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<span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catchment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catchment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Catchment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Catchment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Catchment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Catchment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_to_Corwen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_to_Corwen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Source to Corwen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_to_Corwen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corwen_to_Llangollen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corwen_to_Llangollen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Corwen to Llangollen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corwen_to_Llangollen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llangollen_to_Bangor-on-Dee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llangollen_to_Bangor-on-Dee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Llangollen to Bangor-on-Dee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llangollen_to_Bangor-on-Dee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangor_to_Eaton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangor_to_Eaton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Bangor to Eaton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangor_to_Eaton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eaton_to_Chester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eaton_to_Chester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Eaton to Chester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eaton_to_Chester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canalised_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canalised_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canalised section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canalised_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Estuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Abstractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Water sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Site of Special Scientific Interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">River Dee, Wales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2)" title="نهر دي (ويلز) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر دي (ويلز)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfrdwy" title="Dyfrdwy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dyfrdwy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Gal%C2%B7les)" title="Dee (Gal·les) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dee (Gal·les)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Ди (Ирланди тинĕсне кĕрет) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ди (Ирланди тинĕсне кĕрет)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee_(suba_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral)" title="River Dee (suba sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Metropolitan Borough of Wirral) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="River Dee (suba sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Metropolitan Borough of Wirral)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Dyfrdwy" title="Afon Dyfrdwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Dyfrdwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Dyfrdwy" title="Afon Dyfrdwy – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Afon Dyfrdwy" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Dee_(Gales_e_Inglaterra)" title="Río Dee (Gales e Inglaterra) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Dee (Gales e Inglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_ibaia_(Gales)" title="Dee ibaia (Gales) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dee ibaia (Gales)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رود دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(pays_de_Galles)" title="Dee (pays de Galles) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dee (pays de Galles)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee" title="Dee – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dee" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Dyfrdwy" title="Afon Dyfrdwy – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Afon Dyfrdwy" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EA%B0%95_(%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4)" title="디강 (웨일스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디강 (웨일스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Dee" title="Sungai Dee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Dee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Galles)" title="Dee (Galles) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dee (Galles)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99_(%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1)" title="די (ויילס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="די (ויילס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_(up%C4%97)" title="Di (upė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Di (upė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Dyfrdwy" title="Afon Dyfrdwy – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Afon Dyfrdwy" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%89" title="نهر دى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر دى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_i_Wales" title="Dee i Wales – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dee i Wales" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(dop%C5%82yw_Zatoki_Liverpoolskiej)" title="Dee (dopływ Zatoki Liverpoolskiej) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dee (dopływ Zatoki Liverpoolskiej)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5)" title="Ди (река, впадает в Ирландское море) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ди (река, впадает в Ирландское море)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River Dee, Wales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83)" title="Ди (река у Велсу) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ди (река у Велсу)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(Wales)" title="Dee (Wales) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dee (Wales)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_(joki_Walesissa)" title="Dee (joki Walesissa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dee (joki Walesissa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="River Dee, Wales" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81)" title="Ді (річка, 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">River Dee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG/312px-Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG" decoding="async" width="312" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG/468px-Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG/624px-Llangollenviewfromstation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">River Dee at <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dee_River_(Wales)_Route.