciri-ciri">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasus">Kasus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Kasus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kasus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Salah satu ciri-ciri utama bahasa Sanskrit ialah adanya <a href="/wiki/Kasus_tatabahasa" title="Kasus tatabahasa">kasus</a> dalam bahasa ini, yang berjumlah lapan. Dalam bahasa Latin, yang masih serumpun, hanya ada 5 kasus. Selain itu, ada tiga <a href="/wiki/Jenis_kata" title="Jenis kata">jenis kata</a> dalam bahasa Sanskrit yakni maskulin, feminin dan neuter serta tiga modus bilangan yakni tunggal, ganda dan jamak: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kasus_nominatif" title="Kasus nominatif">kasus nominatif</a></li> <li>kasus vokatif</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasus_akusatif" title="Kasus akusatif">kasus akusatif</a></li> <li>kasus perantian</li> <li>kasus datif</li> <li>kasus ablatif</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasus_genitif" title="Kasus genitif">kasus genitif</a></li> <li>kasus lokatif</li></ol> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif/250px-John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif/375px-John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif/500px-John_3_16_Sanskrit_translation_grantham_script.gif 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Contoh tulisan Sanskrit.</figcaption></figure> Berikut adalah contoh semua kasus tunggal maskulin deva (dewa, tuhan atau raja). Tunggal: <ol><li>nom. devas bermaksud: "dewa"</li> <li>vok. (he) deva bermaksud: "wahai dewa"</li> <li>ak. devam bermaksud: "ke dewa" dsb.</li> <li>inst. devena bermaksud: "dengan dewa" dsb.</li> <li>dat. devāya bermaksud: "kepada dewa"</li> <li>ab. devāt bermaksud: "daripada dewa"</li> <li>gen. devasya bermaksud: "milik dewa"</li> <li>lok. deve bermaksud: "pada dewa"</li></ol> Ganda: <ol><li>nva devau</li> <li>ida devābhyām</li> <li>gl devayos</li></ol> Jamak: <ol><li>nv devās</li> <li>a devān</li> <li>i devais</li> <li>da devebhyas</li> <li>g devānām</li> <li>l deveṣu</li></ol> Kemudian di bawahnya dibentangkan dalam bentuk jadual. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skema_asas_imbuhan_tasrifan_(deklensi)_bagi_kata_nama_dan_kata_adjektif">Skema asas imbuhan tasrifan (deklensi) bagi kata nama dan kata adjektif</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Skema asas imbuhan tasrifan (deklensi) bagi kata nama dan kata adjektif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Skema asas imbuhan tasrifan (deklensi) bagi kata nama dan kata adjektif">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Skema asas tasrifan Sanskrit untuk kata nama dan kata adjektif dibentangkan di bawah. Skema ini digunakan untuk kebanyakan perkataan. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominatif </th> <td>-s<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-m)</td> <td>-au<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-ī)</td> <td>-as<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-i) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akusatif </th> <td>-am<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-m)</td> <td>-au<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-ī)</td> <td>-as<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-i) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perantian </th> <td>-ā</td> <td>-bhyām</td> <td>-bhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Datif </th> <td>-e</td> <td>-bhyām</td> <td>-bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablatif </th> <td>-as</td> <td>-bhyām</td> <td>-bhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitif </th> <td>-as</td> <td>-os</td> <td>-ām </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokatif </th> <td>-i</td> <td>-os</td> <td>-su </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vokatif </th> <td>-s<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-)</td> <td>-au<div style="clear:both;"></div>( -ī)</td> <td>-as<div style="clear:both;"></div>(-i) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pohon-a">Pohon-a</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Pohon-a" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pohon-a">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pohon-a (/ə/ atau /ɑː/) termasuk kategori terbesar bagi akhiran kata nama. Biasanya perkataan yang berakhir dengan -a pendek adalah jantina maskulin atau neuter. Kata nama yang berakhir dengan -a panjang (/ɑː/) hampir selalu feminin. Kategori ini sangat besar kerana ia juga termasuk akhiran -o daripada bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Maskulin (kā́ma- 'cinta') </th> <th colspan="3">Neuter (āsya- 'mulut') </th> <th colspan="3">Feminin (kānta- 'tersayang') </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak</th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak</th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominatif </th> <td>kā́mas</td> <td>kā́māu</td> <td>kā́mās</td> <td>āsyàm</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyā̀ni</td> <td>kāntā</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kāntās </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akusatif </th> <td>kā́mam</td> <td>kā́māu</td> <td>kā́mān</td> <td>āsyàm</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyā̀ni</td> <td>kāntām</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kāntās </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perantian </th> <td>kā́mena</td> <td>kā́mābhyām</td> <td>kā́māis</td> <td>āsyèna</td> <td>āsyā̀bhyām</td> <td>āsyāìs</td> <td>kāntayā</td> <td>kāntābhyām</td> <td>kāntābhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Datif </th> <td>kā́māya</td> <td>kā́mābhyām</td> <td>kā́mebhyas</td> <td>āsyā̀ya</td> <td>āsyā̀bhyām</td> <td>āsyèbhyas</td> <td>kāntāyai</td> <td>kāntābhyām</td> <td>kāntābhyās </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablatif </th> <td>kā́māt</td> <td>kā́mābhyām</td> <td>kā́mebhyas</td> <td>āsyā̀t</td> <td>āsyā̀bhyām</td> <td>āsyèbhyas</td> <td>kāntāyās</td> <td>kāntābhyām</td> <td>kāntābhyās </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitif </th> <td>kā́masya</td> <td>kā́mayos</td> <td>kā́mānām</td> <td>āsyàsya</td> <td>āsyàyos</td> <td>āsyā̀nām</td> <td>kāntāyās</td> <td>kāntayos</td> <td>kāntānām </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokatif </th> <td>kā́me</td> <td>kā́mayos</td> <td>kā́meṣu</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyàyos</td> <td>āsyèṣu</td> <td>kāntāyām</td> <td>kāntayos</td> <td>kāntāsu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vokatif </th> <td>kā́ma</td> <td>kā́mau</td> <td>kā́mās</td> <td>ā́sya</td> <td>āsyè</td> <td>āsyā̀ni</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kānte</td> <td>kāntās </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pohon_-i_dan_-u">Pohon -i dan -u</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Pohon -i dan -u" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pohon -i dan -u">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pohon-i </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Mas. dan Fem. (gáti- 'berlepas') </th> <th colspan="3">Neuter (vā́ri- 'air') </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak</th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominatif </th> <td>gátis</td> <td>gátī</td> <td>gátayas</td> <td>vā́ri</td> <td>vā́riṇī</td> <td>vā́rīṇi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akusatif </th> <td>gátim</td> <td>gátī</td> <td>gátīs</td> <td>vā́ri</td> <td>vā́riṇī</td> <td>vā́rīṇi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perantian </th> <td>gátyā</td> <td>gátibhyām</td> <td>gátibhis</td> <td>vā́riṇā</td> <td>vā́ribhyām</td> <td>vā́ribhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Datif </th> <td>gátaye, gátyāi</td> <td>gátibhyām</td> <td>gátibhyas</td> <td>vā́riṇe</td> <td>vā́ribhyām</td> <td>vā́ribhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablatif </th> <td>gátes, gátyās</td> <td>gátibhyām</td> <td>gátibhyas</td> <td>vā́riṇas</td> <td>vā́ribhyām</td> <td>vā́ribhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitif </th> <td>gátes, gátyās</td> <td>gátyos</td> <td>gátīnām</td> <td>vā́riṇas</td> <td>vā́riṇos</td> <td>vā́riṇām </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokatif </th> <td>gátāu, gátyām</td> <td>gátyos</td> <td>gátiṣu</td> <td>vā́riṇi</td> <td>vā́riṇos</td> <td>vā́riṣu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vokatif </th> <td>gáte</td> <td>gátī</td> <td>gátayas</td> <td>vā́ri, vā́re</td> <td>vā́riṇī</td> <td>vā́rīṇi </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pohon-u </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Mas. dan Fem. (śátru- 'seteru, musuh') </th> <th colspan="3">Neuter (mádhu- 'madu') </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak</th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominatif </th> <td>śátrus</td> <td>śátrū</td> <td>śátravas</td> <td>mádhu</td> <td>mádhunī</td> <td>mádhūni </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akusatif </th> <td>śátrum</td> <td>śátrū</td> <td>śátrūn</td> <td>mádhu</td> <td>mádhunī</td> <td>mádhūni </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perantian </th> <td>śátruṇā</td> <td>śátrubhyām</td> <td>śátrubhis</td> <td>mádhunā</td> <td>mádhubhyām</td> <td>mádhubhis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Datif </th> <td>śátrave</td> <td>śátrubhyām</td> <td>śátrubhyas</td> <td>mádhune</td> <td>mádhubhyām</td> <td>mádhubhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablatif </th> <td>śátros</td> <td>śátrubhyām</td> <td>śátrubhyas</td> <td>mádhunas</td> <td>mádhubhyām</td> <td>mádhubhyas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitif </th> <td>śátros</td> <td>śátrvos</td> <td>śátrūṇām</td> <td>mádhunas</td> <td>mádhunos</td> <td>mádhūnām </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokatif </th> <td>śátrāu</td> <td>śátrvos</td> <td>śátruṣu</td> <td>mádhuni</td> <td>mádhunos</td> <td>mádhuṣu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vokatif </th> <td>śátro</td> <td>śátrū</td> <td>śátravas</td> <td>mádhu</td> <td>mádhunī</td> <td>mádhūni </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pohon_vokal_panjang">Pohon vokal panjang</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Pohon vokal panjang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pohon vokal panjang">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Pohon ā (jā- 'kepandaian') </th> <th colspan="3">Pohon ī (dhī- 'fikiran') </th> <th colspan="3">Pohon ū (bhū- 'bumi') </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th> <th>Tunggal</th> <th>Ganda</th> <th>Jamak </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominatif </th> <td>jā́s</td> <td>jāú</td> <td>jā́s </td> <td>dhī́s</td> <td>dhíyāu</td> <td>dhíyas </td> <td>bhū́s</td> <td>bhúvāu</td> <td>bhúvas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akusatif </th> <td>jā́m</td> <td>jāú</td> <td>jā́s, jás </td> <td>dhíyam</td> <td>dhíyāu</td> <td>dhíyas </td> <td>bhúvam</td> <td>bhúvāu</td> <td>bhúvas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perantian </th> <td>jā́</td> <td>jā́bhyām</td> <td>jā́bhis </td> <td>dhiyā́</td> <td>dhībhyā́m</td> <td>dhībhís </td> <td>bhuvā́</td> <td>bhūbhyā́m</td> <td>bhūbhís </td></tr> <tr> <th>Datif </th> <td>jé</td> <td>jā́bhyām</td> <td>jā́bhyas </td> <td>dhiyé, dhiyāí</td> <td>dhībhyā́m</td> <td>dhībhyás </td> <td>bhuvé, bhuvāí</td> <td>bhūbhyā́m</td> <td>bhūbhyás </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablatif </th> <td>jás</td> <td>jā́bhyām</td> <td>jā́bhyas </td> <td>dhiyás, dhiyā́s</td> <td>dhībhyā́m</td> <td>dhībhyás </td> <td>bhuvás, bhuvā́s</td> <td>bhūbhyā́m</td> <td>bhūbhyás </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitif </th> <td>jás</td> <td>jós</td> <td>jā́nām, jā́m </td> <td>dhiyás, dhiyā́s</td> <td>dhiyós</td> <td>dhiyā́m, dhīnā́m </td> <td>bhuvás, bhuvā́s</td> <td>bhuvós</td> <td>bhuvā́m, bhūnā́m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokatif </th> <td>jí</td> <td>jós</td> <td>jā́su </td> <td>dhiyí, dhiyā́m</td> <td>dhiyós</td> <td>dhīṣú </td> <td>bhuví, bhuvā́m</td> <td>bhuvós</td> <td>bhūṣú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vokatif </th> <td>jā́s</td> <td>jāú</td> <td>jā́s </td> <td>dhī́s</td> <td>dhiyāu</td> <td>dhíyas </td> <td>bhū́s</td> <td>bhuvāu</td> <td>bhúvas </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan_kata_majmuk">Pembentukan kata majmuk</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembentukan kata majmuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembentukan kata majmuk">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kata majmuk dalam bahasa Sanskrit sangat meluas digunakan, terutamanya mengenai kata nama. Kata majmuk boleh menjadi sangat panjang (lebih daripada 10 perkataan). Kata nomina majmuk berlaku dalam beberapa bentuk, tetapi dari segi morfologi ia sebenarnya sama. Setiap kata nama (atau kata sifat) mempunyai bentuk akar (bentuk lemah), dengan hanya elemen terakhir yang ditandakan mengikut kasusnya. Beberapa contoh kata nama majmuk atau nama termasuk dalam kategori yang diberikan di bawah. <ol><li>Avyayibhāva</li> <li>Tatpuruṣa</li> <li> Karmadhāraya</li> <li>Dvigu</li> <li>Dvandva</li> <li>Bahuvrīhi</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengaruh_terhadap_bahasa_lain">Pengaruh terhadap bahasa lain</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengaruh terhadap bahasa lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengaruh terhadap bahasa lain">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Senarai_kata_serapan_dari_bahasa_Sanskrit_dalam_bahasa_Melayu" title="Senarai kata serapan dari bahasa Sanskrit dalam bahasa Melayu">Senarai kata serapan dari bahasa Sanskrit dalam bahasa Melayu</a></div> Bahasa ini dapat diperhatikan kesan dan pengaruhnya ke dalam pertuturan masyarakat serata <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> yang dipengaruhi kebudayaan <a href="/wiki/Subbenua_India" title="Subbenua India">tanah benua India</a> dan agama-agama <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu">Hindu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a> terbawa sepanjang sejarah prapenjajahannya sampailah ke bidang persuratan, bahkan kata bahasa itu sendiri dari asal ini tertonjol termasuk dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">bahasa Melayu</a> jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa serantau yang kurang pengaruh Indianya seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tagalog" title="Bahasa Tagalog">bahasa Tagalog</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Tai" title="Bahasa-bahasa Tai">rumpun bahasa Tai</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Austronesia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia">rumpun bahasa Austronesia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">kata pinjaman </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tagalog" title="Bahasa Tagalog">Tagalog</a> (tujuan bandingan) </th></tr> <tr> <th>kata asal </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai">Thai</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cam" title="Bahasa Cam">Cam</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Jawa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>भाषा bhāṣā </td> <td>ภาษา phasa </td> <td>ꨝꨧ basa </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303">بهاس‎ bahasa </td> <td>ꦧꦱ båså </td> <td>ᜏᜒᜃ wika </td></tr></tbody></table> Sesama bahasa-bahasa baku Melayu dituturkan dalam rantau Nusantara sendiri, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">baku Indonesia</a> paling ketara pengaruh Sangsakerta melalui <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">bahasa Jawa</a> sebanyak 69.1%<a href="#cite_note-159">[143]</a> kerana tumpuan ibu kota pusat <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Selatan" title="Jakarta Selatan">Jakarta</a> diduduki penutur bahasa ini; hal tercermin pada kosakata lazim seperti kata pria (प्रिय priya "lelaki" melalui ꦥꦿꦶꦪ), wisuda (विशुद्ध viśuddha melalui ꦮꦶꦱꦸꦢ), pemirsa ("penonton", kata kerja pirsa dari परीक्षा parīkṣā "periksa" melalui ꦥꦶꦂꦱ pirsa) dan sebagainya.<a href="#cite_note-160">[144]</a> Lembaga badan pemerintahan dalam Indonesia banyak menggunakan cogan kata bahasa Sangsakerta sebagai penghias sepertimana <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> digunakan di Eropah: <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Militer" title="Akademi Militer">Akademi Militer Indonesia</a> bercogankata Adhitakarya Mahatvavirya Nagarabhakti (Dewanagari: अधिकाऱ्या महत्व विर्य नगरभक्ति "Belajar Tinggi, Semangat Kuat, Tunduk Patuh Kepada Tanah Air") manakala <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Tentara Nasional Indonesia">Tentara Nasional Indonesia</a> bercogan Tri Dharma Eka Karma (त्रिधर्म एककर्म "Tiga Kewajiban Satu Tujuan"). <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai">Bahasa Thai/Siam</a> juga banyak menyerap kata Sangsakerta hasil ajaran keagamaan Buddha sepanjang zaman kerajaan-kerajaannya. Namun kekata pinjaman ini dipermudahkan sebutannya oleh penutur bahasa Thai kepada tiga sukukata paling banyak dan satu sukukata paling sedikit, waima ejaan dalam <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Thai">aksara Thai</a> dikekalkan terus padanannya seperti asal:<a href="#cite_note-161">[145]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">kata asal </th> <th colspan="2">serapan Thai </th></tr> <tr> <th>sebutan </th> <th>tulisan </th> <th>alih aksara sepadan </th> <th>sebutan </th></tr> <tr> <td>śāstra /ɕɑːs.tɾɐ/ </td> <td>शास्त्र </td> <td>ศาสตร์ </td> <td>sat /saːt̚˨˩/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>āditya ("matahari") /ɑː.dit.jɐ́/ </td> <td>आदित्य </td> <td>อาทิตย์ </td> <td>athit /ʔaː˧.tʰit̚˦˥/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>veṣa ("pakaian") /ʋɐ́j.ʂɐ/ </td> <td>वेष </td> <td>เพศ </td> <td>phet ("gender") /pʰeːt̚˥˩/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rata" title="Rata">rátha</a> ("pedati") /ɾɐ́.tʰɐ/ </td> <td>रथ </td> <td>รถ </td> <td>rót ("[sebarang] kenderaan") /rot̚˦˥/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Kebanyakan istilah ini dapat ditunjukkan asal Sangsakertanya dengan tanda thantakhat (<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95" class="extiw" title="th:ทัณฑฆาต">ทัณฑฆาต</a>, ◌์) pada hujung sesepatah perkataan.