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class="DesignSystem"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="ri-header-container"><h1 class="research-interest-header">Economic policy</h1><div class="counts-container"><div class="div">20,050 papers</div><div class="div">20,286 followers</div></div><div class="definition-container"><div class="ai-powered-callout">AI Powered</div>Economic policy refers to the actions and strategies implemented by governments or institutions to influence a nation's economic performance. It encompasses fiscal policy, monetary policy, and regulatory measures aimed at achieving objectives such as economic growth, stability, and equitable distribution of resources.</div><div class="button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener" data-click-track="topics--follow-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small" data-click-track="topics--view-all-button" href="/topics"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span>View all topics</a></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="main-content-container"><div class="works-container"><div class="nav-container"><ul class="nav-list"><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item active" data-active="" data-click-track="topics--nav-all-papers" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy">Newest</a></li><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy/TopPapers">Top papers</a></li><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item" data-click-track="topics--nav-most-cited" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy/MostCited">Most cited</a></li><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item" data-click-track="topics--nav-most-downloaded" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy/MostDownloaded">Most downloaded</a></li></ul></div><div class="works"><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128436237/Umweltrechte_und_Rohstoffkonflikte_in_Lateinamerika_das_Escaz%C3%BA_Abkommen_kann_2021_in_Kraft_treten">Umweltrechte und Rohstoffkonflikte in Lateinamerika: das Escazú-Abkommen kann 2021 in Kraft treten</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/G%C3%BCntherMaihold">Günther Maihold</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128436237/Umweltrechte_und_Rohstoffkonflikte_in_Lateinamerika_das_Escaz%C3%BA_Abkommen_kann_2021_in_Kraft_treten"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/122018255/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128434209/Comparing_U_S_and_European_Inflation_The_CPI_and_the_HICP">Comparing U.S. and European Inflation: The CPI and the HICP</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaryLynnSchmidt">Mary Lynn Schmidt</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Monthly Labor Review</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">T his article introduces an experimental 1 consumer price index for the United States that follows, to the extent possible, the methods of the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), the European Union&#39;s (EU&#39;s) official price... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">T his article introduces an experimental 1 consumer price index for the United States that follows, to the extent possible, the methods of the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), the European Union&#39;s (EU&#39;s) official price index. The U.S. HICP differs from the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) in two major respects. First, the HICP includes the rural population in its scope. Second, and probably more importantly, the HICP excludes owner-occupied housing, in part because the methods for measuring price changes for owner-occupied housing are controversial and difficult. To construct the experimental U.S. HICP, the CPI first was expanded to cover the entire (noninsti-tutional) U.S. population and then was narrowed to remove the owner-occupied housing costs that the HICP excludes from its scope. Price indexes, such as the CPI, are complex constructs that can be sensitive to decisions about their scope, the formulas by which they are calculated, and other factors that are un...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128434209/Comparing_U_S_and_European_Inflation_The_CPI_and_the_HICP"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/122016558/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128416434/Il_problema_del_debito_privato_e_lo_scopo_del_debito_pubblico">Il problema del debito privato e lo scopo del debito pubblico</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://uninsubria.academia.edu/MarcelloSpano">Marcello Spano</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Economia e Politica, 20, 2</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">L'emergenza pandemica, vista dalla prospettiva delle sue conseguenze economiche, ha portato in primo piano un problema sistemico che spesso, per ideologia o per ignoranza, nel dibattito pubblico viene lasciato sotto traccia: la questione... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L'emergenza pandemica, vista dalla prospettiva delle sue conseguenze economiche, ha portato in primo piano un problema sistemico che spesso, per ideologia o per ignoranza, nel dibattito pubblico viene lasciato sotto traccia: la questione del debito privato. Una ricostruzione delle vicende italiane degli ultimi quarant’anni può essere d’aiuto a mettere a fuoco le relazioni tra il disavanzo pubblico, il contesto istituzionale in cui questo si realizza, e la dinamica dell’indebitamento privato. Lo scopo è quello<br />di riflettere sulle strategie possibili che si aprono una volta che si riconosce, per quanto obtorto collo, non solo la dignità, ma anche la necessità, l’urgenza e la razionalità di interventi della politica fiscale in disavanzo.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128416434/Il_problema_del_debito_privato_e_lo_scopo_del_debito_pubblico"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/122001812/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128412943/School_Socioeconomic_Segregation_in_Baltic_Sea_Countries">School Socioeconomic Segregation in Baltic Sea Countries</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/OPole">Olga Pole</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">School socioeconomic segregation has an impact on students' academic performance and affects equity in education. This study aims to evaluate socioeconomic segregation in schools and its changes in the previous decades, using data... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">School socioeconomic segregation has an impact on students' academic performance and affects equity in education. This study aims to evaluate socioeconomic segregation in schools and its changes in the previous decades, using data obtained from international large-scale assessments (ILSA). In this study, data from eight European Union (EU) countries bordering the Baltic Sea (i.e.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128412943/School_Socioeconomic_Segregation_in_Baltic_Sea_Countries"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121998783/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128409776/CJEU_WM_and_Sovim_SA_v_Luxembourg_Business_Registers_Joined_Cases_C_37_20_and_C_601_20_">CJEU: WM and Sovim SA v. Luxembourg Business Registers (Joined Cases C-37/20 and C-601/20)</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZigoDaniel">Daniel Zigo</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Rules against money laundering and terrorist financing are an area of law in which the European Union is significantly active and introduces many innovations. Public registers of beneficial ownership were one of the crucial tools with... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rules against money laundering and terrorist financing are an area of law in which the European Union is significantly active and introduces many innovations. Public registers of beneficial ownership were one of the crucial tools with which this legislation promoted the openness of corporate structures in the European environment. For this reason, the judgment of the European Court of Justice in the Joined Cases C-37/20 and C-601/20, WM and Sovim SA v. Luxembourg Business Registers, which cancelled public access to beneficial ownership registers, caused an immense response. Part of the public sees this step as a major blow to the transparency and part as a victory for the rights of individuals. This paper explains the factual situation in the given case, summarises the Advocate General's opinion and analyses the reasons that led the Court to the presented conclusions. The author also reflects on the jurisprudence of the Court, which led to the issuance of this decision and its importance in the field of AML and the protection of the right to privacy in general. Based on these facts, the conclusion presents the possible development of future beneficial ownership registers in the EU.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128409776/CJEU_WM_and_Sovim_SA_v_Luxembourg_Business_Registers_Joined_Cases_C_37_20_and_C_601_20_"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121996117/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128408877/Impact_of_digital_technologies_on_green_economic_growth">Impact of digital technologies on green economic growth</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://bas.academia.edu/MargaritaTerziyska">Margarita Terziyska</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The rapid development and implementation of digital technologies, in particular in the manufacturing sector, at the global and European level have become strategic priorities for achieving the global goals for sustainable development. The... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The rapid development and implementation of digital technologies, in particular in the manufacturing sector, at the global and European level have become strategic priorities for achieving the global goals for sustainable development. The introduction of new generations of digital technologies is seen as a key element and leading factor for achieving a sustainable, competitive and green economy in the coming decades. The report presents the policy of the EU (and Bulgaria as part of the Union) aimed at achieving the implementation of the global goals for sustainable development. The degree and readiness of the Bulgarian industry to benefit from digital technologies and the tools of Industry 4.0 in support of sustainable, green economic growth of our society has been studied.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128408877/Impact_of_digital_technologies_on_green_economic_growth"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121995296/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128397706/Trade_Liberalisation_and_Employment_Effects_in_Ukraine">Trade Liberalisation and Employment Effects in Ukraine</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/kupetskupets">Olga Kupets</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Comparative Economic Studies</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This paper addresses the important issue of the effects of trade liberalization on labor market job flows. It studies the case of Ukraine where we view the sudden openness of the economy to trade as a quasi-natural experiment. We use... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper addresses the important issue of the effects of trade liberalization on labor market job flows. It studies the case of Ukraine where we view the sudden openness of the economy to trade as a quasi-natural experiment. We use disaggregated data on manufacturing industries and customs data on trade flows taking account of shifting trade patterns after the disintegration of CMEA trade regime. We provide some first evidence that three-digit NACE sector job flows are predominantly driven by idiosyncratic factors within industries. Other things equal, there is increased labor shedding as larger non-state share in industry relates to less job creation and more job destruction. Trade openness does affect job flows in Ukrainian manufacturing disproportionately according to trade orientation. We find that while trade with CIS decreases job destruction, trade with the EU increases excess reallocation mainly through job creation.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128397706/Trade_Liberalisation_and_Employment_Effects_in_Ukraine"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121985630/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128395137/Key_determinants_of_a_long_term_pro_development_economic_policy_that_takes_into_account_the_support_of_technological_industries_as_an_important_factor_in_the_strategic_management_of_the_effective_development_of_a_sustainable_economy_of_prosperity">Key determinants of a long-term, pro-development economic policy that takes into account the support of technological industries as an important factor in the strategic management of the effective development of a sustainable economy of prosperity</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://uksw.academia.edu/DariuszProkopowicz">Dariusz Prokopowicz</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Determinants of effective socio-economic development of a growing sustainable economy of prosperity in the 21st century</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The modern economy is based on technological innovation, which ensures the competitiveness and stability of countries. Investments in technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, Big Data and other... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The modern economy is based on technological innovation, which ensures the competitiveness and stability of countries. Investments in technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, Big Data and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies lead to economic growth, job creation and an improved quality of life. Countries that support these sectors become less dependent on external economic and financial crises, increasing their economic and strategic security. A long-term growth policy focusing on new technologies is crucial for building an economically strong economy that is resistant to various external factors and for ensuring the welfare and multifaceted security of citizens.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128395137/Key_determinants_of_a_long_term_pro_development_economic_policy_that_takes_into_account_the_support_of_technological_industries_as_an_important_factor_in_the_strategic_management_of_the_effective_development_of_a_sustainable_economy_of_prosperity"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121983469/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128392110/Impact_of_Fiscal_Decentralization_on_Services_Tax_Collection_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa">Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Services Tax Collection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://upesh.academia.edu/NailaNazir">Naila Nazir</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This study aimed to evaluate the post-decentralization difficulties, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Revenue Authority (KPRA) faced in collecting services tax in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at its actual potential. The study also sought to... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study aimed to evaluate the post-decentralization difficulties, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Revenue Authority (KPRA) faced in collecting services tax in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at its actual potential. The study also sought to pinpoint challenges that the new tax authority was having and needed assistance from both the provincial and federal governments to fix. The foremost issues were analyzed via conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with KPRA Officers Tax Experts and consultants. Following Krueger & Casey (2000) and note-based technique, the result of the study showed that multiple issues, specifically, un-documentation, tax exemptions in FATA/PATA, and lack of tax experts & strategic plan leading to collection of services tax lower than actual potential. All such issues were caused by incapacity and lack of coordination by the province with federal authorities after decentralization. Finally, it is suggested that collaboration and sustained assurance of all stakeholders, including the federal and provincial governments are required to collect services tax at optimum level.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128392110/Impact_of_Fiscal_Decentralization_on_Services_Tax_Collection_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121980980/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128388039/The_impact_of_the_economic_and_financial_crisis_on_the_agri_food_sector_in_Poland">The impact of the economic and financial crisis on the agri-food sector in Poland</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://ierigz.academia.edu/ZbigniewFloria%C5%84czyk">Zbigniew Floriańczyk</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The global crisis affected Poland, putting its economic growth in jeopardy. This impact is reﬂected in deteriorated GDP growth prospects, reduced lending activity, limited access to external financing. Thus, the global crisis has become... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The global crisis affected Poland, putting its economic growth in jeopardy. This impact is reﬂected in deteriorated GDP growth prospects, reduced lending activity, limited access to external financing. Thus, the global crisis has become the key reason for the economic slowdown observed in Poland since mid-2008. Objective of this paper is to analyze the inﬂuence of economic crisis on the economic situation in agriculture and food industry in Poland.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128388039/The_impact_of_the_economic_and_financial_crisis_on_the_agri_food_sector_in_Poland"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121977591/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128385214/The_Relationship_Between_Foreign_Direct_Investment_and_Capital_Formation_in_Emerging_Economies_The_Case_of_the_Turkish_Economy">The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment and Capital Formation in Emerging Economies: "The Case of the Turkish Economy</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TalatUlussever">Talat Ulussever</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Bilgi ekonomisi ve yönetimi dergisi</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128385214/The_Relationship_Between_Foreign_Direct_Investment_and_Capital_Formation_in_Emerging_Economies_The_Case_of_the_Turkish_Economy"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121974977/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128380638/Military_Spending_and_Economic_Growth_A_2025_Update">Military Spending and Economic Growth: A 2025 Update</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://yorku.academia.edu/JonathanNitzan">Jonathan Nitzan</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Research Note</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The start of the second millennium brought a growing sense that capitalism was becoming more ‘authoritarian’ and ‘illiberal’, with various indicators suggesting that ‘democracy’ is waning around the globe, that the protection of human and... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The start of the second millennium brought a growing sense that capitalism was becoming more ‘authoritarian’ and ‘illiberal’, with various indicators suggesting that ‘democracy’ is waning around the globe, that the protection of human and civil rights is in retreat and that the number and intensity of military conflicts is on the rise.<br /><br />This angst is now greatly amplified by the domestic and foreign policies of the new Trump administration. Having returned to office in early 2025, Trump promptly launched a highly publicized crusade against his country’s ‘deep state’, with blasé disregard for its laws and con-stitution; announced his intentions to retreat from his country’s traditional postwar role as leader and protector of the Western world; and embarked on seemingly unhinged acts against friends (Canada, Mexico, Denmark, Panama and, primarily, Ukraine) while cozying up to long-term foes (Russia).<br /><br />One possible consequence of this growing angst is a global ‘arms race’.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128380638/Military_Spending_and_Economic_Growth_A_2025_Update"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121971179/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128378788/Employment_security_and_employability_A_contribution_to_the_flexicurity_debate">Employment security and employability: A contribution to the flexicurity debate</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Patrikvesan">Patrik vesan</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Office for Official Publications of the European …</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Devicienti, D., Maida, A., Morini, M., Pacelli, L., Poggi, A., & Versan, P. (2008). Employment security and employability: a contribution to the flexicurity debate. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ... There... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Devicienti, D., Maida, A., Morini, M., Pacelli, L., Poggi, A., & Versan, P. (2008). Employment security and employability: a contribution to the flexicurity debate. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ... There are no files associated with this item.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128378788/Employment_security_and_employability_A_contribution_to_the_flexicurity_debate"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121969720/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128370507/THE_INFLUENCE_OF_OCCUPATION_ON_CONSUMPTION_EXPENDITURE_A_STUDY_OF_MAHARASHTRA_COMPARATIVE_YEAR_ON_YEAR_AND_RURAL_URBAN_TRENDS_2019_2021">THE INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATION ON CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE: A STUDY OF MAHARASHTRA COMPARATIVE YEAR-ON-YEAR AND RURAL-URBAN TRENDS (2019-2021</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://mu.academia.edu/NandiniJagan">Nandini Jagannarayan</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, IJAIR</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This study investigates the influence of occupation on household consumption expenditure in Maharashtra from 2019 to 2021, highlighting annual trends and rural-urban disparities. Utilizing data from the Consumer Pyramid Household Survey... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study investigates the influence of occupation on household consumption expenditure in Maharashtra from 2019 to 2021, highlighting annual trends and rural-urban disparities. Utilizing data from the Consumer Pyramid Household Survey (CPHS), the analysis reveals distinct spending patterns across occupational groups. White-collar professionals and self-employed households allocate a larger share of their income to discretionary expenses such as recreation, dining, and vacations. In contrast, blue-collar workers and informal sector employees focus more on essential expenditures, including food and healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these disparities, causing income shocks for informal workers and prompting a shift in spending priorities toward necessities. The study underscores the need for policy measures to stabilize employment in the informal sector and foster discretionary spending in urban areas. Strengthening social security nets, enhancing employment opportunities, and promoting financial resilience can help mitigate the adverse effects of economic disruptions on household consumption patterns.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128370507/THE_INFLUENCE_OF_OCCUPATION_ON_CONSUMPTION_EXPENDITURE_A_STUDY_OF_MAHARASHTRA_COMPARATIVE_YEAR_ON_YEAR_AND_RURAL_URBAN_TRENDS_2019_2021"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121963372/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128357311/%E1%B2%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95">Გარი გ. ეკოლოგ. მონიტორი. დამხმარე სახელმძღვ.</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://archworkings.academia.edu/GarryGunia">Garry Gunia</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128357311/%E1%B2%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121952862/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128354724/Ecological_aspects_of_structural_change">Ecological aspects of structural change</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/MartinJ%C3%A4nicke">Martin Jänicke</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Intereconomics</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128354724/Ecological_aspects_of_structural_change"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121950587/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128354507/Identification_of_challenging_gaps_in_the_circular_economy_from_sustainable_development_goal_SDS_perspectives_Multi_stake_holders_partnership_approach_through_microfinance_intervention_in_Ghana">Identification of challenging gaps in the circular economy from sustainable development goal(SDS) perspectives---Multi stake holders partnership approach through microfinance intervention in Ghana</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://waldenu.academia.edu/Davidmensah">David mensah</a> and <details class="authors-dropdown"><summary>1 more</summary><div class="dropdown-content"><div class="dropdown-item"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RengarajanV">V. Rengarajan</a></div></div></details></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Sustainable development hinges on simultaneous environment and economic development. But in the process of development, the current focus has been more biased to economic development globally at the cost of the environment. Therefore,... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sustainable development hinges on simultaneous environment and economic development. But in the process of development, the current focus has been more biased to economic development globally at the cost of the environment. Therefore, sustainability of the fruits of such development, benefiting both the present and future generation becomes debatable one, Further, contemporaneously the prevailing linear consumption and production model produces insurmountable waste generation and pollution in the economy and leading to environmental degradation and climate change with a cascading effect on sustainable development (SD). This phenomenon signals a vast gap between the economic development and environmental development demanding recalibration of our strategies. towards sustaining the balanced development outcome Such a paradigm shift calls for transition from linear model to transition circular economy focusing on using renewable sources. But such adoption requires a large amount of finance in developing countries like Ghana. While addressing such an approach, the potential of local resources at country level, such as micro financial institutions (MFIs/NGOs), for supplementing the needed investment, remains untapped. This scenario appeals for an investigation for fostering an innovative partnership among multi-stakeholders towards addressing the barriers in the transformation pathway. With this surmise, the specific objectives of the paper are to identify the challenging gaps in Ghanaian economy in the sustainable pathway and to explore the potential of microfinance market in dealing with the issues in Ghana followed with a slew of policy recommendations</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128354507/Identification_of_challenging_gaps_in_the_circular_economy_from_sustainable_development_goal_SDS_perspectives_Multi_stake_holders_partnership_approach_through_microfinance_intervention_in_Ghana"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121950409/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128353178/Regional_dimension_of_production_factor_costs_in_Bulgarian_Agriculture">Regional dimension of production factor costs in Bulgarian Agriculture</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://ue-varna.academia.edu/DamyanKirechev">Damyan Kirechev</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, IZVESTIA JOURNAL OF THE UNION OF SCIENTISTS – VARNA, ECONOMIC SCIENCES SERIES</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The paper analyses and evaluates the economic factors shaping the production factors cost in agricultural holdings in the six territorial regions of Bulgaria. It examines the changes in the composition, structure and dynamics of... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper analyses and evaluates the economic factors shaping the production factors cost in agricultural holdings in the six territorial regions of Bulgaria. It examines the changes in the composition, structure and dynamics of production factor costs-total and more types, as well as their dependence on net income and subsidies. The largest growth was achieved in the rent paid for rented land, followed by the wage paid for labour and interest paid for rented capital. There is a significant growth of factor costs in the regions specialised in fieldcrops cultivation-mainly due to rent costs, while in the regions with diversified production, wage costs prevail. Increased input costs reduce net income, making farms more dependent on public support. The analysis can assist regional farm managers and public authorities.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128353178/Regional_dimension_of_production_factor_costs_in_Bulgarian_Agriculture"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121949332/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128350988/Dismantling_a_weak_state_The_crisis_as_a_pretext_for_even_more_neoliberalism_in_the_Romanian_economic_policies">Dismantling a weak state: The crisis as a pretext for even more neoliberalism in the Romanian economic policies</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanCaramidariu">Dan Caramidariu</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The paper presents the evolution of Romanian economic policies shortly before and during the financial and economic crisis. It starts by pointing out key data on the Romanian economy in 2008 and focuses on the different action plans the... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper presents the evolution of Romanian economic policies shortly before and during the financial and economic crisis. It starts by pointing out key data on the Romanian economy in 2008 and focuses on the different action plans the Romanian governement has drawn and put into practice in 2009 and 2010. The paper analysizes especially the general cut-off of wages in the public sector, the raise of taxes ( ) and their influence on consumers' demand and the evolution of Romanian GDP in 2010 and 2011. At the same time, it focuses on the evolution of governement investments in 2010 and 2011, the tool officially proclaimed as Romania's magical key for getting out of the recession. The paper shows that although such a raise in public investments was a dominant element in the governement's economic discourse, in fact public investments decreased in 2011. Based on the fact that the austerity measures, combined with the raise of public investments, wereaccording to mainstream economiststhe best possible policy mix for fighting the crisis, the paper comes to the conclusion that this policy mix has more negative than positive effects for the unreformed Romanian economy, as long as a true raise of public investments cannot be revealed. It shows that the crisis was used as a pretext for implementing Neoliberal principles in Romanian economic thought and policy as well, for pushing forward the dismantling process of the Romanian state.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128350988/Dismantling_a_weak_state_The_crisis_as_a_pretext_for_even_more_neoliberalism_in_the_Romanian_economic_policies"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121947620/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128350987/Dismantling_a_weak_state_The_crisis_as_a_pretext_for_even_more_neoliberalism_in_the_Romanian_economic_policies">Dismantling a weak state: The crisis as a pretext for even more neoliberalism in the Romanian economic policies</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanCaramidariu">Dan Caramidariu</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The paper presents the evolution of Romanian economic policies shortly before and during the financial and economic crisis. It starts by pointing out key data on the Romanian economy in 2008 and focuses on the different action plans the... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper presents the evolution of Romanian economic policies shortly before and during the financial and economic crisis. It starts by pointing out key data on the Romanian economy in 2008 and focuses on the different action plans the Romanian governement has drawn and put into practice in 2009 and 2010. The paper analysizes especially the general cut-off of wages in the public sector, the raise of taxes ( ) and their influence on consumers' demand and the evolution of Romanian GDP in 2010 and 2011. At the same time, it focuses on the evolution of governement investments in 2010 and 2011, the tool officially proclaimed as Romania's magical key for getting out of the recession. The paper shows that although such a raise in public investments was a dominant element in the governement's economic discourse, in fact public investments decreased in 2011. Based on the fact that the austerity measures, combined with the raise of public investments, wereaccording to mainstream economiststhe best possible policy mix for fighting the crisis, the paper comes to the conclusion that this policy mix has more negative than positive effects for the unreformed Romanian economy, as long as a true raise of public investments cannot be revealed. It shows that the crisis was used as a pretext for implementing Neoliberal principles in Romanian economic thought and policy as well, for pushing forward the dismantling process of the Romanian state.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128350987/Dismantling_a_weak_state_The_crisis_as_a_pretext_for_even_more_neoliberalism_in_the_Romanian_economic_policies"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121947615/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128332261/Divided_Politics_and_Economic_Growth_in_the_Philippines">Divided Politics and Economic Growth in the Philippines</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricVincentBatalla">Eric Vincent Batalla</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">As the 2016 elections drew near and the prospects of a Rodrigo Duterte presidency became stronger, there were concerns that the economy might be adversely affected by the expected political volatility under the new regime. Since the start... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As the 2016 elections drew near and the prospects of a Rodrigo Duterte presidency became stronger, there were concerns that the economy might be adversely affected by the expected political volatility under the new regime. Since the start of the campaign season, Duterte had been rocking the establishment through controversial pronouncements and outbursts, attracting the enmity of leaders of the Catholic Church, the United States, and the United Nations. Based on a review of recent political and economic performance, this article argues that unless there are significant changes in the major sources of macroeconomic growth and stability, the Philippine economy would likely withstand the impact of a “Duterte shock.”</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128332261/Divided_Politics_and_Economic_Growth_in_the_Philippines"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121931869/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128332255/De_institutionalizing_Corruption_in_the_Philippines">De-institutionalizing Corruption in the Philippines</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricVincentBatalla">Eric Vincent Batalla</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, … Requirements for Reinventing institutions. Paper for …</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This paper assesses corruption and the institutional strategies to fight it in the Philippines. The objective is to identify areas for consideration in devising policy options on the basis of empirical data and theoretical perspectives.... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper assesses corruption and the institutional strategies to fight it in the Philippines. The objective is to identify areas for consideration in devising policy options on the basis of empirical data and theoretical perspectives. The paper also examines corruption in road construction projects. The paper is divided into four sections. The first is a description of corruption in the Philippines. This section starts with the general definition and nature of corruption and focuses on systemic or institutionalized corruption for the discussion. Then, it proceeds with the perceptions, historical evidences, traditional anti-corruption approaches and mechanisms, the costs and magnitude of corruption, initiatives from various sectors, and the persistence of the problem. The second part describes corruption in public roads projects. Various corrupt practices in two stages of road building are identified and indications of the magnitude of financial losses are provided. The third section briefly describes an NGO fighting corruption, particularly in road projects. The case demonstrates the potential of curbing the problem nationwide. The section also applies institutional and agency theory perspectives to identify key requirements for anticorruption strategies and programs. I argue that victory against systemic corruption should go beyond existing strategies and programs. Instead, change in the overall national structure for profit and income as well as the necessity of leadership are seen as urgent requirements. The final section contains the paper's conclusions and recommendations. The author expresses his gratitude to Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and the Yuchengco Center for East Asia for their support in the preparation of this working paper. Acknowledgements are also due to Lord Byron Abadeza and Danilo M. Agoncillo, both project research assistants of the Social Development Research Center, De La Salle University. 1. Definitions and Nature of Corruption. Corruption has been defined as the misuse or abuse of public office for private gain (World Bank, 1997; Jayawickrama, 1998; UNDP, 1999). It involves members of government and the private sector. It comes in several forms or as Klitgaard 2 puts it, "a wide array of illicit behaviors including bribery, extortion, fraud, nepotism, graft, speed money, pilferage, theft, embezzlement, falsification of records, kickbacks, influence-peddling, and campaign contributions." A report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) identifies two types of corruption, petty and grand. However, I would like to use a tentative typology based on its pervasiveness in society, to wit: spontaneous and institutionalized (or systemic). The spontaneous type can be found in societies observing generally strong ethics and morals in public service. Individual acts of corruption are minimal although they can be both petty and grand. When corrupt behaviors are perennially extensive or pervasive in society, it can be said that corruption has been institutionalized. It has become a way of life, a goal, and an outlook towards the public office. Institutionalized corruption is a problem that thrives in the weakness of both public and private institutions to act as effective fiscalizers for the greater public good. Opportunities for corruption abound in the absence or lack of order, transparency and accountability. These characteristics and the problem of institutionalized corruption in general appear to be more pronounced in developing countries. In these countries, the number of corruption cases settled is far lower than what it ought to be based on broad perceptions of its prevalence. 2. Perceptions of Corruption in the Philippines. In the Philippines, there is a strong belief that corruption is prevalent. In a 1998 Social Weather Station (SWS) survey, over 70% of the respondents think that, in government, corruption exists. Nearly 40% believe that there is "a great deal" of corruption. Even the Office of the Ombudsman admits that billions of pesos are being lost to corruption. Based on its Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 99 countries, Transparency International has also rated the Philippines as the 54 th most corrupt countries in 1999. The Philippines has scored 3.6 based on the CPI's scale of 1 (high perception) to 10 (negligible perception). According to Vinay Bhargava (2000), World Bank country director for the Philippines, "Our analysis so far reveals a broad consensus that corruption in the public and private sectors in the Philippines is pervasive and deep-rooted, touching even the judiciary and the media." 4 Indeed, in a society with a long history of state and elite predation as well as mass powerlessness, the use of public office has been identified with gaining and maintaining economic, political, and social power. Both private citizens and 2 See Robert Klitgaard, "Strategies Against Corruption", , p. 1. 3 Vinay Bhargava (2000), World Bank country director for the Philippines, provides a good summary of the most relevant indicators based on latest surveys and studies. See Vinay Bhargava, "Combating Corruption in the Philippines", paper delivered at the Summit Against Graft and Corruption: An NGO Initiative, hosted by the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption (VACC), 30-31 May, 2000. 4 Ibid.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128332255/De_institutionalizing_Corruption_in_the_Philippines"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121931864/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128329142/Sombras_Econ%C3%B3micas">Sombras Económicas</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://umsa-bo.academia.edu/RUBENTICONAQUISBERT">RUBEN TICONA QUISBERT</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Resumen: Este estudio introduce el concepto de "sombras económicas" para describir la percepción distorsionada de estabilidad generada por políticas económicas que, aunque aparentan sostenibilidad y bonanza en la población, ocultan... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumen: Este estudio introduce el concepto de "sombras económicas" para describir la percepción distorsionada de estabilidad generada por políticas económicas que, aunque aparentan sostenibilidad y bonanza en la población, ocultan debilidades estructurales y limitan la capacidad de una economía a sostener su desarrollo a largo plazo. A través del análisis de casos como Bolivia, Venezuela y Argentina, se examina cómo los subsidios, el control de precios y la dependencia de ingresos volátiles han creado una falsa percepción de prosperidad. El estudio compara este concepto con teorías existentes, como la Ilusión Monetaria y la Enfermedad Holandesa, diferenciándolo por su enfoque en la percepción colectiva de estabilidad. Finalmente, se proponen estrategias para transitar hacia un modelo económico sostenible, basado en la diversificación productiva y la competitividad. Palabras clave: Sombras económicas, percepción distorsionada de estabilidad, subsidios, control de precios, crecimiento económico insostenible.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128329142/Sombras_Econ%C3%B3micas"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121929021/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128324643/Inova%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_desenvolvimento_a_for%C3%A7a_e_perman%C3%AAncia_das_copntribui%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Erber">Inovação e desenvolvimento: a força e permanência das copntribuições de Erber</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://ufrj.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9EduardoCassiolato">José Eduardo Cassiolato</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">O texto analisa algumas das contribuições centrais de Fabio Erber ao pensamento latino-americano sobre desenvolvimento, tecnologia e políticas -a importância da endogeneização do progresso técnico, do caráter sistêmico, das... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O texto analisa algumas das contribuições centrais de Fabio Erber ao pensamento latino-americano sobre desenvolvimento, tecnologia e políticas -a importância da endogeneização do progresso técnico, do caráter sistêmico, das especificidades locais do processo de inovação e do papel do Estado nesses processos. Resgatam-se as discussões de Erber a respeito da função das políticas explícitas e implícitas; dos aspectos macro, meso e microeconômicos da inovação; das relações econômicas e tecnológicas dos países latino-americanos com os países mais avançados e com as corporações transnacionais lá sediadas; dos condicionantes do aprendizado tecnológico por parte de empresas locais; e das limitações da utilização de tecnologia estrangeira como foco e mecanismo principal dos processos de capacitação local. O artigo argumenta que as ideias de Erber, além de representarem uma contribuição pioneira à compreensão dos condicionantes que restringiram a criação de capacitações produtivas e inovativas nas economias latino-americanas no século passado, continuam sendo extremamente úteis para compreenderem-se os limites das atuais políticas, os dilemas e as oportunidades do desenvolvimento brasileiro.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128324643/Inova%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_desenvolvimento_a_for%C3%A7a_e_perman%C3%AAncia_das_copntribui%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Erber"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121925356/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128322845/The_Economic_Environment_for_Regulation_in_the_1980s">The Economic Environment for Regulation in the 1980s</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/barrybosworth">barry bosworth</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Natural Resources Journal</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128322845/The_Economic_Environment_for_Regulation_in_the_1980s"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121923870/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128321483/A_group_selection_perspective_on_economic_behavior_institutions_and_organizations">A group selection perspective on economic behavior, institutions and organizations</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://rpi.academia.edu/JohnGowdy">John Gowdy</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128321483/A_group_selection_perspective_on_economic_behavior_institutions_and_organizations"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121922688/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128317579/Assessment_of_Knowledge_of_Young_Users_and_Their_Views_on_E_Mobility">Assessment of Knowledge of Young Users and Their Views on E-Mobility</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/WojciechHomik">Wojciech Homik</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Transport Problems</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The European Union is set to become the world's first climate-neutral continent in 2050. Achieving such an ambitious goal requires cross-cutting measures in all key sectors of the economy, including transport, which is one of the main... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The European Union is set to become the world's first climate-neutral continent in 2050. Achieving such an ambitious goal requires cross-cutting measures in all key sectors of the economy, including transport, which is one of the main sources of emissions in Member States, including Poland. Electromobility is a key instrument for reducing the negative impact of transport on climate and the environment. The current automotive market in Poland, for the most part, is made up of old combustion engine cars. The average age of a passenger car in Poland in 2021 was 14.5 years, 0.2 years more than in 2020. An important point to note is that in 2021, nearly twice as many used cars were imported into Poland as new cars were sold, and this was 11.3% higher than the figure recorded in 2020. At the same time, 48% of the cars were equipped with diesel engines. Thus, it is reasonable to identify the current state of knowledge of e-mobility and its assessment by young consumers (18-to 25-year-olds). How they perceive such vehicles is of great importance. Young buyers are a special group in the automotive market -their purchasing preferences will determine the nature of the car market in the future, including whether it will be zero-emission. Learning about the opinions of young consumers is important. On the one hand, it allows knowledge to be gained about the beliefs, feelings, and level of interest in this type of car and the actions young people want to take regarding purchase and use. On the other hand, knowledge of their attitudes towards electric cars can be the basis for creating more relevant information messages. Such information may also be significant for companies and institutions involved in introducing electric cars to the Polish market and those interested in the issues of new technologies in Poland.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128317579/Assessment_of_Knowledge_of_Young_Users_and_Their_Views_on_E_Mobility"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121919276/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128313691/Fiscal_Solvency_and_Sustainability_in_Economic_Management">Fiscal Solvency and Sustainability in Economic Management</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HinhDinh1">Hinh Dinh</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, World Bank policy research working paper</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Fiscal policy is central to a counltry's economic arld social either over time or across countries, and he discusses objectives, from macroeconomic stability to sustainable practical issues arising from this adaptation. Dinh1 growth and... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fiscal policy is central to a counltry's economic arld social either over time or across countries, and he discusses objectives, from macroeconomic stability to sustainable practical issues arising from this adaptation. Dinh1 growth and poverty reductioCn. BLut evalUations of a proposes two indicators to measure fiscal adjustment country's fiscal performance, over time or relative to efforts: other countries, are often conducted indepenident of * Fiscal solvency adjustment, which measures how far other development objectives. disregarding the links additional fiscal efforts must be taken to restore solvency between fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies. to the fiscal sector. A budget deficit of 4 percent of GDI', for example, Fiscal sustainability adjustmeint, which measures may be acceptable in one country bLut not in another, how far additional fiscal efforts inust be taken to because of different initial conditions and policy maintain the ratios of internal and external debt to priorities. In the same country, a level of fiscal deficit OUtpUt. may be acceptable one year bhtt not the next, depending l)inh applies the proposed framework to evaluate on developments and clhanges in policy objectives. recent fiscal performance in three countries -Argentina, * The size and growth of the consolidated budget deficit to GDP and the size of publicsector borrowing requirement to GDP. * The importance of non-central government accounts such as extra-budgetary accounts, social security system, central bank, public-enterprises, public-sector banks, and semipublic organizations * Whether the root cause of budget imbalance comes from the revenue side, or the expenditure side, or both. * The structure of revenues: direct vs. indirect taxes, other potential sources of revenues such as implicit or explicit subsidies. * The buoyancy of the tax system and the degree of rent capturing which could be subject to exogenous shocks. * The transitional nature of revenues: sources of revenues (such as sale of public assets) that may not be permanent. * The structure of expenditures: recurrent vs. capital expenditures. Within each category, potential sources of cuts and their impact on the efficiency and equity of public service delivery: the wage bill, subsidies, operations and maintenance, and capital expenditures. * The impact of domestic borrowing on private investment, on the financial sector and the banking system (for example, banks are required to hold a percentage of deposits in Government bonds). Impact of external borrowing on debt servicing problems. Impact of inflation on growth, investment and income distribution. * Other methods of financing the budget deficit: seignorage, inflation tax, and sale of government assets. * The extent to which the budget has been affected by the stock of domestic debt and by inflation. * The extent to which the public-sector has generated foreign exchange to service its debt payments. In this context, the nature of the current exchange rate regime, including the restrictions on current-account and capital-account transactions. * The extent to which the Goverinment has received grants and soft money from foreign governments to finance projects whose expenditures are included above the line.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128313691/Fiscal_Solvency_and_Sustainability_in_Economic_Management"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121915925/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128312417/Building_a_Just_Trade_Order_for_a_New_Millennium">Building a Just Trade Order for a New Millennium</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://bc.academia.edu/FGarcia">Frank J . Garcia</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev.</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The development of international trade law and policy continues to be hampered by inadequate consideration of the serious normative issues embedded in trade, as in any complex human social activity. The many&quot; trade and _&quot;... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The development of international trade law and policy continues to be hampered by inadequate consideration of the serious normative issues embedded in trade, as in any complex human social activity. The many&quot; trade and _&quot; problems1 currently at the forefront ...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128312417/Building_a_Just_Trade_Order_for_a_New_Millennium"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121914927/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128310241/A_Cost_Perspective_on_Televised_Sport_The_Optimal_Economic_Utilisation_of_Sports_Media_Rights">A Cost Perspective on Televised Sport: The Optimal Economic Utilisation of Sport's Media Rights</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HallvardJohnsen">Hallvard Johnsen</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128310241/A_Cost_Perspective_on_Televised_Sport_The_Optimal_Economic_Utilisation_of_Sports_Media_Rights"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121912968/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128295910/Institutional_Change_in_Practice">Institutional Change in Practice</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JerzyHausner1">Jerzy Hausner</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology, 2011, nr 1(3), s. 9-17</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">In 2003, when we had begun working on the National Programme of Development (NPR) 2007-2013, I was wondering what could be done in order to prevent our political successors from wasting, aft er the parliamentary elections of 2005, what we... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2003, when we had begun working on the National Programme of Development (NPR) 2007-2013, I was wondering what could be done in order to prevent our political successors from wasting, aft er the parliamentary elections of 2005, what we would have achieved by that time. The main challenge to deal with was how to take advantage of EU membership and utilise EU structural instruments. It is rational, that a full cycle of development foreseen in such plan is carried out more for than a dozen years or so, that is, at least three to four government terms. I assumed that the most sensible solution would be to prepare a complete NPR and all the documents needed, but without passing them. Instead they were left for our successors for adjustments. I had thought that if the proceedings were fully transparent and accompanied with broad national debate, involving representatives of the opposition, then our successors would respect the outcome of such a collaboration and further use it. I also assumed that they would only change the details like titles, covers, reorganize something, but apart from that they would accept the Programme simply because they would not be able to develop anything entirely new on time. I was wrong, as it turned out. Almost everything was forsaken just because it was developed by the former, 'not right' government. Even the slightest traces of NPR disappeared from the site of the Ministry of Regional Development.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128295910/Institutional_Change_in_Practice"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121901184/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128290435/La_asignaci%C3%B3n_universal_por_hijo_para_protecci%C3%B3n_social_AUH_Universal_child_allowance_for_social_protection">La asignación universal por hijo para protección social (AUH) - Universal child allowance for social protection</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Nicol%C3%A1sLobos">Nicolás Lobos</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Confluência</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">por Hijo para Protección Social (AUH) en los discursos sociales hegemónicos, en la percepción subjetiva de los derecho-habientes de la misma y el impacto de ésta en sus trayectorias socioeconómicas de vida. A partir de los relatos de las... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">por Hijo para Protección Social (AUH) en los discursos sociales hegemónicos, en la percepción subjetiva de los derecho-habientes de la misma y el impacto de ésta en sus trayectorias socioeconómicas de vida. A partir de los relatos de las receptoras, analizamos la experiencia y valoraciones que poseen sobre la medida, la utilización del ingreso percibido y el direccionamiento de sus gastos cotidianos. Asimismo, buscamos identificar en qué medida existe la presencia del discurso dominante en los receptores de la AUH.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128290435/La_asignaci%C3%B3n_universal_por_hijo_para_protecci%C3%B3n_social_AUH_Universal_child_allowance_for_social_protection"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121896455/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128271210/Features_of_Location_of_State_Debt_Management_Agency_Institute_in_RA_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%90">Features of Location of State Debt Management Agency Institute in RA / Особенности расположения института агентства по управлению государственным долгом в РА</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AshotMatevosyan5">Ashot Matevosyan</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Регион и мир / Region and the World</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Արտաքին պետական պարտքի կառավարման արդյունավետության բարձրացման տեսանկյունից միջազգային պրակտիկայում կիրառելի է առանձին պարտքի կառավարման «գրասենյակի» կամ «գործակալական ինստիտուտի» մեխանիզմը։ Միջազգային պրակտիկայի ուսումնասիրությունները... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Արտաքին պետական պարտքի կառավարման արդյունավետության բարձրացման տեսանկյունից միջազգային պրակտիկայում կիրառելի է առանձին պարտքի կառավարման «գրասենյակի» կամ «գործակալական ինստիտուտի» մեխանիզմը։ Միջազգային պրակտիկայի ուսումնասիրությունները թույլ են տալիս նշելու, որ պարտքի կառավարման առանձին գործակալություններ ունեն հիմնականում զարգացած երկրները, որոնք ունեն արդյունավետորեն գործող ներքին կապիտալի շուկաներ։ Կարծում ենք, ՀՀ-ում պարտքի կառավարման գործակալական ինստիտուտի տեղայնացման առաջարկը պարտքի կառավարումը մեկ միասնական կառույցի ներքո կոորդինացնելուց զատ, նպաստի նաև արտաքին աղբյուրներից ներգրավված միջոցների օգտագործման արդյունքում ապահովված տնտեսական աճի չափելիությանը։ Հանգուցաբառեր` Պետական պարտք, պարտքի կառավարում, արտաքին պարտք, պարտքի կառավարման գործակալություն, կառավարման միջազգային փորձ Особенности расположения института агентства по управлению государственным долгом в РА</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128271210/Features_of_Location_of_State_Debt_Management_Agency_Institute_in_RA_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%90"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121880219/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128269487/Modelo_Matem%C3%A1tico_hacia_el_Crecimiento_Econ%C3%B3mico_End%C3%B3geno_del_Ecuador_a%C3%B1o_2013">Modelo Matemático hacia el Crecimiento Económico Endógeno del Ecuador, año 2013</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlosManuelHurtado">Carlos Manuel Hurtado</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Que el presente trabajo de investigación realizado por el estudiante Carlos Andrés Moreno Hurtado, sobre el tema: "Modelo Matemático hacia el crecimiento económico endógeno del Ecuador, año 2013", ha sido cuidadosamente revisado por el... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Que el presente trabajo de investigación realizado por el estudiante Carlos Andrés Moreno Hurtado, sobre el tema: "Modelo Matemático hacia el crecimiento económico endógeno del Ecuador, año 2013", ha sido cuidadosamente revisado por el suscrito, por lo que he podido constatar que cumple con todos los requisitos de fondo y forma establecidos por la</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128269487/Modelo_Matem%C3%A1tico_hacia_el_Crecimiento_Econ%C3%B3mico_End%C3%B3geno_del_Ecuador_a%C3%B1o_2013"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121878752/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128268600/Directory_Enabled_Networks">Directory Enabled Networks</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnStrassner">John Strassner</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, New Riders Publishing eBooks</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128268600/Directory_Enabled_Networks"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121878024/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128263975/Prozorro_electronic_system_as_a_revolution_in_the_public_procurement_system_in_Ukraine">Prozorro" electronic system as a revolution in the public procurement system in Ukraine</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD">Алла Аліджанівна Балан</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Ekonomìka: realìï času</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Стаття присвячена висвітленню електронної системи «Prozorro» як засобу формування ефективної та прозорої системи публічних закупівель в Україні. Досліджені основні світоглядні підходи до визначення державних і публічних закупівель.... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Стаття присвячена висвітленню електронної системи «Prozorro» як засобу формування ефективної та прозорої системи публічних закупівель в Україні. Досліджені основні світоглядні підходи до визначення державних і публічних закупівель. Проаналізовано законодавчу базу публічних закупівель в Україні. Визначені причини створення «Prozorro», основні положення цієї системи та зроблений висновок щодо її позитивного впливу на сферу публічних закупівель. Визначено, що основна мета запровадження «Prozorro» створення ефективної, прозорої та відкритої системи публічних закупівель в Україні, які наблизять нашу державу до вступу у ЄС. Ключові слова: державні закупівлі, публічні закупівлі, «Prozorro», тендер, система публічних закупівель Balan A.A., Bukovsky D.A. "Prozorro" electronic system as a revolution in the public procurement system in Ukraine. Review article. The article is devoted to the coverage of the electronic system "Prozorro" as a means of forming an effective and transparent system of public procurement in Ukraine. The main worldview approaches to the definition of public and public procurement are studied. The legal framework of public procurement in Ukraine is analyzed. The reasons for the creation of "Prozorro", the main provisions of this system and the conclusion about its positive impact on public procurement are identified. It is concluded that the main purpose of the introduction of "Prozorro" is to create an effective, transparent and open system of public procurement in Ukraine, which will bring our country closer to EU accession.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128263975/Prozorro_electronic_system_as_a_revolution_in_the_public_procurement_system_in_Ukraine"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121873954/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128262960/Sustaining_the_Momentum_of_Fiscal_Reform_in_Hungary">Sustaining the Momentum of Fiscal Reform in Hungary</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HagemannR">Robert Hagemann</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, OECD Economics Department Working Papers</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Hungary has faced a considerable challenge to regain credibility following persistent and high fiscal deficits. Efforts during recent years have produced substantial results. The fiscal deficit has been brought down significantly and,... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hungary has faced a considerable challenge to regain credibility following persistent and high fiscal deficits. Efforts during recent years have produced substantial results. The fiscal deficit has been brought down significantly and, despite the recession, fiscal consolidation has continued to help restore foreign investor confidence. Short-term fiscal adjustment needed to be accompanied by measures that can durably improve Hungary's fiscal position, however, and it has; the adoption in 2009 of a pension reform and a Fiscal Responsibility Act, creating a Fiscal Council and fiscal rules hold that potential. These results should not lead to complacency. Some expenditure cuts, such as lower public salaries, may prove difficult to sustain. Fiscal consolidation in the past owed both to expenditure cuts and revenue increases. As a result, and despite an important tax reform starting in the second half of 2009 and extended from the beginning of 2010, marginal tax rates remain high, with adverse effects on the labour market and growth. Going forward, the government needs to contain public expenditure growth and improve public administration efficiency to reduce the public "footprint" on the economy and allow lower taxes. Key areas that warrant intensified efforts are public administration and health. The government should help secure a prominent role for the Fiscal Council and sufficient experience needs to accumulate before considering any substantial changes in the fiscal rules. Finally, improvements to make taxation less distortive should continue by further reducing tax wedges, and increasing the role of wealth taxes, notably for local governments. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (<a href="http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/hungary" rel="nofollow">www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/hungary</a>).</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128262960/Sustaining_the_Momentum_of_Fiscal_Reform_in_Hungary"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121873153/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128262926/Restoring_Fiscal_Sustainability_in_the_United_States">Restoring Fiscal Sustainability in the United States</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HagemannR">Robert Hagemann</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, OECD Economics Department Working Papers</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The United States faces challenging budgetary prospects, as do most other OECD countries. The federal budget deficit widened considerably during the recession, reaching about 10% of GDP in both 2009 and 2010, reflecting the operation of... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The United States faces challenging budgetary prospects, as do most other OECD countries. The federal budget deficit widened considerably during the recession, reaching about 10% of GDP in both 2009 and 2010, reflecting the operation of automatic stabilizers and the policy response to the crisis. Consequently, public debt now stands at its highest level since the early-1950s. The Administration has proposed the objective of stabilising the debt-GDP ratio by 2015, which is realistic in scope and ambition, though it requires fiscal tightening measures which are yet to be identified. In the next decade, the effects of population ageing on entitlement spending will be increasingly felt and the fiscal situation could deteriorate significantly in the absence of structural reforms of pension and, especially, health care programmes.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128262926/Restoring_Fiscal_Sustainability_in_the_United_States"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121873109/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128262854/The_evolutionary_political_economy_of_dichotomized_societies">The evolutionary political economy of dichotomized societies</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://unizar.academia.edu/FranciscoFatasVillafranca">Francisco Fatas-Villafranca</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Journal of Evolutionary Economics</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Referendum practices and other forms of antagonistic political participation have become more commonplace in the last two decades. These practices have significant social and economic consequences and, as such, economic theory must study... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Referendum practices and other forms of antagonistic political participation have become more commonplace in the last two decades. These practices have significant social and economic consequences and, as such, economic theory must study their development. In this work, we study the cases of binary political choices, encompassed in what we call the evolutionary political economy of dichotomized societies. We see the origins of these phenomena in certain streams of socio-political thought and analyze the conditions of their evolution. We also link our study with contributions to polarization research in socio-physics and mathematical sociology. Drawing on these fields, we present a new model that allows us to analyze these processes and obtain scenarios with different implications. Drawing on the model, we ask questions such as: can we determine specific conditions under which a referendum may end up truly reflecting the structural trend of public opinion? Are there situations in which dichotomized political processes may lead to surprising results? Can we characterize polarization as an emergent property of evolving political economies? Depending on specific parametric regimes, very different answers to these questions emerge.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128262854/The_evolutionary_political_economy_of_dichotomized_societies"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121873043/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128253604/Vom_camarade_zum_monsieur_Strukturanpassung_und_Demokratisierung_in_Benin">Vom camarade zum monsieur: Strukturanpassung und Demokratisierung in Benin</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HansJoachimPreu%C3%9F">Hans-Joachim Preuß</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Peripherie</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The process of political and economic liberalisation in Benin is regarded as a model for the whole of Sub-Saharan Africa. Benin made history by becoming the first African country to overthrow a military dictator by democratic means. The... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The process of political and economic liberalisation in Benin is regarded as a model for the whole of Sub-Saharan Africa. Benin made history by becoming the first African country to overthrow a military dictator by democratic means. The civilian coup d'état cleared the way for economic recovery, too. The strengthening of democratic institutions, and the good will of the new government of the former high ranking World Bank-employee Nicephore Soglo, to follow the recommendations of the structural adjustment program have been honoured by the donors' generosity. The recovery of the economy, however, was hampered by the underlying fabric of the socio-cultural structure of clientelism and patronage, which resulted in a situation in which the on going structural adjustment program mainly served the vested interests of the state class and rival strategic groups, bargaining for the booty of increasing development assistance. Thus, socio economic conditions for a self-sustaining development process and, consequently, increased development assistance are not yet met. Nevertheless, areas of co-operation do exist in the fields of liberty of press and opinion, basic needs and self-help organizations. National Assembly, Porto Novo (capital of the Rep. of Bénin).</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128253604/Vom_camarade_zum_monsieur_Strukturanpassung_und_Demokratisierung_in_Benin"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121865637/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128242002/Public_Opinion_and_Foreign_Aid_Cuts_in_Economic_Crises">Public Opinion and Foreign Aid Cuts in Economic Crises</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://nu-kz.academia.edu/YoshiharuKobayashi">Yoshiharu Kobayashi</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, World Development</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Economic crises generally lead to reductions in foreign aid. However, the widely held view that budgetary constraints caused by economic crises reduce aid is inaccurate because donor government outlays actually tend to increase. We... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Economic crises generally lead to reductions in foreign aid. However, the widely held view that budgetary constraints caused by economic crises reduce aid is inaccurate because donor government outlays actually tend to increase. We develop an argument that aid cuts occur because voters place a lower priority on aid during economic downturns and politicians respond by cutting aid. Using data from Eurobarometer, we demonstrate that economic downturns lead to reduced public support for helping the poor abroad. These findings are robust across a large number of alternative specifications. Our findings have implications for how advocates may prevent aid reductions during economic recessions.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128242002/Public_Opinion_and_Foreign_Aid_Cuts_in_Economic_Crises"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121855811/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128241989/Public_Opinion_and_Foreign_Aid_Cuts_in_Economic_Crises">Public Opinion and Foreign Aid Cuts in Economic Crises</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://nu-kz.academia.edu/YoshiharuKobayashi">Yoshiharu Kobayashi</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, World Development</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Economic crises generally lead to reductions in foreign aid. However, the widely held view that budgetary constraints caused by economic crises reduce aid is inaccurate because donor government outlays actually tend to increase. We... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Economic crises generally lead to reductions in foreign aid. However, the widely held view that budgetary constraints caused by economic crises reduce aid is inaccurate because donor government outlays actually tend to increase. We develop an argument that aid cuts occur because voters place a lower priority on aid during economic downturns and politicians respond by cutting aid. Using data from Eurobarometer, we demonstrate that economic downturns lead to reduced public support for helping the poor abroad. These findings are robust across a large number of alternative specifications. Our findings have implications for how advocates may prevent aid reductions during economic recessions.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128241989/Public_Opinion_and_Foreign_Aid_Cuts_in_Economic_Crises"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121855825/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128240931/Adaptation_Strategy_on_Urban_Air_Quality_Case_Study_Semarang_Urban_Area_Indonesia">Adaptation Strategy on Urban Air Quality, Case Study: Semarang Urban Area, Indonesia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/EviGravitiani">Evi Gravitiani</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Advances in Economics and Business</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The economic growth in the urban areas is characterized by the growth of the industrial sector and traffic density. The increase in the amount of motorized vehicles caused an increase in emission in the air. Emission is mobile sources of... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The economic growth in the urban areas is characterized by the growth of the industrial sector and traffic density. The increase in the amount of motorized vehicles caused an increase in emission in the air. Emission is mobile sources of pollution, which interfere with the air quality in the urban areas. These effects human health negatively. This research was estimating the willingness to pay (WTP) with the contingent valuation method. This research aims to determine the public awareness to keep their environment clean. It is indicated by people's WTP on policy implication that offered once every year. The strategy offered to diminish mobile sources of pollution are (1) improvement in transportation infrastructure, (2) reforestation, (3) replacement of old motorized vehicles, and (4) the use of alternative roads on traffic peak hours. The strategies to diminish the mobile sources of pollution were ranked by an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) according to people's preference in the implementation. The strategies have implications in four consecutive years.The research result showed that the level of WTP of the society was still low, as only 38% of the people are willing to pay a maximum of 40,000 rupiah every year to reduce mobile pollution sources. The determinant factors of the WTP are estimated by the ordered probit method. The estimated results showed that the income of the respondents compared to health costs, caused by damaged lungs, eyes, and nose, has an influence on the WTP. While the age, education, and distance to the polluted area of the respondents are not significantly influencing the WTP.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128240931/Adaptation_Strategy_on_Urban_Air_Quality_Case_Study_Semarang_Urban_Area_Indonesia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121854904/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128233978/Avrupa_Birli%C4%9Fi_Erasmus_Sport_Projelerinin_Analizi_ve_T%C3%BCrkiye_ile_Di%C4%9Fer_Avrupa_%C3%9Clkelerinin_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1">Avrupa Birliği Erasmus+ Sport Projelerinin Analizi ve Türkiye ile Diğer Avrupa Ülkelerinin Karşılaştırılması</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://bartin.academia.edu/cemalozman">Cemal Özman</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, turkish journal of sport and exercise</p></div><div class="summary">It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128233978/Avrupa_Birli%C4%9Fi_Erasmus_Sport_Projelerinin_Analizi_ve_T%C3%BCrkiye_ile_Di%C4%9Fer_Avrupa_%C3%9Clkelerinin_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121849035/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128230349/Migration_and_Sustainable_Development_in_the_Context_of_Globalization">Migration and Sustainable Development in the Context of Globalization</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/EnacheGabriela6">Enache Gabriela</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, The Romanian Economic Journal</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Globalization represents for some people freedoms, while for others it is a destiny to be rewritten through great human sacrifices. As a result of globalization, migration has triggered political tensions in many parts of the world, which... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Globalization represents for some people freedoms, while for others it is a destiny to be rewritten through great human sacrifices. As a result of globalization, migration has triggered political tensions in many parts of the world, which has led to the need to sign an act aimed at integrating migrants, strengthening their rights and clearly delimiting legal and illegal migration. The controversial act in Marrakech signed in 2018 by over 150 countries is considered a factor that has the role of encouraging the migration phenomenon worldwide. Currently, there are approximately 258 million migrants in the world, which represents 3.4% of the world&#39;s population. Of these, approximately 80% are migrants with legal forms. Given that the social factor is one of the three pillars of sustainable development, in this article we will address the migration factor in Romania, developing a critical analysis on the developments undertaken in this regard. We will approach the migration phenomen...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128230349/Migration_and_Sustainable_Development_in_the_Context_of_Globalization"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121846039/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128217145/Hispanics_and_Employment_ERIC_CUE_Fact_Sheet_Number_15">Hispanics and Employment. ERIC/CUE Fact Sheet Number 15</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/carolascher">carol ascher</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Employment statistics of Mexican-American, Cuban-American, and Puerto Rican men and women are compared with each 4other and with blacks and whites. Facts and figures are provided for geographic distribution4 labor force participation... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Employment statistics of Mexican-American, Cuban-American, and Puerto Rican men and women are compared with each 4other and with blacks and whites. Facts and figures are provided for geographic distribution4 labor force participation (employed or seeking a job), typ% of occupation (blue-collar or white-collar), and income. Barriers to employment which are discussed include lack of English fluency, lowAdvel of education, and discrimination. Finally; the recommendations ok the National Commission on Employment Policy for improving the employment situation of'Hispanic-Americans are described. (DC) 4.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128217145/Hispanics_and_Employment_ERIC_CUE_Fact_Sheet_Number_15"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121835399/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128205714/The_Absence_of_the_Rule_of_Law_in_Mexico_Diagnosis_and_Implications_for_a_Mexican_Transition_to_Democracy">The Absence of the Rule of Law in Mexico: Diagnosis and Implications for a Mexican Transition to Democracy</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://harvard.academia.edu/AliciaElyYamin">Alicia Ely Yamin</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Loyola of Los Angeles international and comparative law review</p></div><div class="summary">We don't have conditions for security; we don't have the rule of law that is required for Mexico to develop.</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128205714/The_Absence_of_the_Rule_of_Law_in_Mexico_Diagnosis_and_Implications_for_a_Mexican_Transition_to_Democracy"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121826083/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128195296/Current_Crisis_in_Ukraine_and_Its_Consequences">Current Crisis in Ukraine and Its Consequences</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/VeraZelenovic">Vera Zelenovic</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Novi ekonomist</p></div><div class="summary">Paper presented at the 10th International Scientific Symposium "EkonBiz: Economic challenges in the conditions of accelerated global changes",</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128195296/Current_Crisis_in_Ukraine_and_Its_Consequences"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121817301/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128186807/Modeling_Politics_with_Economics_tools_A_Critical_Survey_of_the_Literature">Modeling Politics with Economics tools: A Critical Survey of the Literature</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JOlters">Jan-Peter Olters</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, IMF Working Papers</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMP policy. Working Papers describe research in DrOl!TeSS bV the author(s) and are Dublished to elicit comments and... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMP policy. Working Papers describe research in DrOl!TeSS bV the author(s) and are Dublished to elicit comments and to further debate. Whereas the economics discipline possesses a highly refined theoretical apparatus to analyze the effects of government behavior on the economy, it has not (yet) managed to fully develop a positively fonnulated "economic theory of politics" that would permit the integration of the decision-making processes of voters, parties, and governments with those of consumers and finns, Considerable recent advances notwithstanding, the large and heterogeneous body of literature has (so far) remained outside the economic mainstream. This paper surveys the main approaches used to endogenize democratic elements and assesses the underlying reasons for researchers' renewed interest in this field.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128186807/Modeling_Politics_with_Economics_tools_A_Critical_Survey_of_the_Literature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121809952/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128183907/The_Spectre_of_Financial_Dominance_in_the_Eurozone">The Spectre of Financial Dominance in the Eurozone</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcelloMessori">Marcello Messori</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Italian economic journal</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Differently from previous crises, the European institutions responded promptly to the Covid-19 pandemic by implementing an appropriate policy mix. However, this policy mix has proven to be insufficient for reducing the risks of financial... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Differently from previous crises, the European institutions responded promptly to the Covid-19 pandemic by implementing an appropriate policy mix. However, this policy mix has proven to be insufficient for reducing the risks of financial instability in the European Union due to the temporary horizon of the centralised fiscal policy and the persistence of adverse shocks. In fact, the impact of the pandemic was exacerbated by the dramatic consequences of the war in Ukraine. The possible inefficiencies in implementing the Next Generation-EU (NG-EU) and an inadequate response to the Ukraine crisis could trigger, at best, the revival of financial and fiscal dominance in the euro-area economies. However, by using a simple model referred to the post-pandemic and war period, we show that the overburdening of the European Central Bank's role would come with high costs. Hence, we argue that it is necessary to pursue sustainable development based on the successful implementation of the NG-EU and the related transformation of the one-shot centralised fiscal policy into a recurrent policy tool.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128183907/The_Spectre_of_Financial_Dominance_in_the_Eurozone"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121807147/download_file?st=MTc0MzAzNTQ4NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span 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