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dee_River_%28Wales%29_Route.png/220px-Dee_River_%28Wales%29_Route.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dee_River_%28Wales%29_Route.png/330px-Dee_River_%28Wales%29_Route.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dee_River_%28Wales%29_Route.png/440px-Dee_River_%28Wales%29_Route.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1688" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the route of the River Dee in Wales and England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Afon Dyfrdwy</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">slopes of <a href="/wiki/Dduallt" title="Dduallt">Dduallt</a> above <a href="/wiki/Llanuwchllyn" title="Llanuwchllyn">Llanuwchllyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Dee,_Wales&params=52.8322_N_3.7656_W_type:river_region:"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°49′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°45′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.8322°N 3.7656°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.8322; -3.7656</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">450 m (1,480 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Dee,_Wales&params=53.3539_N_3.2258_W_type:river_region:"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°21′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′33″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.3539°N 3.2258°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.3539; -3.2258</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">113 km (70 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,816.8 km<sup>2</sup> (701.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Weir" title="Chester Weir">Chester Weir</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">29.71 m<sup>3</sup>/s (1,049 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manley_Hall,_Erbistock" class="mw-redirect" title="Manley Hall, Erbistock">Manley Hall</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">31.03 m<sup>3</sup>/s (1,096 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">13.06 m<sup>3</sup>/s (461 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afon_Tryweryn" title="Afon Tryweryn">Tryweryn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afon_Alwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afon Alwen (page does not exist)">Alwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Clywedog" title="River Clywedog">Clywedog</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Alyn" title="River Alyn">Alyn</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afon_Ceiriog" class="mw-redirect" title="Afon Ceiriog">Ceiriog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wych_Brook" title="Wych Brook">Wych Brook</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>River Dee</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Afon Dyfrdwy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Deva Fluvius</i>) is a river flowing through <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>, and through <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England, in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The length of the main section from <a href="/wiki/Bala,_Gwynedd" title="Bala, Gwynedd">Bala</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> is 113 km (70 miles) and it is largely located in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The stretch between <a href="/wiki/Aldford" title="Aldford">Aldford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> is within England, and two other sections form <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">the border</a> between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">rises</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dduallt" title="Dduallt">Dduallt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a> and flows east through <a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corwen" title="Corwen">Corwen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a>. It turns north near <a href="/wiki/Overton-on-Dee" title="Overton-on-Dee">Overton-on-Dee</a> and forms part of the England–Wales border before fully entering England north-east of Wrexham. It flows through Chester then re-enters Wales; the final section is <a href="/wiki/Canalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Canalised">canalised</a> and discharges to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> via an <a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">estuary</a> 23 km (14 miles) long. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The River Dee was the traditional boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a> in Wales for centuries, possibly since its founding in the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Harley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recorded in the 13th century (in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English orthography">Middle English orthography</a>, lacking the letters v and w) as <i>flumen Dubr Duiu</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Harley_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name appears to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> <i>dēvā</i>: "River of the Goddess" or "<a href="/wiki/Holy_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy river">Holy River</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river is personified as the war and fate goddess <a href="/wiki/Aerfen" title="Aerfen">Aerfen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambrian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambrian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river name inspired the name of Roman fortress <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a></i>. </p><p>It is the only river in the UK to be subject to a <a href="/wiki/Water_Protection_Zone" title="Water Protection Zone">Water Protection Zone</a> along its whole length down to Chester weir.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchment area</a> of the River Dee down to <a href="/wiki/Chester_Weir" title="Chester Weir">Chester Weir</a> is 1,816.8 km<sup>2</sup> (701.5 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated average annual rainfall over the catchment area is 640 mm (25 in), yielding an average flow of 37 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_second" title="Cubic metre per second">m<sup>3</sup>/s</a>. The larger <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir (water)">reservoirs</a> in the catchment area are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Llyn Tegid</i>): 1.87 square miles (4.8 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llyn_Brenig" title="Llyn Brenig">Llyn Brenig</a>: 920 acres (3.7 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a>: 320 hectares (3.2 km<sup>2</sup>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catchment">Catchment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catchment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_course">Natural course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg/220px-Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg/330px-Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg/440px-Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> carrying the <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Canal" title="Llangollen Canal">Llangollen Canal</a> over the River Dee.