<a href="#cite_note-162">[146]</a> Seberapa istilah yang masuk dalam kosakata Thai ini terserap dalam percakapan masyarakat Melayu yang bertembung dengan kawasan tuturan bahasa Thai seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Pattani">di Pattani</a> tanpa adanya pengetahuan kata Sangsakerta asal seperti donteri ("muzik", तन्त्री tantrī melalui ดนตรี dontrī), kila ("sukan", क्रीडा krīḍā melalui กีฬา kila), nayok ("menteri", नायक nāyaka melalui นายก nayok) dan sebagainya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota">Nota</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> William Jones (1786), dikutip oleh Thomas Burrow dalam The Sanskrit Language:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow19736-23">[23]</a> Bahasa Sanskrit, walaupun kuno, mempunyai struktur yang menarik; lebih sempurna daripada bahasa Yunani, lebih lengkap daripada bahasa Yunani, lebih halus daripada kedua-duanya, tetapi pertalian lebih kuat, baik dalam akar kata kerja dan dalam tatabahasa, daripada yang dihasilkan secara kebetulan, sehingga tidak ada ahli filologi yang dapat menguji ketiga-tiganya sebelum mempercayai ia semua berasal daripada "sumber yang satu dan sama", yang mungkin tidak lagi wujud. Terdapat sebab yang serupa, walaupun tidak menarik, untuk mengandaikan bahawa bahasa Gothik dan Celtik, walaupun berpadu dengan simpulan bahasa yang berbeza, mempunyai asal usul yang sama dengan bahasa Sanskrit; dan Parsi Lama mungkin termasuk dalam keluarga yang sama." </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Perjanjian Mitanni dianggap berasal dari abad ke-16 SM, tetapi dipertikaikan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001249-38">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Contoh kosa kata serupa yang ditonjolkan dalam Weda ialah perkataan Dyaus Pita dalam bahasa Weda yang bermaksud "Bapa Syurga". Bersamaan dengan bahasa Yunani Mikenai <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> Pater, yang berkembang menjadi 'Jupiter dalam Latin. Persamaan dengan frasa "Bapa Syurga" juga terdapat dalam bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah yang lain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201450-44">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Penggunaan istilah lipi oleh Pāṇini telah banyak diperdebatkan oleh sarjana. Harry Falk dalam ringkasan tahun 1993 beliau menyatakan bahawa orang India purba tidak mempunyai sistem tulisan dan bahawa Pāṇini mungkin merujuk kepada sistem tulisan daripada budaya lain seperti tamadun Semitik dan Yunani.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Dalam ulasan Salomon pada tahun 1995, beliau mempersoalkan hujah Falk dan mengatakan ia "spekulatif sekiranya betul pun dan tidak boleh dijadikan alasan kukuh bagi menyokong tarikh yang lebih lewat untuk sistem tulisan Kharoṣṭhī. Hujah yang lebih kuat bagi pendapat ini ialah kita tiada spesimen sistem tulisan sebelum zaman Ashoka, atau sebarang bukti langsung mengenai peringkat-peringkat pertengahan dalam perkembangannya; akan tetapi ini tidak bermakna bentuk-bentuk lebih awalnya tidak wujud, cuma jika ia wujud, ia sudah hilang, mungkin kerana ia tidak digunakan untuk tujuan penting sebelum zaman Ashoka".<a href="#cite_note-salomon1995rev-63">[60]</a> Menurut Hartmut Scharfe, Lipi oleh Pāṇini mungkin dipinjam daripada bahasa Parsi Kuno Dipi, yang dipinjam daripada bahasa Sumeria Dup. Scharfe menambah bahawa bukti yang terbaik yang ada, pada masa ulasan beliau, adalah tidak adanya sistem tulisan yang digunakan di India, selain yang dari subbenua India Barat Laut, sebelum kira-kira 300 SM kerana India "menekankan tradisi lisan warisan budaya dan sastera dalam setiap perkara."<a href="#cite_note-Scharfe_2002-64">[61]</a> Kenneth Norman menyatakan sistem tulisan di India purba berkembang dalam jangka masa yang panjang seperti budaya-budaya lain, dan tidak mungkin orang India purba telah menghasilkan sebuah sistem tulisan yang lengkap sekali gus pada era Maurya. Beliau juga percaya kurang lagi kemungkinan sebuah sistem tulisan dicipta semasa pemerintahan Ashoka, hanya untuk menulis batu-batu bertulis baginda kemudian seluruh Asia Selatan faham di mana letaknya tiang-tiang Ashoka.<a href="#cite_note-Hinüber1989-65">[62]</a> Jack Goody percaya bahawa India purba mungkin mempunyai adat menulis yang sangat lama selain tradisi lisan, kerana kesusasteraan Weda sangat besar, konsisten dan rumit sehingga sukar untuk mencipta, mengingati, memelihara dan berkongsinya tanpa menulis.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Falk menyangkal Goody, dan percaya orang Barat yang salah kerana menganggap masyarakat purba tidak mampu membuat kemajuan saintifik seperti tatabahasa Pāṇini (abad ke-5 ke ke-4 SM), juga mencipta, memelihara dan menyebarkan korpus sastera Weda Brahman dan sastera kanon Buddha secara besar-besaran, tanpa sebarang sistem tuliusan. Johannes Bronkhorst tidak bersetuju dengan Falk dan menyatakan, "Falk melebih-lebih. Munasabah jika kita percaya penghafalan kitab Weda—yang unik antara semua masyarakat manusia—mampu mempelihara teks-teks yang amat panjang selama berabad-abad tanpa kehilangan satu suku kata. [...] Namun, kerumitan mengarang karya seperti tatabahasa Pāṇini secara lisan bukan sahaja jarang berlaku dalam budaya lain malah di dalam India juga. [...] Kita tidak boleh hanya mengatakan kesusahan kita untuk memahami ini adalah masalah dengan diri kita".<a href="#cite_note-bronkhorst2002lar-67">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Pali juga bahasa yang sudah pupus.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Inskripsi Sanskrit tertua yang masih terpelihara di lembah Kathmandu bertarikh 464 TM.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis343-111">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-manyscript-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manyscript_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manyscript_132-1">b</a> Bahasa Sanskrit ditulis dengan pelbagai sistem tulisan. Bunyi-bunyi berlorek bukan fonemik. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> ḹ is not an actual sound of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the written vowels to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200775-133">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Padanan adalah hampir tetapi anggaran sahaja.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Konsonan dihuraikan sama ada berada pada akar gigi, gusi, dan gelungan. Vokal sangat pendek, mungkin bersamaan dengan a, e atau i pendek. </li> <li id="cite_note-longr-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longr_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-longr_153-1">b</a> Seperti sebelumnya tetapi lebih panjang. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Disebut lebih kurang seperti lur dalam Inggeris "slurp". </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Hanya terdapat dalam kata kerja kl̥p "sesuai", "susun". </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Sebagai vokal sengau atau, jika diikuti oleh konsonan hentian (plosif, afrikat atau sengau), ia dilafazkan sebagai sengau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homorganik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homorganik (laman tidak wujud)">dalam siri yang sama dengan</a> konsonan selepasnya. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> [h] tak bersuara diikuti dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokal_gema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokal gema (laman tidak wujud)">vokal gema</a> pendek. Jika vokal sebelumnya ialah /ai/, vokal gema ialah [i]; jika /au/, menjadi [u]. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Penggunaan bergantung pada sama ada yang kedua terakhir ringan atau berat. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1932" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272783/view?partId=nla.obj-436288954#page/n389/mode/1up/search/SangsakSrta">"Sangsakĕrta"</a>. A Malay-English dictionary (romanised). II. Mytilini, Yunani: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. m/s. 384 – melalui TROVE, National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sangsak%C4%95rta&rft.btitle=A+Malay-English+dictionary+%28romanised%29&rft.place=Mytilini%2C+Yunani&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Salavopoulos+%26+Kinderlis&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-60272783%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-436288954%23page%2Fn389%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2FSangsakSrta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apte1957-592-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Apte1957-592_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFApte1957" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4&searchhws=yes">Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V.S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a>. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. m/s. 1596. <q>from संस्कृत saṃskṛitə <a href="/w/index.php?title=Participle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Participle (laman tidak wujud)">past passive participle</a>: Made perfect, refined, polished, cultivated. -तः -tah A word formed regularly according to the rules of grammar, a regular derivative. -तम् -tam Refined or highly polished speech, the Sanskṛit language; संस्कृतं नाम दैवी वागन्वाख्याता महर्षिभिः ("named sanskritam the divine language elaborated by the sages") from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavyadarsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavyadarsha (laman tidak wujud)">Kāvyadarśa</a>.1. 33. of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daṇḍin (laman tidak wujud)">Daṇḍin</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revised+and+enlarged+edition+of+Prin.+V.S.+Apte%27s+The+practical+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Poona&rft.pages=1596&rft.pub=Prasad+Prakashan&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fapte_query.py%3Fqs%3D%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%26searchhws%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Rujuk: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFAngus_StevensonMaurice_Waite2011">Angus Stevenson & Maurice Waite 2011</a>, halaman 1275</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWill_Durant1963406-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWill_Durant1963406_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWill_Durant1963">Will Durant 1963</a>, m/s. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-Williams2005" class="citation book cs1">Sir Monier Monier-Williams (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 1120. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-3105-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-3105-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=1120&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3105-6&rft.au=Sir+Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUezTfym7CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20041–2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20041–2_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004">Louis Renou & Jagbans Kishore Balbir 2004</a>, m/s. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlomo_Biderman200890-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlomo_Biderman200890_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlomo_Biderman2008">Shlomo Biderman 2008</a>, m/s. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus201162–66_with_footnotes-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus201162–66_with_footnotes_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011">Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011</a>, m/s. 62–66 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy_L._Beck2006117–123-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy_L._Beck2006117–123_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2006">Guy L. Beck 2006</a>, m/s. 117–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Southworth2004-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Southworth2004_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth2004" class="citation cs2">Southworth, Franklin (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC&pg=PA45">Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia</a>, Routledge, m/s. 45, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-134-31777-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-134-31777-6"><bdi>978-1-134-31777-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Archaeology+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-31777-6&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTwuFUW5aEgC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KleinJoseph2017p318-11"><a href="#cite_ref-KleinJoseph2017p318_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJared_KleinBrian_JosephMatthias_Fritz2017" class="citation book cs1">Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook</a>. Walter De Gruyter. m/s. 318–320. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-026128-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-026128-8"><bdi>978-3-11-026128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.pages=318-320&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-026128-8&rft.au=Jared+Klein&rft.au=Brian+Joseph&rft.au=Matthias+Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQA2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard122-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodard122_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Woodard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC">The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas</a>. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-68494-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-68494-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68494-1</bdi></a>. <q>Bentuk terawal bahasa "tertua" ini, Sanskrit, adalah yang terdapat dalam teks-teks Brahman purba yang dipanggil Rigveda, yang dikarang sekitar 1500 SM. Tarikh ini menjadikan Sanskrit salah satu daripada tiga bahasa terawal dalam keluarga Indo-Eropah yang didokumentasikan dengan baik—dua lagi ialah bahasa Het Kuno dan Yunani Mikenai—dan, selaras dengan kemunculan dahulukalanya, Sanskrit telah menjadi asas dalam pembinaan semula bahasa induk rumpun Indo-Eropah—Indo-Eropah Purba.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68494-1&rft.au=Roger+D.+Woodard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQpAuNIP4oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer2017p90-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer2017p90_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer2017p90_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2017" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Brigitte L.M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWzNDgAAQBAJ">Nominal Apposition in Indo-European: Its forms and functions, and its evolution in Latin-romance</a>. De Gruyter. m/s. 90–92. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-046175-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-046175-6"><bdi>978-3-11-046175-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nominal+Apposition+in+Indo-European%3A+Its+forms+and+functions%2C+and+its+evolution+in+Latin-romance&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-046175-6&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Brigitte+L.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWzNDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> for detailed comparison of the languages, see pages 90–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramat2015p26-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramat2015p26_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramat2015p26_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramat2015p26_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRamatRamat2015" class="citation book cs1">Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLa5CAAAQBAJ">The Indo-European Languages</a>. Routledge. m/s. 26–31. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-134-92187-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-134-92187-4"><bdi>978-1-134-92187-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=26-31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92187-4&rft.aulast=Ramat&rft.aufirst=Anna+Giacalone&rft.au=Ramat%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLa5CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greek">"Ancient tablet found: Oldest readable writing in Europe"</a>. National Geographic. 1 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Ancient+tablet+found%3A+Oldest+readable+writing+in+Europe&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRose2011" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Jenny (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4h0SBwAAQBAJ">Zoroastrianism: A guide for the perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. m/s. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4411-2236-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4411-2236-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-2236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrianism%3A+A+guide+for+the+perplexed&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2236-0&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4h0SBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaniMasson1999-17"><a href="#cite_ref-DaniMasson1999_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDaniMasson1999" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC">History of Civilizations of Central Asia</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 357–358. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1407-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1407-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1407-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=357-358&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1407-3&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft.au=Masson%2C+Vadim+Mikha%C4%ADlovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXzycd3dT9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica199334-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica199334_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, m/s. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2002" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Saul (24 October 2002). Semitic and Indo-European. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory #226. II: Comparative morphology, syntax, and phonetics. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company (laman tidak wujud)">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. m/s. 431. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781588112224" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781588112224"><bdi>9781588112224</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32590410">32590410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+and+Indo-European&rft.series=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory+%23226&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002-10-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32590410&rft.isbn=9781588112224&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1588112225" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1588112225">1588112225</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBryantPatton" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis; Patton, Laurie L. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history. Psychology Press. m/s. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Controversy%3A+Evidence+and+inference+in+Indian+history&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft.au=Patton%2C+Laurie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robins2014p346-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Robins2014p346_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2014" class="citation book cs1">Robins, R.H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IryOAwAAQBAJ">General Linguistics</a>. Routledge. m/s. 346–347. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-88763-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-88763-8"><bdi>978-1-317-88763-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Linguistics&rft.pages=346-347&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88763-8&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIryOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams20066-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams20066_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams2006">J. P. Mallory & D. Q. Adams 2006</a>, m/s. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow19736-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow19736_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>, m/s. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica199336-38-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica199336-38_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, m/s. 36-38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197330–32-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow197330–32_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>, m/s. 30–32. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197330–34-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow197330–34_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>, m/s. 30–34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier-Brügger2003-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-Brügger2003_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-Brügger2003_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMeier-Brügger2003" class="citation book cs1">Meier-Brügger, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC">Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 20. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-017433-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-017433-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017433-5&rft.aulast=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49xq3UlKWckC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonell2004-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonell2004_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonell2004">MacDonell 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith1993-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Keith1993_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1993" class="citation book cs1">Keith, A. Berriedale (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNALtBMVbd0C">A History of Sanskrit Literature</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 4. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1100-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1100-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1100-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1100-3&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=A.+Berriedale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNALtBMVbd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_A._Holdrege2012229–230-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbara_A._Holdrege2012229–230_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbara_A._Holdrege2012">Barbara A. Holdrege 2012</a>, m/s. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200166–67-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200166–67_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, m/s. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20045–6-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20045–6_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004">Louis Renou & Jagbans Kishore Balbir 2004</a>, m/s. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-britsanskrit-34"><a href="#cite_ref-britsanskrit_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFCardona2012" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language">Sanskrit Language</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Language&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSanskrit-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witzel-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1997" class="citation book cs1">Witzel, M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/intro.pdf">Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Dicapai pada 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Texts%2C+Beyond+the+Texts%3A+New+approaches+to+the+study+of+the+Vedas&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fintro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward19903–12,_36–47,_111–112,_Note:_Sanskrit_was_both_a_literary_and_spoken_language_in_ancient_India.-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward19903–12,_36–47,_111–112,_Note:_Sanskrit_was_both_a_literary_and_spoken_language_in_ancient_India._36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, m/s. 3–12, 36–47, 111–112, Note: Sanskrit was both a literary and spoken language in ancient India.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2017p11-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2017p11_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2017p11_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Signe (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnE3DwAAQBAJ">The Upanisads: A complete guide</a>. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 11–17. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-63696-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-63696-0"><bdi>978-1-317-63696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanisads%3A+A+complete+guide&rft.pages=11-17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63696-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Signe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnE3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001249-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001249_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, m/s. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2014" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgU7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">India: A Short History</a>. Thames & Hudson. m/s. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-500-77195-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-500-77195-2"><bdi>978-0-500-77195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-77195-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgU7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC">The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas</a>. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 1. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-68494-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-68494-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68494-1&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQpAuNIP4oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe2015p2-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe2015p2_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2015" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, John Jeffrey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7u6BwAAQBAJ">Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The syntax and semantics of adjectival verb forms</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-870136-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-870136-1"><bdi>978-0-19-870136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Participles+in+Rigvedic+Sanskrit%3A+The+syntax+and+semantics+of+adjectival+verb+forms&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870136-1&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=John+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7u6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201410–11,_72-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201410–11,_72_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton2014">Stephanie W. Jamison & Joel P. Brereton 2014</a>, m/s. 10–11, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201450-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201450_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton2014">Stephanie W. Jamison & Joel P. Brereton 2014</a>, m/s. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201466–67-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton201466–67_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton2014">Stephanie W. Jamison & Joel P. Brereton 2014</a>, m/s. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gombrich2006p24-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Gombrich2006p24_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gombrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ">Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</a>. Routledge. m/s. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-134-90352-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-134-90352-8"><bdi>978-1-134-90352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+from+Ancient+Benares+to+Modern+Colombo&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90352-8&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGérard_HuetAmba_KulkarniPeter_Scharf2009" class="citation book cs1">Gérard Huet; Amba Kulkarni; Peter Scharf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2f1hneiV08C">Sanskrit Computational Linguistics: First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29–31, 2007 Providence, RI, USA, May 15–17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers</a>. Springer. m/s. v–vi. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-642-00154-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-642-00154-3"><bdi>978-3-642-00154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Computational+Linguistics%3A+First+and+Second+International+Symposia+Rocquencourt%2C+France%2C+October+29%E2%80%9331%2C+2007+Providence%2C+RI%2C+USA%2C+May+15%E2%80%9317%2C+2008%2C+Revised+Selected+Papers&rft.pages=v-vi&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-642-00154-3&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Huet&rft.au=Amba+Kulkarni&rft.au=Peter+Scharf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2f1hneiV08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardona268-49"><a href="#cite_ref-cardona268_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFCardona1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Cardona (laman tidak wujud)">Cardona, George</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&pg=PA268">Pāṇini: A Survey of Research</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, m/s. 268, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1494-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1494-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1494-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini%3A+A+Survey+of+Research&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1494-3&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadWXhQ-yHQUC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britpanini-50"><a href="#cite_ref-britpanini_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2013" class="citation book cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Dicapai pada 23 October 2017. <q>Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight Chapters"), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashtadhyayi%2C+Work+by+Panini&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAshtadhyayi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pāṇini_1979-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Pāṇini_1979_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFStaal1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Staal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Staal (laman tidak wujud)">Staal, Frits</a> (April 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397332">"Euclid and Pāṇini"</a>. Philosophy East and West. 15 (2): 99–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Euclid+and+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-116&rft.date=1965-04&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.aufirst=Frits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14,_111_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, m/s. 13–14, 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPāṇiniSumitra_Mangesh_Katre1989" class="citation book cs1">Pāṇini; Sumitra Mangesh Katre (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSDakY97XckC&pg=PR19">Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. xix–xxi. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0521-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0521-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB+of+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini&rft.pages=xix-xxi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0521-7&rft.au=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini&rft.au=Sumitra+Mangesh+Katre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSDakY97XckC%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Louis Renou & Jean Filliozat. L'Inde Classique, manuel des etudes indiennes, vol.II pp.86–90, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>, 1953, reprinted 2000. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/2-85539-903-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/2-85539-903-3">2-85539-903-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Angot, Michel. L'Inde Classique, pp.213–215. Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2001. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/2-251-41015-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/2-251-41015-5">2-251-41015-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Benjamin W. Fortson, IV (2011). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFYuji_KawaguchiMakoto_MinegishiWolfgang_Viereck2011" class="citation book cs1">Yuji Kawaguchi; Makoto Minegishi; Wolfgang Viereck (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaZxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223">Corpus-based Analysis and Diachronic Linguistics</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. m/s. 223–224. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-272-7215-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-272-7215-7"><bdi>978-90-272-7215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus-based+Analysis+and+Diachronic+Linguistics&rft.pages=223-224&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-272-7215-7&rft.au=Yuji+Kawaguchi&rft.au=Makoto+Minegishi&rft.au=Wolfgang+Viereck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaZxAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowman328-58"><a href="#cite_ref-bowman328_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowman2005" class="citation book cs1">John Bowman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. Columbia University Press. m/s. 728. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-231-50004-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-231-50004-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=728&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50004-3&rft.au=John+Bowman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYoHOqC7Yx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon199811-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon199811_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Juhyung_Rhi_2009_5,_1–13-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Juhyung_Rhi_2009_5,_1–13_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJuhyung_Rhi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Juhyung Rhi (2009). "On the Peripheries of Civilizations: The Evolution of a Visual Tradition in Gandhāra". Journal of Central Eurasian Studies. 1: 5, 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Central+Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=On+the+Peripheries+of+Civilizations%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Visual+Tradition+in+Gandh%C4%81ra&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=5%2C+1-13&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Juhyung+Rhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRita_ShermaArvind_Sharma2008" class="citation book cs1">Rita Sherma; Arvind Sharma (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA235">Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons</a>. Springer. m/s. 235. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-8192-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-8192-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-8192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics+and+Hindu+Thought%3A+Toward+a+Fusion+of+Horizons&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7&rft.au=Rita+Sherma&rft.au=Arvind+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4eXRvwyvtMC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1993" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Harry (1993). Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Gunter Narr Verlag. m/s. 109–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schrift+im+alten+Indien%3A+ein+Forschungsbericht+mit+Anmerkungen&rft.pages=109-167&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salomon1995rev-63"><a href="#cite_ref-salomon1995rev_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604670">10.2307/604670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/604670">604670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+On+the+Origin+of+the+Early+Indian+Scripts&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-278&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604670&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scharfe_2002-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Scharfe_2002_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe2002" class="citation cs2">Scharfe, Hartmut (2002), Education in Ancient India, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, m/s. 10–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Ancient+India&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinüber1989-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Hinüber1989_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFOskar_von_Hinüber1989" class="citation book cs1">Oskar von Hinüber (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiYTAQAAMAAJ">Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien</a>. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. m/s. 241–245. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9783515056274" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9783515056274"><bdi>9783515056274</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22195130">22195130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Beginn+der+Schrift+und+fr%C3%BChe+Schriftlichkeit+in+Indien&rft.pages=241-245&rft.pub=Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+und+der+Literatur&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22195130&rft.isbn=9783515056274&rft.au=Oskar+von+Hin%C3%BCber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiYTAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Goody1987" class="citation book cs1">Jack Goody (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good">The Interface Between the Written and the Oral</a>. Cambridge University Press. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good/page/110">110</a>–124. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-33794-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface+Between+the+Written+and+the+Oral&rft.pages=110-124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33794-6&rft.au=Jack+Goody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterfacebetween00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bronkhorst2002lar-67"><a href="#cite_ref-bronkhorst2002lar_67-0">^</a> Johannes Bronkhorst (2002), Literacy and Rationality in Ancient India, Asiatische Studien / Études Asiatiques, 56(4), m/s 803–804, 797–831 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir200453-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir200453_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004">Louis Renou & Jagbans Kishore Balbir 2004</a>, m/s. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir200453–54-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir200453–54_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004">Louis Renou & Jagbans Kishore Balbir 2004</a>, m/s. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197333–34-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow197333–34_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>, m/s. 33–34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel2017378–383_72-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFA._M._Ruppel2017">A. M. Ruppel 2017</a>, m/s. 378–383. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1997" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbFJJ2NF8W4C">A Sanskrit Grammar for Students</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 236–244. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0505-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0505-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0505-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+Grammar+for+Students&rft.pages=236-244&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0505-7&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbFJJ2NF8W4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20041–59-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir20041–59_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004">Louis Renou & Jagbans Kishore Balbir 2004</a>, m/s. 1–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-JFF-75"><a href="#cite_ref-JFF_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1907" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, John Faithfull (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795/2015.358795.Corpus-Inscriptionum#page/n373/mode/2up">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 (1970)ac 4616</a>. m/s. 153, Line 14 of the inscription.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum+Vol+3+%281970%29ac+4616&rft.pages=153%2C+Line+14+of+the+inscription&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.358795%2F2015.358795.Corpus-Inscriptionum%23page%2Fn373%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-sanskrit-first-76"><a href="#cite_ref-wright-sanskrit-first_76-0">^</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>wright-sanskrit-first</code></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_C._Woolner1986" class="citation book cs1">Alfred C. Woolner (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwE16UFBfdEC">Introduction to Prakrit</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 6, context: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0189-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0189-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Prakrit&rft.pages=6%2C+context%3A+1-10&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0189-9&rft.au=Alfred+C.+Woolner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwE16UFBfdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFClarence_Maloney1978" class="citation book cs1">Clarence Maloney (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_oUAAAAIAAJ">Language and Civilization Change in South Asia</a>. Brill Academic. m/s. 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-05741-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-05741-8"><bdi>978-90-04-05741-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Civilization+Change+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=111-114&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05741-8&rft.au=Clarence+Maloney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_oUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFShastri1987" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Gaurinath Bhattacharyya (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYxpvZLg4hAC">A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0027-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0027-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0027-4&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Gaurinath+Bhattacharyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYxpvZLg4hAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson1981" class="citation book cs1">Johansson, Rune Edvin Anders (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fovyapaDaYIC">Pali Buddhist Texts: Explained to the beginner</a>. Psychology Press. m/s. 7. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7007-1068-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7007-1068-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1068-3</bdi></a>. <q>Pali terkenal sebagai bahasa agama Buddha Theravada. ... Sangat sedikit yang diketahui tentang asal usulnya. Kita tidak tahu di mana ia dituturkan atau sekiranya asalnya ia bahasa pertuturan. Penceritaan Sailan kuno mengatakan bahawa Buddha sendiri bercakap dalam bahasa Magadhi dan bahasa ini adalah serupa dengan Pali.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali+Buddhist+Texts%3A+Explained+to+the+beginner&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1068-3&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Rune+Edvin+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfovyapaDaYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dundas69-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dundas69_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dundas69_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dundas69_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Dundas, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a>. Routledge. m/s. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-26606-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-415-26606-2"><bdi>978-0-415-26606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26606-2&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language/pli/">"Ethnologue report for language code: pli"</a>. Ethnologue. Dicapai pada 20 Julai 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+report+for+language+code%3A+pli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F15%2Fshow_language%2Fpli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFP.S._Krishnavarma1881" class="citation book cs1">P.S. Krishnavarma (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TikJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA737">Sanskrit as a living language in India: Journal of the National Indian Association</a>. Henry S. King & Company. m/s. 737–745.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+as+a+living+language+in+India%3A+Journal+of+the+National+Indian+Association&rft.pages=737-745&rft.pub=Henry+S.+King+%26+Company&rft.date=1881&rft.au=P.S.+Krishnavarma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTikJAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shastri1987p20-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shastri1987p20_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shastri1987p20_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shastri1987p20_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGaurinath_Bhattacharyya_Shastri1987" class="citation book cs1">Gaurinath Bhattacharyya Shastri (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYxpvZLg4hAC">A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0027-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0027-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=20-23&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0027-4&rft.au=Gaurinath+Bhattacharyya+Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYxpvZLg4hAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011218–220_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeshpande2011">Deshpande 2011</a>, m/s. 218–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMoriz_Winternitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Moriz Winternitz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C">A History of Indian Literature</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 42–46. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0264-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=42-46&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0264-3&rft.au=Moriz+Winternitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011222–223-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2011222–223_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeshpande2011">Deshpande 2011</a>, m/s. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Etinne Lamotte (1976), Histoire du buddhisme indien, des origines à l'ère saka, Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie 21 (3):539–541, Louvain-la-Neuve: Université de Louvain, Institut orientaliste </li> <li id="cite_note-pollock1996p197-90"><a href="#cite_ref-pollock1996p197_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Pollock1996" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon Pollock (1996). "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis, A.D. 300–1300: Transculturation, Vernacularization, and the Question of Ideology". Dalam Jan Houben (penyunting). Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. m/s. 197–199, for context and details, please see 197–239. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-10613-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-10613-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sanskrit+Cosmopolis%2C+A.D.+300%E2%80%931300%3A+Transculturation%2C+Vernacularization%2C+and+the+Question+of+Ideology&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Status+of+Sanskrit%3A+Contributions+to+the+history+of+the+Sanskrit+language&rft.place=Leiden+New+York&rft.pages=197-199%2C+for+context+and+details%2C+please+see+197-239&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10613-0&rft.au=Sheldon+Pollock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Reyar, Akrita (19 Februari 2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/kashmir-had-an-overwhelmingly-indic-and-sanskritic-identity-and-character-shonaleeka-kaul-jnu/334839">'Kashmir had an overwhelmingly Indic and Sanskritic identity and character'</a>". timesnownews.com. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108212808/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/kashmir-had-an-overwhelmingly-indic-and-sanskritic-identity-and-character-shonaleeka-kaul-jnu/334839">asal</a> pada 8 Januari 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Kumāra, Ś. (Ed.). (2007). Sanskrit and Other Indian Languages. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. m/s 116: "Bahasa mereka ialah Sanskrit Weda yang dituturkan oleh semua orang Kashmir pada masa ini." </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Tikoo, C. T. K. (2013). Kashmir: Its aborigines and their exodus. Lancer Publishers LLC. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFReinöhl2016" class="citation book cs1">Reinöhl, Uta (2016). Grammaticalization and the rise of configurationality in Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. m/s. 120–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaticalization+and+the+rise+of+configurationality+in+Indo-Aryan&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rein%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=Uta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-95"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHockBashirSubbarao2016" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, E.; Subbarao, K.V. (2016). The languages and linguistics of South Asia a comprehensive guide. Berlin de Gruyter Mouton. m/s. 94–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+and+linguistics+of+South+Asia+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Berlin+de+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Bashir%2C+E.&rft.au=Subbarao%2C+K.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHart1976" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (1976). The relation between Tamil and classical Sanskrit literature. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. m/s. 317–320. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/3447017856" title="Khas:Sumber buku/3447017856"><bdi>3447017856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+relation+between+Tamil+and+classical+Sanskrit+literature&rft.pages=317-320&rft.pub=Wiesbaden%3A+O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=3447017856&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-97"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFShulman2016" class="citation book cs1">Shulman, David Dean (2016). Tamil : a biography. London, UK: The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press. m/s. 12–14, 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+%3A+a+biography&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=12-14%2C+20&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+Of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=David+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973386-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973386_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>, m/s. 386. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Pollock1996" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon Pollock (1996). 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BRILL Academic. m/s. 197–223 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-10613-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-10613-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Status+of+Sanskrit&rft.pages=197-223+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10613-0&rft.au=Sheldon+Pollock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eqr833q9qYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S.-Y._WangChaofen_Sun2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_S-Y._Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William S-Y. Wang (laman tidak wujud)">William S.-Y. Wang</a>; Chaofen Sun (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqT4BQAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 6–19, 203–212, 236–245. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-985633-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-985633-6"><bdi>978-0-19-985633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.pages=6-19%2C+203-212%2C+236-245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985633-6&rft.au=William+S.-Y.+Wang&rft.au=Chaofen+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqT4BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow197363–66-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow197363–66_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>, m/s. 63–66. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJinah_Kim2013" class="citation book cs1">Jinah Kim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6lgKmQ82WoC">Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia</a>. University of California Press. m/s. 8, 13–15, 49. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-27386-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-520-27386-3"><bdi>978-0-520-27386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Receptacle+of+the+Sacred%3A+Illustrated+Manuscripts+and+the+Buddhist+Book+Cult+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=8%2C+13-15%2C+49&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27386-3&rft.au=Jinah+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6lgKmQ82WoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vergahen159-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vergahen159_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vergahen159_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPieter_C._Verhagen1994" class="citation book cs1">Pieter C. 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BRILL. m/s. 159–160. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-09839-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-09839-8"><bdi>978-90-04-09839-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sanskrit+Grammatical+Literature+in+Tibet&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09839-8&rft.au=Pieter+C.+Verhagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7sphfld8fIgC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998154–155-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998154–155_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158–159-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158–159_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998155–157-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998155–157_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 155–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998158_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998157-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998157_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998155-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998155_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_M._Johnston2013" class="citation book cs1">William M. Johnston (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Monasticism</a>. Routledge. m/s. 926. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-136-78716-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-136-78716-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Monasticism&rft.pages=926&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78716-4&rft.au=William+M.+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiepJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis343-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis343_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis343_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_T._LewisSubarna_Man_Tuladhar2009" class="citation book cs1">Todd T. Lewis; Subarna Man Tuladhar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_Zt4JBNjt4C">Sugata Saurabha An Epic Poem from Nepal on the Life of the Buddha by Chittadhar Hridaya</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 343–344. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-988775-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-988775-0"><bdi>978-0-19-988775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugata+Saurabha+An+Epic+Poem+from+Nepal+on+the+Life+of+the+Buddha+by+Chittadhar+Hridaya&rft.pages=343-344&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988775-0&rft.au=Todd+T.+Lewis&rft.au=Subarna+Man+Tuladhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_Zt4JBNjt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998159–160-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998159–160_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA356">Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 356. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-977507-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-977507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-977507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977507-1&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998152–153-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998152–153_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRewi_Alley1957" class="citation book cs1">Rewi Alley (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuYDAQAAIAAJ">Journey to Outer Mongolia: a diary with poems</a>. Caxton Press. m/s. 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+Outer+Mongolia%3A+a+diary+with+poems&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Caxton+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Rewi+Alley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuYDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998153–154-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998153–154_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998153–154_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGian_Luca_BonoraNiccolò_PianciolaPaolo_Sartori2009" class="citation book cs1">Gian Luca Bonora; Niccolò Pianciola; Paolo Sartori (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEwqAQAAMAAJ">Kazakhstan: Religions and Society in the History of Central Eurasia</a>. U. Allemandi. m/s. 65, 140. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-88-42217-558" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-88-42217-558"><bdi>978-88-42217-558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Religions+and+Society+in+the+History+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=65%2C+140&rft.pub=U.+Allemandi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-88-42217-558&rft.au=Gian+Luca+Bonora&rft.au=Niccol%C3%B2+Pianciola&rft.au=Paolo+Sartori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDEwqAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBjarke_Frellesvig2010" class="citation book cs1">Bjarke Frellesvig (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PA164">A History of the Japanese Language</a>. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 164–165, 183. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-139-48880-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-139-48880-8"><bdi>978-1-139-48880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Japanese+Language&rft.pages=164-165%2C+183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48880-8&rft.au=Bjarke+Frellesvig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1FcAgiAC9IC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_S._Lopez_Jr.2017" class="citation book cs1">Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNA6DwAAQBAJ">Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism</a>. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 16–22, 33–42. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-51806-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-226-51806-0"><bdi>978-0-226-51806-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyecho%27s+Journey%3A+The+World+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=16-22%2C+33-42&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51806-0&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNA6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998160_with_footnote_134-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998160_with_footnote_134_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, m/s. 160 with footnote 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-groff2013-122"><a href="#cite_ref-groff2013_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Groff2013" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Groff (2013). Jo Arthur Shoba and Feliciano Chimbutane (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TO-yudLLWEC&pg=PT178">Bilingual Education and Language Policy in the Global South</a>. Routledge. m/s. 178. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-135-06885-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-135-06885-1"><bdi>978-1-135-06885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingual+Education+and+Language+Policy+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-06885-1&rft.au=Cynthia+Groff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TO-yudLLWEC%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece">"Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand"</a>. The Hindu. 21 January 2010. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Dicapai pada 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+second+official+language+of+Uttarakhand&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-otherstates%2FSanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand%2Farticle15965492.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniindia.com/hp-assy-clears-three-bills-sanskrit-becomes-second-official-language/north/news/1501689.html">"HP Assy clears three Bills, Sanskrit becomes second official language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP+Assy+clears+three+Bills%2C+Sanskrit+becomes+second+official+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniindia.com%2Fhp-assy-clears-three-bills-sanskrit-becomes-second-official-language%2Fnorth%2Fnews%2F1501689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFKotyk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kotyk, Jeffrey (2021). "The Study of Sanskrit in Medieval East Asia: China and Japan". Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies. 4 (2): 240–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hualin+International+Journal+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Sanskrit+in+Medieval+East+Asia%3A+China+and+Japan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-273&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Kotyk&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20088–9_126-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman20021–9-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman20021–9_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman2002">Robert P. Goldman & Sally J Sutherland Goldman 2002</a>, m/s. 1–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_CoulsonRichard_GombrichJames_Benson201121–36-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_CoulsonRichard_GombrichJames_Benson201121–36_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael_CoulsonRichard_GombrichJames_Benson2011">Michael Coulson, Richard Gombrich & James Benson 2011</a>, m/s. 21–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993163–165-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993163–165_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, m/s. 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman200213–19-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman200213–19_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman200213–19_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman2002">Robert P. Goldman & Sally J Sutherland Goldman 2002</a>, m/s. 13–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon200775-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon200775_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2007">Salomon 2007</a>, m/s. 75. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSalomon2007 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, halaman 146 notes of this diacritic that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_stop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasal stop (laman tidak wujud)">nasal stop</a> [...], a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasalized_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasalized vowel (laman tidak wujud)">nasalised vowel</a>, a nasalised <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semivowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semivowel (laman tidak wujud)">semivowel</a>, or all these according to context". </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> This visarga is a consonant, not a vowel. It is a post-vocalic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_glottal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless glottal fricative (laman tidak wujud)">voiceless glottal fricative</a> [h], and an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allophone (laman tidak wujud)">allophone</a> of s (or less commonly r) usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the preceding vowel after the [h] (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWikner1996" class="citation web cs1">Wikner, Charles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">"A Practical Sanskrit Introductory"</a>. m/s. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Introductory&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wikner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Flearning_tutorial_wikner%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988">): इः [ihi]. <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, halaman 146 considers the visarga, along with letters ङ ṅa and ञ ña, for the "largely predictable" <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velar_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velar nasal (laman tidak wujud)">velar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatal_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatal nasal (laman tidak wujud)">palatal nasals</a>, to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the [writing] system". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993160–161-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993160–161_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993160–161_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, m/s. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison20089–10_138-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200810-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200810_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200810_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200810_139-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel201718–19-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._M._Ruppel201718–19_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA._M._Ruppel2017">A. M. Ruppel 2017</a>, m/s. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200810–11-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200810–11_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200811-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200811_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200811–12-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200811–12_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200811–12_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200812-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200812_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200812_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200812_144-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993164–166-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993164–166_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, m/s. 164–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813_146-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993163–164-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColin_P._Masica1993163–164_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993">Colin P. Masica 1993</a>, m/s. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamison200813–14-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813–14_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamison200813–14_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamison2008">Jamison 2008</a>, m/s. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanSutherland_Goldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Robert P.; Sutherland Goldman, Sally J. (2002). Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An introduction to the Sanskrit language. Center for South Asia Studies. 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The Indo-Aryan Languages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sanskrit&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Jain&rft.au=Cardona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2008" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Jérôme (2008). Kasus Ajaib Bahasa Indonesia? Pemordenan Kosakata dan Politik Peristilahan. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/979-9100-49-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/979-9100-49-6"><bdi>979-9100-49-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kasus+Ajaib+Bahasa+Indonesia%3F+Pemordenan+Kosakata+dan+Politik+Peristilahan.&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=979-9100-49-6&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFErrington1986" class="citation journal cs1">Errington, J. J. (1986). "Continuity and Change in Indonesian Language Development". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 45 (2): 335, 343–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2055846">10.2307/2055846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+Indonesian+Language+Development&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335%2C+343-5&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2055846&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNavawongs1975" class="citation book cs1">Navawongs, M. L. Chirayu (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofthe015178mbp/page/n355/">"Sanskrit Words in the Thai Language"</a>. Dalam Raghavan, V. (penyunting). Proceedings of the First International Sanskrit Conference, March 26-31st 1972. 2. Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Government of India. m/s. 347–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Words+in+the+Thai+Language&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Sanskrit+Conference%2C+March+26-31st+1972&rft.pages=347-8&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Social+Welfare%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Navawongs&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+Chirayu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproceedingsofthe015178mbp%2Fpage%2Fn355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFUpakitsilpasarn1998" class="citation book cs1">Upakitsilpasarn, Phraya (1998). หลักภาษาไทย (dalam bahasa Thai). กรุงเทพฯ: ไทยวัฒนาพานิช. m/s. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.place=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AF&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Upakitsilpasarn&rft.aufirst=Phraya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> dengan nama "FOOTNOTEShlomo Biderman200890" yang ditentukan dalam <code><references></code> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bahagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bibliografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5773711">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFH._W._Bailey1955" class="citation journal cs1">H. W. Bailey (1955). "Buddhist Sanskrit". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 87 (1/2): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00106975">10.1017/S0035869X00106975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25581326">25581326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Sanskrit&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00106975&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25581326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=H.+W.+Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji1989" class="citation book cs1">Banerji, Sures (1989). A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0063-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0063-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Sanskrit+literature%3A+spanning+a+period+of+over+three+thousand+years%2C+containing+brief+accounts+of+authors%2C+works%2C+characters%2C+technical+terms%2C+geographical+names%2C+myths%2C+legends%2C+and+several+appendices&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0063-2&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Sures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck1995" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC">Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1261-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1261-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1261-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1261-1&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgybmMnWpaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2006" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC">Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions</a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-88920-421-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-88920-421-8"><bdi>978-0-88920-421-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Sound%3A+Experiencing+Music+in+World+Religions&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-421-8&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-IeHbqAfSsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S.P._Beekes2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert S.P. Beekes (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-HXnIG75PYC">Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An introduction, 2nd edition</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-272-8500-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-272-8500-3"><bdi>978-90-272-8500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+introduction%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8500-3&rft.au=Robert+S.P.