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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكتاب في دورات الكواكب السماوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكتاب في دورات الكواكب السماوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6y_cisiml%C9%99rinin_f%C4%B1rlanmas%C4%B1_haqq%C4%B1nda" title="Göy cisimlərinin fırlanması haqqında – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göy cisimlərinin fırlanması haqqında" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="За въртенето на небесните сфери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="За въртенето на небесните сфери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestium" title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestium" title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestium" title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="درباره گردش اجرام آسمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درباره گردش اجرام آسمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_r%C3%A9volutions_des_sph%C3%A8res_c%C3%A9lestes" title="Des révolutions des sphères célestes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Des révolutions des sphères célestes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestium" title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98_%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC" title="천구의 회전에 관하여 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천구의 회전에 관하여" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="על הקפות כיפות השמיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="על הקפות כיפות השמיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%9E%E8%BB%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6" title="天球の回転について – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天球の回転について" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li 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interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ksel_K%C3%BCrelerin_Devinimleri_%C3%9Czerine" title="Göksel Kürelerin Devinimleri Üzerine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göksel Kürelerin Devinimleri Üzerine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Про обертання небесних сфер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Про обертання небесних сфер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%BA" title="天体运行论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天体运行论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1543 book by Copernicus describing his heliocentric theory of the universe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium&rft.author=%5B%5BNicolaus+Copernicus%5D%5D&rft.date=1543&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohannes+Petreius%5D%5D%3Cbr+%2F%3E%28%5B%5BNuremberg%5D%5D%29&rft.pages=405"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:De_revolutionibus_1543.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/De_revolutionibus_1543.png/220px-De_revolutionibus_1543.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/De_revolutionibus_1543.png/330px-De_revolutionibus_1543.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/De_revolutionibus_1543.png/440px-De_revolutionibus_1543.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original 1543 Nuremberg edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Petreius" title="Johannes Petreius">Johannes Petreius</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1543</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">405</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</b></i> (English translation: <i>On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres</i>) is the seminal work on the <a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">heliocentric theory</a> of the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (1473–1543) of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Polish Renaissance</a>. The book, first printed in 1543 in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, offered an alternative model of the universe to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic system">geocentric system</a>, which had been widely accepted since ancient times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="Special:EditPage/De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/220px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/330px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/440px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>Order of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">heavenly spheres</a> annotated with periods of revolution from Chapter 10 of <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copernican_heliocentrism_(cropped)_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg/220px-Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg/330px-Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="37" /></a><figcaption>Latin: <i>In medio uero omnium residet Sol.</i> Translation: <i>But the Sun resides at the centre of everything</i>, a quote from the corresponding printed book page with the above diagram.</figcaption></figure> <p>Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short, untitled, anonymous <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> that he distributed to several friends, referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Commentariolus" title="Commentariolus">Commentariolus</a></i>. A physician's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the <i>Commentariolus</i>, so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most historians believe that he wrote the <i>Commentariolus</i> after his return from Italy, possibly only after 1510. At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time. Among other techniques, the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by the Arab astronomer <a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Din_al-%27Urdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi">Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi</a>, the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a geocentric but non-<a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Ptolemaic model</a> of planetary motion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observations of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Walther" title="Bernhard Walther">Bernhard Walther</a> (1430–1504) of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Regiomontanus" title="Regiomontanus">Regiomontanus</a>, were made available to <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sch%C3%B6ner" title="Johannes Schöner">Johannes Schöner</a>, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. Copernicus used three of them in <i>De revolutionibus</i>, giving only longitudes, and erroneously attributing them to Schöner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Copernicus' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in <i>Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, [4°, Norimb. 1544].</i> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Autograph_of_Nicolaus_Copernicus%27_De_revolutionibus" title="Autograph of Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus">manuscript</a> of <i>De revolutionibus</i> in Copernicus' own hand has survived. After his death, it was given to his pupil, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Joachim_Rheticus" title="Georg Joachim Rheticus">Rheticus</a>, who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations. Via Heidelberg, it ended up in Prague, where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century. Close examination of the manuscript, including the different types of paper used, helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition. Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models. He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations. By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete, but Copernicus hesitated to publish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1536, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Nikolaus von Schönberg">Nikolaus von Schönberg</a> wrote to Copernicus and urged him to publish his manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1539, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Joachim_Rheticus" title="Georg Joachim Rheticus">Georg Joachim Rheticus</a>, a young mathematician from <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Frombork" title="Frombork">Frauenburg</a> (Frombork) to study with him. Rheticus read Copernicus' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner, his astrology teacher in Nürnberg; he published this letter as the <i><a href="/wiki/Narratio_Prima" title="Narratio Prima">Narratio Prima</a></i> in Danzig in 1540. Rheticus' friend and mentor <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Gasser" title="Achilles Gasser">Achilles Gasser</a> published a second edition of the <i>Narratio</i> in Basel in 1541. Due to its friendly reception, Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work—in 1542, a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished <i>De revolutionibus</i>. Rheticus published it in Copernicus' name. </p><p>Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Tiedemann_Giese" title="Tiedemann Giese">Tiedemann Giese</a>, to be delivered to Rheticus in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> for printing by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Petreius" title="Johannes Petreius">Johannes Petreius</a> at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a> (Nuremberg). It was published just before Copernicus' death, in 1543. </p><p>Copernicus kept a copy of his manuscript which, sometime after his death, was sent to Rheticus in the attempt to produce an authentic, unaltered version of the book. The plan failed but the copy was found during the 18th century and was published later.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is kept at the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> Library in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where it remains bearing the library number BJ 10 000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg/200px-De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg/300px-De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Title page, 2nd edition, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Officina_Henricpetrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Officina Henricpetrina">Officina Henricpetrina</a></i>, 1566</figcaption></figure> <p>From the first edition, Copernicus' book was prefixed with an anonymous preface which argues that the following is a calculus consistent with the observations, and cannot resolve philosophical truths.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only later was this revealed to be the unauthorized interjection by <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> when the first edition was printed there. This is followed by Copernicus' own preface, where he dedicates his work to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> and appeals to the latter's skill as a mathematician to recognize the truth of Copernicus' hypothesis. </p><p><i>De revolutionibus</i> is divided into six "books" (sections or parts), following closely the layout of Ptolemy's <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> which it updated and replaced:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Book I chapters 1–11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>. The world (heavens) is spherical, as is the Earth, and the land and water make a single globe. The celestial bodies, including the Earth, have regular circular and everlasting movements. The Earth rotates on its axis and around the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Answers to why the ancients thought the Earth was central. The order of the planets around the Sun and their periodicity. Chapters 12–14 give theorems for <a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">chord</a> geometry as well as a table of chords.</li> <li>Book II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Book III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and related phenomena.</li> <li>Book IV is a similar description of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and its orbital movements.</li> <li>Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">wandering stars</a> based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets.</li> <li>Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets.</li></ul> <p>Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis. </p><p>Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time, namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions. For this reason, he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Epicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicycle">epicycles</a> similar to those of the Ptolemaic system. Despite Copernicus' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy, his radical shift from a <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a> to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s science—and helped usher in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ad_lectorem"><i>Ad lectorem</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ad lectorem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png/200px-De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png/300px-De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png/400px-De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Title page, 3rd ed., <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Mulerius" title="Nicolaus Mulerius">Nicolaus Mulerius</a>, publisher, 1617</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rheticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheticus">Rheticus</a> left <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a> to take up his post as professor in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter <i>Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis</i> (<i>To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> printed in front of Copernicus' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title "Praefatio authoris" (to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book's author). Osiander's letter stated that Copernicus' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study. Then he must conceive and devise the causes of these motions or hypotheses about them. Since he cannot in any way attain to the true causes, he will adopt whatever suppositions enable the motions to be computed correctly ... The present author has performed both these duties excellently. For these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable. On the contrary, if they provide a calculus consistent with the observations, that alone is enough ... For this art, it is quite clear, is completely and absolutely ignorant of the causes of the apparent [movement of the heavens]. And if any causes are devised by the imagination, as indeed very many are, they are not put forward to convince anyone that they are true, but merely to provide a reliable basis for computation. However, since different hypotheses are sometimes offered for one and the same ... the astronomer will take as his first choice that hypothesis which is the easiest to grasp. The philosopher will perhaps rather seek the semblance of the truth. But neither of them will understand or state anything certain, unless it has been divinely revealed to him ... Let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart this study a greater fool than when he entered.