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Dee_In_March.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/River_Dee_In_March.JPG/220px-River_Dee_In_March.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/River_Dee_In_March.JPG/330px-River_Dee_In_March.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/River_Dee_In_March.JPG/440px-River_Dee_In_March.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>View downriver from the bridge in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> (March 2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG/220px-River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG/330px-River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG/440px-River_Dee_in_Snow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>River Dee in snow at Llangollen (February 2007)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_to_Corwen">Source to Corwen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Source to Corwen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The River Dee has its source on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Dduallt" title="Dduallt">Dduallt</a> above <a href="/wiki/Llanuwchllyn" title="Llanuwchllyn">Llanuwchllyn</a> in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Meirionydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, Wales. Between its source and <a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a> the river is known by its <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> name, <i>Afon Dyfrdwy</i>. Legend tells that the waters of the river pass through Bala Lake and emerge undiluted and unmixed at the outflow. On leaving <a href="/wiki/Bala,_Gwynedd" title="Bala, Gwynedd">Bala</a> the river meets its confluence with <a href="/wiki/Afon_Tryweryn" title="Afon Tryweryn">Afon Tryweryn</a> and passes through the Bala sluice gates, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Regulation_Scheme" title="Dee Regulation Scheme">Dee Regulation System</a> protecting communities further downstream from severe flooding. Skirting the village of <a href="/wiki/Llanfor" title="Llanfor">Llanfor</a>, the path of the river takes it past <a href="/wiki/Llandderfel" title="Llandderfel">Llandderfel</a> and under the Grade II <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a> Pont Fawr bridge. The river trends generally northeast through the Vale of Edeyrnion, shadowed by the B4401 Bala to <a href="/wiki/Cynwyd,_Denbighshire" title="Cynwyd, Denbighshire">Cynwyd</a> road. Leaving Gwynedd and entering <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a> the Dee flows beneath other historic bridges at <a href="/wiki/Llandrillo,_Denbighshire" title="Llandrillo, Denbighshire">Llandrillo</a> and Cynwyd before arriving at the town of <a href="/wiki/Corwen" title="Corwen">Corwen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corwen_to_Llangollen">Corwen to Llangollen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Corwen to Llangollen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From here the river passes the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caer_Drewyn" title="Caer Drewyn">Caer Drewyn</a> and enters the <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range_and_Dee_Valley_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB">Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB</a>. Through its forested valley the course takes it through <a href="/wiki/Carrog" title="Carrog">Carrog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyndyfrdwy" title="Glyndyfrdwy">Glyndyfrdwy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llantysilio" title="Llantysilio">Llantysilio</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Railway" title="Llangollen Railway">Llangollen Railway</a> following the river on its route between <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_railway_station" title="Llangollen railway station">Llangollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corwen_East_railway_station" title="Corwen East railway station">Corwen</a>. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Berwyn_railway_station" title="Berwyn railway station">Berwyn</a> the river passes over the manmade <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Falls,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe Falls, Wales">Horseshoe Falls</a>, before picking up speed on a downhill gradient past the Chain Bridge Hotel and its historic pedestrian bridge. First built in 1814, and later refurbished by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson" title="Henry Robertson">Henry Robertson</a> in 1870, it was considered a marvel of early suspension bridge design. In 1928 the original bridge was destroyed by severe flooding and was rebuilt in its current form from original parts in 1929. The course of the river then takes it through <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> and under its 16th-century, <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Bridge" title="Llangollen Bridge">Grade I listed bridge</a>. The bridge is also a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled Ancient Monument</a> and considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Wales" title="Seven Wonders of Wales">Seven Wonders of Wales</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Llangollen_to_Bangor-on-Dee">Llangollen to Bangor-on-Dee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Llangollen to Bangor-on-Dee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On leaving Llangollen the river continues east, to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Limestone" title="Carboniferous Limestone">Carboniferous Limestone</a> exposures of <a href="/wiki/Eglwyseg" title="Eglwyseg">Eglwyseg Rocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Creigiau Eglwyseg</i>) and Trevor Rocks. Overlooking the river here is the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Castell_Dinas_Br%C3%A2n" title="Castell Dinas Brân">Castell Dinas Brân</a>, a ruined fortress abandoned by <a href="/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey" title="John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey">John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey</a> in 1282. The river then enters <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham County Borough</a>, passing south of <a href="/wiki/Trevor,_Wrexham" title="Trevor, Wrexham">Trevor</a> and under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford's</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a>, of 1805, which carries the <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Canal" title="Llangollen Canal">Llangollen Canal</a> 120 feet (37 m) overhead. </p><p>Less than a mile east of the aqueduct at <a href="/wiki/Cefn_Mawr" title="Cefn Mawr">Cefn Mawr</a>, the river is crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Cefn_Mawr_Viaduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Cefn Mawr Viaduct">Cefn