+Beekes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-HXnIG75PYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBenware1974" class="citation book cs1">Benware, Wilbur (1974). The Study of Indo-European Vocalism in the 19th Century: From the Beginnings to Whitney and Scherer: A Critical-Historical Account. Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-272-0894-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-272-0894-1"><bdi>978-90-272-0894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Indo-European+Vocalism+in+the+19th+Century%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Whitney+and+Scherer%3A+A+Critical-Historical+Account&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0894-1&rft.aulast=Benware&rft.aufirst=Wilbur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFShlomo_Biderman2008" class="citation book cs1">Shlomo Biderman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfTzz8EsEbAC">Crossing Horizons: World, Self, and Language in Indian and Western Thought</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-231-51159-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-231-51159-9"><bdi>978-0-231-51159-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+Horizons%3A+World%2C+Self%2C+and+Language+in+Indian+and+Western+Thought&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51159-9&rft.au=Shlomo+Biderman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfTzz8EsEbAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_BowernBethwyn_Evans2015" class="citation book cs1">Claire Bowern; Bethwyn Evans (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wu4ABAAAQBAJ">The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-74324-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-74324-8"><bdi>978-1-317-74324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-74324-8&rft.au=Claire+Bowern&rft.au=Bethwyn+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwu4ABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Brockington1998" class="citation book cs1">John L. Brockington (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C">The Sanskrit Epics</a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-10260-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-10260-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Epics&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10260-6&rft.au=John+L.+Brockington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHR-_LK5kl18C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bronkhorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Bronkhorst (laman tidak wujud)">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> (1993). "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit: The Original Language". Sarnath. m/s. 396–423. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-900149-1-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-900149-1-5">978-81-900149-1-5</a>. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Bryant_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Bryant (author) (laman tidak wujud)">Bryant, Edwin</a> (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-513777-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-513777-4"><bdi>978-0-19-513777-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Origins+of+Vedic+Culture%3A+The+Indo-Aryan+Migration+Debate&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513777-4&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Francis_BryantLaurie_L._Patton2005" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C">The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7007-1463-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7007-1463-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1463-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Controversy%3A+Evidence+and+Inference+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1463-6&rft.au=Edwin+Francis+Bryant&rft.au=Laurie+L.+Patton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHYnGde4BS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Burrow2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Burrow (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC">The Sanskrit Language</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1767-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1767-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1767-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Language&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1767-8&rft.au=Thomas+Burrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWDhKTj1SBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA504">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Cardona2012" class="citation book cs1">George Cardona (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language">Sanskrit Language</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Language&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2012&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSanskrit-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Clackson2007" class="citation book cs1">James Clackson (18 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJDjNp6wODoC">Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-139-46734-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-139-46734-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46734-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46734-6&rft.au=James+Clackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJDjNp6wODoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFCoulson1992" class="citation book cs1">Coulson, Michael (1992). Sanskrit : an introduction to the classical language, 2nd Edition as revised by Richard Gombrich and James Benson. Random House. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-340-56867-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-340-56867-5"><bdi>978-0-340-56867-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26550827">26550827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+classical+language%2C+2nd+Edition+as+revised+by+Richard+Gombrich+and+James+Benson&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26550827&rft.isbn=978-0-340-56867-5&rft.aulast=Coulson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_CoulsonRichard_GombrichJames_Benson2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Coulson; Richard Gombrich; James Benson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkRAUhzlkIC">Complete Sanskrit: A Teach Yourself Guide</a>. Mcgraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-07-175266-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-07-175266-4"><bdi>978-0-07-175266-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Sanskrit%3A+A+Teach+Yourself+Guide&rft.pub=Mcgraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-07-175266-4&rft.au=Michael+Coulson&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft.au=James+Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvLkRAUhzlkIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990" class="citation book cs1">Harold G. Coward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC">The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter)</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0426-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0426-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Grammarians%2C+in+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies+Volume+5+%28Editor%3A+Karl+Potter%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0426-5&rft.au=Harold+G.+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CEj6wRqeRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSuniti_Kumar_Chatterji1957" class="citation journal cs1">Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1957). "Indianism and Sanskrit". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 38 (1/2): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/44082791">44082791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Indianism+and+Sanskrit&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=1957&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082791%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Suniti+Kumar+Chatterji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_T._Daniels1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter T. Daniels (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ">The World's Writing Systems</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.au=Peter+T.+Daniels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2011" class="citation cs2">Deshpande, Madhav (2011), "Efforts to Vernacularize Sanskrit: Degree of Success and Failure", dalam Joshua Fishman, Ofelia Garcia (penyunting), Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts, 2, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-983799-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-983799-1"><bdi>978-0-19-983799-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Efforts+to+Vernacularize+Sanskrit%3A+Degree+of+Success+and+Failure&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983799-1&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Madhav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Durant1963" class="citation book cs1">Will Durant (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSJxAAAAMAAJ">Our oriental heritage</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1567310122" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1567310122"><bdi>978-1567310122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+oriental+heritage&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1567310122&rft.au=Will+Durant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSJxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFEltschinger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Eltschinger, Vincent (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopli-2017-0015">"Why Did the Buddhists Adopt Sanskrit?"</a>. Open Linguistics. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopli-2017-0015">10.1515/opli-2017-0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2300-9969">2300-9969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Why+Did+the+Buddhists+Adopt+Sanskrit%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopli-2017-0015&rft.issn=2300-9969&rft.aulast=Eltschinger&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fopli-2017-0015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Filliozat1955" class="citation journal cs1">J. Filliozat (1955). "Sanskrit as Language of Communication". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 36 (3/4): 179–189. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/44082954">44082954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+as+Language+of+Communication&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=179-189&rft.date=1955&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=J.+Filliozat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFFilliozat2004" class="citation cs2">Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain (2004), "Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature", dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karine_Chemla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karine Chemla (laman tidak wujud)">Chemla, Karine</a>; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; dll. (penyunting), History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science), Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, m/s. 360–375, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2321-9_7">10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-2320-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-2320-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-2320-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Sanskrit+Mathematics%3A+An+Oral+Tradition+and+a+Written+Literature&rft.btitle=History+of+Science%2C+History+of+Text+%28Boston+Series+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science%29&rft.pages=360-375&rft.pub=Dordrecht%3A+Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-2321-9_7&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-2320-0&rft.aulast=Filliozat&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Sylvain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Sylvain_Filliozat2000" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ij1jAAAAMAAJ">The Sanskrit Language: An Overview : History and Structure, Linguistic and Philosophical Representations, Uses and Users</a>. Indica. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-86569-17-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-86569-17-7"><bdi>978-81-86569-17-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Language%3A+An+Overview+%3A+History+and+Structure%2C+Linguistic+and+Philosophical+Representations%2C+Uses+and+Users&rft.pub=Indica&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-86569-17-7&rft.au=Pierre-Sylvain+Filliozat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dij1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_W._Fortson,_IV2011" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin W. Fortson, IV (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC">Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4443-5968-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4443-5968-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-5968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8&rft.au=Benjamin+W.+Fortson%2C+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSxHgej4tKMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Robert P. Goldman; Sally J Sutherland Goldman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65fqnQEACAAJ">Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language</a>. Center for South Asia Studies, University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devav%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%ABprave%C5%9Bik%C4%81%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Sanskrit+Language&rft.pub=Center+for+South+Asia+Studies%2C+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Robert+P.+Goldman&rft.au=Sally+J+Sutherland+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65fqnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_V._GamkrelidzeVjaceslav_V._Ivanov2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC">Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-081503-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-081503-0"><bdi>978-3-11-081503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+Reconstruction+and+Historical+Analysis+of+a+Proto-Language+and+Proto-Culture.+Part+I%3A+The+Text.+Part+II%3A+Bibliography%2C+Indexes&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081503-0&rft.au=Thomas+V.+Gamkrelidze&rft.au=Vjaceslav+V.+Ivanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2aqp2n2mKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_V._GamkrelidzeV._V._Ivanov1990" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; V. V. Ivanov (1990). "The Early History of Indo-European Languages". Scientific American. Nature America. 262 (3): 110–117. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990SciAm.262c.110G">1990SciAm.262c.110G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110">10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24996796">24996796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Indo-European+Languages&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-117&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24996796%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990SciAm.262c.110G&rft.au=Thomas+V.+Gamkrelidze&rft.au=V.+V.+Ivanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Goody1987" class="citation book cs1">Jack Goody (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good">The Interface Between the Written and the Oral</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-33794-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface+Between+the+Written+and+the+Oral&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33794-6&rft.au=Jack+Goody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterfacebetween00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFReinhold_Grünendahl2001" class="citation book cs1">Reinhold Grünendahl (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApAn2YZIz6wC">South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-447-04504-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-447-04504-9"><bdi>978-3-447-04504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Scripts+in+Sanskrit+Manuscripts+and+Prints%3A+Grantha+Tamil%2C+Malayalam%2C+Telugu%2C+Kannada%2C+Nandinagari&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04504-9&rft.au=Reinhold+Gr%C3%BCnendahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApAn2YZIz6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHouben1996" class="citation book cs1">Houben, Jan (1996). Ideology and status of Sanskrit: contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-10613-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-10613-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+status+of+Sanskrit%3A+contributions+to+the+history+of+the+Sanskrit+language&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10613-0&rft.aulast=Houben&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHanneder2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hanneder, J. (2002). "On 'The Death of Sanskrit'". Indo-Iranian Journal. Brill Academic Publishers. 45 (4): 293–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1021366131934">10.1023/a:1021366131934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189797805">189797805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=On+%27The+Death+of+Sanskrit%27&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=293-310&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1021366131934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189797805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanneder&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHock1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich (1983). Kachru, Braj B (penyunting). "Language-death phenomena in Sanskrit: grammatical evidence for attrition in contemporary spoken Sanskrit". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 13:2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Linguistic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Language-death+phenomena+in+Sanskrit%3A+grammatical+evidence+for+attrition+in+contemporary+spoken+Sanskrit&rft.volume=13%3A2&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._Holdrege2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC">Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4384-0695-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4384-0695-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-0695-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veda+and+Torah%3A+Transcending+the+Textuality+of+Scripture&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4&rft.au=Barbara+A.