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As even Osiander's defenders point out, the <i>Ad lectorem</i> "expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus' claims for his own theory".<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author. An example of this type of claim can be seen in the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, which states "Fortunately for him [the dying Copernicus], he could not see what Osiander had done. This reformer, knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name, replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Osiander's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many, he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman, who points out he was not an enemy of science. Osiander had many scientific connections including "Johannes Schoner, Rheticus's teacher, whom Osiander recommended for his post at the Nurnberg Gymnasium; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University; Hieronymous Schreiber...Joachim Camerarius...Erasmus Reinhold...Joachim Rheticus...and finally, Hieronymous Cardan."<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he "was such a notorious [Protestant] reformer whose name was well-known and infamous among Catholics",<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus (a loyal Catholic canon and scholar). Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his "own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the 'peripatetics and theologians',"<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he had already been in trouble with his bishop, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dantiscus" title="Johannes Dantiscus">Johannes Dantiscus</a>, on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus's enemy and suspected heretic, Alexander Scultetus. It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and since "the books of hostile theologians could be burned...why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them?<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" Wrightsman also holds that this is why Copernicus did not mention his top student, Rheticus (a Lutheran) in the book's dedication to the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for "improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible... [he shared in] the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations." In an era before the telescope, Osiander (like most of the era's mathematical astronomers) attempted to bridge the "fundamental incompatibility between Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics, and the need to preserve both", by taking an 'instrumentalist' position. Only the handful of "Philosophical purists like the <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroists</a>... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models."<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect circles — he "was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles, and spheres."<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he "attached the Earth's axis rigidly to a Sun-centered sphere. The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned, eliminating the seasons."<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To explain the seasons, he had to propose a third motion, "an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis".<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">Great Comet of 1577</a>, which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through, that the idea was challenged. In 1609, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> fixed Copernicus' theory by stating that the planets orbit the Sun not in circles, but ellipses. Only after Kepler's refinement of Copernicus' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished. </p><p>In his work, Copernicus "used conventional, hypothetical devices like epicycles...as all astronomers had done since antiquity. ...hypothetical constructs solely designed to 'save the phenomena' and aid computation".<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device (its brightness and distance should have varied greatly, but they don't). "In spite of this defect in Ptolemy's theory, Copernicus' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations."<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies, Osiander could see "little technical or physical truth-gain"<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between one system and the other. It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to "function since antiquity, despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroists</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing <i>Ad lectorem</i>, Osiander was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>'s idea that humanity "orders [an intellectual] cosmos out of the chaos of opinions."<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Pico's writings, Osiander "learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them."<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> and his idea of <i>coincidentia oppositorum</i>. Rather than having Pico's focus on human effort, Osiander followed Cusa's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization. From these influences, Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are "no heretics of the intellect", but when one gets past speculation into truth-claims the Bible is the ultimate measure. By holding that Copernicianism was mathematical speculation, Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible. </p><p>Pico's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus, who reacted strongly against the <i>Ad lectorem</i>. As historian Robert S. Westman puts it, "The more profound source of Rheticus's ire however, was Osiander's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty. For Rheticus, this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology."<sup id="cite_ref-Westman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Disputations</i>, Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology. Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were, they also became a target. Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves, how were they to be held as reliable? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Averroes, Avicenna, and Aquinas, the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology. Pico pointed out that the astronomers' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology, people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers. Pico pointed out that astronomers couldn't even tell where the Sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the Earth (some put it close to the Moon, others among the planets). How, Pico asked, could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions? </p><p>As Westman points out, to Rheticus "it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico's conclusions: not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced, but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a world deduced from (possibly) false premises. Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of <i>De Revolutionibus</i> itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Westman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the notes of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maestlin" title="Michael Maestlin">Michael Maestlin</a>, "Rheticus...became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer [over the Ad lectorem]. Rheticus...suspected Osiander had prefaced the work; if he knew this for certain, he declared, he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Objecting to the <i>Ad lectorem</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tiedemann_Giese" title="Tiedemann Giese">Tiedemann Giese</a> urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction, but this was not done, and the matter was forgotten. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Jan Brożek">Jan Broscius</a>, a supporter of Copernicus, also despaired of the <i>Ad lectorem</i>, writing "Ptolemy's hypothesis is the earth rests. Copernicus' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion. Can either, therefore, be true? ... Indeed, Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence, someone may well ask: How is one to know which hypothesis is truer, the Ptolemaic or the Copernican?"<sup id="cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petreius had sent a copy to <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Schreiber" title="Hieronymus Schreiber">Hieronymus Schreiber</a>, an astronomer from Nürnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in Nürnberg supervising the printing. Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship. Via <a href="/wiki/Michael_M%C3%A4stlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Mästlin">Michael Mästlin</a>, this copy came to Johannes Kepler, who discovered what Osiander had done<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959169_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959169-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing. </p><p>Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of <i>De Revolutionibus</i>; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler. Indeed, Maestlin perused Kepler's book, up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it. However, Maestlin already suspected Osiander, because he had bought his <i>De revolutionibus</i> from the widow of <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Apian" title="Philipp Apian">Philipp Apian</a>; examining his books, he had found a note attributing the introduction to Osiander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingerich2004159–164_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingerich2004159–164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius" title="Johannes Praetorius">Johannes Praetorius</a> (1537–1616), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of <i>De revolutionibus</i>. </p><p>All three early editions of <i>De revolutionibus</i> included Osiander's foreword. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before the 1543 publication of <i>De revolutionibus</i>, rumors circulated about its central theses. In one of his <i>Tischreden</i> (Table Talks), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> is quoted as saying in 1539: </p> <blockquote><p>People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred Scripture tells us [Joshua 10:13] that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When the book was finally published, demand was low, with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out.<sup id="cite_ref-BallParacelsus_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BallParacelsus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, like Osiander, contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical model without necessarily being true about causes, thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among some astronomers, the book "at once took its place as a worthy successor to the <i>Almagest</i> of Ptolemy, which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Reinhold" title="Erasmus Reinhold">Erasmus Reinhold</a> hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the <i><a href="/wiki/Prutenic_Tables" title="Prutenic Tables">Prutenic Tables</a></i> ("Prussian Tables"; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Tabulae prutenicae</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Preußische Tafeln</i>) using Copernicus' methods. The <i>Prutenic Tables</i>, published in 1551, were used as a basis for the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">calendar reform</a> instituted in 1582 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>. They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers, whose 15th-century predecessors had used <a href="/wiki/Regiomontanus" title="Regiomontanus">Regiomontanus</a>' <i>Table of the Stars</i>. In England, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Digges" title="Thomas Digges">Thomas Digges</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gilbert (astronomer)">William Gilbert</a> were among those who adopted his position; in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wurstisen" title="Christian Wurstisen">Christian Wurstisen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Rothmann" title="Christoph Rothmann">Christoph Rothmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_M%C3%A4stlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Mästlin">Michael Mästlin</a>, the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>; in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Benedetti" title="Giambattista Benedetti">Giambattista Benedetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Patricius" title="Franciscus Patricius">Franciscus Patricius</a> accepted the rotation of the Earth. In Spain, rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those students, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Diego de Zúñiga">Diego de Zúñiga</a>, published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very soon, nevertheless, Copernicus' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs. In 1549, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a>, Luther's principal lieutenant, wrote against Copernicus, pointing to the theory's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that "severe measures" be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of Copernicus and <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Diego de Zúñiga">Zúñiga</a>—the latter for asserting that <i>De revolutionibus</i> was compatible with Catholic faith—were placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index of Forbidden Books</a> by a decree of the Sacred Congregation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of March 5, 1616 (more than 70 years after Copernicus' publication): </p> <blockquote><p>This Holy Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture, that the earth moves and the sun is motionless, which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus' <i>De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</i> and by Diego de Zúñiga's <i>In Job</i> ... Therefore, in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth, the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus [<i>De revolutionibus</i>] and Diego de Zúñiga [<i>In Job</i>] be suspended until corrected.