Mawr Viaduct</a>, built in 1848 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey">Thomas Brassey</a> and carrying the <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_to_Chester_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrewsbury to Chester Line">Shrewsbury to Chester railway line</a> over the Dee. Beyond this point the river forms the boundary between Wrexham County Borough in Wales and <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> of England. Passing <a href="/wiki/Chirk" title="Chirk">Chirk</a> and the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/River_Ceiriog" title="River Ceiriog">River Ceiriog</a>, the river begins to trace gentle meanders on the level ground at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Plain" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a>. The course continues past <a href="/wiki/Erbistock" title="Erbistock">Erbistock</a> on the Welsh side, and the 5th-century earthwork of <a href="/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke" title="Wat's Dyke">Wat's Dyke</a> on the English, before passing wholly into Wales at <a href="/wiki/Overton-on-Dee" title="Overton-on-Dee">Overton</a> bridge. A couple more miles downstream is <a href="/wiki/Bangor-on-Dee" title="Bangor-on-Dee">Bangor-on-Dee</a>, known for its <a href="/wiki/Bangor-on-Dee_racecourse" title="Bangor-on-Dee racecourse">racecourse</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Bangor-on-Dee_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor-on-Dee Bridge">bridge</a>. Until 1974 this area was part of an <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of historic <a href="/wiki/Flintshire_(historic)" title="Flintshire (historic)">Flintshire</a> known as <a href="/wiki/English_Maelor" class="mw-redirect" title="English Maelor">English Maelor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Maelor Saesneg</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangor_to_Eaton">Bangor to Eaton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bangor to Eaton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dee continues to meander past <a href="/wiki/Willington_Worthenbury" title="Willington Worthenbury">Worthenbury</a> where it is joined by the <a href="/wiki/River_Clywedog" title="River Clywedog">River Clywedog</a>. At this point the border between Wrexham and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a> follows the course of the river. It passes the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Crewe_by_Farndon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewe by Farndon">Crewe by Farndon</a>, before cutting between <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Wales">Holt</a> in Wales and <a href="/wiki/Farndon,_Cheshire" title="Farndon, Cheshire">Farndon</a> in England beneath the 14th-century, Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a> <a href="/wiki/Farndon_Bridge" title="Farndon Bridge">Farndon Bridge</a>. </p><p>One of the major tributaries of the Dee, the <a href="/wiki/River_Alyn" title="River Alyn">River Alyn</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Afon Alun</i></span>), crosses the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Limestone" title="Carboniferous Limestone">Carboniferous Limestone</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mynydd_Helygain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mynydd Helygain (page does not exist)">Mynydd Helygain</a> (a.k.a. Halkyn Mountain) and runs down through the <a href="/wiki/Loggerheads,_Denbighshire" title="Loggerheads, Denbighshire">Loggerheads</a> area before making its confluence north of Holt. Throughout the length of the Alyn there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Swallow_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallow hole">swallow holes</a> and caverns and during the summer months long stretches of the river bed run dry. These caves include <a href="/wiki/Ogof_Hesp_Alyn" title="Ogof Hesp Alyn">Ogof Hesp Alyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogof_Hen_Ffynhonnau" title="Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau">Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau</a>. A significant part of this lost flow reemerges in the <a href="/wiki/Milwr_Tunnel" title="Milwr Tunnel">Milwr Tunnel</a>, a manmade tunnel, entering the west bank of the Dee estuary and carrying 12 million <a href="/wiki/Imperial_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial gallon">imperial gallons</a> per day (600 L/s). This tunnel was originally constructed to drain metal mines in Halkyn Mountain. Once the main River Dee approaches the Cheshire border and the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Measures">Coal Measures</a>, it turns sharply northwards before meandering up to <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>. This long stretch of the river drops in height by only a few feet. The rich adjoining farmland has many remnants of abandoned <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal workings</a> and deep <a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">clay pits</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>. A number of these pits are now being used as <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> sites for domestic and commercial waste. Approaching <a href="/wiki/Churton,_Cheshire" title="Churton, Cheshire">Churton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldford" title="Aldford">Aldford</a>, the river crosses entirely into England, and passes the grand country house of <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hall,_Cheshire" title="Eaton Hall, Cheshire">Eaton Hall</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Westminster" title="Duke of Westminster">Duke of Westminster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eaton_to_Chester">Eaton to Chester</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eaton to Chester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river then continues past the village of <a href="/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire" title="Eccleston, Cheshire">Eccleston</a> and beneath the <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55</a> North Wales Expressway, tracing northwards past the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> Eaton Road to the Chester suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Cheshire" title="Huntington, Cheshire">Huntington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handbridge" title="Handbridge">Handbridge</a> before reaching the centre of Chester. In the city centre the river passes and around the Earl's Eye(s) meadow at <a href="/wiki/Queens_Park,_Chester" title="Queens Park, Chester">Queen's Park</a>. In this vicinity, the riverside is used as a recreation area with a bandstand, benches and boat cruises, being crossed by four bridges. The first is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_Park_Suspension_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queen's Park Suspension Bridge (page does not exist)">Queen's Park Suspension Bridge</a>, which forms the only exclusively pedestrian footway across the river in Chester. The second is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dee_Bridge" title="Old