Ribozyme-mediated RNA synthesis and replication in a model Hadean microenvironment

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zOisrQVLcS4bxKQHpNCSKlKBiJWFAQ6o7SoyMWmf1jtnW4DfNu7G9ET8VwojQ7CC"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zOisrQVLcS4bxKQHpNCSKlKBiJWFAQ6o7SoyMWmf1jtnW4DfNu7G9ET8VwojQ7CC"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zOisrQVLcS4bxKQHpNCSKlKBiJWFAQ6o7SoyMWmf1jtnW4DfNu7G9ET8VwojQ7CC"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zOisrQVLcS4bxKQHpNCSKlKBiJWFAQ6o7SoyMWmf1jtnW4DfNu7G9ET8VwojQ7CC"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="36932102"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 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Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Nat Commun"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Nat Commun"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2023 Mar 17;14(1):1495.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37206-4. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Ribozyme-mediated RNA synthesis and replication in a model Hadean microenvironment </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Salditt+A&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Annalena Salditt">Annalena Salditt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Karr+L&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Leonie Karr">Leonie Karr</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Salibi+E&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Elia Salibi">Elia Salibi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Le+Vay+K&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kristian Le Vay">Kristian Le Vay</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Braun+D&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dieter Braun">Dieter Braun</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany. dieter.braun@lmu.de." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mutschler+H&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hannes Mutschler">Hannes Mutschler</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. hannes.mutschler@tu-dortmund.de." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/36932102/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany. dieter.braun@lmu.de.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. hannes.mutschler@tu-dortmund.de.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">36932102</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span 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class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Annalena Salditt</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Nat Commun<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2023">2023</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/36932102/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" 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(CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Karr+L&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Leonie Karr">Leonie Karr</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Salibi+E&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Elia Salibi">Elia Salibi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Le+Vay+K&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kristian Le Vay">Kristian Le Vay</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Braun+D&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dieter Braun">Dieter Braun</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany. dieter.braun@lmu.de." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mutschler+H&cauthor_id=36932102" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hannes Mutschler">Hannes Mutschler</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. hannes.mutschler@tu-dortmund.de." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Systems Biophysics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany. dieter.braun@lmu.de.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. hannes.mutschler@tu-dortmund.de.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">36932102</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC10023712&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10023712/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC10023712 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/s41467-023-37206-4&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37206-4" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/s41467-023-37206-4 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/36932102/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/36932102/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Enzyme-catalyzed replication of nucleic acid sequences is a prerequisite for the survival and evolution of biological entities. Before the advent of protein synthesis, genetic information was most likely stored in and replicated by RNA. However, experimental systems for sustained RNA-dependent RNA-replication are difficult to realise, in part due to the high thermodynamic stability of duplex products and the low chemical stability of catalytic RNAs. Using a derivative of a group I intron as a model for an RNA replicase, we show that heated air-water interfaces that are exposed to a plausible CO<sub>2</sub>-rich atmosphere enable sense and antisense RNA replication as well as template-dependent synthesis and catalysis of a functional ribozyme in a one-pot reaction. Both reactions are driven by autonomous oscillations in salt concentrations and pH, resulting from precipitation of acidified dew droplets, which transiently destabilise RNA duplexes. Our results suggest that an abundant Hadean microenvironment may have promoted both replication and synthesis of functional RNAs. </p> </div> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> © 2023. The Author(s). </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/970d/10023712/f3f67e15f2e0/41467_2023_37206_Fig1_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="667" data-image-height="694" data-image-alt="Fig. 1" data-pmc-id="PMC10023712" data-figure-id="Fig1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/970d/10023712/8ef275a4da8e/41467_2023_37206_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="667"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="694"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. Heated AWI-systems create micro water… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. Heated AWI-systems create micro water cycles that enable RNA folding, ligation, and strand… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1. Heated AWI-systems create micro water cycles that enable RNA folding, ligation, and strand separation at low magnesium concentrations. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Asymmetric heating triggers a temperature gradient across AWI compartments. This setup mimics a gas bubble inside a porous volcanic rock. RNA and ions are concentrated at the warm side of the interface by the evaporation of water. The evaporated water condenses as dew droplets on the cold side of the chamber. The droplets grow through surface tension and form a connection to the warm surface of the chamber, creating a miniature water cycle with strong fluctuations in salt concentration and pH similar to what has been described previously<sup>,</sup>. <b>b</b> The <i>sunY</i> ribozyme catalyzes templated ligation of RNA strands using guanosine nucleosides (G) as leaving group as schematically shown for the ligation substrates M1-Cy5 (red label), M2 and M3. The mechanism of ligation is based on the exon ligation step during RNA splicing by group I intron: after formation of the ribozyme substrate complex, the ligation junction of the substrate duplex is positioned in the catalytic center of the ribozyme by binding of the terminal guanine nucleotide of the downstream exon in the G-binding pocket. The aligned 3’-OH group of the upstream exon performs an inline attack on the phosphodiester bond of the bound 5’-guanosine, leading to ligation of the adjacent upstream and downstream exons and release of the guanosine and the catalytic intron. <b>c</b> PAGE analysis (two channels: SYBR Gold, blue, and Cy5, red) shows that the AWI environment enables ligation of an RNA product M123 from three RNA substrates (M1-3) at MgCl<sub>2</sub> concentrations as low as 1 mM. To produce yields similar to 5 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub> in the AWI-system, a MgCl<sub>2</sub> concentration of 50 mM is required under isothermal conditions. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/970d/10023712/8f990e96d4dc/41467_2023_37206_Fig2_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="675" data-image-height="1010" data-image-alt="Fig. 2" data-pmc-id="PMC10023712" data-figure-id="Fig2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/970d/10023712/621a59fd911f/41467_2023_37206_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="675"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1010"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. Complete replication cycles of sunY… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. Complete replication cycles of sunY fragments. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Illustration (left) and PAGE analysis (right)…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2. Complete replication cycles of sunY fragments. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Illustration (left) and PAGE analysis (right) of separately performed template-dependent ligations of the three <i>sunY</i> fragments A123, B123, and C123. Lanes show reactions before (T<sub>0</sub>) and after 2 h of incubation. <b>b</b>–<b>c</b> Full replication cycle of fragment C123. Replication proceeds vial ligation of the RNA substrates for the sense strand (C1, C2, C3-Cy5, red) and the antisense strand (tC1-FAM, tC2, tC3, blue). In the AWI-systems, both the sense and antisense strands emerged <b>b</b> with the template present and <b>c</b> without the template present, suggesting that <i>sunY</i> partially acted as a template for antisense strand synthesis (gray box). Under isothermal conditions no products were observed after PAGE analysis. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/970d/10023712/a199be6535f6/41467_2023_37206_Fig3_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="672" data-image-height="607" data-image-alt="Fig. 3" data-pmc-id="PMC10023712" data-figure-id="Fig3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/970d/10023712/51972d81c89a/41467_2023_37206_Fig3_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="672"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="607"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. Templated synthesis and release of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. Templated synthesis and release of active hammerhead ribozyme. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> <i> sunY </i> catalyzes template-dependent ligation…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3. Templated synthesis and release of active hammerhead ribozyme. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> <i>sunY</i> catalyzes template-dependent ligation of the hammerhead ribozyme (HH-min, red) from the three RNA substrates (HH1-3, red). Local variations in pH and salt concentration cause strand separation, releasing ligated HH-min, which can then bind to and cleave its substrate (blue). <b>b</b> Ligated HH-min (red, Cy5) was observed in both the non-equilibrium and isothermal environments after 2 h of incubation. Formation of cleaved hammerhead substrate (HH-sub, blue, FAM) was observed only after incubation under non-equilibrium (AWI) conditions. Control experiments without <i>sunY</i> ribozyme exhibited no HH-min assembly or HH-sub cleavage, demonstrating that the combined unligated HH-min fragments HH1-3 have no residual RNA-cleavage activity. The isothermal control also showed no activity. Individual gel lanes (outlined with dotted lines) have been rearranged for clarity. <b>c</b> Bar graph showing the calculated yields of HH-sub cleavage after 2 h and 4 h in the AWI-system and under isothermal control conditions. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Black circles represent the values from independent replicates with <i>n</i> = 10 for 2 h incubation and <i>n</i> = 4 for 4 h incubation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/21474753/" ref="article_id=21474753&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="21474753" data-ga-label=""> Ribozyme-catalyzed transcription of an active ribozyme. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Wochner A, Attwater J, Coulson A, Holliger P.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Wochner A, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):209-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1200752.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Science. 2011.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">21474753</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/24256864/" ref="article_id=24256864&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="24256864" data-ga-label=""> In-ice evolution of RNA polymerase ribozyme activity. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Attwater J, Wochner A, Holliger P.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Attwater J, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Chem. 2013 Dec;5(12):1011-8. doi: 10.1038/nchem.1781. 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Biochemistry. 1993;32:2111–2115. doi: 10.1021/bi00059a032. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00059a032" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="10.1021/bi00059a032" > DOI </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/7680575/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="7680575" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/36932102/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 32 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown 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