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>De revolutionibus</i> was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending "corrections" that would clarify the theory's status as hypothesis. Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed. After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in 1620 the reading of the book was permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-cath-encyc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cath-encyc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars, by special request.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It remained on the Index until 1758, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> (1740–58) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index.<sup id="cite_ref-cath-encyc2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cath-encyc2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Census_of_copies">Census of copies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Census of copies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> described <i>De revolutionibus</i> as "<i>The Book That Nobody Read</i>" saying the book "was and is an all-time worst seller", despite the fact that it was reprinted four times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959194_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959194-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a>, an eminent astronomer and historian of science who has written on both Nicolaus Copernicus and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, disproved this after a 35-year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions. Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book; however, his analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a> shows that almost all of them ignored the <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus' new <a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">equant</a>-free models of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary motion">planetary motion</a> in the later chapters. Also, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Reimers" title="Nicolaus Reimers">Nicolaus Reimers</a> in 1587 translated the book into German. </p><p>Gingerich's efforts and conclusions are recounted in <i>The Book Nobody Read</i>, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. His census<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included 276 copies of the first edition (by comparison, there are 228 extant copies of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a>) and 325 copies of the second.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit of Poland">Order of Merit</a> in 1981. Due largely to Gingerich's scholarship, <i>De revolutionibus</i> has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historic text except for the original <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMarco_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMarco-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the copies now resides at the <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Archives of the University of Santo Tomas">Archives of the University of Santo Tomas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides_Library" title="Miguel de Benavides Library">Miguel de Benavides Library</a>. In January 2017, a second-edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> and remains unrecovered.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0056786c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page of 1543 edition of Nicolaus Copernicus' book De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium which explained his theory of the earth orbiting the sun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/0056786c.jpg/205px-0056786c.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/0056786c.jpg/308px-0056786c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/0056786c.jpg/410px-0056786c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7031" data-file-height="5180" /></a><figcaption>1543 edition held by University of Edinburgh Library</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1543, Nuremberg, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Petreius" title="Johannes Petreius">Johannes Petreius</a>. A copy of this is held by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>; it had been owned by an astronomer, who filled the pages with scholarly annotations, and subsequently by the Scottish economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. Another copy is held by the <a href="/wiki/Cary_Graphic_Arts_Collection" title="Cary Graphic Arts Collection">Cary Graphic Arts Collection</a> in New York, alongside astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Sacrobosco" title="Johannes de Sacrobosco">Johannes de Sacrobosco</a>'s manuscript "<a href="/wiki/De_sphaera_mundi" title="De sphaera mundi">De sphaera mundi</a>" (On the Sphere of the World), which supports the earlier <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Ptolemaic model of the universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1566, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Henricus_Petrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henricus Petrus">Henricus Petrus</a>. A copy of this is held by the University of Sydney; previously owned by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1617, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Mulerius" title="Nicolaus Mulerius">Nicolaus Mulerius</a>.</li> <li>1854, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus.</li> <li>1873, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a>; German translation sponsored by the local <i>Coppernicus</i> Society, with all of Copernicus' textual corrections given as footnotes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_texts_available">Latin texts available</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latin texts available"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius; online from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ads.harvard.edu/books/1543droc.book/">Harvard University</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English translations of <i>De revolutionibus</i> have included: </p> <ul><li><i>On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres</i>, translated by C. G. Wallis, Annapolis, St John's College Bookstore, 1939. Republished in volume 16 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></i>, Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952; in the series of the same name, published by the Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Philadelphia, 1985; in volume 15 of the second edition of the <i>Great Books</i>, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990; and Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, Great Minds Series – Science, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-035-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-035-5">1-57392-035-5</a>.</li> <li><i>On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres</i>, translated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-6927-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-6927-X">0-7153-6927-X</a>; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-491279-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-491279-5">0-06-491279-5</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html">On the Revolutions</a></i>; translation and commentary by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rosen" title="Edward Rosen">Edward Rosen</a>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4515-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4515-7">0-8018-4515-7</a>. (Foundations of Natural History. Originally published in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland, 1978.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts" title="List of most expensive books and manuscripts">List of most expensive books and manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_interpretation_of_Copernicus" title="Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus">Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingerich2004">Gingerich 2004</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saliba (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teresa Borawska, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/archives/De_revolutionibus/2/"><i>The history of the original manuscript of "De revolutionibus"</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillispie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1906" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, John L E (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft"><i>History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft/page/342">342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+planetary+systems+from+Thales+to+Kepler&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=John+L+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofplaneta00dreyuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis's translation (<a href="#CITEREFCopernicus1952">1952</a>, p.505)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Luban1994" class="citation book cs1">David Luban (1994). <i>Legal Modernism</i>. University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Modernism&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1994&rft.au=David+Luban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrightsman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Andreas Osiander's Contribution to the Copernican Achievement</i>, by Bruce Wrightsman, Section VII, The Copernican Achievement, ed. Robert S. Westman, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm">"Nicolaus Copernicus"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaus+Copernicus&rft.pub=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04352b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tobin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Tobin2003" class="citation book cs1">William Tobin (2003). <i>The Life and Science of Léon Foucault: The Man who Proved the Earth Rotates</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Science+of+L%C3%A9on+Foucault%3A+The+Man+who+Proved+the+Earth+Rotates&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=William+Tobin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westman_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westman_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Westman2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Westman (2011). <i>The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order</i>. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copernican+Question%3A+Prognostication%2C+Skepticism%2C+and+Celestial+Order&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Robert+S.+Westman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424101945/http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2008.html">"Glasgow University Library Special Collections Department, Book of the Month, Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg: 1543 Sp Coll Hunterian Cz.1.13"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2008.html">the original</a> on 2013-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glasgow+University+Library+Special+Collections+Department%2C+Book+of+the+Month%2C+Nicolaus+Copernicus+De+Revolutionibus+Nuremberg%3A+1543+Sp+Coll+Hunterian+Cz.1.13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecial.lib.gla.ac.uk%2Fexhibns%2Fmonth%2Fapr2008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Rosen2004" class="citation book cs1">Edward Rosen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceSnipu4MykC&pg=PA24"><i>Three Copernican Treatises</i></a>. Dover Publications, Incorporated. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43605-0"><bdi>978-0-486-43605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Copernican+Treatises&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43605-0&rft.au=Edward+Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DceSnipu4MykC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959169-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959169_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoestler1959">Koestler 1959</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Westman, "Three Responses to Copernican Theory", in Robert Westman, ed., <i>The Copernican Achievement</i>, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingerich2004159–164-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingerich2004159–164_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingerich2004">Gingerich 2004</a>, pp. 159–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Copernican_Revolution_(book)" title="The Copernican Revolution (book)">The Copernican Revolution</a></i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1957, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BallParacelsus-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BallParacelsus_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Ball, <i>The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-945787-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-945787-9">978-0-09-945787-9</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>, <i>The Copernican Revolution</i>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>, <i>The Copernican Revolution</i>, pp. 186–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer1906">Dreyer 1906</a>, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeming2012" class="citation book cs1">Deming, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&pg=PA138"><i>Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution</i></a>. McFarland & Company. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786461721" title="Special:BookSources/9780786461721"><bdi>9780786461721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+World+History%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Black+Death%2C+the+Renaissance%2C+the+Reformation+and+the+Scientific+Revolution&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780786461721&rft.aulast=Deming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXGEXih4yLYC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/23.html">"Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/index.html"><i>The Renaissance and The Reformation</i></a>. Carrie. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/817744956">817744956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+23%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+Scientific+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+and+The+Reformation&rft.pub=Carrie&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F817744956&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvlib.iue.it%2Fcarrie%2Ftexts%2Fcarrie_books%2Fgilbert%2F23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer1906">Dreyer 1906</a>, pp. 346–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>, <i>The Copernican Revolution</i>, p. 192. Kuhn writes that Melanchthon emphasized Ecclesiastes 1:4–5 ("The earth abideth forever ... the sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=19-323">Original Latin text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html#indexdecree">English translation</a>. Also mentioned by W. R. Shea and M. Artigas in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/20142387/Galileo-in-Rome-W-R-Shea-M-Artigas">Galileo in Rome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119182243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/20142387/Galileo-in-Rome-W-R-Shea-M-Artigas">Archived</a> 2009-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2003), pp. 84–85, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516598-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516598-5">0-19-516598-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cath-encyc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cath-encyc_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cath-encyc2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cath-encyc2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm">Benedict XIV</a>", <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959194-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959194_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoestler1959">Koestler 1959</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingerich2002">Gingerich 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingerich2004">Gingerich 2004</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMarco-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeMarco_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter DeMarco. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2004/04/13/book_quest_took_him_around_the_globe/">Book quest took him around the globe</a>". <i>Boston Globe</i>. April 13, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNearney2017" class="citation web cs1">McNearney, Allison (8 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/08/the-mystery-of-the-2-5-million-rare-book-heist.html">"The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist"</a>. <i>thedailybeast.com</i>. <q>[Alessandro Meda] Riquier was the owner of several of the most noteworthy tomes that were taken in the heist. The most expensive book was a second edition of Copernicus's <i>On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres</i> from 1566 in which the astronomer introduced his revolutionary theory that the Sun—not the Earth—is the center of the universe. That book alone is worth over $250,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedailybeast.com&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+the+%242.5+Million+Rare+Book+Heist&rft.date=2017-04-08&rft.aulast=McNearney&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F04%2F08%2Fthe-mystery-of-the-2-5-million-rare-book-heist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://13wham.com/news/local/centuries-old-astronomy-texts-find-new-home-at-rit-copernicus-de-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-on-the-revolutions-of-the-heavenly-spheres">"Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT"</a>. 13 WHAM News. 2 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centuries-old+astronomy+texts+find+new+home+at+RIT&rft.pub=13+WHAM+News&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F13wham.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcenturies-old-astronomy-texts-find-new-home-at-rit-copernicus-de-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-on-the-revolutions-of-the-heavenly-spheres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Sydney_Library" class="citation web cs1">University of Sydney Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/61USYD_INST/1c0ug48/alma991021060759705106">"Nicolai Copernici Torinensis De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium, libri VI : in quibus stellarum et fixarum et erraticarum motus, ex veteribus atque recentibus observationibus, restituit hic autor. Præterea tabulas expeditas luculentas´que addidit, ex quibus eosdem motus ad quoduis tempus mathematum studiosus facillime calculare poterit. Item, De libris revolutionum Nicolai Copernici narratio prima, per M. Georgium Ioachimum Rheticum ad D. Ioan. Schonerum scripta"</a>. <i>University of Sydney Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Sydney+Library&rft.atitle=Nicolai+Copernici+Torinensis+De+revolutionibus+orbium+c%C5%93lestium%2C+libri+VI+%3A+in+quibus+stellarum+et+fixarum+et+erraticarum+motus%2C+ex+veteribus+atque+recentibus+observationibus%2C+restituit+hic+autor.+Pr%C3%A6terea+tabulas+expeditas+luculentas%C2%B4que+addidit%2C+ex+quibus+eosdem+motus+ad+quoduis+tempus+mathematum+studiosus+facillime+calculare+poterit.+Item%2C+De+libris+revolutionum+Nicolai+Copernici+narratio+prima%2C+per+M.+Georgium+Ioachimum+Rheticum+ad+D.+Ioan.+Schonerum+scripta.&rft.au=University+of+Sydney+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fpermalink%2F61USYD_INST%2F1c0ug48%2Falma991021060759705106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopernicus1952" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus, Nicolaus</a> (1952), <i>On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres</i>, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 16, translated by Charles Glenn Wallis, Chicago: William Benton, pp. 497–838</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Revolutions+of+the+Heavenly+Spheres&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Great+Books+of+the+Western+World&rft.pages=497-838&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Copernicus&rft.aufirst=Nicolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi, Pierre</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618204900/http://members.aol.com/OlivThill/private/copernic.htm">The Life of Copernicus</a></i>, biography (1654), with notes by Olivier Thill (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59160-193-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59160-193-2">1-59160-193-2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r0RfQtpU6AC">[1]</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich2002" class="citation book cs1">Gingerich, Owen (2002). <i>An annotated census of Copernicus' De revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566)</i>. Leiden: Brill (Studia copernicana. Brill's series; v. 2). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11466-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11466-1"><bdi>90-04-11466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+annotated+census+of+Copernicus%27+De+revolutionibus+%28Nuremberg%2C+1543+and+Basel%2C+1566%29&rft.pub=Leiden%3A+Brill+%28Studia+copernicana.+Brill%27s+series%3B+v.+2%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-11466-1&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich2004" class="citation book cs1">Gingerich, Owen (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booknobodyreadch00ging"><i>The Book Nobody Read : Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus</i></a></span>. New York : Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1415-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1415-3"><bdi>0-8027-1415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+Nobody+Read+%3A+Chasing+the+Revolutions+of+Nicolaus+Copernicus&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Walker&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8027-1415-3&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooknobodyreadch00ging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannam2007" class="citation web cs1">Hannam, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jameshannam.com/copernicus.htm">"Deconstructing Copernicus"</a>. <i>Medieval Science and Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Science+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+Copernicus&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hannam&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjameshannam.com%2Fcopernicus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span> Analyses the varieties of argument used by Copernicus.</li> <li>Heilbron, J.L.: <i>The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-85433-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-85433-0">0-674-85433-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoestler1959" class="citation book cs1">Koestler, Arthur (1959). <i>The Sleepwalkers</i>. Hutchison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers&rft.pub=Hutchison&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Koestler&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+revolutionibus+orbium+coelestium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sobel, D, A More Perfect Heaven - How Copernicus Revolutionised the Cosmos, Bloomsbury 2011.</li> <li>Swerdlow, N.M., O. Neugebauer: <i>Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus' De revolutionibus</i>. New York : Springer, 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90939-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90939-7">0-387-90939-7</a> (Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences ; 10)</li> <li>Vermij, R.H.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/publicaties/detail.cfm?boeken__ordernr=991129">The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575–1750</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902061848/http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/publicaties/detail.cfm?boeken__ordernr=991129">Archived</a> 2006-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6984-340-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6984-340-4">90-6984-340-4</a></li> <li>Westman, R.S., ed.: <i>The Copernican achievement</i>. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02877-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02877-5">0-520-02877-5</a></li> <li>Zinner, E.: <i>Entstehung und Ausbreitung der coppernicanischen Lehre</i>. 2. Aufl. durchgesehen und erg. von Heribert M. Nobis und Felix Schmeidler. München : C.H. Beck, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-32049-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-32049-X">3-406-32049-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/publication/1494">Manuscript of <i>De Revolutionibus</i> by Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library" title="Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian Library</a>, Poland.</li></ul> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Nicolaus_Coppernicus_aus_Thorn_%C3%BCber_die_Kreisbewegungen_der_Weltk%C3%B6rper" class="extiw" title="s:de:Nicolaus Coppernicus aus Thorn über die Kreisbewegungen der Weltkörper"><i>Die Kreisbewegungen</i> (1879)</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.harvard.edu/books/1543droc.book/"><i>De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=276125&from=publication"><i>De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jagiellon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellon University">Jagiellon University</a>, Poland.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/coprev/index.html"><i>De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room" title="Rare Book Room">Rare Book Room</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html"><i>On the Revolutions</i></a>, from WebExhibits. English translation of part of Book I.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpbc.umk.pl/publication/40679"><i>On the Revolutions</i></a>, Warsaw-Cracow 1978. Full English translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=3338">River Campus Libraries, Book of the Month December 2005: <i>De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</i></a></li> <li>A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2012gen31925/?sp=7">facsimile</a> of <i>De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium</i> (1543) from the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/General.54204"><i>De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium</i></a> (1566) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.sydney.edu.au/nodes/view/15138">De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium</a></i> (1566) Previously owned by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a>. Includes the third printing (previous editions 1540 and 1541) of <i>De libris revolutionum Nicolai Copernici narratio prima</i>. 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Template talk:Nicolaus Copernicus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolaus Copernicus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicolaus_Copernicus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">Copernican heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentariolus" title="Commentariolus">Commentariolus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locationes_mansorum_desertorum" title="Locationes mansorum desertorum">Locationes mansorum desertorum</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Monetae_cudendae_ratio" title="Monetae cudendae ratio">Monetae cudendae ratio</a>"</li> <li>Translations of <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode_the_Elder" title="Lucas Watzenrode the Elder">Lucas Watzenrode the Elder</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode" title="Lucas Watzenrode">Lucas Watzenrode</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Gesamtausgabe" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe">Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Copernicus law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_principle" title="Copernican principle">Copernican principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archcathedral_Basilica_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_St._Andrew,_Frombork" title="Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Andrew, Frombork">Frombork Cathedral</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Copernicus,_or_Conversations_with_God" title="Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God">Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God</a></i></li> <li>Monuments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument_(Chicago)" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Montreal" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus (lunar crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(Martian_crater)" title="Copernicus (Martian crater)">Copernicus (Martian crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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