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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Professional associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional associations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ASCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>ASCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>ICE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>CSCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مهندس مدني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهندس مدني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="পুরকৌশলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুরকৌশলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygningsingeni%C3%B8r" title="Bygningsingeniør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bygningsingeniør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauingenieur" title="Bauingenieur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bauingenieur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πολιτικός μηχανικός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτικός μηχανικός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniero_civil" title="Ingeniero civil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniero civil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهندس عمران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندس عمران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur_civil" title="Ingénieur civil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ingénieur civil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insinyur_sipil" title="Insinyur sipil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Insinyur sipil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhandisi_Majengo" title="Mhandisi Majengo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mhandisi Majengo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%ADt%C5%91m%C3%A9rn%C3%B6k" title="Építőmérnök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Építőmérnök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiel_ingenieur" title="Civiel ingenieur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Civiel ingenieur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BCynier_budownictwa" title="Inżynier budownictwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inżynier budownictwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenheiro_civil" title="Engenheiro civil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenheiro civil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гражданский инженер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданский инженер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieri_i_nd%C3%ABrtimit" title="Inxhinieri i ndërtimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieri i ndërtimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="குடிசார் பொறியாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடிசார் பொறியாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="土木工程師 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土木工程師" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13582652#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engineering of infrastructure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Civil engineer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg/300px-TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg/450px-TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg/600px-TVA_engineers_monitoring_Tellico_Dam_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="820" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> civil engineers monitoring water flow on a scale model of <a href="/wiki/Tellico_Dam" title="Tellico Dam">Tellico Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Civil engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Design and management of <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation system">transportation systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Technical knowledge, management skills, mathematical analysis</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>civil engineer</b> is a person who practices <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> while protecting the public and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a>, as well as improving existing infrastructure that may have been neglected. </p><p>Civil engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines because it deals with constructed environment<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS_2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "civil <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>" was established by <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> in 1750 to contrast engineers working on civil projects with the <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who worked on <a href="/wiki/Armaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaments">armaments</a> and defenses. Over time, various <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering#Sub-disciplines" title="Civil engineering">sub-disciplines</a> of civil engineering have become recognized<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of military engineering has been absorbed by civil engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other engineering practices became recognized as independent engineering disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. </p><p>In some places, a civil engineer may perform <a href="/wiki/Land_surveying" class="mw-redirect" title="Land surveying">land surveying</a>; in others, surveying is limited to <a href="/wiki/Construction_surveying" title="Construction surveying">construction surveying</a>, unless an additional qualification is obtained. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialization">Specialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civil engineers usually practice in a particular specialty, such as <a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">construction engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">transportation engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">sanitary engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a>. A civil engineer is concerned with determining the right design for these structures and looking after the construction process so that the longevity of these structures is guaranteed after completion. These structures should also be satisfactory for the public in terms of comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some civil engineers, particularly those working for government agencies, may practice across multiple specializations, particularly when involved in <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">critical infrastructure</a> development or maintenance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBQreview.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CBQreview.jpeg/220px-CBQreview.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CBQreview.jpeg/330px-CBQreview.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CBQreview.jpeg/440px-CBQreview.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>While all civil engineers tend to spend at least some time working "on site", much of the modern civil engineering work is done in offices, working with plans or computers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_environment">Work environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civil engineers generally work in a variety of locations and conditions. Much of a civil engineer's work is dealing with non-engineers or others from different technical disciplines, so training should give skills preparing future civil engineers in organizational relationships between parties to projects, cost and time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many spend time outdoors at construction sites so that they can monitor operations or solve problems onsite.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS_2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The job is typically a blend of in-office and on-location work depending on the focus of each engineer. Most engineers work full-time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_licensing">Education and licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most countries, a civil engineer will have graduated from a post-secondary school with a degree in civil engineering, which requires a strong background in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical sciences</a>; this degree is typically a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, though many civil engineers study further to obtain <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral">doctoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">post doctoral</a> degrees. In many countries, civil engineers are subject to <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensure</a>. In some jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves "civil engineers". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belgium, <i>Civil Engineer</i> (abbreviated <b>Ir.