+Holdrege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlvikndgEmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Howard2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael C. Howard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA21">Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7864-9033-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7864-9033-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-9033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2&rft.au=Michael+C.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDhanesh_JainGeorge_Cardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.au=Dhanesh+Jain&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton2014" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie W. Jamison; Joel P. Brereton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ">The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set, Volume I</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-972078-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-972078-1"><bdi>978-0-19-972078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%3A+3-Volume+Set%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972078-1&rft.au=Stephanie+W.+Jamison&rft.au=Joel+P.+Brereton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfgzVAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFA._Berriedale_Keith1993" class="citation book cs1">A. Berriedale Keith (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNALtBMVbd0C">A history of Sanskrit literature</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-1100-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-1100-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1100-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Sanskrit+literature&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1100-3&rft.au=A.+Berriedale+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNALtBMVbd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_KeownCharles_S._Prebish2013" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pcAgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Buddhism</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-136-98595-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-136-98595-9"><bdi>978-1-136-98595-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-98595-9&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft.au=Charles+S.+Prebish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1pcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Kessler-Persaud2009" class="citation book cs1">Anne Kessler-Persaud (2009). Knut A. Jacobsen; dll. (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnVQSAAACAAJ">Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Sacred texts, ritual traditions, arts, concepts</a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-17893-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17893-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+Sacred+texts%2C+ritual+traditions%2C+arts%2C+concepts&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17893-9&rft.au=Anne+Kessler-Persaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnVQSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJared_KleinBrian_JosephMatthias_Fritz2017" class="citation book cs1">Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook</a>. Walter De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-026128-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-026128-8"><bdi>978-3-11-026128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-026128-8&rft.au=Jared+Klein&rft.au=Brian+Joseph&rft.au=Matthias+Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQA2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dalai Lama (1979). "Sanskrit in Tibetan Literature". The Tibet Journal. 4 (2): 3–5. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/43299940">43299940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+in+Tibetan+Literature&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1979&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43299940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWinfred_Philipp_Lehmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Winfred Philipp Lehmann (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9Ls1Gwmx5cC">Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-13850-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-415-13850-5"><bdi>978-0-415-13850-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Bases+of+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13850-5&rft.au=Winfred+Philipp+Lehmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9Ls1Gwmx5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_S._Lopez_Jr.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43799/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf">"Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna"</a> (PDF). Numen. Brill Academic. 42 (1): 21–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598800">10.1163/1568527952598800</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43799">2027.42/43799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3270278">3270278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Authority+and+Orality+in+the+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-47&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43799&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598800&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F43799%2F1%2F11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2003" class="citation book cs1">Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-01227-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-674-01227-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Sixth+Century+A.D.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01227-1&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotra2016" class="citation book cs1">Malhotra, Rajiv (2016). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_for_Sanskrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Battle for Sanskrit (laman tidak wujud)">The Battle for Sanskrit: Is Sanskrit Political or Sacred, Oppressive or Liberating, Dead or Alive?</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9351775386" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9351775386"><bdi>978-9351775386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Sanskrit%3A+Is+Sanskrit+Political+or+Sacred%2C+Oppressive+or+Liberating%2C+Dead+or+Alive%3F&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9351775386&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJ._P._MalloryDouglas_Q._Adams1997" class="citation book cs1">J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=J.+P.+Mallory&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, J. P. (1992). "In Search of the Indo-Europeans / Language, Archaeology and Myth". Praehistorische Zeitschrift. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 67 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpz-1992-0118">10.1515/pz-1992-0118</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0804">1613-0804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197841755">197841755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Praehistorische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans+%2F+Language%2C+Archaeology+and+Myth&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197841755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpz-1992-0118&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993" class="citation book cs1">Colin P. Masica (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.au=Colin+P.+Masica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Meier-Brügger2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael Meier-Brügger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC">Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-017433-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-017433-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017433-5&rft.au=Michael+Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49xq3UlKWckC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Meier-Brügger2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Meier-Brügger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt4fAAAAQBAJ">Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-089514-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-089514-8"><bdi>978-3-11-089514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-089514-8&rft.au=Michael+Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNt4fAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMatilal2015" class="citation book cs1">Matilal, Bimal (2015). The word and the world : India's contribution to the study of language. New Delhi, India Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-565512-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-565512-4"><bdi>978-0-19-565512-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59319758">59319758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+word+and+the+world+%3A+India%27s+contribution+to+the+study+of+language&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59319758&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565512-4&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer2001" class="citation book cs1">Maurer, Walter (2001). The Sanskrit language: an introductory grammar and reader. Surrey, England: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7007-1382-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7007-1382-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1382-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+language%3A+an+introductory+grammar+and+reader&rft.place=Surrey%2C+England&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1382-0&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams2006" class="citation book cs1">J. P. Mallory; D. Q. Adams (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-928791-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-928791-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&rft.au=J.+P.+Mallory&rft.au=D.+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNUSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFV._RAGHAVAN1965" class="citation journal cs1">V. RAGHAVAN (1965). "Sanskrit". Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. 8 (2): 110–115. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/23329146">23329146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=Sanskrit&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-115&rft.date=1965&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23329146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=V.+RAGHAVAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonell2004" class="citation book cs1">MacDonell, Arthur (2004). A History Of Sanskrit Literature. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4179-0619-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4179-0619-2"><bdi>978-1-4179-0619-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-0619-2&rft.aulast=MacDonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-Williams2005" class="citation book cs1">Sir Monier Monier-Williams (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-3105-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-208-3105-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3105-6&rft.au=Sir+Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUezTfym7CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Murray2007" class="citation book cs1">Tim Murray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ7Gj2ocIEsC&pg=PA115">Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-57607-186-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-57607-186-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Archaeology%3A+A+Chronological+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-186-1&rft.au=Tim+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZ7Gj2ocIEsC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1974" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUE3AAAAIAAJ">Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia</a>. Sanskrit College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+of+Sanskrit+in+South-East+Asia&rft.pub=Sanskrit+College&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUE3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNedi︠a︡lkov2007" class="citation book cs1">Nedi︠a︡lkov, V. P. (2007). Reciprocal constructions. Amsterdam Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-272-2983-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-272-2983-0"><bdi>978-90-272-2983-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reciprocal+constructions&rft.place=Amsterdam+Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2983-0&rft.aulast=Nedi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1lkov&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFOberlies2003" class="citation book cs1">Oberlies, Thomas (2003). A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit. Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-014448-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-014448-2"><bdi>978-3-11-014448-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Epic+Sanskrit&rft.place=Berlin+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014448-2&rft.aulast=Oberlies&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1912" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Walter (1912). "Vedic, Sanskrit, and Prakrit". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 32 (4): 414–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3087594">10.2307/3087594</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3087594">3087594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Vedic%2C+Sanskrit%2C+and+Prakrit&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=414-428&rft.date=1912&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3087594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3087594&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Pollock2009" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon Pollock (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7owDwAAQBAJ">The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-26003-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-520-26003-0"><bdi>978-0-520-26003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Gods+in+the+World+of+Men%3A+Sanskrit%2C+Culture%2C+and+Power+in+Premodern+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26003-0&rft.au=Sheldon+Pollock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7owDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2001). "The Death of Sanskrit". Comparative Studies in Society and History. Cambridge University Press. 43 (2): 392–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs001041750100353x">10.1017/s001041750100353x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2696659">2696659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35550166">35550166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Sanskrit&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-426&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35550166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2696659%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs001041750100353x&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFV._RAGHAVAN1968" class="citation journal cs1">V. RAGHAVAN (1968). "Sanskrit: Flow of Studies". Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. 11 (4): 82–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24157111">24157111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=Sanskrit%3A+Flow+of+Studies&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=82-87&rft.date=1968&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24157111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=V.+RAGHAVAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Renfrew1990" class="citation book cs1">Colin Renfrew (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R645AAAAIAAJ">Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-38675-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-38675-3"><bdi>978-0-521-38675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language%3A+The+Puzzle+of+Indo-European+Origins&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38675-3&rft.au=Colin+Renfrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR645AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004" class="citation book cs1">Louis Renou; Jagbans Kishore Balbir (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QmtjAAAAMAAJ">A history of Sanskrit language</a>. Ajanta. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-8-1202-05291" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-8-1202-05291"><bdi>978-8-1202-05291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Sanskrit+language&rft.pub=Ajanta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-1202-05291&rft.au=Louis+Renou&rft.au=Jagbans+Kishore+Balbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmtjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFA._M._Ruppel2017" class="citation book cs1">A. M. Ruppel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXQ3DgAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-107-08828-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-107-08828-3"><bdi>978-1-107-08828-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Sanskrit&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08828-3&rft.au=A.+M.+Ruppel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXQ3DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC">Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604670">10.2307/604670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/604670">604670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Early+Indian+Scripts&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-279&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604670&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604670">10.2307/604670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/604670">604670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Early+Indian+Scripts&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-279&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604670&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMalati_J._Shendge1997" class="citation book cs1">Malati J. Shendge (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynEWVCLMQY4C">The Language of the Harappans: From Akkadian to Sanskrit</a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-81-7017-325-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-81-7017-325-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Harappans%3A+From+Akkadian+to+Sanskrit&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-325-0&rft.au=Malati+J.