CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kraków - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"14bd346c-60c2-4447-b155-005bb8fa1c79","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kraków","wgTitle":"Kraków","wgCurRevisionId":1260130290,"wgRevisionId":1260130290,"wgArticleId":16815,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages using the EasyTimeline extension","Articles containing German-language text","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Pages with Ukrainian IPA","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from September 2010","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Articles containing Polish-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list","Pages with Polish IPA","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles containing Finnish-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Yiddish-language text", "Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Articles with dead external links from February 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Kraków","City counties of Poland","Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship","Former capitals of Poland","Historic Jewish communities","World Heritage Sites in Poland","Members of the Hanseatic League","Magdeburg rights","Holocaust locations in Poland"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kraków","wgRelevantArticleId":16815,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":50.061388888888885,"lon":19.93722222222222},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q31487","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles": "ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.timeline.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.timeline.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg/1200px-Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="590"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg/800px-Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="393"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg/640px-Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="315"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kraków - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kraków rootpage-Kraków skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Krak%C3%B3w" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Krak%C3%B3w" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Krak%C3%B3w" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Krak%C3%B3w" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_middle_ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_middle_ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins and middle ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_middle_ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th century to the present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parks and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knowledge_and_innovation_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_and_innovation_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Knowledge and innovation community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_innovation_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums_and_national_art_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_national_art_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Museums and national art galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_national_art_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Consulates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_foreign_names_for_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_foreign_names_for_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Contemporary foreign names for the city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_foreign_names_for_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Twin towns and sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kraków</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" > 150 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakow" title="Krakow – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krakow" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8D" title="ክራካው – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክራካው" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow" title="Cracow – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cracow" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81" title="كراكوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كراكوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Քրաքով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քրաքով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="کراکوف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کراکوف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB" title="ক্রাকুফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রাকুফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Кракаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кракаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Кракаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кракаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac%C3%B2via" title="Cracòvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cracòvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_(kapital_sa_gingsakopan)" title="Kraków (kapital sa gingsakopan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kraków (kapital sa gingsakopan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%DA%A4" title="كراكوڤ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كراكوڤ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakow" title="Krakow – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Krakow" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κρακοβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρακοβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Краков ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Краков ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovo" title="Krakovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krakovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovia" title="Krakovia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krakovia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="کراکوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کراکوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovie" title="Cracovie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cracovie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Краков балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Краков балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%BF%A0%ED%94%84" title="크라쿠프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크라쿠프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Կրակով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրակով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="क्रकाउ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रकाउ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakow" title="Krakow – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krakow" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kraká" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91" title="קרקוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרקוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="კრაკოვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრაკოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B2w%C3%B2" title="Krakòwò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Krakòwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovia" title="Krakovia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Krakovia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakova" title="Krakova – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krakova" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokuva" title="Krokuva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krokuva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac%C3%B2via" title="Cracòvia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cracòvia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakk%C3%B3" title="Krakkó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krakkó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രാക്കോവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രാക്കോവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovja" title="Krakovja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Krakovja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB" title="क्राकूफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्राकूफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="კრაკოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კრაკოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%DA%A4" title="كراكوڤ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كراكوڤ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကရားကော့မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကရားကော့မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95" title="クラクフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラクフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcovia" title="Carcovia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Carcovia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craca%C3%BB" title="Cracaû – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cracaû" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac%C3%B2via" title="Cracòvia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cracòvia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5" title="ਕਰਾਕੋਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਾਕੋਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="کراکوف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کراکوف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac%C3%B2via" title="Cracòvia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cracòvia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow" title="Cracow – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Cracow" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakau" title="Krakau – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Krakau" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac%C3%B3via" title="Cracóvia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cracóvia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac%C3%B2via" title="Cracòvia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cracòvia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovi" title="Krakovi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krakovi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%81" title="کڕاکۆف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کڕاکۆف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakova" title="Krakova – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krakova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="கிராக்கோவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிராக்கோவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Краков – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Краков" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3via" title="Krakóvia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Krakóvia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9F" title="กรากุฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรากุฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Кракув – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кракув" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Краків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Краків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="کراکوف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کراکوف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakow" title="Krakow – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Krakow" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Krakov" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉克夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克拉克夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="קראקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קראקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%AB" title="格勒古夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格勒古夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruokova" title="Kruokova – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kruokova" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克拉科夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krako" title="Krako – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Krako" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kraków" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31487#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Krak%C3%B3w" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Krak%C3%B3w" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Krak%C3%B3w" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&oldid=1260130290" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Krak%C3%B3w&id=1260130290&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKrak%25C3%25B3w">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKrak%25C3%25B3w">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Krak%C3%B3w&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Krak%C3%B3w" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31487" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krak%C3%B3w&params=50_03_41_N_19_56_14_E_region:PL_type:city">50°03′41″N 19°56′14″E / 50.06139°N 19.93722°E / 50.06139; 19.93722</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Krakow" and "Cracow" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Krakow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Krakow (disambiguation)">Krakow (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cracow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cracow (disambiguation)">Cracow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kraków</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Cracow</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Royal Capital City of Kraków <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Mary's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg/268px-Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg/402px-Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg/536px-Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7505" data-file-height="3690" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">St. Mary's Basilica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Kraków">Mickiewicz Monument</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wawel Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg/103px-Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg/155px-Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg/206px-Wawel_Cathedral_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="4379" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saints Peter and Paul Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG/161px-Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG/242px-Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG/322px-Kosciol_Sw._Piotra_i_Pawla_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków">Saints Peter and Paul Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_(SE),_4_Wawel,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wawel Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_%28SE%29%2C_4_Wawel%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/135px-Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_%28SE%29%2C_4_Wawel%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_%28SE%29%2C_4_Wawel%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/203px-Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_%28SE%29%2C_4_Wawel%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_%28SE%29%2C_4_Wawel%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/270px-Wawel_Royal_Castle_courtyard_%28SE%29%2C_4_Wawel%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2327" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska,_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Floriańska Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg/129px-2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg/194px-2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg/258px-2017-05-29_Ulica_Floria%C5%84ska%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Floria%C5%84ska_Street" title="Floriańska Street">Floriańska Street</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cloth Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg/268px-Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg/402px-Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg/536px-Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall._View_from_the_west._Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4831" data-file-height="2028" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall" title="Kraków Cloth Hall">Cloth Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Main_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Main Square, Kraków">Main Square</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kraków"><img alt="Flag of Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg/100px-Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg/150px-Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg/200px-Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Kraków">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/70px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/105px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/140px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kraków">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Kraków"><img alt="Official logo of Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg/100px-Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg/150px-Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg/200px-Logo_of_Krak%C3%B3w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="313" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Cracovia urbs celeberrima (Kraków, the most famous city)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kraków is located in Poland"><img alt="Kraków is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.056%;left:57.357%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Kraków</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kraków in Poland</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krak%C3%B3w&params=50_03_41_N_19_56_14_E_region:PL_type:city">50°03′41″N 19°56′14″E / 50.06139°N 19.93722°E / 50.06139; 19.93722</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City rights</th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1257<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">City Hall</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wielopolski_Palace" title="Wielopolski Palace">Wielopolski Palace</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Districts of Kraków">18 districts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Local government in Kraków">Mayor–council government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_City_Council" title="Kraków City Council">Kraków City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Royal_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Mayor of the Royal City of Kraków">City mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Miszalski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Miszalski (page does not exist)">Aleksander Miszalski</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Miszalski" class="extiw" title="pl:Aleksander Miszalski">pl</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">KO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">326.8 km2 (126.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,065.11 km2 (1,569.55 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">383 m (1,257 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">187 m (614 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (30 June 2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 804,237 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">2nd</a>)<a href="#cite_note-demografia.stat.gov.pl-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,461/km2 (6,370/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,498,499</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">370/km2 (950/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cracovian (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) krakowianin (male) krakowianka (female) (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">pl</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City</th><td class="infobox-data">€18.031 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_metropolitan_area" title="Kraków metropolitan area">Metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€25.534 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">30-024 to 31–963</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+48 12</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_John_Paul_II_International_Airport" title="Kraków John Paul II International Airport">Kraków John Paul II</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">KRK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/">www.krakow.pl</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31487#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Centre of Kraków">Historic Centre of Kraków</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">IV</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1978 (2nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">29</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UNESCO region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kraków<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈkrakuf]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg\/Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Krak\u00f3w.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg/Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg" title="File:Pl-Kraków.ogg">ⓘ</a>), also spelled as Cracow or Krakow,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">second-largest</a> and one of the oldest cities in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland Voivodeship</a>, the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius.<a href="#cite_note-welcome-10">[9]</a> Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s most beautiful cities,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> its <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Old Town</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status. The city began as a <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in 985.<a href="#cite_note-History-13">[12]</a> In 1038, it became the seat of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">Polish monarchs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>, and subsequently served as the centre of administration under <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian kings</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until the late 16th century, when <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III">Sigismund III</a> transferred his royal court to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. With the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> in 1918, Kraków reaffirmed its role as the nucleus of a national spirit. After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the newly defined <a href="/wiki/Distrikt_Krakau" class="mw-redirect" title="Distrikt Krakau">Distrikt Krakau</a> became the seat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>. The Jewish population was forced into the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a>, a walled zone from where they were sent to Nazi <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> such as the nearby <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> like <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Płaszów</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARC-14">[13]</a> However, the city was spared from destruction. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojty%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyła">Karol Wojtyła</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">archbishop of Kraków</a>, was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> as Pope John Paul, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-15">[14]</a> The Old Town and historic centre of Kraków, along with the nearby <a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka Salt Mine</a>, are Poland's first <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Centre-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco-02com-17">[16]</a> Its extensive cultural and architectural legacy across the epochs of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Royal_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel Royal Castle">Wawel Royal Castle</a> on the banks of the Vistula, <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">St. Mary's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków">Saints Peter and Paul Church</a>, and the largest <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> market square in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Main_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Main Square, Kraków">Rynek Główny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Kraków is home to <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest universities in the world</a> and often considered Poland's most reputable academic institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Kraków">National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków Opera">Kraków Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre" title="Juliusz Słowacki Theatre">Juliusz Słowacki Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Stary_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Stary Theatre">National Stary Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library" title="Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian Library</a>. Kraków is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The city is served by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II International Airport">John Paul II International Airport</a>, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland. In 2000, Kraków was named <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_City_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO City of Literature">UNESCO City of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The city hosted <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2023_European_Games" title="2023 European Games">European Games</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from <a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus</a> (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nungovitch1-23">[22]</a> In Polish, Kraków is an <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">archaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">possessive</a> form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)".<a href="#cite_note-Małecki-24">[23]</a> The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Nungovitch1-23">[22]</a> The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of Vistulans.<a href="#cite_note-History-13">[12]</a> It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kruk#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:kruk">kruk</a>, meaning 'crow' or 'raven'.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The city's full official name is Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków,<a href="#cite_note-bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA-26">[25]</a> which can be translated as "<a href="/wiki/Royal_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal city">Royal Capital City</a> of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: krakowianin or krakus).<a href="#cite_note-Tyrmand-27">[26]</a> Until the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="History of Kraków">History of Kraków</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Timeline of Kraków">Timeline of Kraków</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_middle_ages">Origins and middle ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and middle ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg/220px-Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg/330px-Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg/440px-Wawel_St_Leonard_ed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Leonard%27s_Crypt" title="St. Leonard's Crypt">St. Leonard's Crypt</a> dates back to the 11th century, when <a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a> made Kraków his royal residence and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kraków's <a href="/wiki/Early_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history">early history</a> begins with evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> settlement on the present site of the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel Hill">Wawel Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischinger-29">[28]</a> A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler <a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus</a>, who built it above a cave occupied by a <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smok_Wawelski" class="mw-redirect" title="Smok Wawelski">Smok Wawelski</a>. The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus I of Bohemia">Boleslaus I</a> in 955.<a href="#cite_note-krakow.pl-2-30">[29]</a> The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a>, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> towards the end of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-Živković-31">[30]</a> In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.