</b>) (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Ingénieur Civil</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Burgerlijk Ingenieur</i>) is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five-year engineering course of one of the six <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and the Royal Military Academy. Their speciality can be all fields of engineering: <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">physics</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of the title may cause confusion to the English speaker as the Belgian "civil" engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. In fact, Belgians use the adjective "civil" in the sense of "civilian", as opposed to military engineers. </p><p>The formation of the civil engineer has a strong <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> base and is more theoretical in approach than the practical oriented <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial engineer">industrial engineer</a> (<b>Ing.</b>) educated in a five-year program at a <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology#Belgium_and_the_Netherlands" title="Institute of technology">polytechnic</a>. Traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance <a href="/wiki/Exam" title="Exam">exam</a> on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. This exam was abolished in 2004 for the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>, but is still organised in the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Civil_engineer" title="Special:EditPage/Civil engineer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Civil+engineer%22">"Civil engineer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Civil+engineer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Civil+engineer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Civil+engineer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Civil+engineer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Civil+engineer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries, "civil engineer" (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">civilingenjör</i></span> in Swedish; <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sivilingeniør</i></span> in Norwegian; <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">civilingeniør</i></span> in Danish) is a <a href="/wiki/First_professional_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="First professional degree">first professional degree</a>, approximately equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Engineering" title="Master of Science in Engineering">Master of Science in Engineering</a>, and a protected title granted to students by selected <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">institutes of technology</a>. As in English, the word has its origin in the distinction between civilian and military engineers; before the start of the 19th century only military engineers existed, and the prefix "civil" was a way to separate those who had studied engineering in a regular university from their military counterparts. Today the degree spans over all fields within engineering, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, and electronics engineering, among others. </p><p>There is generally a slight difference between a Master of Science in Engineering degree and the Scandinavian civil engineer degree, the latter's programme having closer ties with the industry's demands. A civil engineer is the better-known of the two; still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. A noteworthy difference is the mandatory courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent master's degree, e.g. computer science. </p><p>Although a "college engineer" (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">högskoleingenjör, diplomingenjör,</i></span> or <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">mellaningenjör</i></span> in Swedish; <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">høgskoleingeniør</i></span> in Norwegian; <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">diplomingeniør</i></span> in Danish) is roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor of Science</a> in Scandinavia, to become a "civil engineer" one often has had to do up to one extra year of overlapping studies compared to attaining a B.Sc./M.Sc. combination. This is because the higher educational system is not fully adapted to the international standard graduation system, since it is treated as a <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degree</a>. Today (2009) this is starting to change due to the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>. </p><p>A Scandinavian <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">civilingenjör</i></span> will in international contexts commonly use the title of "Master of Science in Engineering" and will occasionally wear an engineering <a href="/wiki/Class_ring" title="Class ring">class ring</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technology" title="Norwegian Institute of Technology">Norwegian Institute of Technology</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a>), the tradition with an <a href="/wiki/NTH_Ring" title="NTH Ring">NTH Ring</a> goes back to 1914, before the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ring" title="Iron Ring">iron ring</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> degree can be obtained after four years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. The earned degree is called <i>Grado en Ingeniería Civil</i>. Further studies at a <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a> include master's and doctoral degrees. </p><p>Before the current situation, that is, before the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> in 2010, a degree in civil engineering in Spain could be obtained after three to six years of study and was divided into two main degrees. In the first case, the earned degree was called <i>Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas</i> (<i>ITOP</i>), literally translated as "Public Works Engineer" obtained after three years of study and equivalent to a Bachelor of Civil Engineering. In the second case, the academic degree was called <i>Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos</i> (often shortened to <i>Ingeniero de Caminos</i> or <i>ICCP</i>), that literally means "Highways, Canals and Harbors Engineer", though civil engineers in Spain practice in the same fields as civil engineers do elsewhere. This degree is equivalent to a Master of Civil Engineering and is obtained after five or six years of study depending on the school granting the title. </p><p>The first Spanish Civil Engineering School was the <i>Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de Caminos y Canales</i> (now called <i>Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos</i>), established in 1802 in Madrid, followed by the <i>Escuela Especial de Ayudantes de Obras Públicas</i> (now called <i>Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Obras Públicas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid</i>), founded in 1854 in Madrid. Both schools now belong to the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid" title="Technical University of Madrid">Technical University of Madrid</a>. </p><p>In Spain, a civil engineer has the technical and legal ability to design projects of any branch, so any Spanish civil engineer can oversee projects about structures, buildings (except residential structures which are reserved for architects), foundations, hydraulics, the environment, transportation, urbanism, etc. <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a> engineering tasks are included under the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a> degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chartered civil engineer (known as certified or professional engineer in other countries) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>, and has also passed membership exams. However, a non-chartered civil engineer may be a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers or the Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors. The description "civil engineer" is not restricted to members of any particular professional organisation although "chartered civil engineer" is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Eastern European countries, civil engineering does not exist as a distinct degree or profession <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but its various sub-professions are often studied in separate university faculties and performed as separate professions, whether they are taught in civilian universities or military engineering academies. Even many <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_using_the_term_%22institute_of_technology%22_or_%22polytechnic%22" title="List of institutions using the term "institute of technology" or "polytechnic"">polytechnic</a> tertiary schools give out separate degrees for each field of study. Typically study in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban engineering">urban engineering</a> allows a person to obtain a degree in <a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">construction engineering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a> and even sometimes <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> are fields in a degree in "Machinery Engineering". <a href="/wiki/Computer_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer sciences">Computer sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> are fields in a degree in electrical engineering, while <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> are in a category of their own, typically each with their own degrees, either in separate university faculties or at polytechnic schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, civil engineers are typically employed by municipalities, construction firms, consulting engineering firms, architect/engineer firms, the military, state governments, and the federal government. Each state requires engineers who offer their services to the public to be licensed by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licensure is obtained by meeting specified education, examination, and work experience requirements. Specific requirements vary by state. </p><p>Typically, licensed engineers must graduate from an <a href="/wiki/ABET" title="ABET">ABET</a>-accredited university or college engineering program with a minimum of bachelor's degree,<sup id="cite_ref-study.