+Shendge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DynEWVCLMQY4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2007" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Sanjay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU9glkC4ceMC&pg=PA172">Subject lessons: the Western education of colonial India</a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8223-4105-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8223-4105-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-4105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subject+lessons%3A+the+Western+education+of+colonial+India&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4105-5&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQU9glkC4ceMC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFStaal1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Staal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Staal (laman tidak wujud)">Staal, Frits</a> (1986), The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fidelity+of+Oral+Tradition+and+the+Origins+of+Science&rft.pub=Mededelingen+der+Koninklijke+Nederlandse+Akademie+von+Wetenschappen%2C+Amsterdam%3A+North+Holland+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.aufirst=Frits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFStaal1963" class="citation journal cs1">Staal, J. F. (1963). "Sanskrit and Sanskritization". The Journal of Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 22 (3): 261–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2050186">10.2307/2050186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2050186">2050186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+and+Sanskritization&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-275&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2050186&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2050186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_StevensonMaurice_Waite2011" class="citation book cs1">Angus Stevenson; Maurice Waite (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-960110-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-960110-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960110-3&rft.au=Angus+Stevenson&rft.au=Maurice+Waite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XycAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth2004" class="citation cs2">Southworth, Franklin (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC">Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-134-31777-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-134-31777-6"><bdi>978-1-134-31777-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Archaeology+of+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-31777-6&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTwuFUW5aEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp_Strazny2013" class="citation book cs1">Philipp Strazny (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC">Encyclopedia of Linguistics</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-135-45522-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-135-45522-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45522-4&rft.au=Philipp+Strazny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JOMobauYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Thieme1958" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Thieme (1958). "The Indo-European Language". Scientific American. 199 (4): 63–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958SciAm.199d..63T">1958SciAm.199d..63T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1058-63">10.1038/scientificamerican1058-63</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24944793">24944793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Indo-European+Language&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=63-78&rft.date=1958&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24944793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1058-63&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958SciAm.199d..63T&rft.au=Paul+Thieme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_van_der_Veer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peter van der Veer (2008). "Does Sanskrit Knowledge Exist?". Journal of Indian Philosophy. Springer. 36 (5/6): 633–641. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-008-9038-8">10.1007/s10781-008-9038-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/23497502">23497502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170594265">170594265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Does+Sanskrit+Knowledge+Exist%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=633-641&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170594265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23497502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-008-9038-8&rft.au=Peter+van+der+Veer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFUmāsvāti1994" class="citation cs2">Umāsvāti, Umaswami (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rw4RwN9Q1kC">That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia)</a>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-06-068985-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-06-068985-8"><bdi>978-0-06-068985-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+which+is+%28Translator%3A+Nathmal+Tatia%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-068985-8&rft.aulast=Um%C4%81sv%C4%81ti&rft.aufirst=Umaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rw4RwN9Q1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWayman1965" class="citation journal cs1">Wayman, Alex (1965). "The Buddhism and the Sanskrit of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 85 (1): 111–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597713">10.2307/597713</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/597713">597713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Buddhism+and+the+Sanskrit+of+Buddhist+Hybrid+Sanskrit&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-115&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F597713&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F597713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC">Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-024003-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-024003-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024003-0&rft.au=Annette+Wilke&rft.au=Oliver+Moebus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1885" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, W. D. (1885). "The Roots of the Sanskrit Language". Transactions of the American Philological Association. JSTOR. 16: 5–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935779">10.2307/2935779</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-4442">0271-4442</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2935779">2935779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+the+Sanskrit+Language&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=5-29&rft.date=1885&rft.issn=0271-4442&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2935779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2935779&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1997" class="citation book cs1">Witzel, M (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/intro.pdf">Inside the texts, beyond the texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+texts%2C+beyond+the+texts%3A+New+approaches+to+the+study+of+the+Vedas&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fintro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJamison2008" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Stephanie (2008). Roger D. Woodard (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC">The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-68494-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-68494-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68494-1&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQpAuNIP4oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Sanskrit" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Sanskrit&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sa:">Bahasa Sanskrit</a>, ensiklopedia bebas</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibuku mempunyai maklumat lanjut berkenaan topik: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahasa_Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Bahasa Sanskrit">Bahasa Sanskrit</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center">Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang Bahasa Sanskrit di <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Gelintar Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahasa_Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Bahasa Sanskrit">Imej dan media</a> dari Commons </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//ms.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sanskrit" title="Gelintar Wikipetikan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://ms.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sanskrit">Petikan</a> dari Wikipetikan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="//ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sanskrit" title="Gelintar Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sanskrit">Buku teks</a> dari Wikibuku </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dia.eu5.org/">INDICORPUS-31</a>, 31 kamus Sanskrit + Dravida untuk Lingvo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/vedol">Ancient Sanskrit Online</a> oleh Karen Thomson dan Jonathan Slocum, pelajaran dalam talian percuma di Pusat Penyelidikan Linguistik di Universiti Texas di Austin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samskritabharati.org/">Samskrita Bharati</a>, organisasi yang menyokong penggunaan bahasa Sanskrit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/home.html">Sanskrit Documents</a>—Dokumen dalam format ITX Upanishads, Stotras dsb.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm">Teks Sanskrit di Arkib Teks Suci</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/sanskrit">Manuskrip-manuskrip Sanskrit</a> dalam Perpustakaan Digital Cambridge</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/sanskrit_devanagari.htm">Papan Kekunci Sanskrit Lexilogos</a> untuk menulis bahasa Sanskrit dalam komputer.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Kawalan_kewibawaan:_Perpustakaan_negara_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74b99f876-mjbqv","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.339","walltime":"2.595","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18728,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":436637,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19756,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":540629,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2201.353 1 -total"," 25.87% 569.570 1 Templat:Reflist"," 22.68% 499.269 123 Templat:Cite_book"," 19.04% 419.082 2 Templat:Infobox"," 17.86% 393.086 1 Templat:Infobox_Language"," 13.61% 299.613 55 Templat:Lang"," 10.25% 225.673 91 Templat:Sfn"," 6.23% 137.150 26 Templat:Cite_journal"," 5.79% 127.529 1 Templat:Cite_dictionary"," 5.07% 111.603 1 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[\"CITEREFCohen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_P._Masica1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Renfrew1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCynthia_Groff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalai_Lama1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamien_KeownCharles_S._Prebish2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniMasson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeshpande2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhanesh_JainGeorge_Cardona2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_S._Lopez_Jr.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_S._Lopez_Jr.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin_Francis_BryantLaurie_L._Patton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEltschinger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErrington1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilliozat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaurinath_Bhattacharyya_Shastri1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Cardona2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGian_Luca_BonoraNiccolò_PianciolaPaolo_Sartori2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldmanSutherland_Goldman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGérard_HuetAmba_KulkarniPeter_Scharf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._W._Bailey1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanneder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHock1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockBashirSubbarao2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouben1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Filliozat1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._P._MalloryDouglas_Q._Adams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Goody1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJainCardona2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Clackson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJared_KleinBrian_JosephMatthias_Fritz2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJinah_Kim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Bowman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Brockington1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuhyung_Rhi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotyk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_RenouJagbans_Kishore_Balbir2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahadevan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalati_J._Shendge1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalhotra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier-Brügger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_C._Howard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_CoulsonRichard_GombrichJames_Benson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Meier-Brügger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Meier-Brügger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriz_Winternitz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavawongs1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNedi︠a︡lkov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberlies2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOskar_von_Hinüber1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.S._Krishnavarma1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Thieme1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_T._Daniels1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_van_der_Veer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilipp_Strazny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre-Sylvain_Filliozat2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieter_C._Verhagen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPāṇiniSumitra_Mangesh_Katre1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamatRamat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhold_Grünendahl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinöhl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRewi_Alley1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRita_ShermaArvind_Sharma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_J_Sutherland_Goldman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_S.P._Beekes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon1995\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastri1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheldon_Pollock1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSheldon_Pollock2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlomo_Biderman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-Williams2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSouthworth2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStaal1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaal1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaal1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_W._JamisonJoel_P._Brereton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuniti_Kumar_Chatterji1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Burrow2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_V._GamkrelidzeV._V._Ivanov1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_V._GamkrelidzeVjaceslav_V._Ivanov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Murray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd_T._LewisSubarna_Man_Tuladhar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmāsvāti1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpakitsilpasarn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._RAGHAVAN1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._RAGHAVAN1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill_Durant1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_M._Johnston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_S.-Y._WangChaofen_Sun2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfred_Philipp_Lehmann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuji_KawaguchiMakoto_MinegishiWolfgang_Viereck2011\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Br\"] = 9,\n [\"Circa\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 123,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"DISPLAYTITLE\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"IAST\"] = 129,\n [\"IPA\"] = 124,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 33,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Jawi\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 54,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Perlu rujukan\"] = 3,\n [\"Petikan\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 91,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 9,\n [\"Unicode\"] = 80,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","19.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","11.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","11.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.1"],["gsub","40","2.7"],["extract_names \u003CModul:Citation/CS1:1475\u003E","40","2.7"],["[others]","240","16.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-688cb58b7-tnzxv","timestamp":"20250225222037","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bahasa Sanskrit","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bahasa_Sanskrit","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11059","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11059","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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