<a href="#cite_note-History-13">[12]</a> By the end of the tenth century, the city was a leading centre of trade.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Dongen-32">[31]</a> Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a> with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> churches such as <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Andrew's Church, Kraków">St. Andrew's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">a cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">a basilica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosik_-_Urbańczyk-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1241)" title="Sack of Kraków (1241)">The city was sacked and burned</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Mongol invasion</a> of 1241.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> It was rebuilt practically identically,<a href="#cite_note-Akt_lokacyjny-35">[34]</a> based on new location act and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporated</a> in 1257 by the high duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a> who following the example of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, introduced city rights modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg law">Magdeburg law</a> allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Strzala2-36">[35]</a> In 1259, the city was <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">again ravaged</a> by the Mongols. A <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">third attack</a> in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the <a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Gate" title="St. Florian's Gate">newly built fortifications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolodziejczyk-37">[36]</a> In 1315 a large alliance of Poland, Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" title="Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)">Sweden</a> was formed in Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut of Kraków from the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>, 1493</figcaption></figure> In 1335, King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Kazimierz) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Casimiria). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> order next to <a href="/wiki/Ska%C5%82ka" title="Skałka">Skałka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Świszczowski-39">[38]</a> The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir founded the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">University of Kraków</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_establishment_of_a_university-40">[39]</a> the second oldest university in central Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a>. The city continued to grow under the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a>. As the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> businesses, and <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> as science and the arts began to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-poloniahans-42">[41]</a> The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek or <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">Golden Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NormanDavies-44">[43]</a> Many works of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Renaissance">Polish Renaissance</a> art and architecture were created,<a href="#cite_note-Mikos-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-unescoancient-46">[45]</a> including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Krak%C3%B3w)" title="Old Synagogue (Kraków)">Old Synagogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-infosyn-47">[46]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a>, various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Haller" title="Johann Haller">Johann Haller</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the city<a href="#cite_note-Haller-48">[47]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Kasper_Straube" title="Kasper Straube">Kasper Straube</a> had printed the <a href="/wiki/Calendarium_Cracoviense" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendarium Cracoviense">Calendarium Cracoviense</a>, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.<a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies,_God's_Playground,_vol.1,_chapter_5-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wieslaw_Wydra_88-50">[49]</a> In 1520, the most famous <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bell</a> in Poland, named <a href="/wiki/The_Sigismund_Bell" title="The Sigismund Bell">Zygmunt</a> after <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund I of Poland">Sigismund I of Poland</a>, was cast by Hans Behem.<a href="#cite_note-dzwon-51">[50]</a> At that time, <a href="/wiki/Hans_D%C3%BCrer" title="Hans Dürer">Hans Dürer</a>, a younger brother of artist and thinker <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, was Sigismund's <a href="/wiki/Court_painter" title="Court painter">court painter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HansDur-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Kulmbach" title="Hans von Kulmbach">Hans von Kulmbach</a> made <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpieces</a> for several churches.<a href="#cite_note-Kulmbach-53">[52]</a> In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Qahal" title="Qahal">Qahal</a> (council of a Jewish self-governing community) a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-Kazimierz.com-54">[53]</a> In 1572, King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund II">Sigismund II</a>, the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance. Furthermore, in 1596, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III">Sigismund III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a> moved the administrative capital of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> from Kraków to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warsaw-capital-1596-55">[54]</a> The city was destabilised by pillaging in the 1650s during the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Swedish invasion</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Kraków">1655 siege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milewski2-56">[55]</a> Later in 1707, the city underwent an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Kraków (Cracovia) near the end of the 16th century"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg/900px-View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg/1350px-View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg/1800px-View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4539" data-file-height="1480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Krak%C3%B3w_near_the_end_of_the_16th_century.jpg" title="File:View of Kraków near the end of the 16th century.jpg"> </a></div>View of Kraków (Cracovia) near the end of the 16th century</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg/220px-Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg/330px-Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg/440px-Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> taking the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko%27s_proclamation" title="Kościuszko's proclamation">oath of loyalty to the Polish nation</a> in Kraków's market square (Rynek), 1794</figcaption></figure> Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> had twice been <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned</a> by its neighbors: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg empire">Habsburg empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Polish_struggle_for_freedom-58">[57]</a> In 1791, the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a> changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> initiated an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">insurrection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Main_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Main Square, Kraków">the town's Main Square</a> which, in spite of his victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rac%C5%82awice" title="Battle of Racławice">Battle of Racławice</a> against a numerically superior <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian army</a>, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">third and final partition of Poland</a>. As a result, Kraków fell under Habsburg rule.<a href="#cite_note-GR-59">[58]</a> In 1802, German became the town's official language. Of the members appointed by the Habsburgs to the municipal council only half were Polish.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> From 1796 to 1809, the population of the city rose from 22,000 to 26,000 with an increasing percentage of nobles and officials.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, requirements to upkeep the Polish army followed by tours of Austrian, Polish and Russian troops, plus Russian occupation and a flood in the year 1813 all added up to the adverse development of the city with a high debt burden on public finances and many workshops and trading houses needing to close their activities.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Brodowski_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Act of granting the constitution to the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Cracow" title="Free City of Cracow">Free City of Cracow</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, Kraków became a city-state and remained the only piece of sovereign Polish territory between 1815 and 1846.</figcaption></figure> Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent and neutral <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Kraków">Free City of Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> In addition to the historic city of Kraków itself, the Free City included the towns of <a href="/wiki/Chrzanow" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrzanow">Chrzanow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzebinia" title="Trzebinia">Trzebinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nowa_G%C3%B3ra,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Nowa Góra, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Nowa Gora</a> and 224 villages. Outside the city, mining and metallurgy started developing. The population of Kraków itself grew in this time from 23,000 to 43,000; that of the overall republic from 88,000 to 103,000. The population of the city had an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> clergy, officials and intelligentsia with which the rich townspeople sympathised. They were opposed to the conservative <a href="/wiki/Landed_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed aristocracy">landed aristocracy</a> who also were drawn more and more to the city real estates even though their income still mainly came from their agricultural possessions in the Republic, the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia. The percentage of the Jewish population in the city also increased in this time from 20.8% to 30.4%. However, nationalist sentiment and other political issues led to instability; this culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_uprising" title="Kraków uprising">Kraków uprising</a> of 1846, which was crushed by the Austrian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Frommer-61">[60]</a> The Free City was therefore annexed into the Austrian Empire as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Grand Duchy of Kraków">Grand Duchy of Kraków</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Großherzogtum Krakau), which was legally separate from but administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> (more simply Austrian Galicia).<a href="#cite_note-Chambers's_encyclopaedia:_a..._-_Google_Books-62">[61]</a> During the era of the free city, a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade zone">free trade zone</a> led to positive economic development. But because of the unstable political situation and insecurity about the future, not much of the accumulated wealth was invested.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> Through the increase of taxes, customs and regulations, prices soared and the city fell into a recession. From 1844 to 1850 the population was diminished by over 4,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Franaszek-60">[59]</a> In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-(''see:_Franz_Joseph_I_granted_Kraków_the_municipal_government'')-63">[62]</a> Kraków, being politically freer than the Polish cities under Prussian (later German) and Russian rule, became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny). Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,<a href="#cite_note-google-64">[63]</a> among them the seminal painter <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matejko-65">[64]</a> laid to rest at <a href="/wiki/Rakowicki_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakowicki Cemetery">Rakowicki Cemetery</a>, and the founder of modern Polish drama, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">Fin de siècle</a> Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">running water</a> and electric <a href="/wiki/Streetcars" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcars">streetcars</a> were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków).<a href="#cite_note-Becoming_Metropolitan:_Urban_Selfhood_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Krakow-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-68">[67]</a> At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on 3 August 1914, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> formed a small <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(military)" title="Cadre (military)">cadre</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">military unit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Cadre_Company" title="First Cadre Company">First Cadre Company</a>—the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Urb_171-172-69">[68]</a> The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.<a href="#cite_note-twierdza-70">[69]</a> Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Liquidation_Committee" title="Polish Liquidation Committee">Polish Liquidation Committee</a> assumed power.<a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Europe:_an_introduction_to..._-_Google_Books-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Rusyn_history_and..._-_Google_Books-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_the_present">20th century to the present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century to the present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz,_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz%2C_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg/220px-Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz%2C_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz%2C_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg/330px-Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz%2C_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz%2C_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg/440px-Rz%C4%85ca_Tadeusz%2C_Rynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_w_Krakowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>Flower vendors in <a href="/wiki/Main_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Main Square, Kraków">Rynek</a>—the first autochrome in Poland, dated 1912</figcaption></figure> Following the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> in 1918, Kraków resumed its role as a major Polish academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the <a href="/wiki/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="AGH University of Science and Technology">AGH University of Science and Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts">Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts</a>, as well as several new and essential vocational schools. The city became an important cultural centre for <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a>, including both <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bundist</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krakow_old_scenes,_including_historical_photographs-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance—from <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>—flourishing side by side.<a href="#cite_note-Sinnreich-76">[75]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich. On 26 October 1939, the Nazi régime set up <a href="/wiki/Distrikt_Krakau" class="mw-redirect" title="Distrikt Krakau">Distrikt Krakau</a>, one of four districts within the General Government. On the same day, the city of Kraków became the capital of the administration.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The General Government was ruled by Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, who was based in the city's Wawel Castle. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda portraying the city as historically German.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> On 28 November 1939, Frank set up <a href="/wiki/Judenr%C3%A4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Judenräte">Judenräte</a> ('Jewish Councils') to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included the registration of all Jewish people living in each area, the collection of taxes, and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced-labour</a> groups. The Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> maintained a parallel underground administrative system.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some 56,000 Jews resided in Kraków—almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000; by November 1939, the Jewish population of the city had grown to approximately 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII-81">[80]</a> According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire Kraków District, comprising more than 5 percent of the district's total population. However, these statistics probably underestimate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII-81">[80]</a> In November 1939, during an operation known as <a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a> ('special operation Kraków'), the Germans arrested more than 180 university professors and academics, and sent them to the <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsenhausen">Sachsenhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau">Dachau</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.<a href="#cite_note-16B._Eastern_Europe_in_World_War_II:_October_1939_–_May_1945.-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-sonderaktion-83">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg/220px-Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg/330px-Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg/440px-Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a>, 1942—a German checkpoint during <a href="/wiki/Aktion_Krakau" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Krakau">Aktion Krakau</a></figcaption></figure> Before the formation of <a href="/wiki/Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos">ghettos</a>, which began in the Kraków District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained, the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then-suburban neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze District</a>, to become Kraków's ghetto, where many Jews subsequently died of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely, but as security became tighter the ghettos were generally closed. From autumn 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> developed the policy of <a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">extermination through labour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010171-84">[83]</a> which further worsened the already bleak conditions for Jews. The inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a> were later murdered or sent to German <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943-85">[84]</a> The largest deportations within the Distrikt occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, mass deportation from Kraków's ghetto occurred in the first week of June 1942,<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII-81">[80]</a> and the ghetto was finally liquidated in March 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010376-86">[85]</a> The film director <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> survived the Kraków Ghetto. <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schindler" title="Oskar Schindler">Oskar Schindler</a> selected employees from the ghetto to work in his enamelware factory <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Emailwarenfabrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik">Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik</a>, saving them from the camps.<a href="#cite_note-All_for_Love_-_Google_Books-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oskar_Schindler:_The_Untold_Account..._-_Google_Books-88">[87]</a> Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from deportation to extermination camps and instead sent to labor camps across the General Government.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII-81">[80]</a> By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków Ghetto had been deported. Although <a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Poland_in_World_War_II" title="Looting of Poland in World War II">looted by occupational authorities</a>, Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,<a href="#cite_note-LukZaw-89">[88]</a> with most of the city's historical and architectural legacy spared. Soviet forces under the command of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> entered the city on 18 January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> or those who had served in the Home Army.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg/300px-Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg/450px-Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg/600px-Rozw%C3%B3j_terytorialny_Krakowa_-_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Kraków's territorial growth from the late 18th to the 20th century</figcaption></figure> After the war, under the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (officially declared in 1952), the intellectual and academic community of Kraków came under complete political control. The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights and autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-autonomy-91">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> government of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a> in the newly created suburb of <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krakow_history-92">[91]</a> The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sendzimir_Steelworks" title="Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks">Sendzimir Steelworks</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Mittal_Steel_Company" title="Mittal Steel Company">Mittal</a>) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city into an industrial centre.<a href="#cite_note-communist_era-93">[92]</a> In an effort that spanned two decades, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojty%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyła">Karol Wojtyła</a>, the cardinal archbishop of Kraków from 1964 to 1978, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly industrialized suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-communist_era-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-NH-anthology-94">[93]</a> In 1978, the Catholic Church elevated Wojtyła to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> as <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, the first non-Italian pope in over 450 years. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg/220px-20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg/330px-20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg/440px-20200529_Widok_ze_Ska%C5%82y_Okr%C4%85%C5%BCek_na_Opactwo_w_Ty%C5%84cu_1735_2128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="3884" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tyniec" title="Tyniec">Tyniec Abbey</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bielany,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bielany, Kraków">Bielany</a> <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Hermit_Monastery,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Camaldolese Hermit Monastery, Kraków">Camaldolese Hermit Monastery</a> in the distance</figcaption></figure> Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a>, approximately 219 m (719 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SiT-96">[95]</a> The city is located on the border between different <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_region" title="Physiographic region">physiographic regions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-Cz%C4%99stochowa_Upland" title="Kraków-Częstochowa Upland">Kraków-Częstochowa Upland</a> in the north-western parts of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolska_Upland" title="Małopolska Upland">Małopolska Upland</a> in the north-east, the <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz_Basin" title="Sandomierz Basin">Sandomierz Basin</a> (east) and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Beskidian_Foothills" title="Western Beskidian Foothills">Western Beskidian Foothills</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a> (south).<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> There are five <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. 48.6 hectares (120 acres).<a href="#cite_note-ZZM-98">[97]</a> Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected.<a href="#cite_note-ZZM-98">[97]</a> The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Bielany,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bielany, Kraków">Bielany</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tyniec" title="Tyniec">Tyniec</a> refuge.<a href="#cite_note-ZZM-98">[97]</a> The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's <a href="/wiki/Geomorphological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomorphological">geomorphological</a> features and landscape.<a href="#cite_note-Pattern_of_karst_landscape_of_the_Cracow_Upland_(South_Poland)-99">[98]</a> Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.<a href="#cite_note-The_forms_of_nature_protection_within_the_city_limits-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg/220px-20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg/330px-20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg/440px-20180506_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Augustyna_i_%C5%9Bw._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Krakowie_2989_DxO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5689" data-file-height="3782" /></a><figcaption>Convent of Norbertine Sisters in Kraków-Zwierzyniec and the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a> during the summer season</figcaption></figure> Kraków has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>, denoted by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen classification">Köppen classification</a> as Dfb, somewhat boardering on an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb); with climate change winters are rapidly becoming milder, and hot summers days above 30C are increasingly common,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> but with winter temperatures on average still below freezing, it is perhaps best defined as having a semicontinental climate.<a href="#cite_note-Warsaw-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In older reference periods it was classified as a <a href="/wiki/Warm_summer_continental_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm summer continental climate">warm summer continental climate</a> (Dfb).<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> By classification of <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Oko%C5%82owicz" title="Wincenty Okołowicz">Wincenty Okołowicz</a>, it has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">warm temperate climate</a> in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> with the "fusion" of different features.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The city lies in proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a> and there are often occurrences of a <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">foehn wind</a> called <a href="/wiki/Halny" title="Halny">halny</a>, causing temperatures to rise rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-SEDNO-109">[108]</a> In relation to Warsaw, temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Poland" title="Regions of Poland">southern Poland</a> has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The higher sun angle also allows for a longer <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.<a href="#cite_note-Warsaw-102">[101]</a> The climate table below presents weather data with averages from 1991 to 2020, sunshine ranges from 1971 to 2000, and valid extremes from 1951 to the present day: <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kraków-Airport (<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_John_Paul_II_International_Airport" title="Kraków John Paul II International Airport">KRK</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.7 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3 (18.9) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.0 (−0.