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pass the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Engineering_exam" title="Fundamentals of Engineering exam">Fundamentals of Engineering exam</a> (FE), obtain several years of engineering experience under the supervision of a licensed engineer, then pass the <a href="/wiki/Principles_and_Practice_of_Engineering_Exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam">Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam</a>. After completing these steps and the granting of licensure by a state board, engineers may use the title "Professional Engineer" or PE in advertising and documents. Most states have implemented mandatory continuing education requirements to maintain a license.<sup id="cite_ref-study.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_associations">Professional associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Professional associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCE">ASCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ASCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a></div> <p>The ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) represents more than 150,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official members of the ASCE must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited civil engineering program and be a licensed professional engineer or have five years responsible charge of engineering experience.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods (such as sustainability) related to civil engineering as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICE">ICE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: ICE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institution_of_Civil_Engineers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption>The ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) is a professional association that has helped Civil Engineer's in their training and jobs since 1818.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) founded in 1818, represents, as of 2008, more than 80,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, provides training, recruitment, publishing and contract services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSCE">CSCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: CSCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_Civil_Engineering" title="Canadian Society for Civil Engineering">Canadian Society for Civil Engineering</a></div> <p>Founded in 1887, the CSCE (Canadian Society for Civil Engineering) represents members of the Canadian civil engineering profession. Official members of the CSCE must hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited civil engineering program. Most civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods (such as sustainability) related to civil engineering; as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree. Local sections frequently host events such as seminars, tours, and courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_engineers" title="List of civil engineers">List of civil engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Examiners_for_Engineering_and_Surveying" title="National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">Professional engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport engineering">Transport engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_engineer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224015237/http://civil.columbia.edu/what-civil-engineering">"What is Civil Engineering?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Civil+Engineering%3F&rft.pub=Department+of+Civil+Engineering+and+Engineering+Mechanics%3A+Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcivil.columbia.edu%2Fwhat-civil-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLS_2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLS_2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLS_2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes172051.htm">"Civil Engineers"</a>. <i>BLS.gov</i>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 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Johns Hopkins University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorman1987" class="citation book cs1">Florman, Samuel (1987). <i>The Civilized Engineer</i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02559-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02559-5"><bdi>978-0-312-02559-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilized+Engineer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-312-02559-5&rft.aulast=Florman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012042359/http://engineering.iu.edu.sa/index.php/sub-disciplines-of-civil-engineering/">"Sub-disciplines of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sub-disciplines+of+Civil+Engineering+%7C+Faculty+of+Engineering&rft.pub=Islamic+University+of+Madinah%3A+Faculty+of+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengineering.iu.edu.sa%2Findex.php%2Fsub-disciplines-of-civil-engineering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Amarjit (January 2007). 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"Civil engineers' managerial roles and needs: report of survey". <i>Construction Management and Economics</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 155–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01446198900000019">10.1080/01446198900000019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-6193">0144-6193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Management+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Civil+engineers%27+managerial+roles+and+needs%3A+report+of+survey&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-174&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01446198900000019&rft.issn=0144-6193&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Sargent%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Wearne%2C+S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facsa.ulg.ac.be/cms/index.php?page=ingenieur-civil-2">"Faculté des Sciences Appliquées – Ingénieur Civil"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132448/http://www.facsa.ulg.ac.be/cms/index.php?page=ingenieur-civil-2">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facult%C3%A9+des+Sciences+Appliqu%C3%A9es+%E2%80%93+Ing%C3%A9nieur+Civil&rft.pub=University+of+Li%C3%A8ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facsa.ulg.ac.be%2Fcms%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dingenieur-civil-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncees.org/Licensure.php">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying; Licensure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101230715/https://ncees.org/Licensure.php">Archived</a> 2012-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved November 24, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-study.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-study.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://study.com/articles/Civil_Engineering_Requirements_for_Becoming_a_Civil_Engineer.html">Civil Engineering Study.com; Requirements for Becoming a Civil Engineer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212013219/http://study.com/articles/Civil_Engineering_Requirements_for_Becoming_a_Civil_Engineer.html">Archived</a> 2015-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved December 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asce.org/about-asce">"About ASCE"</a>. <i>www.asce.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asce.org&rft.atitle=About+ASCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asce.org%2Fabout-asce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asce.org/ProgramProductLine.aspx?id=2147485009">About ASCE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213025529/http://www.asce.org/ProgramProductLine.aspx?id=2147485009">Archived</a> 2010-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a 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