Dee Bridge">Old Dee Bridge</a>, a road bridge and by far the oldest bridge in Chester, being built in about 1387 on the site of a series of wooden predecessors which dated originally from the Roman period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg/220px-River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg/330px-River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/River_Dee_Chester_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chester_Weir" title="Chester Weir">Chester Weir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handbridge" title="Handbridge">Handbridge</a>, Chester,(2002)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG/220px-Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG/330px-Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG/440px-Grosvenor_Bridge_Chester3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Bridge_(Chester)" title="Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)">Grosvenor Bridge</a>, taken from the south bank of the river</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llangollen04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Llangollen04.jpg/220px-Llangollen04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Llangollen04.jpg/330px-Llangollen04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Llangollen04.jpg/440px-Llangollen04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Winter sunrise at <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Above the Old Dee Bridge is <a href="/wiki/Chester_Weir" title="Chester Weir">Chester Weir</a>, which was built by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Lupus">Hugh Lupus</a> to supply power to his corn mills. Throughout the centuries the weir has been used to power corn, <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling</a>, needle, snuff and flint mills. The same weir was used as part of a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> scheme in 1911 with the help of a small generator building which is still visible today, used as a pumping station for water since 1951. However the first water pumping station here was set up in 1600 by John Tyrer who pumped water to a square tower built on the city's Bridgegate. It was destroyed in the Civil War but an octagonal tower built in 1690 for the same purpose lasted until the gate was replaced with an arch in the mid-18th century. </p><p>On this weir is a <a href="/wiki/Fish_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish pass">fish pass</a> and fish counting station to monitor the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> ascending the river, and also a weirgate for navigating the weir at spring tides. A little further downstream stands the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Bridge_(Chester)" title="Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)">Grosvenor Bridge</a> (designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(architect)" title="Thomas Harrison (architect)">Thomas Harrison</a> of Chester), which was opened in 1833 to ease congestion on the Old Dee Bridge. This bridge was opened by Princess Victoria five years before she became Queen. </p><p>The other side of the Grosvenor Bridge is the <a href="/wiki/Roodee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roodee">Roodee</a>, Chester's race course and the oldest course in the country. This used to be the site of Chester's Roman harbour until, aided by the building of the weir, the River Dee silted up to become the size it is today. The only curiously remaining reminder of this site's maritime past is a stone cross which stands in the middle of the Roodee which exhibits the marks of water ripples. To the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roodee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roodee">Roodee</a> the river is crossed by Chester's fourth bridge which carries the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Coast Line">North Wales Coast railway line</a>, before leaving Chester. This was the scene of one of the first serious railway accidents in the country, the <a href="/wiki/Dee_bridge_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee bridge disaster">Dee bridge disaster</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg/220px-Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg/330px-Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg/440px-Curzon_Park_Chester2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The bridge that carries the <a href="/wiki/Chester_and_Holyhead_Railway" title="Chester and Holyhead Railway">Chester and Holyhead Railway</a> between <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Park" title="Curzon Park">Curzon Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roodee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roodee">Roodee</a> at Chester.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canalised_section">Canalised section<span class="anchor" id="River_Dee_Navigation_Act_1732"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canalised section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">River Dee Navigation Act 1732</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/6_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Geo. 2">6 Geo. 2</a>. c. 30</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>West of Chester, the river flows along an artificial channel excavated between 1732 and 1736. The work was planned and undertaken by engineers from the Netherlands and paid for by local merchants and Chester Corporation. It was an attempt to improve navigation for shipping and reduce silting. Chester's trade had declined steadily since the end of the 17th century as sediment had prevented larger craft reaching the city, spelling the end for the Port of Chester. </p><p>After four years' work, the river was diverted from its meandering natural course which passed <a href="/wiki/Blacon" title="Blacon">Blacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saughall" title="Saughall">Saughall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shotwick_Castle" title="Shotwick Castle">Shotwick Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burton,_Ellesmere_Port_and_Neston" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton, Ellesmere Port and Neston">Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkgate,_Cheshire" title="Parkgate, Cheshire">Parkgate</a> and up the west shore of <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral</a>. Instead, the new canalised section followed the coast along northeast Wales. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Sealand,_Flintshire" title="Sealand, Flintshire">Sealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shotton,_Flintshire" title="Shotton, Flintshire">Shotton</a> were reclaimed from the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>. Land reclamation in this area continued until 1916. The river's natural course can still be determined by following the bank and low bluffs that mark the western edge of the Wirral Peninsula. </p><p>The manmade channel, which runs in a straight line for 8 km (5 miles), passes into Wales and <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saltney" title="Saltney">Saltney</a>. On the west shore is <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Airport" title="Hawarden Airport">Hawarden Airport</a> and the large <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> factory at <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Flintshire" title="Broughton, Flintshire">Broughton</a>. This region is known as <a href="/wiki/Deeside" title="Deeside">Deeside</a> and contains several heavy industries. From here the Dee passes beneath three road bridges. The first two are adjacent to each other at <a href="/wiki/Queensferry,_Flintshire" title="Queensferry, Flintshire">Queensferry</a>. They are a 1960s fixed-arch bridge carrying the <a href="/wiki/A494_road" title="A494 road">A494</a> <a href="/wiki/Queensferry,_Flintshire" title="Queensferry, Flintshire">Queensferry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dolgellau" title="Dolgellau">Dolgellau</a> <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk road</a> and its predecessor the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Bridge_(Queensferry)" title="Jubilee Bridge (Queensferry)">Jubilee Bridge</a>, which is a rolling <a href="/wiki/Bascule_bridge" title="Bascule bridge">bascule bridge</a> completed in 1926. The third crossing, and the most recent, is at <a href="/wiki/Connah%27s_Quay" title="Connah's Quay">Connah's Quay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flintshire_Bridge" title="Flintshire Bridge">Flintshire Bridge</a> is a fixed <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> which opened in 1999. </p><p>Between the second and third road bridges is <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Bridge" title="Hawarden Bridge">Hawarden railway bridge</a> at Shotton, originally constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Swing_bridge" title="Swing bridge">swing bridge</a> but now never opened. It carries the <a href="/wiki/Bidston_railway_station" title="Bidston railway station">Bidston</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Central_railway_station" title="Wrexham Central railway station">Wrexham Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Borderlands Line">Borderlands Line</a> over the river. <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Bridge_railway_station" title="Hawarden Bridge railway station">Hawarden Bridge</a> station serves the Deeside Industrial Park, <a href="/wiki/Deeside_Power_Station" title="Deeside Power Station">Deeside Power Station</a> and the works at Dee Marsh. </p><p>A footbridge replaced the passenger ferry at Saltney in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estuary">Estuary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Estuary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a></div> <p>Beyond <a href="/wiki/Connah%27s_Quay" title="Connah's Quay">Connah's Quay</a> the river opens out into the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a>, forming the northeasternmost section of the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> coast and the western coast of the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral</a>. Towns along the coast include <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Flintshire" title="Flint, Flintshire">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire" title="Holywell, Flintshire">Holywell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mostyn" title="Mostyn">Mostyn</a> on the Welsh side and <a href="/wiki/Neston,_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neston, Cheshire">Neston</a>, Parkgate, <a href="/wiki/Heswall" title="Heswall">Heswall</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kirby" title="West Kirby">West Kirby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoylake" title="Hoylake">Hoylake</a> on the Wirral side. South of <a href="/wiki/Bagillt" title="Bagillt">Bagillt</a> and Parkgate the Dee Estuary forms the boundary between the local authority areas of <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a>. Northwards it forms the boundary with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Metropolitan Borough of Wirral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a>. The estuary continues to widen until finally entering the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Bay" title="Liverpool Bay">Liverpool Bay</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Extreme points of the United Kingdom">northernmost point</a> of mainland Wales, <a href="/wiki/Point_of_Ayr" title="Point of Ayr">Point of Ayr</a> at <a href="/wiki/Talacre" title="Talacre">Talacre</a>, Flintshire and Hilbre Point, near Hoylake and West Kirby in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hilbre_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilbre Island">Hilbre Island</a>, part of Wirral, straddles the mouth of the estuary at this point. The waters of the Dee then converge with those of the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a>, producing a notable drop in salinity and increase in sediment which can be tracked a considerable distance along the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> coasts. </p><p>The estuary is hugely important for birdlife and has been designated both as an <a href="/wiki/SSSI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSSI">SSSI</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> accordingly. Its value lies in the huge expanses of mud which are exposed between tides and the extensive <a href="/wiki/Saltmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltmarsh">saltmarsh</a> developed on both sides but principally on the right bank north and south of Neston. </p><p>The estuary owes its origins to the scouring of a broad channel through the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> sandstones and <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> mudstones by glacial ice during successive <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> to form an <a href="/wiki/Iceway" title="Iceway">iceway</a>. The channel continues inland south of Chester but its higher reaches have long since been infilled with sand, gravel and mud. The process of infilling by mud continues to the present day as the rapid growth of the saltmarsh in the last century testifies, pushing the high tide line further out into the estuary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverdeechainbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Riverdeechainbridge.jpg/220px-Riverdeechainbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Riverdeechainbridge.jpg/330px-Riverdeechainbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Riverdeechainbridge.jpg/440px-Riverdeechainbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The Chainbridge at Berwyn about three miles (5 km) upstream from Llangollen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llangollenflood3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Llangollenflood3.jpg/220px-Llangollenflood3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Llangollenflood3.jpg/330px-Llangollenflood3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Llangollenflood3.jpg/440px-Llangollenflood3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>The River Dee at <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a>, after stormy weather</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large parts of the catchment are devoted to agriculture and there a number of abstractions made from the river for summer irrigation. The volumes involved are not however significant. </p><p>From Chirk downstream, the river valley has supported a wide range of industries that were initially drawn to the area by the presence of coal mines and later by the deep deposits of <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/220px--Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="109" data-mwtitle="Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside,_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside,_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm/Drone_footage_of_Airbus_A380_Wings_moved_from_the_factory_in_Broughton_Deeside%2C_Wales_to_Mostyn.