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.9 (−21.8) </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.5 (−21.1) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.7 (−16.1) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4 (18.7) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.5 (−21.1) </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−29.9 (−21.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9 (1.49) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (1.27) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.1 (1.50) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.4 (1.83) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 (3.11) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.0 (3.03) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.2 (3.87) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2 (2.02) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.4 (1.63) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (1.31) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">673.0 (26.50) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.6 (3.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.93 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.71 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.00 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.87 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.97 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.37 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.00 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.00 </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.07 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.40 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.67 </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.77 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">171.74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) </th> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.9 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">54.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000AE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000AF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #4F4F4F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.2 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.5 </td> <td style="background: #C0C025; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.4 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.7 </td> <td style="background: #5C5C5C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.8 </td> <td style="background: #3A3A3A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.1 </td> <td style="background: #B7B756; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,453.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<a href="#cite_note-IMGWtavg-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmin-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmax-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecip-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsun-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020, sunshine 1971–2000)<a href="#cite_note-recordhigh1-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-recordlow1-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-relativehumidity1-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunshine1-122">[121]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kraków-Observatory, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4 (11.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6 (11.1) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.4 (2.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.1 (−15.0) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.8 (−16.2) </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.2 (−9.8) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.7 (−14.3) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−26.8 (−16.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9 (1.49) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (1.31) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.3 (1.51) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6 (3.25) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.1 (3.19) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.6 (3.88) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1 (2.96) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3 (2.77) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8 (1.65) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (1.28) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">693.0 (27.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">172.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000CE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000C1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne">https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne</a><a href="#cite_note-Meteomodel2-123">[122]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg/220px-Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg/330px-Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg/440px-Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6409" data-file-height="4212" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> Cloth Hall (<a href="/wiki/Sukiennice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukiennice">Sukiennice</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg/220px-DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg/330px-DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg/440px-DJI_0352_Wawel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Royal Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg/220px-Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg/330px-Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg/440px-Barbakan_Krakow_z_ulicy_Basztowej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Barbican" title="Kraków Barbican">Kraków Barbican</a>, dating from around 1498, was once a fortified outpost of the inner medieval city.</figcaption></figure> Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic forms of <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> developed over the ten centuries, especially <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> styles.<a href="#cite_note-Hourihane-124">[123]</a> Renowned artisans and skilled craftsmen from present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a> were brought and sponsored by kings or nobles who contributed to <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">architectural wealth and diversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hourihane-124">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> manner as well as countless structural elements such as the Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Attic_(architecture)" title="Attic (architecture)">attics</a> with decorative <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a> became recognisable features of historical buildings in Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-Małecki-24">[23]</a> Built from its earliest nucleus outward, the city's monuments can be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its newer districts.<a href="#cite_note-Hourihane-124">[123]</a> Kraków's historic centre, which includes <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">the Old Town</a> (Stare Miasto), the <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a> (Rynek Główny), the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall" title="Kraków Cloth Hall">Cloth Hall</a> (Sukiennice), the <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a> (Barbakan), <a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Gate" title="St. Florian's Gate">St. Florian's Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>, was included as the first of its kind on the list of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Centre-16">[15]</a> The central core surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Planty_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Planty Park">Planty Park</a> remains the most prominent example of an old town in the country, with the medieval street layout still in existence.<a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-125">[124]</a> Kraków was the royal capital of Poland for many centuries, until <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> relocated the court to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in 1596.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-126">[125]</a> The district is bisected by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Royal Road, Kraków">the Royal Road</a>, the coronation route traversed by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Poland">Kings of Poland</a>. Several important monuments were lost in the course of history, notably the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Town_Hall" title="Kraków Town Hall">Ratusz town hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> However, the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Town_Hall_Tower,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Town Hall Tower, Kraków">Town Hall Tower</a> measuring 70 m (229 ft 8 in) in height remains standing.<a href="#cite_note-Nungovitch1-23">[22]</a> In addition to the old town, the city's district of <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a> is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (Pons Regalis) across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the <a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka Salt Mine</a> and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.<a href="#cite_note-Świszczowski-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-wandaluzja-1-128">[127]</a> By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially <a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Synagogues of Kraków">registered synagogues</a> and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf-129">[128]</a> This, in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr,_gate,_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street,_Kazimierz,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr%2C_gate%2C_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street%2C_Kazimierz%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/170px-Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr%2C_gate%2C_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street%2C_Kazimierz%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr%2C_gate%2C_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street%2C_Kazimierz%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/255px-Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr%2C_gate%2C_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street%2C_Kazimierz%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr%2C_gate%2C_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street%2C_Kazimierz%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/340px-Church_of_St_Michael_the_Archangel_and_St_Stanislaus_Bishop_and_Martyr%2C_gate%2C_15_Ska%C5%82eczna_street%2C_Kazimierz%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="4654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ska%C5%82ka" title="Skałka">Skałka</a> ("Small Rock") Church, and the adjacent monastery of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Fathers">Pauline Fathers</a>, is a place of burial for distinguished Poles and Cracovians.</figcaption></figure> As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Kraków Główny railway station">Kraków Główny railway station</a> and the city's <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_University_of_Economics" title="Kraków University of Economics">Academy of Economics</a>. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Some major projects of the era include the development of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>'s new premises and the building of the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Novum" title="Collegium Novum">Collegium Novum</a> just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Society_of_Friends_of_Fine_Arts" title="Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts">the Palace of Art</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_M%C4%85czy%C5%84ski" title="Franciszek Mączyński">Franciszek Mączyński</a> and the 'House under the Globe'. <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession#Architecture" title="Vienna Secession">Secession style</a> architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, became popular towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">the Partitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strasz-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DZolopa_033_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DZolopa_033_2013.jpg/220px-DZolopa_033_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DZolopa_033_2013.jpg/330px-DZolopa_033_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DZolopa_033_2013.jpg/440px-DZolopa_033_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3817" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Society_of_Friends_of_Fine_Arts" title="Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts">Palace of Art</a> at Szczepański Square is an example of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> architecture in central Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-Palace_of_Art-132">[131]</a></figcaption></figure> With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.<a href="#cite_note-Vogt-Nassery-133">[132]</a> Important buildings constructed in the style of <a href="/wiki/Polish_modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish modernism">Polish modernism</a> include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Main Square, Kraków">Main Square</a> and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Kraków,_Oleandry_–_Dom_im._Józefa_Piłsudskiego-134">[133]</a> After the Second World War, new Communist government adopted <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist monumentalism</a>. The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Poland" title="Socialist realism in Poland">Socialist realism in Poland</a>, as in other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists.<a href="#cite_note-inyourpocket/sightseeing-135">[134]</a> The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.<a href="#cite_note-Nh.pl-1-136">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg/220px-Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg/330px-Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg/440px-Nowa_Huta_-_Plac_Centralny_z_lotu_ptaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Plac Centralny, the main square of the socialist-realist district <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a></figcaption></figure> Since the style of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Poland" title="Socialist realism in Poland">Socialist national</a> format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinism in Poland">Stalinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SOCREALIZM_in_Poland_(1949–1955)-137">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Socrealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrealism">soc-realist</a> centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Panel System</a> apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-naszemiasto-cracovia-138">[137]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Polish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Polish Republic">Third Republic</a> in the latter half of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Krakowska" title="Galeria Krakowska">Galeria Krakowska</a>, or infrastructure investments like the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Fast_Tram" title="Kraków Fast Tram">Kraków Fast Tram</a>. A good example of this would be the <a href="/wiki/Manggha_Museum_of_Japanese_Art_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology">Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Arata_Isozaki" title="Arata Isozaki">Arata Isozaki</a>, the 2007-built Pawilon Wyspiański 2000,<a href="#cite_note-sztuka-architektury1-140">[139]</a> which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts (<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolski_Ogr%C3%B3d_Sztuki_w_Krakowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Małopolski Ogród Sztuki w Krakowie">Małopolski Ogród Sztuki</a>), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Main_Post_Office,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Main Post Office, Kraków">Main Post Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stained_Glass_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Stained Glass Museum, Kraków">Stained Glass Museum, Kraków</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planty_Park,_autumn,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Planty_Park%2C_autumn%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/220px-Planty_Park%2C_autumn%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Planty_Park%2C_autumn%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/330px-Planty_Park%2C_autumn%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Planty_Park%2C_autumn%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/440px-Planty_Park%2C_autumn%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Planty_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Planty Park">Planty Park</a> surrounds Kraków's Old Town.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planty_Garden,_pavilion,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Planty_Garden%2C_pavilion%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.JPG/220px-Planty_Garden%2C_pavilion%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Planty_Garden%2C_pavilion%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.JPG/330px-Planty_Garden%2C_pavilion%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Planty_Garden%2C_pavilion%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.JPG/440px-Planty_Garden%2C_pavilion%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4059" data-file-height="2677" /></a><figcaption>A pavilion within the Planty Park during winter</figcaption></figure> There are about 40 parks in Kraków, including dozens of gardens and forests.<a href="#cite_note-wse.krakow-142">[141]</a> Several, like the <a href="/wiki/Planty_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Planty Park">Planty Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Garden_of_the_Jagiellonian_University" title="Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University">Botanical Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Zoo" title="Kraków Zoo">Zoological Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Garden_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Royal Garden in Kraków">Royal Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Krakowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Krakowski">Park Krakowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Park">Jordan Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82onia_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Błonia Park">Błonia Park</a> are located in the centre of the city; with others, such as Zakrzówek, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Green_Ravine_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanda Green Ravine Park">Wanda Green Ravine Park</a>, Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Lotników Park in the surrounding districts.<a href="#cite_note-wse.krakow-142">[141]</a> Parks cover about 318.5 hectares (787 acres; 1.23 sq mi) of the city.<a href="#cite_note-ZZM-98">[97]</a> The best-known park in Kraków is the Planty Park. Established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, it forms a <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> around the Old Town and consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.<a href="#cite_note-Strzala1-143">[142]</a> Jordan Park, founded in 1889 by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Jordan" title="Henryk Jordan">Henryk Jordan</a>, was the first public park of its kind in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-grodzka.net-144">[143]</a> Built on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rudawa_(river)" title="Rudawa (river)">Rudawa</a>, the park was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, a swimming pool, <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, pavilions, and a pond for <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">boat rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bicycle">water bicycles</a>. It is located in the grounds of one of the city's larger parks, Błonia Park.<a href="#cite_note-History,_philosophy_and_photographs-145">[144]</a> The less prominent Park Krakowski, founded in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Rehman" title="Stanisław Rehman">Stanisław Rehman</a>, was a popular destination point for Cracovians at the end of the 19th century, but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyklopedia3-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> There are five <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">nature reserves</a> in Kraków with a total area of 48.6 hectares (120 acres).<a href="#cite_note-gdos-147">[146]</a> Smaller green zones constitute parts of the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-Cz%C4%99stochowa_Upland" title="Kraków-Częstochowa Upland">Kraków-Częstochowa Upland</a> Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the <a href="/wiki/Bielany-Tyniec_Landscape_Park" title="Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park">Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park</a> (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), <a href="/wiki/Tenczynek_Landscape_Park" title="Tenczynek Landscape Park">Tenczynek Landscape Park</a> (Park Tencziński) and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Valleys_Landscape_Park" title="Kraków Valleys Landscape Park">Kraków Valleys Landscape Park</a> (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds.<a href="#cite_note-ZZM-98">[97]</a> The natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the <a href="/wiki/CORINE" class="mw-redirect" title="CORINE">CORINE</a> biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape.<a href="#cite_note-Parkes-148">[147]</a> The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of <a href="/wiki/Thermophilous" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilous">thermophilous</a> vegetation, grasslands and <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parkes-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAK-149">[148]</a> The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary <a href="/wiki/Wilga_(Krakow)" title="Wilga (Krakow)">Wilga</a>, and left: <a href="/wiki/Rudawa_(river)" title="Rudawa (river)">Rudawa</a>, Białucha, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ubnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dłubnia">Dłubnia</a> and Sanka.<a href="#cite_note-Burek-150">[149]</a> The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-Burek-150">[149]</a> Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>, caused by burning <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> for heating, especially in winter.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Local government in Kraków">Local government in Kraków</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podgorze_City_Hall_(new),_Podgorze,Krakow,Poland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Podgorze_City_Hall_%28new%29%2C_Podgorze%2CKrakow%2CPoland.JPG/220px-Podgorze_City_Hall_%28new%29%2C_Podgorze%2CKrakow%2CPoland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Podgorze_City_Hall_%28new%29%2C_Podgorze%2CKrakow%2CPoland.JPG/330px-Podgorze_City_Hall_%28new%29%2C_Podgorze%2CKrakow%2CPoland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Podgorze_City_Hall_%28new%29%2C_Podgorze%2CKrakow%2CPoland.JPG/440px-Podgorze_City_Hall_%28new%29%2C_Podgorze%2CKrakow%2CPoland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4890" data-file-height="3339" /></a><figcaption>The New Town Hall of <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a>, which used to be a self-governing independent town until its incorporation into Kraków in 1915</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_City_Council" title="Kraków City Council">Kraków City Council</a> has 43 elected members,<a href="#cite_note-Radni_Miasta_Krakowa_V_kadencji_(''Kraków_City_Councillors_of_the_5th_term'')-152">[151]</a> one of whom is the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Royal_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Mayor of the Royal City of Kraków">mayor</a>, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BPI_113-153">[152]</a> which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Majchrowski" title="Jacek Majchrowski">Jacek Majchrowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Municipality,_Mayor-154">[153]</a> Several members of the Polish national Parliament (<a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>) are elected from the <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency" title="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency">Kraków constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Kraków_constituency_-_VisWiki-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Symbols of Kraków">city's official symbols</a> include a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, a flag, a seal, and a banner.<a href="#cite_note-ordinance-156">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG/180px-Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG/270px-Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG/360px-Krakow_WielopolskiPalace_6876.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3795" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Wielopolski_Palace" title="Wielopolski Palace">Wielopolski Palace</a> from 1560, the seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council</figcaption></figure> Responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BPI_113-153">[152]</a> The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/City_government" class="mw-redirect" title="City government">city government</a> was reorganised to better differentiate between its <a href="/wiki/Political_agenda" title="Political agenda">political agenda</a> and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_Capital:_Building_Post-communist_Government_Performance-157">[156]</a> In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, <a href="/wiki/Public_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Safety">Public Safety</a>, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-krakow-158">[157]</a> The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Districts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Districts of Kraków">Districts of Kraków</a></div> Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (<a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">dzielnica</a>) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.<a href="#cite_note-districts-159">[158]</a> Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków: the towns of <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krowodrza" title="Krowodrza">Krowodrza</a>, which were amalgamated into the city as it expanded; and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.<a href="#cite_note-districts-159">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanonicza_street,_view_from_S,_Old_Town,_Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanonicza_street%2C_view_from_S%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/220px-Kanonicza_street%2C_view_from_S%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanonicza_street%2C_view_from_S%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/330px-Kanonicza_street%2C_view_from_S%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanonicza_street%2C_view_from_S%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/440px-Kanonicza_street%2C_view_from_S%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="3661" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanonicza_Street,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kanonicza Street, Kraków">Kanonicza Street</a> in the Old Town (<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Stare Miasto</a>) district</figcaption></figure> The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. These include the Old Town (<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Stare Miasto</a>), once contained within the <a href="/wiki/Florian_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Florian Gate">city defensive walls</a> and now encircled by the Planty park; the <a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a> District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a> with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;<a href="#cite_note-Krakow,_Auschwitz_and_Warsaw-160">[159]</a> and the ancient town of <a href="/wiki/Kleparz" title="Kleparz">Kleparz</a>. Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a>—until 1915, a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula—and Nowa Huta, to the east of the city centre, which was built after World War II. Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its 200-metre-square (660 ft) <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a>; dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.<a href="#cite_note-Krakow-161">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="3627" /></a><figcaption>Rynek Podgórski - main square of <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a> district with <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Church,_Podg%C3%B3rze" title="St. Joseph's Church, Podgórze">St. Joseph's Church</a></figcaption></figure> The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.<a href="#cite_note-architecture72-162">[161]</a> Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g. <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Andrew's Church, Kraków">St. Andrew's Church</a>), Renaissance (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Cloth_Hall" title="Kraków Cloth Hall">Kraków Cloth Hall</a>), Baroque (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków">Saints Peter and Paul Church</a>) and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In the Market Square stands the Gothic <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">St. Mary's Basilica</a> (Kościół Mariacki). Rebuilt in the 14th century, it features the famous wooden altar (<a href="/wiki/Altarpiece_of_Veit_Stoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Altarpiece of Veit Stoss">Altarpiece of Veit Stoss</a>), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Kurtz-164">[163]</a> carved by <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a>. A trumpet call (<a href="/wiki/Hejna%C5%82_mariacki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejnał mariacki">hejnał mariacki</a>) is sounded every hour from the church's main tower. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. Whilst playing, he was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces and the bugle call broke off at the moment he died.<a href="#cite_note-hejnal-165">[164]</a> The story is recounted in <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Kelly" title="Eric P. Kelly">Eric P. Kelly</a>'s 1928 book <a href="/wiki/The_Trumpeter_of_Krakow" title="The Trumpeter of Krakow">The Trumpeter of Krakow</a>, which won a <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Newbery Award">Newbery Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JPKelly-166">[165]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0.5em 0 2em; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Area (2009)<a href="#cite_note-StatKraK_::_Kraków.:._Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy-167">[166]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Stare Miasto</a> (I)</td> <td align="center">41,121</td> <td>559.29 ha (5.5929 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grzeg%C3%B3rzki,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Grzegórzki, Kraków">Grzegórzki</a> (II)</td> <td align="center">30,441</td> <td>586.18 ha (5.8618 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85dnik_Czerwony" title="Prądnik Czerwony">Prądnik Czerwony</a> (III)</td> <td align="center">46,621</td> <td>638.82 ha (6.3882 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85dnik_Bia%C5%82y" title="Prądnik Biały">Prądnik Biały</a> (IV)</td> <td align="center">66,649</td> <td>2,370.55 ha (23.7055 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krowodrza" title="Krowodrza">Krowodrza</a> (V)</td> <td align="center">34,467</td> <td>538.32 ha (5.3832 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronowice,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bronowice, Kraków">Bronowice</a> (VI)</td> <td align="center">22,467</td> <td>957.98 ha (9.5798 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-Zwierzyniec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków-Zwierzyniec">Zwierzyniec</a> (VII)</td> <td align="center">20,243</td> <td>2,866.9 ha (28.669 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bniki,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Dębniki, Kraków">Dębniki</a> (VIII)</td> <td align="center">56,258</td> <td>4,671.11 ha (46.7111 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81agiewniki-Borek_Fa%C5%82%C4%99cki" title="Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki">Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki</a> (IX)</td> <td align="center">15,014</td> <td>573.9 ha (5.739 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swoszowice,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Swoszowice, Kraków">Swoszowice</a> (X)</td> <td align="center">20,641</td> <td>2,416.73 ha (24.1673 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze_Duchackie" title="Podgórze Duchackie">Podgórze Duchackie</a> (XI)</td> <td align="center">52,522</td> <td>1,065.24 ha (10.6524 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%BCan%C3%B3w-Prokocim" title="Bieżanów-Prokocim">Bieżanów-Prokocim</a> (XII)</td> <td align="center">63,270</td> <td>1,846.93 ha (18.4693 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a> (XIII)</td> <td align="center">32,050</td> <td>2,516.07 ha (25.1607 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czy%C5%BCyny" title="Czyżyny">Czyżyny</a> (XIV)</td> <td align="center">26,169</td> <td>1,229.44 ha (12.2944 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mistrzejowice" title="Mistrzejowice">Mistrzejowice</a> (XV)</td> <td align="center">54,276</td> <td>547.82 ha (5.4782 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%84czyce,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bieńczyce, Kraków">Bieńczyce</a> (XVI)</td> <td align="center">44,237</td> <td>369.43 ha (3.6943 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rza_Krzes%C5%82awickie" title="Wzgórza Krzesławickie">Wzgórza Krzesławickie</a> (XVII)</td> <td align="center">20,234</td> <td>2,375.82 ha (23.7582 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a> (XVIII)</td> <td align="center">58,320</td> <td>6,552.52 ha (65.5252 km2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td align="center">760,700</td> <td>32,680.00 ha (326.8000 km2) </td></tr></tbody></table> The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. The districts were each assigned a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> as well as a name:<a href="#cite_note-krakow1-168">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Stare Miasto</a> (I), <a href="/wiki/Grzeg%C3%B3rzki,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Grzegórzki, Kraków">Grzegórzki</a> (II), <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85dnik_Czerwony" title="Prądnik Czerwony">Prądnik Czerwony</a> (III), <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85dnik_Bia%C5%82y" title="Prądnik Biały">Prądnik Biały</a> (IV), <a href="/wiki/Krowodrza" title="Krowodrza">Krowodrza</a> (V), <a href="/wiki/Bronowice,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bronowice, Kraków">Bronowice</a> (VI), <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-Zwierzyniec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków-Zwierzyniec">Zwierzyniec</a> (VII), <a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bniki,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Dębniki, Kraków">Dębniki</a> (VIII), <a href="/wiki/%C5%81agiewniki-Borek_Fa%C5%82%C4%99cki" title="Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki">Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki</a> (IX), <a href="/wiki/Swoszowice,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Swoszowice, Kraków">Swoszowice</a> (X), <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze_Duchackie" title="Podgórze Duchackie">Podgórze Duchackie</a> (XI), <a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%BCan%C3%B3w-Prokocim" title="Bieżanów-Prokocim">Bieżanów-Prokocim</a> (XII), <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a> (XIII), <a href="/wiki/Czy%C5%BCyny" title="Czyżyny">Czyżyny</a> (XIV), <a href="/wiki/Mistrzejowice" title="Mistrzejowice">Mistrzejowice</a> (XV), <a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%84czyce,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bieńczyce, Kraków">Bieńczyce</a> (XVI), <a href="/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rza_Krzes%C5%82awickie" title="Wzgórza Krzesławickie">Wzgórza Krzesławickie</a> (XVII), and <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a> (XVIII). <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div><big>Map of districts of the City of Kraków</big> <div style="position: relative; font-size:100%"> <a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg/350px-Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg/525px-Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg/700px-Krak%C3%B3w_dzielnice_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="524" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:59px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Pr.C4.85dnik_Bia.C5.82y" title="Districts of Kraków">IV</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:69px; top:67px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Bronowice" title="Districts of Kraków">VI</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:54px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Zwierzyniec" title="Districts of Kraków">VII</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:85px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Krowodrza" title="Districts of Kraków">V</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Stare_Miasto" title="Districts of Kraków">I</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:139px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Grzeg.C3.B3rzki" title="Districts of Kraków">II</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:109px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#.C5.81agiewniki-Borek_Fa.C5.82.C4.99cki" title="Districts of Kraków">IX</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:68px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Pr.C4.85dnik_Czerwony" title="Districts of Kraków">III</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:232px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Wzg.C3.B3rza_Krzes.C5.82awickie" title="Districts of Kraków">XVII</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:124px; top:187px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Swoszowice" title="Districts of Kraków">X</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:54px; top:147px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#D.C4.99bniki" title="Districts of Kraków">VIII</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Podg.C3.B3rze_Duchackie" title="Districts of Kraków">XI</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:179px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Bie.C5.BCan.C3.B3w-Prokocim" title="Districts of Kraków">XII</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:127px"><a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">XIII</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:169px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Czy.C5.BCyny" title="Districts of Kraków">XIV</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">XVIII</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:172px; top:54px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Mistrzejowice" title="Districts of Kraków">XV</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:68px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w#Bie.C5.84czyce" title="Districts of Kraków">XVI</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:252px; top:135px"><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula (Wisła)</a></div> Interactive map. For more information, click on district number. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biurowiec_Newton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Biurowiec_Newton.JPG/220px-Biurowiec_Newton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Biurowiec_Newton.JPG/330px-Biurowiec_Newton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Biurowiec_Newton.JPG/440px-Biurowiec_Newton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Centre for Business Innovation office complex in Kraków</figcaption></figure> Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> (Małopolska) region.<a href="#cite_note-gosp-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-krakplgosp-170">[169]</a> Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large <a href="/wiki/Multinational_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational companies">multinational companies</a> in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aptiv" title="Aptiv">Aptiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aon_(company)" title="Aon (company)">Aon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akamai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamai">Akamai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altria" title="Altria">Altria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-capgemini-171">[170]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabre_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre Holdings">Sabre Holdings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-About_Sabre_Holdings-172">[171]</a> along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.<a href="#cite_note-gosp-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-173">[172]</a> The city is also the global headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Comarch" title="Comarch">Comarch</a>, an enterprise software house. Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after Warsaw).<a href="#cite_note-gosp-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-krakplgosp-170">[169]</a> According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.<a href="#cite_note-PAIiIZ-174">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unity_Tower,_front,_2_Lubomirskiego_street,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Unity_Tower%2C_front%2C_2_Lubomirskiego_street%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/170px-Unity_Tower%2C_front%2C_2_Lubomirskiego_street%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Unity_Tower%2C_front%2C_2_Lubomirskiego_street%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/255px-Unity_Tower%2C_front%2C_2_Lubomirskiego_street%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Unity_Tower%2C_front%2C_2_Lubomirskiego_street%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/340px-Unity_Tower%2C_front%2C_2_Lubomirskiego_street%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="5882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unity_Tower" title="Unity Tower">Unity Tower</a> is one of the tallest buildings in the city.</figcaption></figure> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget of Kraków">city budget</a>, which is presented by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Kraków">Mayor of Kraków</a> on 15 November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82oty" class="mw-redirect" title="Złoty">złoty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krakow2-175">[174]</a> The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of <a href="/wiki/Amenities" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenities">amenities</a>, 30% in transfers from the national <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>, and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.<a href="#cite_note-Biuletyn_Statystyczny_Miasta_Krakowa-176">[175]</a> The city has a high <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating" title="Bond credit rating">bond credit rating</a>, and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.<a href="#cite_note-krakplgosp-170">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unity_Tower" title="Unity Tower">Unity Tower</a> was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre. It is the second-tallest building in the city after <a href="/wiki/K1_(building)" title="K1 (building)">K1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_innovation_community">Knowledge and innovation community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Knowledge and innovation community">edit</a>]</div> Kraków is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a> (EIT).<a href="#cite_note-Knowledge_and_Innovation_Community_EIT,_at-178">[177]</a> InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy.<a href="#cite_note-europa-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Transport in Kraków">Transport in Kraków</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow,_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Krakow%2C_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG/220px-Krakow%2C_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Krakow%2C_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG/330px-Krakow%2C_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Krakow%2C_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG/440px-Krakow%2C_tram_NGT6-2_n%C2%B02039.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier city tram</a> on Piłsudski Bridge</figcaption></figure> Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. There is no <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system in Kraków, but <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków Metro">metro line</a> is planned. First works are expected to commence in 2028.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zone</a> with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius.<a href="#cite_note-Krakow._Varied_Means_of_Transportation-182">[181]</a> The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the <a href="/wiki/Muzeum_In%C5%BCynierii_Miejskiej_w_Krakowie" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej w Krakowie">Museum of Municipal Engineering</a> in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg/220px-20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg/330px-20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg/440px-20150207_Pendolino_ED250_PKP_Intercity_Krakow_5031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4807" data-file-height="3184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PKP_Intercity" title="PKP Intercity">PKP Intercity</a> train at the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków Główny">Main Railway Station</a></figcaption></figure> Railway connections are available to most <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Polish cities</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. International destinations include <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> (June–September).<a href="#cite_note-International_railway_connections_from_Kraków-184">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Kraków Główny railway station">main railway station</a> is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Kraków's airport, officially named <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_John_Paul_II_International_Airport" title="Kraków John Paul II International Airport">Kraków John Paul II International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: KRK), is located 11 km (7 mi) west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków Główny">Kraków Główny train station</a> and the airport in 20 minutes. Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Katowice_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Katowice International Airport">Katowice International Airport</a> is located 80 kilometres (50 miles) or about 75 minutes from Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-e-krakow-187">[186]</a> In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing system</a> was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 169 stations under the name of Wavelo <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelo" class="extiw" title="pl:Wavelo">(pl)</a>, which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland#Largest_metropolitan_and_urban_areas" title="Demographics of Poland">Urban demographics of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Krak%C3%B3w_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Kraków population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019, which increased to 804,237 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-demografia.stat.gov.pl-1">[1]</a> Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_metropolitan_area" title="Kraków metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.<a href="#cite_note-stat-189">[188]</a> Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-Kras-190">[189]</a> It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.<a href="#cite_note-Keene-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar-192">[191]</a> By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Labno-193">[192]</a> In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-encyklopedia-194">[193]</a> The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a> living in Kraków. In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population. In the 2002 census, only 0.25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality primarily <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000).<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:20%;"> <caption>Foreign residents (2023)<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="column">Nationality </th> <th scope="column">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </th> <td>45,100 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </th> <td>5,975 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </th> <td>3,640 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td>2,636 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td>2,221 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td>1,512 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Population growth in Kraków since 1791</dt></dl> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_2644er1gfj7ctflf1uzikqpz3hwqgiy"></map><img usemap="#timeline_2644er1gfj7ctflf1uzikqpz3hwqgiy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/2644er1gfj7ctflf1uzikqpz3hwqgiy.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Churches of Kraków">Churches of Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Synagogues of Kraków">Synagogues of Kraków</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5487.4940979036px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.966640790551px 14.33889851537px 0 0; border-top-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:52.035399831828px 85.395065222423px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:51.981734262071px 85.427743169929px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:50.904141575037px 86.074202700394px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.175367410172px 87.630668004386px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Krakow (2021)<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christian (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Not_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Not religious">Irreligion</a> (14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Undeclared (27%)</div> </div> </div></div> The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Churches" title="City of Churches">city of churches</a>. The abundance of historic landmark temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.<a href="#cite_note-diecezja-199">[198]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, other denominations present include <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariavite_Church" title="Mariavite Church">Mariavite Church</a>, Polish Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latter-Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-Day Saints">Latter-Day Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Kraków">Archdiocese of Kraków</a> was 49.9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38.3 percent.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">sacred architecture</a> unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dylewski-203">[202]</a> Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-<a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> country to allow free Jewish <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-D-H-204">[203]</a> In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a>, many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.<a href="#cite_note-jewish-guide-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Kraków">Education in Kraków</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_(od_frontu).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28od_frontu%29.jpg/220px-UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28od_frontu%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28od_frontu%29.jpg/330px-UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28od_frontu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28od_frontu%29.jpg/440px-UEK_Budynek_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%28od_frontu%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_University_of_Economics" title="Kraków University of Economics">Kraków University of Economics</a></figcaption></figure> Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education Supplement">Times Higher Education Supplement</a> as the second-best university in the country,<a href="#cite_note-THES-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jagiellonian_University_ranking_among_world_universities-208">[207]</a> was founded in 1364 as Studium Generale<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> of Poland and Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-jagiellonian-210">[209]</a> Its principal academic asset is the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library" title="Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian Library</a>, with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts<a href="#cite_note-Treasures_of_the_Jagiellonian_Library-211">[210]</a> like <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>' <a href="/wiki/De_Revolutionibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Revolutionibus">De Revolutionibus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Behem_Codex" title="Balthasar Behem Codex">Balthasar Behem Codex</a>. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the university include <a href="/wiki/John_Cantius" title="John Cantius">Saint John Cantius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski" title="Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski">Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_John_III_Sobieski" class="mw-redirect" title="King John III Sobieski">King John III Sobieski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wislawa_Szymborska,_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature_1996-212">[211]</a> AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">technical university</a> in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-AGH-UST_staff_and_students,_introduction-213">[212]</a> It was ranked by the Polish edition of <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> as the best technical university in the country in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-agh-214">[213]</a> During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a>, and about 900 obtained the qualification of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_habilitatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor habilitatus">Doctor habilitatus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_AGH-UST-215">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg/260px-Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg/390px-Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg/520px-Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="2548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegium Maius">Collegium Maius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>'s oldest building</figcaption></figure> Other institutions of higher learning include <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Academy of Music in Kraków">Academy of Music in Kraków</a> first conceived as <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatory</a> in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue;<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Akademia_Muzyczna-216">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_University_of_Economics" title="Kraków University of Economics">Kraków University of Economics</a>, established in 1925;<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_University_of_Economics_homepage-217">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_University_of_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogical University of Cracow">Pedagogical University</a>, in operation since 1946;<a href="#cite_note-Akademia_Pedagogiczna_w_Krakowie,_homepage-218">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Agricultural University of Kraków">Agricultural University of Kraków</a>, offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Akademia_Rolnicza,_homepage-219">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts">Academy of Fine Arts</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine Arts">Fine Arts</a> Academy in Poland, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish painter">Polish painter</a> Jan Matejko; <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Solski_Academy_for_the_Dramatic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts">Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts</a>;<a href="#cite_note-krakow4-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pontifical_Academy_of_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pontifical Academy of Theology">The Pontifical Academy of Theology</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Papieska_Akademia_Teologiczna,_homepage_in_English-221">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="AGH University of Science and Technology">AGH University of Science and Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology">Kraków University of Technology</a>, which has more than 37,000 graduates. Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Learning" title="Academy of Learning">Academy of Learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Law_Students%27_Library_of_the_Jagiellonian_University" title="Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University">Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Copernicus_Society_of_Naturalists" title="Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists">Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists</a> and the Polish Section of <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> all have their main seats in Kraków. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Culture of Kraków">Culture of Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Events_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Events in Kraków">Events in Kraków</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Kraków Old Town</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/180px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/270px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/360px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum" title="Czartoryski Museum">Czartoryski Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Kraków was named the official <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> for the year 2000 by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-European_Capital_of_Culture_in_Poland_again-222">[221]</a> Major landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a> with <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">St. Mary's Basilica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sukiennice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukiennice">Sukiennice Cloth Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Kraków">National Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt (bell)">Sigismund Bell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, and the medieval <a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Gate" title="St. Florian's Gate">St. Florian's Gate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_barbican" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków barbican">Barbican</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Royal Road, Kraków">Royal Coronation Route</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krakow-info-223">[222]</a> Among them is the <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum" title="Czartoryski Museum">Czartoryski Museum</a> featuring works by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archaeological Museum of Kraków">Archaeological Museum of Kraków</a> whose collection highlights include the <a href="/wiki/Zbruch_Idol" title="Zbruch Idol">Zbruch Idol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">Bronocice Pot</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_national_art_galleries">Museums and national art galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Museums and national art galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w,_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_(255212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_%28255212%29.jpg/220px-Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_%28255212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_%28255212%29.jpg/330px-Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_%28255212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_%28255212%29.jpg/440px-Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Muzeum_Narodowego_-_fotopolska.eu_%28255212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Kraków">National Museum</a> in Kraków is one of Poland's finest galleries of art.</figcaption></figure> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kraków hosts approximately 82 museums and various museum branches; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="National Museum in Kraków">National Museum</a>, established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill, are all accessible to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">[223]</a> The Royal Chambers at Wawel feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapestries">tapestries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">[223]</a> Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">[223]</a> The Wawel Eastern Collection features <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> tents and military accessories.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">[223]</a> The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept mostly in the Main Building at 3 Maja Street, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being the <a href="/wiki/Sukiennice_Museum" title="Sukiennice Museum">Gallery of 19th Century Polish Art at Sukiennice</a> which houses a collection of some of the best-known paintings and sculptures of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">[223]</a> Inaugurated in 2013, the latest division of the National Museum is the <a href="/wiki/EUROPEUM_%E2%80%93_European_Culture_Centre" title="EUROPEUM – European Culture Centre">Europeum</a>, with works by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Pieter Brueghel the Younger">Brueghel</a> among a hundred Western European paintings.<a href="#cite_note-mkidn.gov.pl-225">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg/220px-Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg/330px-Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg/440px-Krakow_-_Congress_Centre_from_balloon_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5344" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Kraków Congress Centre, the city's business and cultural flagship</figcaption></figure> Other notable museums in Kraków include the <a href="/wiki/Manggha" title="Manggha">Manggha</a> Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),<a href="#cite_note-Wyspiański-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a> Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),<a href="#cite_note-Wyspiański-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko_Manor_House" title="Jan Matejko Manor House">Jan Matejko Manor House</a> in Krzesławice,<a href="#cite_note-Matejko-65">[64]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Emeryk_Hutten-Czapski_Museum" title="Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum">Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum</a>, devoted to the master painter and his life,<a href="#cite_note-Czapski-227">[226]</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer" title="Józef Mehoffer">Józef Mehoffer</a> Manor.<a href="#cite_note-Wyspiański-226">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rynek_Underground" title="Rynek Underground">Rynek Underground</a> museum, situated under the city's main square, showcases Kraków's more than 1,000-year history through its streets, activities and artifacts. The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations starting in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> and continuing eventually until 2010, as more and more physical evidence was uncovered. Krakil, the Museum of illusions, is a space where illusions are combined with scientific inventions and the arts. Physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles.<a href="#cite_note-Laskowska-229">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Aviation_Museum" title="Polish Aviation Museum">Polish Aviation Museum</a>, considered one of the world's best aviation museums by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> features over 200 aircraft including a <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a> among other First World War biplanes, a comprehensive display of aero engines, and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolska_Institute_of_Culture" title="Małopolska Institute of Culture">Małopolska Institute of Culture</a>, which organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre,_Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland,_September_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland%2C_September_2019.jpg/220px-Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland%2C_September_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland%2C_September_2019.jpg/330px-Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland%2C_September_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland%2C_September_2019.jpg/440px-Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland%2C_September_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption>Kraków's <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre" title="Juliusz Słowacki Theatre">Juliusz Słowacki Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the <a href="/wiki/National_Old_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Old Theatre">National Old Theatre</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Stary_Teatr_w_Krakowie,_homepage_in_Polish-233">[232]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_Theatre" title="Juliusz Słowacki Theatre">Juliusz Słowacki Theatre</a>, the Bagatela Theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Ludowy_Theatre" title="Ludowy Theatre">Ludowy Theatre</a>, and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Krakowska" title="Opera Krakowska">Opera Krakowska</a> and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra">Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Philharmonic" title="Kraków Philharmonic">Kraków Philharmonic</a> (Filharmonia Krakowska) built in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-KP-234">[233]</a> Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,<a href="#cite_note-krakow.pl-1-235">[234]</a> some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Kraków Screen Festival (<a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>), the Festival of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Polish Music</a> (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Film_Festival" title="Kraków Film Festival">Kraków Film Festival</a> (one of Europe's oldest short films events),<a href="#cite_note-Krakowski_Festiwal_Filmowy-236">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Etiuda%26Anima_International_Film_Festival" title="Etiuda&Anima International Film Festival">Etiuda&Anima International Film Festival</a> (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic Arts">Graphic Arts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Culture_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Culture Festival">Jewish Culture Festival</a>. Kraków was the residence of two Polish <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureates in literature, <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a>; a third <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureate</a>, the Yugoslav writer <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a>, lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned <a href="/wiki/Polish_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish film">Polish film</a> directors <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>, both of whom are <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winners.<a href="#cite_note-Ain-Krupa-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg/220px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg/330px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg/440px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Filharmonia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Concert hall of the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Philharmonic" title="Kraków Philharmonic">Kraków Philharmonic</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Opera_Krakowska" title="Opera Krakowska">Opera Krakowska</a><a href="#cite_note-krakowska-238">[237]</a> one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta. Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: Opera Rara,<a href="#cite_note-Opera_Rara_–_Kraków_–_8_December_2011-239">[238]</a> and Misteria Paschalia.<a href="#cite_note-misteriapaschalia-240">[239]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Capella_Cracoviensis" title="Capella Cracoviensis">Capella Cracoviensis</a> runs the Music in Old Krakow International Festival.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the alma mater of the contemporary Polish composer <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the <a href="/wiki/International_Chopin_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chopin Competition">International Chopin Competition</a> in Warsaw among its alumni. The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.<a href="#cite_note-History_–_Krakow_Music_Academy-242">[241]</a> Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,<a href="#cite_note-krakow_fil-243">[242]</a> Sinfonietta Cracovia (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, Organum Academic Choir, the Mixed <a href="/wiki/Maria%C5%84ski_Choir" title="Mariański Choir">Mariański Choir</a> (Mieszany Chór Mariański), Kraków Academic Choir of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, the Kraków Chamber Choir, Amar Corde String Quartet, Consortium Iagellonicum Baroque Orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and Camerata Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14 million tourists including 3.3 million foreign travellers.<a href="#cite_note-Graczyński-244">[243]</a> The visitors spent over 7.5 billion zloty (ca. €1.7 billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%).<a href="#cite_note-Graczyński-244">[243]</a> The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rp.pl/398262-245">[244]</a> The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.<a href="#cite_note-intur.com-246">[245]</a> The average stay lasts for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it.<a href="#cite_note-rp.pl/398262-245">[244]</a> Notable points of interest outside the city include the <a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka Salt Mine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a> 100 km (62 mi) to the south, the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a> (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ojcowski_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojcowski National Park">Ojcowski National Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Krakow_Day_Trips-247">[246]</a> which includes the Renaissance Castle at <a href="/wiki/Pieskowa_Ska%C5%82a" title="Pieskowa Skała">Pieskowa Skała</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Top_10_things_to_do_in_Kraków-248">[247]</a> Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the Top city-break destinations 2014 survey conducted by the British consumer association <a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Krakow_Sport_Information_Guide-250">[249]</a> The two <a href="/wiki/Football_team" title="Football team">football teams</a> with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Wisła Kraków">Wisła Kraków</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wisła-251">[250]</a> and five-time champion <a href="/wiki/Cracovia_(football_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracovia (football club)">Cracovia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Czarni_Pogoń-252">[251]</a> both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-skwk.pl-253">[252]</a> They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_War_(Krak%C3%B3w)" title="Holy War (Kraków)">Holy War</a> (Święta Wojna).<a href="#cite_note-footballderbies.com-254">[253]</a> Other football clubs include <a href="/wiki/Hutnik_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Hutnik Kraków">Hutnik Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Wawel Kraków">Wawel Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wieczysta_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Wieczysta Kraków">Wieczysta Kraków</a> and one-time Polish champion <a href="/wiki/Garbarnia_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Garbarnia Kraków">Garbarnia Kraków</a>. There is also the first-league rugby club <a href="/wiki/Juvenia_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Juvenia Kraków">Juvenia Kraków</a>. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> champions <a href="/wiki/KS_Cracovia_(ice_hockey)" class="mw-redirect" title="KS Cracovia (ice hockey)">Cracovia</a> and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Cracovia_Marathon" title="Cracovia Marathon">Cracovia Marathon</a>, with thousands of participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Marathon-255">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tauron_Arena_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Tauron Arena Kraków">Tauron Arena Kraków</a></figcaption></figure> The construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Tauron_Arena_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Tauron Arena Kraków">Tauron Arena Kraków</a> began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> and other events. The facility has an area of 61,434 m2, with a maximum arena court area of 4,546 m2. The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with the maximum number of spectators being 22,000.<a href="#cite_note-about_us-256">[255]</a> The Arena boasts Poland's largest <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m2 of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m2.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Kraków was the host city of the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIVB_Men%27s_Volleyball_World_Championship" title="2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship">2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_European_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2016 European Men's Handball Championship">2016 European Men's Handball Championship</a>. It was also selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.<a href="#cite_note-aktualnosci_2014-258">[257]</a> Kraków was <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_bid_for_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics">bidding</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jasn%C3%A1" title="Jasná">Jasná</a> but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in <a href="/wiki/2014_Krak%C3%B3w_referendum" title="2014 Kraków referendum">a referendum</a> on 16 May 2014.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> Krakow and the Malopolska region hosted the <a href="/wiki/2023_European_Games" title="2023 European Games">2023 European Games</a> from 21 June to 2 July 2023. More than 7,000 athletes representing 49 countries participated.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Krak%C3%B3w" title="List of people from Kraków">List of people from Kraków</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulates">Consulates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consulates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_9_Stolarska_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_9_Stolarska_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/86px-Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_9_Stolarska_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_9_Stolarska_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/129px-Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_9_Stolarska_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_9_Stolarska_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/172px-Tenement-Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_9_Stolarska_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="2869" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_brewery%27s_administration_building,_17h_Lubicz_Street,_Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Old_brewery%27s_administration_building%2C_17h_Lubicz_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.JPG/198px-Old_brewery%27s_administration_building%2C_17h_Lubicz_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.JPG" decoding="async" width="198" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Old_brewery%27s_administration_building%2C_17h_Lubicz_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.JPG/297px-Old_brewery%27s_administration_building%2C_17h_Lubicz_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Old_brewery%27s_administration_building%2C_17h_Lubicz_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.JPG/396px-Old_brewery%27s_administration_building%2C_17h_Lubicz_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5689" data-file-height="3729" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Lewalska_villa,_42_Krupnicza_Street,_Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Maria_Lewalska_villa%2C_42_Krupnicza_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/200px-Maria_Lewalska_villa%2C_42_Krupnicza_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Maria_Lewalska_villa%2C_42_Krupnicza_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/300px-Maria_Lewalska_villa%2C_42_Krupnicza_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Maria_Lewalska_villa%2C_42_Krupnicza_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/400px-Maria_Lewalska_villa%2C_42_Krupnicza_Street%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5074" data-file-height="3190" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG/84px-A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG" decoding="async" width="84" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG/126px-A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG/168px-A-282_kamienica_Krak%C3%B3w_ul._Stolarska_15_MM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2896" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top, left to right: consulates general of the United States, Hungary, Austria and France</div></div></div></div> There are eight consulates general in Kraków – <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, three honorary consulates general – <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, 24 honorary consulates – <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and a Representative of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Government of Kurdistan Region">Government of Kurdistan Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_foreign_names_for_the_city">Contemporary foreign names for the city</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Contemporary foreign names for the city">edit</a>]</div> Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is Cracow; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> as Krakov, in Hungarian as Krakkó, in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> as Krokuva, in Finnish as Krakova, in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as Krakau, in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Spanish and Italian as Cracovia, in French as Cracovie, in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> as Cracóvia and in Russian as Краков. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> languages refer to it as Krakiv (Краків) and Kroke (קראָקע) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-krakow5-262">[261]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_I-L#K" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages: I-L">Names of Kraków in different languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Kraków is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a>, or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraków_honorary_twins-265">[264]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Batu,_East_Java" title="Batu, East Java">Batu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France (1993)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bratislawa-266">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary (2005)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, US (1989)<a href="#cite_note-dept-267">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Brazil (1993)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_honorary_twins-265">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Peru<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-cuidadhermanas-268">[267]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland (1995)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_twinning-270">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, Morocco (2004)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy (1992)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>, Germany (1991)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankfurt-271">[270]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6teborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Göteborg">Göteborg</a>, Sweden (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico<a href="#cite_note-Guadalajara_sisters-272">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria (1998)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1993)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/La_Serena,_Chile" title="La Serena, Chile">La Serena</a>, Chile (1995)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_honorary_twins-265">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany (1995)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leipzig-273">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, Belgium (1991)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine (1995)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (1997)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy (2003)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milan-274">[273]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany (1991)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, France (1992)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>, Hungary (1998)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_honorary_twins-265">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, US (1973)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-ROCSisters-275">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, US (2009)<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twin-276">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Switzerland (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, Croatia<a href="#cite_note-Twin-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-CloseRelations-277">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, Bulgaria (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia (1975)<a href="#cite_note-CloseRelations-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zagreb_Twinning-278">[277]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Pronunciation: <ul><li>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkrækaʊ, -oʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KRAK-ow, -⁠oh</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkreɪkaʊ, ˈkrɑː-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KRAY-kow, KRAH-</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkrækɒf/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KRAK-of</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Cracovia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Krakau, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkʁaːkaʊ̯]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/De-Krakau.ogg\/De-Krakau.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Krakau.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/De-Krakau.ogg/De-Krakau.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Krakau.ogg" title="File:De-Krakau.ogg">ⓘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Краків, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Krakiv, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[krɐkiu̯]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/Uk-Krakow.flac\/Uk-Krakow.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uk-Krakow.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Uk-Krakow.flac/Uk-Krakow.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Uk-Krakow.flac" title="File:Uk-Krakow.flac">ⓘ</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracow_Circle_Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracow Circle Thomism">Cracow Circle Thomism</a> – Philosophical system originating from Thomas AquinasPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> – Historical region of Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">List of cities and towns in Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-demografia.stat.gov.pl-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demografia.stat.gov.pl_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demografia.stat.gov.pl_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx">Archived</a> 2023-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSikora2018" class="citation web cs1">Sikora, Jakub (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/">"5 czerwca 1257 roku Kraków otrzymał prawa miejskie » Historykon.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111153307/https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+czerwca+1257+roku+Krak%C3%B3w+otrzyma%C5%82+prawa+miejskie+%C2%BB+Historykon.pl&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Sikora&rft.aufirst=Jakub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorykon.pl%2F5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec.europa.eu-3"><a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+current+market+prices+by+metropolitan+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fmet_10r_3gdp%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101045308/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+current+market+prices+by+NUTS+3+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fnama_10r_3gdp%2Fdefault%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow">"Cracow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603145748/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cracow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcracow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150906/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cracow">"Cracow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexico.com/en/definition/Cracow">the original</a> on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Cracow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2FCracow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150910/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cracow">"Cracow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexico.com/definition/Cracow">the original</a> on 21 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cracow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FCracow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Krakow">"Krakow [Cracow]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Krakow+%5BCracow%5D&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2FKrakow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-welcome-10"><a href="#cite_ref-welcome_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMałota" class="citation web cs1">Małota, Wojciech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306210503/http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C72%2C1259.html">"Kraków – Office Power – CRACOW & MAŁOPOLSKA"</a>. welcome.com.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,72,1259.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=welcome.com.pl&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Office+Power+%E2%80%93+CRACOW+%26+MA%C5%81OPOLSKA&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82ota&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracow.welcome.com.pl%2FKrak%25C3%25B3w-%25E2%2580%2593-Office-Power-%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C72%2C1259.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2023" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJp-AwAAQBAJ&dq=krakowa+warszawy+1596+roku&pg=PT298">Boże igrzysko. Historia Polski</a>. Kraków: Znak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-240-8836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-240-8836-2"><bdi>978-83-240-8836-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405014905/https://books.google.com/books?id=TJp-AwAAQBAJ&dq=krakowa+warszawy+1596+roku&pg=PT298">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bo%C5%BCe+igrzysko.+Historia+Polski&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Znak&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-83-240-8836-2&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJp-AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkrakowa%2Bwarszawy%2B1596%2Broku%26pg%3DPT298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll">"Kraków makes top ten in Conde Nast Traveler poll"</a>. TheNews.pl. 15 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310074729/http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheNews.pl&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+makes+top+ten+in+Conde+Nast+Traveler+poll&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F12%2FArtykul%2F118486%2CKrakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135248/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html">"Our City. History of Kraków (archaeological findings)"</a>. krakow.pl. The Municipality Of Kraków, Press Office. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Our+City.+History+of+Krak%C3%B3w+%28archaeological+findings%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fen%2Fmiasto%2F%3Fid%3Ddzieje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzala" class="citation web cs1">Strzala, Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm">"History of Kraków"</a>. Krakow Info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109210713/http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Krakow+Info&rft.aulast=Strzala&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARC-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ARC_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html">"Plaszow Forced Labour Camp"</a>. ARC. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040429123214/http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARC&rft.atitle=Plaszow+Forced+Labour+Camp&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathcamps.org%2Foccupation%2Fplaszow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKengorClark_Doerner2007" class="citation book cs1">Kengor, Paul; Clark Doerner, Patricia (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171">The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan's Top Hand</a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-183-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-183-4"><bdi>978-1-58617-183-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210605/https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171#v=snippet&q=first%20non-Italian%20pope%20in%20455%20years&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judge%3A+William+P.+Clark%2C+Ronald+Reagan%27s+Top+Hand&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2007-10&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-183-4&rft.aulast=Kengor&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Clark+Doerner%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FV3puE5hdQC%26q%3Dfirst%2Bnon-Italian%2Bpope%2Bin%2B455%2Byears%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centre-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29">"Historic Centre of Kraków"</a>. whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610071815/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Historic+Centre+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-02com-17"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco-02com_17-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/02COM">2nd session of the Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041252/https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/02COM">Archived</a> 23 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Washington, D.C. 5–8 September 1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/">"10 amazing things you probably didn't know about Poland"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=10+amazing+things+you+probably+didn%27t+know+about+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2Farticles%2Fpoland-fascinating-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaWC+%E2%80%93+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre">"Kraków's story: a Unesco City of Literature built out of books"</a>. The Guardian. 14 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014155319/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w%27s+story%3A+a+Unesco+City+of+Literature+built+out+of+books&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fnov%2F14%2Fkrakow-unesco-city-of-literatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/27759/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day">"Krakow to host next World Youth Day"</a>. Catholic News Agency (CNA). 28 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111162342/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency+%28CNA%29&rft.atitle=Krakow+to+host+next+World+Youth+Day&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F27759%2Fkrakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.european-games.org/pl/key-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023/">"Key facts & figures: European Games Kraków-Malopolska 2023"</a>. european-games.org. 19 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713184243/https://www.european-games.org/pl/key-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=european-games.org&rft.atitle=Key+facts+%26+figures%3A+European+Games+Krak%C3%B3w-Malopolska+2023&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.european-games.org%2Fpl%2Fkey-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nungovitch1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nungovitch1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nungovitch1_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nungovitch1_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNungovitch2019" class="citation book cs1">Nungovitch, Petro Andreas (2019). Here All Is Poland: A Pantheonic History of Wawel, 1787–2010. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. 55, 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-6913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-6913-2"><bdi>978-1-4985-6913-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+All+Is+Poland%3A+A+Pantheonic+History+of+Wawel%2C+1787%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=55%2C+287&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-6913-2&rft.aulast=Nungovitch&rft.aufirst=Petro+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Małecki-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Małecki_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Małecki_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMałecki2008" class="citation book cs1">Małecki, Jan M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQEkAQAAIAAJ&q=brick%20gothic%20style%20krakow">A history of Kraków for everyone</a>. Wydawnictwo Literackie. pp. 11, 102, 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-08-04267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-08-04267-0"><bdi>978-83-08-04267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172414/https://books.google.com/books?id=UQEkAQAAIAAJ&q=brick%20gothic%20style%20krakow">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Krak%C3%B3w+for+everyone&rft.pages=11%2C+102%2C+104&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-08-04267-0&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82ecki&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQEkAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbrick%2520gothic%2520style%2520krakow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka">"Krakowskie ABC - Magiczny Kraków"</a>. www.krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124051953/https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Krakowskie+ABC+-+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fkultura%2F73601%2Cartykul%2Ckrakowskie_abc.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIstnieje%2Bkilka%2Bkoncepcji%2Bwyja%25C5%259Bniaj%25C4%2585cych%2Bpochodzenie%2Cod%2Bimienia%2Blegendarnego%2Bksi%25C4%2599cia%2BKraka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA-26"><a href="#cite_ref-bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAGH" class="citation web cs1">AGH, ACK Cyfronet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=16203&typ=u">"Uchwala - Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK"</a>. www.bip.krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215011645/https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=16203&typ=u">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bip.krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Uchwala+-+Biuletyn+Informacji+Publicznej+Miasta+Krakowa+-+BIP+MK&rft.aulast=AGH&rft.aufirst=ACK+Cyfronet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2F%3Fdok_id%3D167%26sub_dok_id%3D167%26sub%3Duchwala%26query%3Did%3D16203%26typ%3Du&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrmand-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyrmand_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrmand2014" class="citation book cs1">Tyrmand, Leopold (2014). Diary 1954. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-6749-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-6749-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-6749-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+1954&rft.place=Evanston&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-6749-0&rft.aulast=Tyrmand&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,4824554.html?disableRedirects=true">Cracow czy Krakow? Urzędnicy bliscy decyzji</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829161714/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,4824554.html?disableRedirects=true">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rafał Romanowski. Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 January 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischinger-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischinger_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischingerBanachSmólski1991" class="citation book cs1">Fischinger, Andrzej; Banach, Jerzy; Smólski, Janusz (1991). Cracow: History, Art, Renovation. The Citizen's Committee for the Restoration of Cracow's Historical Monuments. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749994485">749994485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracow%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+Renovation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+Citizen%27s+Committee+for+the+Restoration+of+Cracow%27s+Historical+Monuments&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F749994485&rft.aulast=Fischinger&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft.au=Banach%2C+Jerzy&rft.au=Sm%C3%B3lski%2C+Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow.pl-2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow.pl-2_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraków2012" class="citation web cs1">Kraków, Magiczny (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html">"History of Kraków"</a>. Official website of the City of Kraków. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123072331/http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Official+website+of+the+City+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.aufirst=Magiczny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fenglish%2F5423%2Cartykul%2Chistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Živković-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Živković_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivkovićCrnčevićBulić2013" class="citation book cs1">Živković, Tibor; Crnčević, Dejan; Bulić, Dejan (2013). The World of the Slavs. Belgrade: The Institute of History. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-104-4"><bdi>978-86-7743-104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Slavs&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-86-7743-104-4&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft.au=Crn%C4%8Devi%C4%87%2C+Dejan&rft.au=Buli%C4%87%2C+Dejan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Dongen-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Dongen_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DongenVan_Dongen" class="citation web cs1">Van Dongen, Krystyna; Van Dongen, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015940/http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html">"The royal castle in Kraków"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+royal+castle+in+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.aulast=Van+Dongen&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rft.au=Van+Dongen%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pl-info.net%2Fpoland%2Fmajor-cities%2Fcracow%2Fcastle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosik_-_Urbańczyk-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosik_-_Urbańczyk_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosikUrbańczyk" class="citation web cs1">Rosik, Stanisław; Urbańczyk, Przemysław. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk/regions/poland/poland-eccl-org.html">"Poland – Ecclesiastical organization"</a>. christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227031510/https://christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk/regions/poland/poland-eccl-org.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Poland+%E2%80%93+Ecclesiastical+organization&rft.aulast=Rosik&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Urba%C5%84czyk%2C+Przemys%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianization.hist.cam.ac.uk%2Fregions%2Fpoland%2Fpoland-eccl-org.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> J.J. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Akt_lokacyjny-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Akt_lokacyjny_35-0">^</a> Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nauka w Polsce (June 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416085558/http://test-naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,29672,rocznica-lokacji-krakowa-w-koperni-kolo-pinczowa.html">Rocznica lokacji Krakowa (750-year anniversary of the Kraków Location Act).</a> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konflikty.pl/a,1707,Sredniowiecze,Akt_lokacji_Krakowa.html">full text of Kraków Location Act in Polish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062513/http://www.konflikty.pl/a,1707,Sredniowiecze,Akt_lokacji_Krakowa.html">Archived</a> 28 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, translated from Latin by Bożena Wyrozumska <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,4193098.html">(article by Janusz Kędracki).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131151/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1%2C34309%2C4193098.html">Archived</a> 8 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 21 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Strzala2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Strzala2_36-0">^</a> Marek Strzala, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm">"Krakow's oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062503/http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow%27s+oldest+known+City+Charter+dates+back+to+1257&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2F750th.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolodziejczyk-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolodziejczyk_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodziejczyk" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kolodziejczyk, Edmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316170338/http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html">"Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2011. <q>For the Overview of historic events see: Tartar raids</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland.+Geography%2C+political+history+and+the+position+of+the+church&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Kolodziejczyk&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicity.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fp%2Fpoland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronologia.pl/wydarzenie-w13150627ppk00.html">"Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315"</a>. chronologia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chronologia.pl&rft.atitle=Wydarzenia+z+kalendarza+historycznego%3A+27+czerwca+1315&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronologia.pl%2Fwydarzenie-w13150627ppk00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Świszczowski-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Świszczowski_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Świszczowski_39-1">b</a> Stefan Świszczowski, Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem, Kraków 1981, s.52, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-08-00624-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-08-00624-8">83-08-00624-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_establishment_of_a_university-40"><a href="#cite_ref-The_establishment_of_a_university_40-0">^</a> Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416092852/http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm">"The establishment of a university"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+establishment+of+a+university&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magma.ca%2F~pfeiffer%2Fpoland%2Fkra_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground+A+History+of+Poland+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poloniahans-42"><a href="#cite_ref-poloniahans_42-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm">Hanseatic towns: Kraków</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232941/http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm">Archived</a> 13 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Polonia Online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobecki2016" class="citation book cs1">Sobecki, Sebastian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&">Cracow, Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 551–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873535-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873535-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracow%2C+Europe%3A+A+Literary+History%2C+1348%E2%80%931418%2C+ed.+David+Wallace&rft.pages=551-65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873535-9&rft.aulast=Sobecki&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Feurope-9780198735359%3Fcc%3Dnl%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NormanDavies-44"><a href="#cite_ref-NormanDavies_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118">God's Playground: A History of Poland</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132150/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db912JnKpYTkC%26q%3D%2522Norman%2BDavies%2522%2B%2522God%2527s%2BPlayground%2522%2B%2522Golden%2BAge%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988">p.118. See vol.1, chapter 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikos-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Mikos_45-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Mikos" title="Michael J. Mikos">Michael J. Mikoś</a>, Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-257-0">978-0-89357-257-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html">First chapters online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020417/http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved on 25 September 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-unescoancient-46"><a href="#cite_ref-unescoancient_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132144/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf">"State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe: Poland – Cracow's Historic centre"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Whc.unesco.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Whc.unesco.org">whc.unesco.org</a>. UNESCO. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=State+of+Conservation+of+World+Heritage+Properties+in+Europe%3A+Poland+%E2%80%93+Cracow%27s+Historic+centre&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Fperiodicreporting%2FEUR%2Fcycle01%2Fsection2%2F29-summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-infosyn-47"><a href="#cite_ref-infosyn_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm">"Old Synagogue in Kraków's Kazimierz district"</a>. krakow-info.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010123709/http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakow-info.com&rft.atitle=Old+Synagogue+in+Krak%C3%B3w%27s+Kazimierz+district&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fsynagog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haller-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Haller_48-0">^</a> Harold B. Segel, Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2286-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2286-8">0-8014-2286-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancecultu00sege/page/252">Google Print, p.252</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies,_God's_Playground,_vol.1,_chapter_5-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies,_God's_Playground,_vol.1,_chapter_5_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118">Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132138/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norman+Davies%2C+God%27s+Playground%2C+vol.1%2C+chapter+5&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db912JnKpYTkC%26q%3D%2522Golden%2BAge%2522%2Bauthor%3A%2522norman%2Bdavies%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wieslaw_Wydra_88-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Wieslaw_Wydra_88_50-0">^</a> Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg-Jahrbuch" title="Gutenberg-Jahrbuch">Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</a>, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88) </li> <li id="cite_note-dzwon-51"><a href="#cite_ref-dzwon_51-0">^</a> "The Warsaw Voice", 11 April 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/">"Bell Woman of Wawel Hill"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132142/https://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bell+Woman+of+Wawel+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Farchiwum.phtml%2F9344%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HansDur-52"><a href="#cite_ref-HansDur_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005227/http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm">"Painting in Poland – A brief summary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Painting+in+Poland+%E2%80%93+A+brief+summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilsudski.org%2FEnglish%2FGallery%2FPainting.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulmbach-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulmbach_53-0">^</a> Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/k/kulmbach/biograph.html">Hans Süss von Kulmbach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926071832/http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?%2Fbio%2Fk%2Fkulmbach%2Fbiograph.html">Archived</a> 26 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty" title="J. Paul Getty">J. Paul Getty</a> Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532">"Artists: Hans von Kulmbach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911041707/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532">Archived</a> 11 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225104/http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33">"Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wawel+Royal+Castle%2C+The+National+Art+Collection+%28homepage%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wawel.krakow.pl%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Fop%3D19%2C33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazimierz.com-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Kazimierz.com_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazimierz.com/index.php?t=historia">"Kazimierz wczoraj. Introduction"</a>. Kazimierz.com. Stowarzyszenie Twórców. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218052122/http://kazimierz.com/index.php?t=historia">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kazimierz.com&rft.atitle=Kazimierz+wczoraj.+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazimierz.com%2Findex.php%3Ft%3Dhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warsaw-capital-1596-55"><a href="#cite_ref-warsaw-capital-1596_55-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> Centre for <a href="/wiki/European_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="European Studies">European Studies</a>, "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm">"1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1596+administrative+capital%2C+the+tiny+village+of+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.uj.edu.pl%2Feuropean%2Fkrakow%2Fkrakow_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milewski2-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Milewski2_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilewski2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milewski, Dariusz (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220019/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html">"Szwedzi w Krakowie"</a>. Internet Archive (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3wi%C4%85_Wieki" title="Mówią Wieki">Mówią Wieki</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Szwedzi+w+Krakowie&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.aulast=Milewski&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fkiosk%2Fhistoria%2Fszwedzi-w-krakowie%2C1%2C3338904%2Cwiadomosc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrandsen2010" class="citation book cs1">Frandsen, Karl-Erik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3bNWrVRMb8C">The Last Plague in the Baltic Region 1709-1713</a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-635-0770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-635-0770-7"><bdi>978-87-635-0770-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Plague+in+the+Baltic+Region+1709-1713&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-87-635-0770-7&rft.aulast=Frandsen&rft.aufirst=Karl-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3bNWrVRMb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Polish_struggle_for_freedom-58"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Polish_struggle_for_freedom_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924202831/http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html">"The Polish struggle for freedom"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polish+struggle+for+freedom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louisiana.edu%2FAcademic%2FSciences%2FCMPS%2FConferences%2Fiticse99%2FCracow%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR-59"><a href="#cite_ref-GR_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220627/http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul%2Cidart-139%2Ct-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska">"Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul,idart-139,t-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska">the original</a> on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insurekcja+ko%C5%9Bciuszkowska+1764%E2%80%931798&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskiedzieje.pl%2Fartykul%2Cidart-139%2Ct-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franaszek-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franaszek_60-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranaszek" class="citation web cs1">Franaszek, Piotr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf">"Economic effects of Cracow's frontier between 1772 and 1867"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531114948/https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+effects+of+Cracow%27s+frontier+between+1772+and+1867&rft.aulast=Franaszek&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron2.chtyvo.org.ua%2FZbirnyk_statei%2FDie_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frommer-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Frommer_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresswell2009" class="citation book cs1">Cresswell, Peterjon (12 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108">Frommer's Kraków Day by Day: 20 Smart Ways to See the City</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108/page/171">171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69710-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69710-8"><bdi>978-0-470-69710-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Krak%C3%B3w+Day+by+Day%3A+20+Smart+Ways+to+See+the+City&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69710-8&rft.aulast=Cresswell&rft.aufirst=Peterjon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780470697108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers's_encyclopaedia:_a..._-_Google_Books-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers's_encyclopaedia:_a..._-_Google_Books_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679">Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 4</a>. W. and R. Chambers. 1862. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203042149/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers%27s+Encyclopaedia%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Universal+Knowledge+for+the+People%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=W.+and+R.+Chambers&rft.date=1862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgsbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2520Duchy%2520of%2520Cracow%2522%25201846%26pg%3DPA679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-(''see:_Franz_Joseph_I_granted_Kraków_the_municipal_government'')-63"><a href="#cite_ref-(''see:_Franz_Joseph_I_granted_Kraków_the_municipal_government'')_63-0">^</a> Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm">"(see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109210713/http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28see%3A+Franz+Joseph+I+granted+Krak%C3%B3w+the+municipal+government%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-64"><a href="#cite_ref-google_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2006" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Beata (25 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83">Cracow: City of Treasures</a>. Pgw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2571-8"><bdi>978-0-7112-2571-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203042148/https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracow%3A+City+of+Treasures&rft.pub=Pgw&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-2571-8&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5h2zXFFr2j4C%26q%3D%2522painter%2BJan%2BMatejko%2522%2Bcracow%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matejko-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matejko_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matejko_65-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm">Jan Matejko Manor in Krzesławice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802232548/http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm">Archived</a> 2 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526035724/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html">"Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan+Matejko%3A+The+Painter+and+Patriot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo-poland.buffalo.edu%2Fclassroom%2FJM%2FJM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-66"><a href="#cite_ref-culture_66-0">^</a> Maria Prussak, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute" title="Adam Mickiewicz Institute">Adam Mickiewicz Institute</a>, April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/artist/stanislaw-wyspianski">"Stanisław Wyspiański"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171206/http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Wyspia%C5%84ski.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Fartist%2Fstanislaw-wyspianski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becoming_Metropolitan:_Urban_Selfhood_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Krakow-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Becoming_Metropolitan:_Urban_Selfhood_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Krakow_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Nathaniel D. (2010). Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-422-4"><bdi>978-0-87580-422-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Metropolitan%3A+Urban+Selfhood+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Cracow&rft.place=DeKalb&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87580-422-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalendarium-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalendarium_68-0">^</a> (in Polish) Artur Turyna, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050114120007/http://wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm">"Kraków – najważniejsze daty – Okres IV – od początku XX wieku do dziś"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+najwa%C5%BCniejsze+daty+%E2%80%93+Okres+IV+%E2%80%93+od+pocz%C4%85tku+XX+wieku+do+dzi%C5%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wawel.net%2Fkalendarz4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urb_171-172-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Urb_171-172_69-0">^</a> (in Polish) <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Urbankowski" title="Bohdan Urbankowski">Bohdan Urbankowski</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbankowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Urbankowski, Bohdan (1997). Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist). Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997. pp. 171–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7001-914-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7001-914-3"><bdi>978-83-7001-914-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%3A+marzyciel+i+strateg+%28J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski%3A+Dreamer+and+Strategist%29&rft.pages=171-172&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+ALFA%2C+Warsaw%2C+1997&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-83-7001-914-3&rft.aulast=Urbankowski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twierdza-70"><a href="#cite_ref-twierdza_70-0">^</a> (in Polish) Paweł Stachnik, <a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Polski" title="Dziennik Polski">Dziennik Polski</a>, 21 September 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225180755/http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm">"Okrzyk na cześć cesarza"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Okrzyk+na+cze%C5%9B%C4%87+cesarza.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twierdza.art.pl%2Fa_okrzyk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastern_Europe:_an_introduction_to..._-_Google_Books-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Europe:_an_introduction_to..._-_Google_Books_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2005" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206045430/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C%26q%3DPolish%2520Liquidation%2520Committee%2520October%25201918%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Rusyn_history_and..._-_Google_Books-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Rusyn_history_and..._-_Google_Books_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsiPop2002" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul R.; Pop, Ivan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago">Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and Culture</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago/page/370">370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3566-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-3566-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+history+and+Culture&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3566-0&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Pop%2C+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofru0000mago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161327/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795">"Kraków after 1795"</a>. YIVO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795">the original</a> on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w+after+1795&rft.pub=YIVO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FKrakow%2FKrakow_after_1795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow_old_scenes,_including_historical_photographs-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakow_old_scenes,_including_historical_photographs_74-0">^</a> Eilat Gordin Levitan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html">"Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126194244/http://eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow+old+scenes%2C+including+historical+photographs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eilatgordinlevitan.com%2Fkrakow%2Fkrkw_pages%2Fkrkw_old_scenes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/">"Kazimierz na przedwojennych zdjęciach. "Ruch na ulicach panował niebywały""</a>. Krowoderska.pl (in Polish). 17 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814164403/https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Krowoderska.pl&rft.atitle=Kazimierz+na+przedwojennych+zdj%C4%99ciach.+%22Ruch+na+ulicach+panowa%C5%82+niebywa%C5%82y%22&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrowoderska.pl%2Fkazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinnreich-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinnreich_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnreich2023" class="citation book cs1">Sinnreich, Helene J. (2023). The Atrocity of Hunger. Starvation in the Warsaw, Lodz, and Krakow Ghettos During World War II. Cambridge: University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-11767-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-11767-8"><bdi>978-1-009-11767-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atrocity+of+Hunger.+Starvation+in+the+Warsaw%2C+Lodz%2C+and+Krakow+Ghettos+During+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-11767-8&rft.aulast=Sinnreich&rft.aufirst=Helene+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/">"Niemiecka okupacja w Krakowie na zdjęciach"</a>. Krowoderska.pl (in Polish). 11 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065228/https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Krowoderska.pl&rft.atitle=Niemiecka+okupacja+w+Krakowie+na+zdj%C4%99ciach&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrowoderska.pl%2Fniemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabor2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sabor, Agnieszka (26 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065229/http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html">"Cztery miasta w jednym – nowa historia wojennego Krakowa Niechciana "stolica""</a> [Four cities in one – a new history of wartime Krakow. The unwanted "capital"]. Tygodnik Powszechny No. 4 (2794) (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tygodnik+Powszechny+No.+4+%282794%29&rft.atitle=Cztery+miasta+w+jednym+%E2%80%93+nowa+historia+wojennego+Krakowa+Niechciana+%22stolica%22&rft.date=2003-01-26&rft.aulast=Sabor&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tygodnik.com.pl%2Fdodatek-ks%2F04%2Fsabor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Williamson" title="David G. Williamson">Williamson, David G.</a> (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSPOAwAAQBAJ">The Polish Underground 1939–1947</a>. Campaign chronicles. Barnsley, Yorkshire: Pen and Sword (published 2012). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-281-6"><bdi>978-1-84884-281-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205548/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSPOAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+1939%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+Yorkshire&rft.series=Campaign+chronicles&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-281-6&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSPOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow-80"><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow">"Holocaust Encyclopedia – Krakow"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142918/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Krakow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkrakow-cracow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII_81-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos">"Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 – Vol. II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409085305/https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945+%E2%80%93+Vol.+II%3A+Ghettos+in+German-Occupied+Eastern+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopedia-camps-ghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16B._Eastern_Europe_in_World_War_II:_October_1939_–_May_1945.-82"><a href="#cite_ref-16B._Eastern_Europe_in_World_War_II:_October_1939_–_May_1945._82-0">^</a> Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801010755/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm">"16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=16B.+Eastern+Europe+in+World+War+II%3A+October+1939+%E2%80%93+May+1945.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ku.edu%2F~eceurope%2Fhist557%2Flect16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sonderaktion-83"><a href="#cite_ref-sonderaktion_83-0">^</a> (in Polish) Edward Burek, (editor). "Sonderaktion Krakau" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010171-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010171_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943-85"><a href="#cite_ref-The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943_85-0">^</a> Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "<a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a>") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm">"The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408022249/http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Krak%C3%B3w+Ghetto+1940%E2%80%931943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Fworldwar2%2Fholocaust%2Fh-krak-beg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010376-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2010376_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2010">Longerich 2010</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-All_for_Love_-_Google_Books-87"><a href="#cite_ref-All_for_Love_-_Google_Books_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGressorCook2005" class="citation book cs1">Gressor, Megan; Cook, Kerry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231">All for Love</a>. Murdoch Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74045-596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74045-596-1"><bdi>978-1-74045-596-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065228/https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+for+Love&rft.pub=Murdoch+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-74045-596-1&rft.aulast=Gressor&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft.au=Cook%2C+Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSGb79f1TRcC%26q%3DRoman%2BPola%25C5%2584ski%2Bkrakow%2Bghetto%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oskar_Schindler:_The_Untold_Account..._-_Google_Books-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Oskar_Schindler:_The_Untold_Account..._-_Google_Books_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Crowe, David (7 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193">Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00253-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00253-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065238/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oskar+Schindler%3A+The+Untold+Account+of+His+Life%2C+Wartime+Activities%2C+and+the+True+Story+Behind+the+List&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00253-5&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYOu2o3h1OwC%26q%3DOskar%2BSchindler%2Bkrakow%2Bghetto%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LukZaw-89"><a href="#cite_ref-LukZaw_89-0">^</a> Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85332-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85332-X">0-521-85332-X</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&pg=PA66">Google Print, p.66</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225028/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&pg=PA66">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson P646. </li> <li id="cite_note-autonomy-91"><a href="#cite_ref-autonomy_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212014550/http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C78%2C195.html">"Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,78,195.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Higher+Education+in+Cracow+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl%2FJagiellonian-University%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C78%2C195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow_history-92"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow_history_92-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> centre for <a href="/wiki/European_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="European Studies">European Studies</a>, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm">""Worker's paradise" of concrete"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Worker%27s+paradise%22+of+concrete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.uj.edu.pl%2Feuropean%2Fkrakow%2Fkrakow_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-communist_era-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-communist_era_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-communist_era_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212023212/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415">"Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415">the original</a> on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nowa+Huta+%28section+of+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Poland%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-421313%2Farticle-9056415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NH-anthology-94"><a href="#cite_ref-NH-anthology_94-0">^</a> Jerzy Aleksander Karnasiewicz, <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta._Okruchy_%C5%BCycia_i_meandry_historii" title="Nowa Huta. Okruchy życia i meandry historii">Nowa Huta. Okruchy życia i meandry historii</a> (Nowa Huta. Crumbs of Life and the Meanders of History), photo anthology; Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo Slowaków w Polsce, Kraków, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89186-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-89186-67-5">83-89186-67-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardCooke2022" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Simon C.; Cooke, Louise (2022). World Heritage. Concepts, Management and Conservation. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77729-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77729-1"><bdi>978-1-000-77729-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Heritage.+Concepts%2C+Management+and+Conservation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-77729-1&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Simon+C.&rft.au=Cooke%2C+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiT-96"><a href="#cite_ref-SiT_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBujakRożek1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bujak, Adam; Rożek, Michał (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd_NAAAAMAAJ&q=krakow%20219%20morza">Kraków</a> (in Polish). Sport i Turystyka. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-217-2787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-217-2787-5"><bdi>978-83-217-2787-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd_NAAAAMAAJ&q=krakow%20219%20morza">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Sport+i+Turystyka&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-83-217-2787-5&rft.aulast=Bujak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Ro%C5%BCek%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCd_NAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkrakow%2520219%2520morza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraczykGruszecka-Kosowska2020" class="citation journal cs1">Traczyk, Paulina; Gruszecka-Kosowska, Agnieszka (20 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503758">"The Condition of Air Pollution in Kraków, Poland, in 2005–2020, with Health Risk Assessment"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (17): 6063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17176063">10.3390/ijerph17176063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503758">7503758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825405">32825405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+Condition+of+Air+Pollution+in+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Poland%2C+in+2005%E2%80%932020%2C+with+Health+Risk+Assessment&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=6063&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7503758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32825405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph17176063&rft.aulast=Traczyk&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft.au=Gruszecka-Kosowska%2C+Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7503758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZM-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZM_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZM_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZM_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZM_98-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZM_98-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zzm.krakow.pl/przyroda.html">"Przyroda"</a>. zzm.krakow.pl (in Polish). Zarząd Zieleni Miejskiej w Krakowie. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223211011/https://zzm.krakow.pl/przyroda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zzm.krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Przyroda&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzzm.krakow.pl%2Fprzyroda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pattern_of_karst_landscape_of_the_Cracow_Upland_(South_Poland)-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Pattern_of_karst_landscape_of_the_Cracow_Upland_(South_Poland)_99-0">^</a> Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185">"Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185">the original</a> on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pattern+of+karst+landscape+of+the+Cracow+Upland+%28South+Poland%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarsologica.zrc-sazu.si%2F%3Fstran%3Darticle%26id%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_forms_of_nature_protection_within_the_city_limits-100"><a href="#cite_ref-The_forms_of_nature_protection_within_the_city_limits_100-0">^</a> Institute of Environmental Sciences of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824022636/http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm">"The forms of nature protection within the city limits"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+forms+of+nature+protection+within+the+city+limits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eko.uj.edu.pl%2Fprzyrodakrakowa%2Fformy_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow%2C+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units=metric">"Krakow, Poland"</a>. weatherbase.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140214/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow,+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship,+Poland&units=metric">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherbase.com&rft.atitle=Krakow%2C+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D66521%26cityname%3DKrakow%252C%2BLesser%2BPoland%2BVoivodeship%252C%2BPoland%26units%3Dmetric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warsaw-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warsaw_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warsaw_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071827/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php">"Warsaw vs Krakow Climate & Distance Between"</a>. www.warsaw.climatemps.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php">the original</a> on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.warsaw.climatemps.com&rft.atitle=Warsaw+vs+Krakow+Climate+%26+Distance+Between&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsaw.climatemps.com%2Fvs%2Fkrakow.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate">"Kraków Weather Averages – Climate and temperatures"</a>. www.introducingkrakow.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140213/https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.introducingkrakow.com&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Climate+and+temperatures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.introducingkrakow.com%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007" class="citation web cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (12 October 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png">"Climate map of Europe (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification")"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170134/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+map+of+Europe+%28from+the+%22Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification%22%29.&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AEurope_K%25C3%25B6ppen_Map.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2012" class="citation book cs1">Muller, M. J. (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28">Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8040-2"><bdi>978-94-009-8040-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205612/https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=KR%C3%81KOW%20K%C3%96PPEN%20CFB&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+climatic+data+for+a+global+set+of+standard+stations+for+vegetation+science&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8040-2&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daz3qCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DKR%25C3%2581KOW%2BK%25C3%2596PPEN%2BCFB%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgoshin2015" class="citation web cs1">Egoshin, Alex (10 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html">"Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz"</a>. Vivid Maps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322142951/https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivid+Maps&rft.atitle=Climates+classification+by+Wincenty+Oko%C5%82owicz&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft.aulast=Egoshin&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vividmaps.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fclimates-classification-by-wincenty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwardoszNiedźwiedźŁupikasza2011" class="citation journal cs1">Twardosz, Robert; Niedźwiedź, Tadeusz; Łupikasza, Ewa (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-010-0340-5">"The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)"</a>. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 104 (1): 233–250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ThApC.104..233T">2011ThApC.104..233T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-010-0340-5">10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128%2F10463">20.500.12128/10463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1434-4483">1434-4483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Climatology&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+atmospheric+circulation+on+the+type+of+precipitation+%28Krak%C3%B3w%2C+southern+Poland%29&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=233-250&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12128%2F10463&rft.issn=1434-4483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-010-0340-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ThApC.104..233T&rft.aulast=Twardosz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA%2C+Tadeusz&rft.au=%C5%81upikasza%2C+Ewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00704-010-0340-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland">"Poland - Climate"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502183748/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/466681/Poland/28238/Languages">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Poland+-+Climate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEDNO-109"><a href="#cite_ref-SEDNO_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuchcikBłażejczykSzmydMilewski2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuchcik, Magdalena; Błażejczyk, Krzysztof; Szmyd, Jakub; Milewski, Paweł; Błażejczyk, Anna; Baranowski, Jarosław (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0phhBAAAQBAJ">Potencjał leczniczy klimatu Polski</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Wydawnictwo SEDNO. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7963-001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7963-001-1"><bdi>978-83-7963-001-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172414/https://books.google.com/books?id=0phhBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Potencja%C5%82+leczniczy+klimatu+Polski&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+SEDNO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-7963-001-1&rft.aulast=Kuchcik&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft.au=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Szmyd%2C+Jakub&rft.au=Milewski%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2C+Anna&rft.au=Baranowski%2C+Jaros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0phhBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw">"The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth – Weather Spark"</a>. weatherspark.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140213/https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherspark.com&rft.atitle=The+Typical+Weather+Anywhere+on+Earth+%E2%80%93+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fcompare%2Fy%2F85104~87583%2FComparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%25C3%25B3w-and-Warsaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtavg-111"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtavg_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+dobowa+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTSR_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmin-112"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmin_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+minimalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMIN_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmax-113"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmax_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+maksymalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMAX_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWprecip-114"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWprecip_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">"Miesięczna suma opadu"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Miesi%C4%99czna+suma+opadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FOPAD_SUMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-115"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWprecipdays_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01">"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+opadem+%3E%3D+0%2C1+mm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FOPAD_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-116"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsnowdepth_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB">"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+grubo%C5%9B%C4%87+pokrywy+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCnej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_SR_GRUB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-117"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsnowdays_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0">"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+pokryw%C4%85+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCna+%3E+0+cm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsun-118"><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsun_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)"</a>. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+suma+us%C5%82onecznienia+%28h%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FUSL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordhigh1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-recordhigh1_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3">"Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura maksymalna"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123807/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w-Balice+Absolutna+temperatura+maksymalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D350190560%26par%3Dtmax%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordlow1-120"><a href="#cite_ref-recordlow1_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3">"Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura minimalna"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140332/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w-Balice+Absolutna+temperatura+minimalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D350190566%26par%3Dtmax%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativehumidity1-121"><a href="#cite_ref-relativehumidity1_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3">"Kraków-Balice Średnia wilgotność"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209141724/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w-Balice+%C5%9Arednia+wilgotno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D350190566%26par%3Drh%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunshine1-122"><a href="#cite_ref-sunshine1_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3">"Kraków-Balice Usłonecznienie (suma)"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140230/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w-Balice+Us%C5%82onecznienie+%28suma%29&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D350190566%26par%3Dsunshine%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteomodel2-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Meteomodel2_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne">"Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne"</a>. meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027220024/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteomodel.+Dane.+%C5%9Arednie+i+sumy+miesi%C4%99czne&rft.pub=meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hourihane-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hourihane_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hourihane_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hourihane_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ">The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 567–572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539537-2"><bdi>978-0-19-539537-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=567-572&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539537-2&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gustafson-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_125-0">^</a> Ingrid Gustafson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d48cOs21Vk4C&dq=%22Royal+Road%22+Krakow&pg=PA444">Let's Go: Eastern Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225032/https://books.google.com/books?id=d48cOs21Vk4C&dq=%22Royal+Road%22+Krakow&pg=PA444">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2023" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjcEAAAQBAJ">Europe. An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society</a>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 718. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5545-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-5545-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjcEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe.+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=718&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5545-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQjcEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2012/01/19/co-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem/">"Co się stało z krakowskim ratuszem?"</a>. CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl (in Polish). 19 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128083114/https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2012/01/19/co-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl&rft.atitle=Co+si%C4%99+sta%C5%82o+z+krakowskim+ratuszem%3F&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciekawostkihistoryczne.pl%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fco-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wandaluzja-1-128"><a href="#cite_ref-wandaluzja-1_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wandaluzja.com/?p=p_200&sName=uniwersytet-jagiellonski">"Uniwersytet Jagielloński"</a>. Wandaluzja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118124426/http://www.wandaluzja.com/?p=p_200&sName=uniwersytet-jagiellonski">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski&rft.pub=Wandaluzja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wandaluzja.com%2F%3Fp%3Dp_200%26sName%3Duniwersytet-jagiellonski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf-129"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf_129-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.jewish.org.pl/pliki/1192127458.pdf">List of synagogues and Betei Midrash in Kraków between the wars.</a> PDF 49 KB. Retrieved 17 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209091344/http://www.krakow.jewish.org.pl/pliki/1192127458.pdf">Archived</a> 9 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krakowmonamour.com/kazimierz-krakow-jewish-quarter/">"KAZIMIERZ: THINGS TO DO & SEE IN KRAKOW'S JEWISH QUARTER"</a>. Krakow Mon Amour. 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Krakow+Mon+Amour&rft.atitle=KAZIMIERZ%3A+THINGS+TO+DO+%26+SEE+IN+KRAKOW%27S+JEWISH+QUARTER&rft.date=2024-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrakowmonamour.com%2Fkazimierz-krakow-jewish-quarter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strasz-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Strasz_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrasz" class="citation web cs1">Strasz, Piotr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzeumsecesji.pl/podroz_pliki/krakow.html">"Secesyjny Kraków"</a>. Muzeumsecesji.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425082625/http://muzeumsecesji.pl/podroz_pliki/krakow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secesyjny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Muzeumsecesji.pl&rft.aulast=Strasz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzeumsecesji.pl%2Fpodroz_pliki%2Fkrakow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palace_of_Art-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Palace_of_Art_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzala" class="citation web cs1">Strzala, Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/ArtPalac.htm">"Krakow's Arts Palace"</a>. Krakow Info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407010105/http://krakow-info.com/ArtPalac.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow%27s+Arts+Palace&rft.pub=Krakow+Info&rft.aulast=Strzala&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2FArtPalac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogt-Nassery-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Vogt-Nassery_133-0">^</a> Beata Vogt, Farid Nassery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow">Aspekt geometryczny krakowskich budowli modernistycznych powstałych do II Wojny Światowej.</a> Scribd.com document. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508073303/http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow">Archived</a> 8 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków,_Oleandry_–_Dom_im._Józefa_Piłsudskiego-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraków,_Oleandry_–_Dom_im._Józefa_Piłsudskiego_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105043156/http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html">"Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego"</a>. Osen.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Oleandry+%E2%80%93+Dom+im.+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego&rft.pub=Osen.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosen.pl%2Fprojekty%2Fnon-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici%2F304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inyourpocket/sightseeing-135"><a href="#cite_ref-inyourpocket/sightseeing_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta">"Nowa Huta – Sightseeing in Kraków – In Your Pocket city guide – essential travel guides to cities in Poland"</a>. Inyourpocket.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111208081319/http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nowa+Huta+%E2%80%93+Sightseeing+in+Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+In+Your+Pocket+city+guide+%E2%80%93+essential+travel+guides+to+cities+in+Poland&rft.pub=Inyourpocket.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourpocket.com%2Fpoland%2Fkrakow%2Fsightseeing%2FNowa-Huta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nh.pl-1-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Nh.pl-1_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211171333/http://nh.pl/english/architecture.htm">"Architecture of Nowa Huta"</a>. Nh.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nh.pl/english/architecture.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Nowa+Huta&rft.pub=Nh.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nh.pl%2Fenglish%2Farchitecture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOCREALIZM_in_Poland_(1949–1955)-137"><a href="#cite_ref-SOCREALIZM_in_Poland_(1949–1955)_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200319/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm">"SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)"</a>. Arts.gla.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SOCREALIZM+in+Poland+%281949%E2%80%931955%29&rft.pub=Arts.gla.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSlavonic%2FSocrealizm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naszemiasto-cracovia-138"><a href="#cite_ref-naszemiasto-cracovia_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krakow.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/842560,hotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic,id,t.html">"Hotel Cracovia na liście zabytków. Majchrowski chce chronić krakowski modernizm. Warto? [DYSKUTUJ] – Kraków – Naszemiasto.pl"</a>. Krakow.naszemiasto.pl. 31 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111125748/http://krakow.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/842560,hotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic,id,t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotel+Cracovia+na+li%C5%9Bcie+zabytk%C3%B3w.+Majchrowski+chce+chroni%C4%87+krakowski+modernizm.+Warto%3F+%5BDYSKUTUJ%26%2393%3B+%E2%80%93+Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Naszemiasto.pl&rft.pub=Krakow.naszemiasto.pl&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrakow.naszemiasto.pl%2Fartykul%2F842560%2Chotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic%2Cid%2Ct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/">"Kraków z lotu ptaka. Fascynujące zdjęcia z lat 90. XX wieku!"</a>. Krowoderska.pl (in Polish). 1 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090900/https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Krowoderska.pl&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+z+lotu+ptaka.+Fascynuj%C4%85ce+zdj%C4%99cia+z+lat+90.+XX+wieku%21&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrowoderska.pl%2Fkrakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sztuka-architektury1-140"><a href="#cite_ref-sztuka-architektury1_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztuka-architektury.pl/index.php?ID_PAGE=11917">"Sztuka Architektury"</a>. Sztuka-architektury.pl. January 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119054234/http://www.sztuka-architektury.pl/index.php?ID_PAGE=11917">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sztuka+Architektury&rft.pub=Sztuka-architektury.pl&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sztuka-architektury.pl%2Findex.php%3FID_PAGE%3D11917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slowacki.krakow.pl/pl/aktualnosci/malopolski_ogrod_sztuki/">Budowa Małopolskiego Ogrodu Sztuki w Krakowie.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911020618/http://www.slowacki.krakow.pl/pl/aktualnosci/malopolski_ogrod_sztuki">Archived</a> 11 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Teatr im. Juliusza Słowackiego. </li> <li id="cite_note-wse.krakow-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wse.krakow_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wse.krakow_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiewióra2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiewióra, Agnieszka (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121124082145/http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_">"Kraków okiem 'tischnerowskim'"</a>. Informacje ogólne (in Polish and English). Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_">the original</a> on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informacje+og%C3%B3lne&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+okiem+%27tischnerowskim%27&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wiewi%C3%B3ra&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wse.krakow.pl%2Fpl%2FKrakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strzala1-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Strzala1_143-0">^</a> Marek Strzala, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm">"The green belt of Kraków Planty"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031129/http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+green+belt+of+Krak%C3%B3w+Planty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fplanty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grodzka.net-144"><a href="#cite_ref-grodzka.net_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php">"Henryk Jordan's Park"</a>. krakow4you.com. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2007 – via Grodzka.net.pl. <q>The park, which was initiated by Jordan, was the first of this type in Poland and in Europe. The initiator himself got so engaged in realising his idea that he largely financed its construction and personally brought the most modern sport facilities from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakow4you.com&rft.atitle=Henryk+Jordan%27s+Park&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grodzka.net.pl%2Ftravel%2Fjordan_park.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History,_philosophy_and_photographs-145"><a href="#cite_ref-History,_philosophy_and_photographs_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php">"History, philosophy and photographs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2C+philosophy+and+photographs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grodzka.net.pl%2Ftravel%2Fjordan_park.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyklopedia3-146"><a href="#cite_ref-encyklopedia3_146-0">^</a> (in Polish) Ryszard Burek (editor), Encyklopedia Krakowa, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-13325-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-13325-2">83-01-13325-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-gdos-147"><a href="#cite_ref-gdos_147-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8">Dane przestrzenne z Centralnego Rejestru Form Ochrony Przyrody.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206123815/http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8">Archived</a> 6 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska, Poland. Retrieved 4 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkes-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes2004" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Matthew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22">Natural and Cultural Landscapes The Geological Foundation</a>. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 53–56, 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904890-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904890-00-3"><bdi>978-1-904890-00-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172415/https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+and+Cultural+Landscapes+The+Geological+Foundation.&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=53-56%2C+177&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904890-00-3&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmsFOAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DKrakow%2Bupland%2B%2522corine%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAK-149"><a href="#cite_ref-MAK_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne">Materiały Archeologiczne [Archaeological Materials], Volumes 12–14</a> (in Polish). Kraków: Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie. 1971. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68755780">68755780</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materia%C5%82y+Archeologiczne+%5BArchaeological+Materials%5D%2C+Volumes+12%E2%80%9314&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Muzeum+Archeologiczne+w+Krakowie&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68755780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAlpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkrakowa%2520po%25C5%2582udniu%2520wzg%25C3%25B3rza%2520wapienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burek-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burek_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burek_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurek2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burek, Ryszard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka">Encyklopedia Krakowa</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. p. 1058. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-13325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-13325-2"><bdi>978-83-01-13325-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Krakowa&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=1058&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-01-13325-2&rft.aulast=Burek&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hMsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DWilga%2C%2520Rudawa%2C%2520Bia%25C5%2582ucha%2C%2520D%25C5%2582ubnia%2520Sanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabrdalikSantora2018" class="citation news cs1">Nabrdalik, Maciek; Santora, Marc (22 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html">"Smothered by Smog, Polish Cities Rank Among Europe's Dirtiest (Published 2018)"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smothered+by+Smog%2C+Polish+Cities+Rank+Among+Europe%27s+Dirtiest+%28Published+2018%29&rft.date=2018-04-22&rft.aulast=Nabrdalik&rft.aufirst=Maciek&rft.au=Santora%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F22%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpoland-pollution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radni_Miasta_Krakowa_V_kadencji_(''Kraków_City_Councillors_of_the_5th_term'')-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Radni_Miasta_Krakowa_V_kadencji_(''Kraków_City_Councillors_of_the_5th_term'')_152-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacji_Publicznej" class="mw-redirect" title="Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej">Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej</a> (Bulletin of Public Information), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859">"Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163614/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radni+Miasta+Krakowa+V+kadencji+%28Krak%C3%B3w+City+Councillors+of+the+5th+term%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2F%3Fmmi%3D9859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPI_113-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BPI_113_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BPI_113_153-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacji_Publicznej" class="mw-redirect" title="Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej">Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej</a> (Bulletin of Public Information), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96">"Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907112805/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dziennik+Ustaw+Nr+113+poz.+984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2F%3Fid%3D96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Municipality,_Mayor-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Municipality,_Mayor_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html">"Municipality, Mayor, www.krakow.pl"</a>. krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622124931/http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipality%2C+Mayor%2C+www.krakow.pl&rft.pub=krakow.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fen%2Fsamorzad%2Fprezydent%2F%3Fid%3Djacek_majchrowski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Kraków_constituency_-_VisWiki-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Kraków_constituency_-_VisWiki_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234818/http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency">"Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency – VisWiki"</a>. viswiki.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency">the original</a> on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+Polish+Sejm+elected+from+Krak%C3%B3w+constituency+%E2%80%93+VisWiki&rft.pub=viswiki.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviswiki.com%2Fen%2FMembers_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%25C3%25B3w_constituency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ordinance-156"><a href="#cite_ref-ordinance_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1">"Uchwala- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa – BIP MK"</a>. www.bip.krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201704/https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bip.krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Uchwala-+Biuletyn+Informacji+Publicznej+Miasta+Krakowa+%E2%80%93+BIP+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2F%3Fdok_id%3D167%26sub_dok_id%3D167%26sub%3Duchwala%26query%3Did%3D15375%26typ%3Du%26vReg%3D1%26metka%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_Capital:_Building_Post-communist_Government_Performance-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_Capital:_Building_Post-communist_Government_Performance_157-0">^</a> Laura Brunell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunell2005" class="citation book cs1">Brunell, Laura (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50">Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance</a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2956-0"><bdi>978-0-7618-2956-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407063126/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutional+Capital%3A+Building+Post-communist+Government+Performance&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2956-0&rft.aulast=Brunell&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1Faumf7JMMC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2BKrakow%2BCracow%2Bafter%2B1945%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> University Press of America, <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2956-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2956-3">0-7618-2956-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow-158"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow_158-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacji_Publicznej" class="mw-redirect" title="Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej">Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej</a> (Bulletin of Public Information). Raport o stanie miasta, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715204454/http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html">"BEZPIECZEŃSTWO PUBLICZNE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BEZPIECZE%C5%83STWO+PUBLICZNE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fgospodarka%2Fhtml%2Fraport-2001%2Fbezpiecz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-districts-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-districts_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-districts_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/district.htm">"Boroughs of Kraków"</a>. krakow-info.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103093314/http://krakow-info.com/district.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boroughs+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=krakow-info.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fdistrict.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow,_Auschwitz_and_Warsaw-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakow,_Auschwitz_and_Warsaw_160-0">^</a> Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered:." Published in <a href="/wiki/Rick_Steves" title="Rick Steves">Rick Steves</a>' