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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Finals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complement_constructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complement_constructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Complement constructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complement_constructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Negative particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Common particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amoy dialect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92-mn%CC%82g-%C5%8De" title="Ē-mn̂g-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ē-mn̂g-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_amoy%C3%A9s" title="Chino amoyés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino amoyés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha-m%C3%B9n-fa" title="Ha-mùn-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ha-mùn-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A8%BC%EC%96%B4" title="샤먼어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤먼어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien_Amoy" title="Bahasa Hokkien Amoy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hokkien Amoy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_amoy" title="Dialetto amoy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto amoy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-mu%C3%B2ng-u%C3%A2" title="Â-muòng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Â-muòng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamenhua" title="Xiamenhua – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xiamenhua" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E9%96%80%E8%AA%9E" title="廈門語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="廈門語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoydialekt" title="Amoydialekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amoydialekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoy_(dialekt)" title="Amoy (dialekt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amoy (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikaing_Amoy" title="Wikaing Amoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikaing Amoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E9%96%80%E8%A9%B1" title="廈門話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="廈門話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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color: black; background-color: salmon;">Amoy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Amoyese, Amoynese, Xiamenese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">廈門話</span></span> <i>Ē-mn̂g-ōe</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">part of <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> (Amoy) (<a href="/wiki/Siming_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siming District">Siming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli District">Huli</a> districts), <a href="/wiki/Haicang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haicang District">Haicang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longhai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai District">Longhai</a> districts to the west</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Minnan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese#Coastal_Min" title="Min Chinese">Coastal Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Amoy</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/xiam1236">xiam1236</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-je">> 79-AAA-jeb 79-AAA-je > 79-AAA-jeb</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokkien_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hokkien_Map.svg/250px-Hokkien_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hokkien_Map.svg/500px-Hokkien_Map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Hokkien dialects. Amoy dialect is in magenta.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Amoy dialect</b> or <b>Xiamen dialect</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">廈門話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàménhuà</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Ē-mn̂g-ōe</span></i>), also known as <b>Amoyese</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Amoynese</b>, <b>Amoy Hokkien</b>, <b>Xiamenese</b> or <b>Xiamen Hokkien</b>, is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">city of Xiamen</a> (historically known as "Amoy") and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province. Currently, it is one of the most widely researched and studied varieties of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has historically come to be one of the more standardized varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amoyese and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> are both historically mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a> dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they are very closely aligned <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologically</a>. There are some differences between the two, especially lexical, as a result of physical separation and the differing histories of mainland China and Taiwan during the 20th century. Amoyese and Taiwanese are mutually intelligible. Intelligibility with other Hokkien, especially inland, is more difficult. By that standard, Amoyese and Taiwanese may be considered dialects of a single language. Ethnolinguistically, however, Amoyese is part of mainland Hokkien.<sup id="cite_ref-Minnan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1842, as a result of the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a> was designated as a trading port in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. Amoy and <a href="/wiki/Kulangsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulangsu">Kulangsu</a> rapidly developed, which resulted in a large influx of people from neighboring areas such as <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>. The mixture of these various accents formed the basis for the Amoy dialect. </p><p>Over the last several centuries, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Southern Fujianese people</a> from these same areas migrated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> during <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Qing</a> rule. The "Amoy dialect" was considered the vernacular of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the mixture of accents spoken in Taiwan became popularly known as <i>Taiwanese</i> during <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Imperial Japanese rule</a>. As in <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">American and British English</a>, there are subtle lexical and phonological differences between modern Taiwanese and Amoy Hokkien; however, these differences do not generally pose any barriers to communication. Amoy dialect speakers also migrated to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_characteristics">Special characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Special characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spoken Amoy dialect preserves many of the sounds and words from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>. However, the vocabulary of Amoy was also influenced in its early stages by the <a href="/wiki/Minyue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyue language">Minyue languages</a> spoken by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spoken Amoy is known for its extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, the Amoy dialect <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distinguish" class="extiw" title="wikt:distinguish">distinguishes</a> between <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and voiceless unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Initials" class="mw-redirect" title="Initials">initial</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> (Mandarin has no voicing of initial consonants). Unlike <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it differentiates between unaspirated and <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> voiceless initial consonants (as Mandarin does too). In less <a href="/wiki/Technical_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical term">technical terms</a>, native Amoy speakers have little difficulty in hearing the difference between the following syllables: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> </td> <td>bo <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:母">母</a> </td> <td>po <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:保">保</a> </td> <td>pʰo <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:抱">抱</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> </td> <td>go <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:俄">俄</a> </td> <td>ko <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:果">果</a> </td> <td>kʰo <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:科">科</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, these fully voiced consonants did not derive from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a> voiced obstruents, but rather from fortition of nasal initials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accents">Accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min#Vowel_shifts" title="Southern Min">Southern Min § Vowel shifts</a></div> <p>A comparison between Amoy and other Southern Min languages can be found there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amoy is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> variants in that it largely preserves the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">Middle Chinese tone system</a> of six distinct tones in syllables which do not end in a stop consonant and two tones in syllables which do end in a stop consonant (the <a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">checked tones</a>). The tones are traditionally numbered from 1 through 8, with 4 and 8 being the checked tones. The distinction between tones 2 and 6 has been lost among most speakers. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone number</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_name" title="Tone name">Tone name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">Tone letter</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Yin level</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Yin rising</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Yin falling</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yin entering</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩ʔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Yang level</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 (2)</td> <td>Yang rising</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Yang falling</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yang entering</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥ʔ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amoy has extremely extensive <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> (tone-changing) rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. What an '<a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterance</a>' is, in the context of this language, is an ongoing topic for linguistic research. For the purpose of this article, an utterance may be considered a <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a>, or a short <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>. The diagram illustrates the rules that govern the pronunciation of a tone on each of the syllables affected (that is, all but the last in an utterance): </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/598px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="598" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/897px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/1196px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_and_colloquial_readings">Literary and colloquial readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary and colloquial readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other languages of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>, Amoy has complex rules for <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters</a>. For example, the character for <i>big/great</i>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a>, has a vernacular reading of <i>tōa</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tua˧]</a></span>), but a literary reading of <i>tāi</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tai˧]</a></span>). Because of the loose nature of the rules governing when to use a given pronunciation, a learner of Amoy must often simply memorize the appropriate reading for a word on a case-by-case basis. For single-syllable words, it is more common to use the vernacular pronunciation. </p><p>The vernacular readings are generally thought to predate the literary readings, as is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a> varieties;<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter1992_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the literary readings appear to have evolved from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sung1973_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sung1973-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following chart illustrates some of the more commonly seen sound shifts: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Colloquial </th> <th>Literary </th> <th colspan="4">Example </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[p-], [pʰ-] </td> <td>[h-] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:分">分</a> </td> <td><b>p</b>un </td> <td><b>h</b>un </td> <td><i>divide</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-] </td> <td>[s-], [ɕ-] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:成">成</a> </td> <td><b>ch</b>iâⁿ </td> <td><b>s</b>êng </td> <td><i>to become</i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[k-], [kʰ-] </td> <td>[tɕ-], [tɕʰ-] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:指">指</a> </td> <td><b>k</b>í </td> <td><b>ch</b>í </td> <td><i>finger</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[-ã], [-uã] </td> <td>[-an] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:看">看</a> </td> <td>kh<b>òaⁿ</b> </td> <td>kh<b>àn</b> </td> <td><i>to see</i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[-ʔ] </td> <td>[-t] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:食">食</a> </td> <td>chia̍<b>h</b> </td> <td>si̍<b>t</b> </td> <td><i>to eat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[-i] </td> <td>[-e] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:世">世</a> </td> <td>s<b>ì</b> </td> <td>s<b>è</b> </td> <td><i>world</i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[-e] </td> <td>[-a] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:家">家</a> </td> <td>k<b>e</b> </td> <td>k<b>a</b> </td> <td><i>family</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[-ia] </td> <td>[-i] </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:企">企</a> </td> <td>kh<b>iā</b> </td> <td>kh<b>ì</b> </td> <td><i>to stand</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>For further information, read the article: <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a>, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Amoy_Min_Nan_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list">Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sinitic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Sinitic Swadesh lists">Sinitic Swadesh lists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese language">Sichuanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjingnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Yuetai Hakka</a>, Amoynese Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhounese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changshanese</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>p </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td> <td>k </td> <td>ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td>pʰ </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td> </td> <td>kʰ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td>b </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>ts </td> <td>tɕ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>tsʰ </td> <td>tɕʰ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>dz </td> <td>dʑ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>s </td> <td>ɕ </td> <td> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Word-initial alveolar consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz/</span> when occurring before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> are pronounced as alveo-palatal sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> can fluctuate freely in initial position as either a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> or voiced alveolar plosive stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Van_der_Loon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Van_der_Loon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> can occur in both word initial and final position.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ/</span> when occurring before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ̍/</span> can be pronounced as voiceless sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Rimes without codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span><br />阿 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><br />烏 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span><br />魚 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span><br />火 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span><br />好 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span><br />母 </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span><br />愛</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span><br />抱 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span>-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia/</span><br />寫</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/io/</span><br />后</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iu/</span><br />救 </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iau/</span><br />鳥 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua/</span><br />花</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ue/</span><br />話 </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui/</span><br />水</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uai/</span><br />歪</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Rimes