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Drone footage of a wing being transported from its factory at <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Flintshire" title="Broughton, Flintshire">Broughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> down the River Dee to Mostyn, and onwards to France; March 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>The coal industry in particular gave rise to a number of chemical industries some of which survive to this day and which both take water from the river and discharge their cleaned up effluent back into the river. Industries in the valley include commercial chemicals manufacture, wood chip and <a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a> fabrication, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa mass">cocoa</a> milling, <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> manufacture, <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">waste disposal</a> (in old <a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">clay pits</a>) and a great variety of smaller industries concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a>. The main impact on the river of these industries is their thirst for a dependable good quality water supply. </p><p>Previously the wings<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, which were made at Airbus's manufacturing factory in <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Flintshire" title="Broughton, Flintshire">Broughton</a>, were taken downriver by barge to the <a href="/wiki/Mostyn" title="Mostyn">Port of Mostyn</a> because they were too large to be shipped in an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Beluga" title="Airbus Beluga">Airbus Beluga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the dredging of the river for the barge may be responsible for a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstractions">Abstractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abstractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of direct water abstractions upstream of Chester by three water companies and by the canal. The size of the abstraction is very large compared to the summer flow and the flow in the river is very highly regulated through the use of reservoirs to store water in the winter and release it in the summer. The whole system is managed as the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Regulation_Scheme" title="Dee Regulation Scheme">Dee Regulation Scheme</a>. Below Chester water is also abstracted as cooling water by the gas-fired power station at <a href="/wiki/Connah%27s_Quay" title="Connah's Quay">Connah's Quay</a>. Process and cooling water is also abstracted for the <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> and power station at <a href="/wiki/Shotton,_Flintshire" title="Shotton, Flintshire">Shotton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_sport">Water sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Water sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dee used to be a popular <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">whitewater kayaking</a> and touring river (particularly the grade III/IV whitewater section upstream of Llangollen). It stays high after rain for longer than most British rivers and is paddleable year-round (thanks to the Dee Regulation Scheme). Canoeing used to be allowed on about twelve weekends per year, and tens of thousands of canoeists descended on Llangollen for recreational paddling (several <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dee_tour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dee tour (page does not exist)">Dee tours</a> were held every winter), <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">slalom</a> competitions, and <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater Racing">wild water races</a>. </p><p>In 2003, negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angling</a> associations owning fishing rights on the Dee broke down. The anglers wanted to restrict the numbers of paddlers on the river when paddling was allowed but the Welsh Canoe Association wanted to renew the previous agreement. In November 2004, a protest about the lack of access on the Dee, and to rivers across England and Wales, was held in Llangollen. Following the failure of the access agreement, the Welsh Canoeing Association advises canoeists to use their own judgement about using the river, which in practice means many canoeists use the river at will from the numerous access points along its banks. </p><p>Canoeing is permitted on one 100 m long rapid, 1 km upstream of Llangollen. Wildwater and slalom races are still held at Serpent's Tail rapid upstream of Llangollen. </p><p>A major tributary of the Dee, the <a href="/wiki/River_Tryweryn" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tryweryn">River Tryweryn</a>, supports a wide range of water sports and hosts the <a href="/wiki/Canolfan_Tryweryn" title="Canolfan Tryweryn">Canolfan Tryweryn</a> - the national white water centre for Wales. </p><p>Each July the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Raft_Race" title="Chester Raft Race">Chester Raft Race</a> is held on the Dee in aid of charity. </p><p>The Deva (Chester) Triathlon uses the Dee for the swim leg of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rowing clubs on the Dee are <a href="/wiki/Royal_Chester_Rowing_Club" title="Royal Chester Rowing Club">Royal Chester Rowing Club</a> (hosting also Chester University Rowing Club) and <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Rowing_Club" title="Grosvenor Rowing Club">Grosvenor Rowing Club</a>. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_School,_Chester#Rowing" title="King's School, Chester">King's School Rowing Club</a> and Queens Park High School are school-dedicated rowing clubs. All these share the slightly meandering Chester/lower reach above the weir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river has been famed as a mixed fishery with salmon and <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">trout</a> fishing, mostly in the upper waters and a good coarse fishery in the lower reaches. A major pollution incident in the middle reaches in the late 1990s did extensive damage to the fishery from which it is now largely recovered. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Afon Dyfrdwy (River Dee)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_by_Area_of_Search" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest by Area of Search">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data region">Clwyd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Interest</th><td class="infobox-data category">Biological/Geological</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data note">1,489.5 hectares (3,681 acres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SSSI_notification#Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="SSSI notification">Notification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1995</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Site of Special Scientific Interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Afon Dyfrdwy (River Dee)</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSI) in the preserved county of <a href="/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd">Clwyd</a>, along the River Dee,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the nearby River Dee (England) SSSI in England.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dee Cliffs at <a href="/wiki/Farndon,_Cheshire" title="Farndon, Cheshire">Farndon, Cheshire</a>, are designated as a separate SSSI,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are the Dee Marshes on the northern (English) side of the estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river has been designated as a Special Area of Conservation because of its role as a habitat for <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floating_water_plantain" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating water plantain">floating water plantain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerfen" title="Aerfen">Aerfen</a>, the Celtic Goddess of the river.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Dee,_Wales" title="List of crossings of the River Dee, Wales">List of crossings of the River Dee, Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SSSIs_in_Clwyd" title="List of SSSIs in Clwyd">List of SSSIs in Clwyd</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Miller_of_Dee" title="Miller of Dee">Miller of Dee</a>", a traditional folk song</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jncc.defra.gov.uk&rft.atitle=River+Dee+and+Bala+Lake%2F+Afon+Dyfrdwy+a+Llyn+Tegid+-+Special+Area+of+Conservation+-+SAC+-+Habitats+Directive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjncc.defra.gov.uk%2Fprotectedsites%2Fsacselection%2Fsac.asp%3FEUCode%3DUK0030252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlace1994" class="citation book cs1">Place, G. W. (1994). <i>The Rise and Fall of Parkgate, Passenger Port for Ireland</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780948789939" title="Special:BookSources/9780948789939"><bdi>9780948789939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Parkgate%2C+Passenger+Port+for+Ireland&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780948789939&rft.aulast=Place&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery1999" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gordon (1999). <i>Curious Chester</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-94-4"><bdi>1-872265-94-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curious+Chester&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-872265-94-4&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery1998" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gordon (1998). <i>Chester Inside Out</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-92-8"><bdi>1-872265-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+Inside+Out&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-872265-92-8&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery2003" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gordon (2003). <i>The Chester Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-89-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-89-8"><bdi>1-872265-89-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chester+Guide&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-872265-89-8&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery2005" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gordon, ed. (October 2005). <i>The Old Chester Canal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-88-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-88-X"><bdi>1-872265-88-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Chester+Canal&rft.date=2005-10&rft.isbn=1-872265-88-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery2002" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gordon (2002). <i>Chester Electric Lighting Station</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-48-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-48-0"><bdi>1-872265-48-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+Electric+Lighting+Station&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-872265-48-0&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilding1997" class="citation book cs1">Wilding, Roy (1997). <i>Miller of Dee</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-95-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-95-2"><bdi>1-872265-95-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miller+of+Dee&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-872265-95-2&rft.aulast=Wilding&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilding2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilding, Roy (2003). <i>Death in Chester</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872265-44-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-872265-44-8"><bdi>1-872265-44-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Chester&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-872265-44-8&rft.aulast=Wilding&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, P. R. (2007). <i>Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tempus_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempus Publishing">Tempus Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-4266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+on+the+Dee%3A+Robert+Stephenson%27s+Nemesis+of+1847&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4266-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Dee%2C+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Dee,_Wales&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=River_Dee%2C_Wales">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=River_Dee,_Wales">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=River_Dee,_Wales">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=River_Dee,_Wales">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=River_Dee,_Wales">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterwalls.info/river2.html">River Dee guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deeestuary.co.uk/">Dee Estuary bird life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/nature/dee.shtml">Dee Estuary photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventuresofsalm00ayrtrich">"The adventures of a salmon in the river Dee"</a> (1853)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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