with nasal codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a>/</span><br />毋</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/am/</span><br />暗</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span><br />按</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍</a>/</span><br />黃</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aŋ/</span><br />港</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔŋ/</span><br />風 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im/</span><br />心</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iam/</span><br />薟</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/in/</span><br />今</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɛn/</span><br />免</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iŋ/</span><br />英</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iaŋ/</span><br />雙</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iɔŋ</span><br />恭 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/un/</span><br />恩 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uan/</span><br />完 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Checked rimes </caption> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ap/</span><br />十 </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/at/</span><br />克</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ak/</span><br />六</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔk/</span><br />樂</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʔ/</span><br />鴨</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔʔ</span><br />索</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʔ</span><br />學</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eʔ/</span><br />欲</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/auʔ/</span><br />落</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãʔ</span><br />肉</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃ʔ</span><br />乎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ẽʔ/</span><br />夾</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãiʔ</span><br />唉 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ip</span><br />急</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iap/</span><br />葉</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/it/</span><br />必</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɛt/</span><br />閲</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ik/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ek/</span><br />色</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɔk/</span><br />祝 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iʔ</span><br />捏</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iaʔ</span><br />食</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ioʔ</span><br />尺</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iuʔ/</span><br />搐</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩʔ/</span><br />物</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iãʔ</span><br />贏</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ut/</span><br />骨</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uat/</span><br />越</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uʔ/</span><br />嗍</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uaʔ/</span><br />活</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ueʔ/</span><br />喂 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Final consonants are pronounced as unreleased <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p̚<span class="wrap"> </span>t̚<span class="wrap"> </span>k̚]</span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Nasalized rimes without codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a>/</span><br />三 </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a>/</span><br />魯</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a>/</span><br />明</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ãi/</span><br />歹</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>/</span><br />暝</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iã/</span><br />定</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iũ/</span><br />想</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ãu/</span><br />腦 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uã/</span><br />山</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uĩ/</span><br />莓</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uãi/</span><br />彎</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amoy grammar shares a similar structure to other Chinese dialects, although it is slightly more complex than Mandarin. Moreover, equivalent Amoy and Mandarin particles are usually not <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complement_constructions">Complement constructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Complement constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amoy <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">complement constructions</a> are roughly parallel to Mandarin ones, although there are variations in the choice of lexical term. The following are examples of constructions that Amoy employs. </p><p>In the case of adverbs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">走</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cháu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">runs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">會</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ē</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>obtains</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">緊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kín</p><p style="margin: 0px;">quick</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊走會緊</p><p style="display: none;">i cháu <b>ē</b> kín</p><p style="display: none;">he runs <b>obtains</b> quick</p><p style="clear: left;">He runs quick<i>ly</i>.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Mandarin: <i>tā pǎo <b>de</b> kuài</i> (他跑得快)</dd></dl> <p>In the case of the adverb "very": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">走</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cháu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">runs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">真</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>chin</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>obtains</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">緊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kín</p><p style="margin: 0px;">quick</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊走真緊</p><p style="display: none;">i cháu <b>chin</b> kín</p><p style="display: none;">He runs <b>obtains</b> quick</p><p style="clear: left;">He runs <i>very</i> quick<i>ly</i>.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Mandarin: <i>tā pǎo <b>de hěn</b> kuài</i> (他跑得很快)</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">走</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cháu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">runs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">袂</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bōe</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">緊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kín</p><p style="margin: 0px;">quick</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊走袂緊</p><p style="display: none;">i cháu <b>bōe</b> kín</p><p style="display: none;">He runs not quick</p><p style="clear: left;">He <i>does not</i> run quick<i>ly</i>.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Mandarin: <i>tā pǎo <b>bù</b> kuài</i> (他跑不快)</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">看</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khòaⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">會</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ē</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>obtains</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">著</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tio̍h</p><p style="margin: 0px;">already achieved</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊看會著</p><p style="display: none;">i khòaⁿ <b>ē</b> tio̍h</p><p style="display: none;">He see <b>obtains</b> {already achieved}</p><p style="clear: left;">He <i>can</i> see.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Mandarin: <i>tā kàn <b>de</b> dào</i> (他看得到)</dd></dl> <p>For the negative, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">看</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khòaⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sees</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">袂</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bōe</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">著</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tio̍h</p><p style="margin: 0px;">already achieved</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊看袂著</p><p style="display: none;">i khòaⁿ <b>bōe</b> tio̍h</p><p style="display: none;">He sees <b>not</b> {already achieved}</p><p style="clear: left;">He <i>cannot</i> see.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Mandarin: <i>tā kàn <b>bù</b> dào</i> (他看不到)</dd></dl> <p>For the adverb "so," Amoy uses <i>kah</i> (甲) instead of Mandarin <i>de</i> (得): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">驚</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiaⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">startled</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">甲</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kah</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>to the point of</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">話</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ōe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">words</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">著</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tio̍h</p><p style="margin: 0px;">also</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">講</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">袂</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bōe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">出來</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chhut-lâi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come out</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊驚甲話著講袂出來</p><p style="display: none;">i kiaⁿ <b>kah</b> ōe tio̍h kóng bōe chhut-lâi</p><p style="display: none;">He startled {<b>to the point of</b>} words also say not {come out}</p><p style="clear: left;">He was <i>so</i> startled, that he could not speak.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Mandarin: <i>tā xià <b>de</b> huà dōu shuō bù chūlái</i> (他嚇得話都說不出來)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_particles">Negative particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Negative particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negative particle syntax is parallel to Mandarin about 70% of the time, although lexical terms used differ from those in Mandarin. For many lexical particles, there is no single standard Hanji character to represent these terms (e.g. <i>m̄</i>, a negative particle, can be variously represented by 毋, 呣, and 唔), but the most commonly used ones are presented below in examples. The following are commonly used negative particles: </p> <ol><li><i><b>m̄</b></i> (毋/伓) <b>- is not + noun</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl><dd><i>i m̄-sī gún lāu-bú</i>. (伊毋是阮老母) "She is not my mother."</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>m̄</b></i> (毋/伓) <b>- does not/will not + verb</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl><dd><i>i m̄ lâi</i>. (伊毋來) "He will not come."</dd></dl></li> <li><b>verb + <i>bōe</i></b> (袂/𣍐 (⿰勿會)) <b>+ particle - is not able to</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl><dd><i>góa khòaⁿ-bōe-tio̍h</i>. (我看袂著) "I am not able to see it."</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>bōe</b></i> (袂/𣍐 (⿰勿會)) <b>+ helping verb - cannot</b> (opposite of <i>ē</i> 會, "is able to") (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl><dd><i>i bōe-hiáu kóng Eng-gú</i>. (伊袂曉講英語) "He can't speak English."</dd></dl> <ul><li>helping verbs that go with <i>bōe</i> (袂) <dl><dd><i>bōe-sái</i> (袂使) - is not permitted to (Mandarin 不可以 <i>bù kěyǐ</i>)</dd> <dd><i>bōe-hiáu</i> (袂曉) - does not know how to (Mandarin 不會, <i>búhuì</i>)</dd> <dd><i>bōe-tàng</i> (袂當) - not able to (Mandarin 不能, <i>bùnéng</i>)</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><i><b>mài</b></i> (莫/勿愛) <b>- do not (imperative)</b> (Mandarin 別, <i>bié</i>) <dl><dd><i>mài kóng</i>! (莫講) "Don't speak!"</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- do not + helping verb</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl><dd><i>i bô beh lâi</i>. (伊無欲來) "He is not going to come."</dd></dl> <ul><li>helping verbs that go with <i>bô</i> (無): <dl><dd><i>beh</i> (欲) - want to + verb; will + verb</dd> <dd><i>ài</i> (愛) - must + verb</dd> <dd><i>èng-kai</i> (應該) - should + verb</dd> <dd><i>kah-ì</i> (合意) - like to + verb</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- does not have</b> (Mandarin 沒有, <i>méiyǒu</i>) <dl><dd><i>i bô chîⁿ</i>. (伊無錢) "He does not have any money."</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- did not</b> (Mandarin 沒有, <i>méiyǒu</i>) <dl><dd><i>i bô lâi</i>. (伊無來) "He did not come."</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- is not + adjective</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl><dd><i>i bô súi</i>. (伊無媠/水) "She is not beautiful."</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>hó</i> (好) ("good") is an exception, as it can use both <i>m̄</i> and <i>bô</i>.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_particles">Common particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Common particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly seen particles include: </p> <ul><li>與 (<i>hō·</i>) - indicates <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> (Mandarin 被, <i>bèi</i>)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>與</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hō·</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">人</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lâng</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">騙</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">phiàn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">去</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khì</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊 <b>與</b> 人騙去</p><p style="display: none;">i <b>hō·</b> lâng phiàn khì</p><p style="clear: left;">"They were cheated."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>共 (<i>kā</i>) - identifies the object (Mandarin 把, <i>bǎ</i>)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>共</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kā</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">錢</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chîⁿ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">交</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kau</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">與</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hō·</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lí</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊 <b>共</b> 錢交與你</p><p style="display: none;">i <b>kā</b> chîⁿ kau hō· lí</p><p style="clear: left;">"He handed the money to you"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>加 (<i>ke</i>) - "more"</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>加</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ke</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">食</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chia̍h</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">一</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chi̍t</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">碗</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">óaⁿ</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊 <b>加</b> 食一碗</p><p style="display: none;">i <b>ke</b> chia̍h chi̍t óaⁿ</p><p style="clear: left;">"He ate one more bowl."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>共 (<i>kā</i>) - identifies the object</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">我</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">góa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>共</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kā</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">你</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lí</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">講</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóng</p></div><p style="display: none;">我 <b>共</b> 你講</p><p style="display: none;">góa <b>kā</b> lí kóng</p><p style="clear: left;">"I'm telling you."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>濟 (<i>chōe</i>) - "more"</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">有</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">較</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khah</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>濟</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>chōe</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">的</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ê</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">朋友</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pêng-iú</p></div><p style="display: none;">伊有較 <b>濟</b> 的朋友</p><p style="display: none;">i ū khah <b>chōe</b> ê pêng-iú</p><p style="clear: left;">"He has comparatively many friends."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Romanization schemes have been devised for <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> is one of the oldest and best established. However, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a> has become the romanization of choice for many of the recent textbooks and dictionaries from Taiwan. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔk</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iɛn</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iəŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>aⁿ</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>ok</td> <td>oⁿ</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>eⁿ</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>eng </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>aN</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>ooN</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>eN</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>ann</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>oonn</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>na</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>noo</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>ne</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ab/ap</td> <td>ad/at</td> <td>ag/ak</td> <td>aq/ah</td> <td>va</td> <td>o</td> <td>og/ok</td> <td>vo</td> <td>ø</td> <td>ø</td> <td>e</td> <td>ve</td> <td>i</td> <td>ien</td> <td>eng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>āp/ap</td> <td>āt/at</td> <td>āk/ak</td> <td>āh/ah</td> <td>ann/aⁿ</td> <td>o</td> <td>ok</td> <td>onn/oⁿ</td> <td>or</td> <td>or</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn/eⁿ</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian/en</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>アア</td> <td>アㇷ゚</td> <td>アッ</td> <td>アㇰ</td> <td>アァ</td> <td>アア</td> <td>オオ</td> <td>オㇰ</td> <td>オオ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">オオ</span></td> <td>ヲヲ</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>イェヌ</td> <td>イェン </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄚㆴ</td> <td>ㄚㆵ</td> <td>ㄚㆻ</td> <td>ㄚㆷ</td> <td>ㆩ</td> <td>ㆦ</td> <td>ㆦㆻ</td> <td>ㆧ</td> <td>ㄜ</td> <td>ㄛ</td> <td>ㆤ</td> <td>ㆥ</td> <td>ㄧ</td> <td>ㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄧㄥ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>ann</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>onn</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">亞</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">壓</span><br />力 </td> <td>警<br /><span style="color: darkred">察</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">沃</span><br />水 </td> <td>牛<br /><span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">三</span><br />十 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">烏</span><br />色 </td> <td>中<br /><span style="color: darkred">國</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">下</span><br />晡 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">醫</span><br />學 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">鉛</span><br />筆 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">英</span><br />國 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">亚</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">压</span><br />力 </td> <td>警<br /><span style="color: darkred">察</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">沃</span><br />水 </td> <td>牛<br /><span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">三</span><br />十 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">乌</span><br />色 </td> <td>中<br /><span style="color: darkred">国</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">下</span><br />晡 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">医</span><br />学 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">铅</span><br />笔 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">英</span><br />国 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iək</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">am</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔm</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m̩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ̍</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ua</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ue</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uai</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uan</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span></td> <td>(i)<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>ek</td> <td>iⁿ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>aiⁿ</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>oa</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oai</td> <td>oan</td> <td>i</td> <td>(i)uⁿ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>iN</td> <td>ai</td> <td>aiN</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)uN </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)unn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>ni</td> <td>ai</td> <td>nai</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>i</td> <td>n(i)u </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>eg/ek</td> <td>vi</td> <td>ai</td> <td>vai</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>oa</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oai</td> <td>oan</td> <td>i</td> <td>v(i)u </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn/iⁿ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn/aiⁿ</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>i</td> <td>(i)unn/uⁿ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>イェㇰ</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>アウ</td> <td>アム</td> <td>オム</td> <td>ム</td> <td>オン</td> <td>ン</td> <td>ウウ</td> <td>ヲア</td> <td>ヲエ</td> <td>ヲァイ</td> <td>ヲァヌ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">ウウ</span></td> <td>ウウ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄧㆻ</td> <td>ㆪ</td> <td>ㄞ</td> <td>ㆮ</td> <td>ㆯ</td> <td>ㆰ</td> <td>ㆱ</td> <td>ㆬ</td> <td>ㆲ</td> <td>ㆭ</td> <td>ㄨ</td> <td>ㄨㄚ</td> <td>ㄨㆤ</td> <td>ㄨㄞ</td> <td>ㄨㄢ</td> <td>ㆨ</td> <td>ㆫ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)unn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td>翻<br /><span style="color: darkred">譯</span> </td> <td>病<br /><span style="color: darkred">院</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">愛</span><br />情 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歐</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">暗</span><br />時 </td> <td> </td> <td>阿<br /><span style="color: darkred">姆</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">王</span><br />梨 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">黃</span><br />色 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">有</span><br />無 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歌</span><br />曲 </td> <td>講<br /><span style="color: darkred">話</span> </td> <td>奇<br /><span style="color: darkred">怪</span> </td> <td>人<br /><span style="color: darkred">員</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">豬</span><br />肉 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">舀</span><br />水 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td>翻<br /><span style="color: darkred">译</span> </td> <td>病<br /><span style="color: darkred">院</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">爱</span><br />情 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">欧</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">暗</span><br />时 </td> <td> </td> <td>阿<br /><span style="color: darkred">姆</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">王</span><br />梨 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">黄</span><br />色 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">有</span><br />无 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歌</span><br />曲 </td> <td>讲<br /><span style="color: darkred">话</span> </td> <td>奇<br /><span style="color: darkred">怪</span> </td> <td>人<br /><span style="color: darkred">员</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">猪</span><br />肉 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">舀</span><br />水 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʑi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dz</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>chi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>chhi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ch</td> <td>j</td> <td>chh</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bb</td> <td>p</td> <td>bb</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>n</td> <td>lng</td> <td>l</td> <td>g</td> <td>gg</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>li</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>l</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>ci</td> <td>ji</td> <td>chi</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>zh</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bh</td> <td>p</td> <td>m</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>g</td> <td>gh</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>r</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>r</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>パア</td> <td>バア</td> <td>パ̣ア</td> <td>マア</td> <td>タア</td> <td>タ̣ア</td> <td>ナア</td> <td>ヌン</td> <td>ラア</td> <td>カア</td> <td>ガア</td> <td>カ̣ア</td> <td>ハア</td> <td>チイ</td> <td>ジイ</td> <td>チ̣イ</td> <td>シイ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">サ</span>ア</td> <td>ザア</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">サ̣</span>ア</td> <td>サア </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄅ</td> <td>ㆠ</td> <td>ㄆ</td> <td>ㄇ</td> <td>ㄉ</td> <td>ㄊ</td> <td>ㄋ</td> <td>ㄋㆭ</td> <td>ㄌ</td> <td>ㄍ</td> <td>ㆣ</td> <td>ㄎ</td> <td>ㄏ</td> <td>ㄐ</td> <td>ㆢ</td> <td>ㄑ</td> <td>ㄒ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㆡ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>tsi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>tshi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ts</td> <td>j</td> <td>tsh</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">報</span><br />紙 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">閩</span><br />南 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">普</span><br />通 </td> <td>請<br /><span style="color: darkred">問</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">豬</span><br />肉 </td> <td>普<br /><span style="color: darkred">通</span> </td> <td>過<br /><span style="color: darkred">年</span> </td> <td>雞<br /><span style="color: darkred">卵</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">樂</span><br />觀 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">價</span><br />值 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">牛</span><br />奶 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">客</span><br />廳 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">煩</span><br />惱 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">支</span><br />持 </td> <td>漢<br /><span style="color: darkred">字</span> </td> <td>支<br /><span style="color: darkred">持</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">是</span><br />否 </td> <td>報<br /><span style="color: darkred">紙</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">熱</span><br />天 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">參</span><br />加 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">司</span><br />法 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">报</span><br />纸 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">闽</span><br />南 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">普</span><br />通 </td> <td>请<br /><span style="color: darkred">问</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">猪</span><br />肉 </td> <td>普<br /><span style="color: darkred">通</span> </td> <td>过<br /><span style="color: darkred">年</span> </td> <td>鸡<br /><span style="color: darkred">卵</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">乐</span><br />观 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">价</span><br />值 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">牛</span><br />奶 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">客</span><br />厅 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">烦</span><br />恼 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">支</span><br />持 </td> <td>汉<br /><span style="color: darkred">字</span> </td> <td>支<br /><span style="color: darkred">持</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">是</span><br />否 </td> <td>报<br /><span style="color: darkred">纸</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">热</span><br />天 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">参</span><br />加 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">司</span><br />法 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Tones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone name</th> <th>Yin level<br />陰平(1)</th> <th>Yin rising<br />陰上(2)</th> <th>Yin departing<br />陰去(3)</th> <th>Yin entering<br />陰入(4)</th> <th>Yang level<br />陽平(5)</th> <th>Yang rising<br />陽上(6)</th> <th>Yang departing<br />陽去(7)</th> <th>Yang entering<br />陽入(8)</th> <th>High rising<br />(9)</th> <th>Neutral tone<br />(0) </th></tr> <tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˨˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap˩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at˩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak˩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˧˥</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap˥</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at˥</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak˥</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍p<br />a̍t<br />a̍k<br />a̍h</td> <td>ă</td> <td>--a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a> (and Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a>)</td> <td>a1</td> <td>a2</td> <td>a3</td> <td>ap4<br />at4<br />ak4<br />ah4</td> <td>a5</td> <td>a6</td> <td>a7</td> <td>ap8<br />at8<br />ak8<br />ah8</td> <td>a9</td> <td>a0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>à</td> <td>āp<br />āt<br />āk<br />āh</td> <td>á</td> <td></td> <td>â</td> <td>áp<br />át<br />ák<br />áh</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a><br /></td> <td>af</td> <td>ar</td> <td>ax</td> <td>ab<br />ad<br />ag<br />aq</td> <td>aa</td> <td>aar</td> <td>a</td> <td>ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah</td> <td> </td> <td>~a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>à</td> <td>â</td> <td>āp<br />āt<br />āk<br />āh</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah</td> <td>á</td> <td>å </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a><br />(normal vowels)</td> <td>アア</td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a><br />(nasal vowels)</td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/20px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/40px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/U%2B1AFFB.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/U%2B1AFFB.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/U%2B1AFFB.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U%2B1AFFD.svg/20px-U%2B1AFFD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U%2B1AFFD.svg/40px-U%2B1AFFD.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/20px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/40px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/20px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/40px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/20px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/40px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/20px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/40px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄚˋ</td> <td>ㄚ˪</td> <td>ㄚㆴ<br />ㄚㆵ<br />ㄚㆻ<br />ㄚㆷ</td> <td>ㄚˊ</td> <td></td> <td>ㄚ˫</td> <td>ㄚㆴ˙<br />ㄚㆵ˙<br />ㄚㆻ˙<br />ㄚㆷ˙</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍h</td> <td>a̋</td> <td>--ah </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example<br />(<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td>公<span style="color: darkred">司</span> </td> <td>報<span style="color: darkred">紙</span> </td> <td>興<span style="color: darkred">趣</span> </td> <td>血<span style="color: darkred">壓</span><br />警<span style="color: darkred">察</span><br />中<span style="color: darkred">國</span><br />牛<span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td>人<span style="color: darkred">員</span> </td> <td>老<span style="color: darkred">爸</span> </td> <td>草<span style="color: darkred">地</span> </td> <td>配<span style="color: darkred">合</span><br />法<span style="color: darkred">律</span><br />文<span style="color: darkred">學</span><br />歇<span style="color: darkred">熱</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">昨昏</span> </td> <td>入<span style="color: darkred">去</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example<br />(<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td>公<span style="color: darkred">司</span> </td> <td>报<span style="color: darkred">纸</span> </td> <td>兴<span style="color: darkred">趣</span> </td> <td>血<span style="color: darkred">压</span><br />警<span style="color: darkred">察</span><br />中<span style="color: darkred">国</span><br />牛<span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td>人<span style="color: darkred">员</span> </td> <td>老<span style="color: darkred">爸</span> </td> <td>草<span style="color: darkred">地</span> </td> <td>配<span style="color: darkred">合</span><br />法<span style="color: darkred">律</span><br />文<span style="color: darkred">学</span><br />歇<span style="color: darkred">热</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">昨昏</span> </td> <td>入<span style="color: darkred">去</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Note: <i>The <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> extended characters in the <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">zhuyin</a> row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> values <a href="/wiki/Unicode_font#2E00-4DBF" title="Unicode font">31A0–31B7</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/Code2000" title="Code2000">Code2000</a> true type font).</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a> & <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan-nang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan-nang">Lan-nang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holopedia">Holopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prestige_dialects" title="List of prestige dialects">List of prestige dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Amoy_Min_Nan_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list">Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists">Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Minnan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021444/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclassifying+ISO+639-3+%5Bnan%5D%3A+An+Empirical+Approach+to+Mutual+Intelligibility+and+Ethnolinguistic+Distinctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FKIRINPUTRA%2Freclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan%2Fmain%2FReclassifying_ISO_639-3_%255Bnan%255D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">86–</span>110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. 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(1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23752861">"A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3723">0091-3723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23752861">23752861</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Literary+and+Colloquial+Amoy+Chinese&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23752861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0091-3723&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23752861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Van_der_Loon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Van_der_Loon_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Loon1967" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Loon, Piet (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1745sWSSKnQ.pdf">"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. New Series. <b>13</b>: 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Incunabula+and+Early+Hokkien+Studies%2C+Part+2&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Van+der+Loon&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1745sWSSKnQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuanan2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huanan, Wang 王華南 (2007). <i>Ài shuō Táiyǔ wǔqiān nián: Táiyǔ shēngyùn zhīměi</i> <bdi lang="zh">愛說台語五千年 : 台語聲韻之美</bdi> [<i>To Understand the Beauty of Taiwanese</i>] (in Chinese). Taibei Shi: Gao tan wenhua chuban. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-7101-47-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-7101-47-1"><bdi>978-986-7101-47-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%80i+shu%C5%8D+T%C3%A1iy%C7%94+w%C7%94qi%C4%81n+ni%C3%A1n%3A+T%C3%A1iy%C7%94+sh%C4%93ngy%C3%B9n+zh%C4%ABm%C4%9Bi+%E6%84%9B%E8%AA%AA%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4+%3A+%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%BB%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E&rft.place=Taibei+Shi&rft.pub=Gao+tan+wenhua+chuban&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-986-7101-47-1&rft.aulast=Huanan&rft.aufirst=Wang+%E7%8E%8B%E8%8F%AF%E5%8D%97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Shunliang 李順涼 (2004). Hong, Hongyuan 洪宏元 (ed.). <i>Huá-Tái-Yīng cíhuì jùshì duìzhào jí / Chinese-Taiwanese-English Lexicon</i> <bdi lang="zh">華台英詞彙句式對照集 / Chinese-Taiwanese-English Lexicon</bdi> (in Chinese and English). Taibei Shi: Wunan tushu chuban gufen youxian gongsi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-11-3822-3" title="Special:BookSources/957-11-3822-3"><bdi>957-11-3822-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hu%C3%A1-T%C3%A1i-Y%C4%ABng+c%C3%ADhu%C3%AC+j%C3%B9sh%C3%AC+du%C3%ACzh%C3%A0o+j%C3%AD+%2F+Chinese-Taiwanese-English+Lexicon+%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%8F%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E9%9B%86+%2F+Chinese-Taiwanese-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Taibei+Shi&rft.pub=Wunan+tushu+chuban+gufen+youxian+gongsi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=957-11-3822-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shunliang+%E6%9D%8E%E9%A0%86%E6%B6%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTang1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tang, Tingchi 湯廷池 (1999). <i>Mǐnnányǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū shìlùn</i> <bdi lang="zh">閩南語語法研究試論</bdi> [<i>Papers on Southern Min Syntax</i>] (in Chinese and English). Taibei Shi: Taiwan xuesheng shuju. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-15-0948-5" title="Special:BookSources/957-15-0948-5"><bdi>957-15-0948-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C7%90nn%C3%A1ny%C7%94+y%C7%94f%C7%8E+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+sh%C3%ACl%C3%B9n+%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96&rft.place=Taibei+Shi&rft.pub=Taiwan+xuesheng+shuju&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=957-15-0948-5&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Tingchi+%E6%B9%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%B1%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSung1973" class="citation journal cs1">Sung, Margaret M. Y. (1973). "A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese". <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2375286">2375286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Literary+and+Colloquial+Amoy+Chinese&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2375286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaclay1953" class="citation book cs1">Maclay, Howard S. (1953). <i>The Phonology of Amoy Chinese</i>. University of New Mexico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Amoy+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Maclay&rft.aufirst=Howard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas" title="Carstairs Douglas">Douglas, Carstairs</a> (1899) [1873]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdict00doug"><i>Chinese-English Dictionary of theVernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Presbyterian Church of England. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25126855M">25126855M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-English+Dictionary+of+theVernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Church+of+England&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25126855M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Carstairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseenglishdict00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Barclay, Thomas</a> (1923). <i>Supplement to Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy</i>. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015051950106">2027/mdp.39015051950106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+Dictionary+of+the+Vernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=The+Commercial+Press&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015051950106&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacGowan1898" class="citation book cs1">MacGowan, John (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalgems.nus.edu.sg/shared/colls/lanlit/files/ManMac.pdf"><i>A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). Amoy: Chui Keng Ton. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081879649">2027/nyp.33433081879649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Amoy+Colloquial&rft.place=Amoy&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Chui+Keng+Ton&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433081879649&rft.aulast=MacGowan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalgems.nus.edu.sg%2Fshared%2Fcolls%2Flanlit%2Ffiles%2FManMac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:"> Minnan edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Min_Nan_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Min Nan Swadesh list">Appendix:Min Nan Swadesh list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amoymagic.com/amoywhy.htm">{Why it is Called Amoy}</a>, Why Minnan is called "Amoy"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gb.cri.cn/chinese_radio/minnan.htm">listen to the news in Amoy Min Nan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711162926/http://gb.cri.cn/chinese_radio/minnan.htm">Archived</a> 2016-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (site is in Chinese script)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020813184944/http://homepage2.nifty.com/gat_tin/fangyin.htm">Database of Pronunciations of Chinese Dialects</a> (in English, Chinese and Japanese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/index.php">Glossika - Chinese Languages and Dialects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/greetings/">Voyager - Spacecraft - Golden Record - Greetings From Earth - Amoy</a>, includes translation and sound clip <dl><dd>(The voyager clip says: <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><i lang="nan">Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô·!</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">太空朋友，恁好。恁食飽未？有閒著來阮遮坐哦!</span></span>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese15" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a><br />(Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Major_linguistic_groups163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major linguistic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%B4%A1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:江贡小片">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui%E2%80%93Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gui–Liu">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ürümqi dialect (page does not exist)">Ürümqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/205px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/308px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/410px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan Min (page does not exist)">Houguan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E5%AE%98%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:侯官片">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning Min (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%81%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:福宁片">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Teochew" title="Pontianak Teochew">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Inland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huiyang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huiyang dialect (page does not exist)">Huiyang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:惠阳话">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Hakka" title="Pontianak Hakka">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkawang_Hakka" title="Singkawang Hakka">Singkawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:新会话">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern Pinghua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern Pinghua</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(?) <a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Standard_forms_of_Chinese163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms of Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="History,_phonology,_and_grammar163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History, phonology, and grammar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Written_Chinese_and_input_methods163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Written Chinese and input methods</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Logographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshiamy_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boshiamy method (page does not exist)">Boshiamy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%B8%E8%9D%A6%E7%B1%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:嘸蝦米輸入法">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q9_input_method" title="Q9 input method">Q9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li>Microsoft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xiamen142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xiamen" title="Template:Xiamen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xiamen" title="Template talk:Xiamen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xiamen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xiamen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xiamen142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Xiamen Special Economic Zone">Xiamen Special Economic Zone</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Island" title="Xiamen Island">Xiamen Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulangyu Island">Gulangyu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haicang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haicang District">Haicang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli District">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimei District">Jimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siming_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siming District">Siming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong'an District">Tong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiang'an District">Xiang'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaqiao_University" title="Huaqiao University">Huaqiao University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimei_University" title="Jimei University">Jimei University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design,_Fuzhou_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen Academy of Arts and Design, Fuzhou University (page does not exist)">Xiamen Academy of Arts and Design, Fuzhou University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Language_and_Culture_College_of_Huaqiao_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Language and Culture College of Huaqiao University (page does not exist)">Chinese Language and Culture College of Huaqiao University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University_of_Technology" title="Xiamen University of Technology">Xiamen University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_Medical_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen Medical College (page does not exist)">Xiamen Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_University_Tan_Kah_Kee_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College (page does not exist)">Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimei_University_Chengyi_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimei University Chengyi College (page does not exist)">Jimei University Chengyi College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen Institute of Technology (page does not exist)">Xiamen Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_Huaxia_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen Huaxia College (page does not exist)">Xiamen Huaxia College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_Nanyang_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen Nanyang College (page does not exist)">Xiamen Nanyang College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Shuangshi_High_School" title="Xiamen Shuangshi High School">Xiamen Shuangshi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_No.1_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen No.1 Middle School (page does not exist)">Xiamen No.1 Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Foreign_Language_School" title="Xiamen Foreign Language School">Xiamen Foreign Language School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_International_School" title="Xiamen International School">Xiamen International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Xiamen_International_School" title="Manila Xiamen International School">Manila Xiamen International School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achieve_Xiamen_International_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achieve Xiamen International School (page does not exist)">Achieve Xiamen International School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions <br /> and tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM_City_Xiamen" title="SM City Xiamen">SM City Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM_Lifestyle_Center" title="SM Lifestyle Center">SM Lifestyle Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Putuo_Temple" title="South Putuo Temple">South Putuo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulangyu Island">Gulangyu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Harbourview_Hotel_Xiamen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millennium Harbourview Hotel Xiamen (page does not exist)">Millennium Harbourview Hotel Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Fair_for_Investment_and_Trade" title="China International Fair for Investment and Trade">China International Fair for Investment and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Forum" title="Straits Forum">Straits Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Botanical_Gardens" title="Xiamen Botanical Gardens">Xiamen Botanical Gardens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture <br /> and sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Marathon" title="Xiamen Marathon">Xiamen Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Diamond_League" title="Xiamen Diamond League">Xiamen Diamond League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_People%27s_Stadium" title="Xiamen People's Stadium">Xiamen People's Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Sports_Center_Stadium" title="Xiamen Sports Center Stadium">Xiamen Sports Center Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Egret_Stadium" title="Xiamen Egret Stadium">Xiamen Egret Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Media_Group" title="Xiamen Media Group">Xiamen Media Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amoy dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Gaoqi_International_Airport" title="Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport">Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Xiang%27an_International_Airport" title="Xiamen Xiang'an International Airport">Xiamen Xiang'an International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XiamenAir" title="XiamenAir">XiamenAir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">Port of Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiamen Railway Station">Xiamen Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_North_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiamen North Railway Station">Xiamen North Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_East_Railway_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen East Railway Station (page does not exist)">Xiamen East Railway Station</a></li> <li>AMTR (<a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Metro" title="Xiamen Metro">Xiamen Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_BRT" title="Xiamen BRT">Xiamen BRT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoji_Causeway" title="Gaoji Causeway">Gaoji Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Bridge" title="Xiamen Bridge">Xiamen Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haicang_Bridge" title="Haicang Bridge">Haicang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimei_Bridge" title="Jimei Bridge">Jimei Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglin_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinglin Bridge (page does not exist)">Xinglin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiang%27an_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiang'an Tunnel (page does not exist)">Xiang'an Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haicang_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haicang Tunnel (page does not exist)">Haicang Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiang%27an_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiang'an Bridge (page does not exist)">Xiang'an Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiamen%E2%80%93Kinmen_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiamen–Kinmen Bridge (page does not exist)">Xiamen–Kinmen Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tong%27an_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tong'an Tunnel (page does not exist)">Tong'an Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" 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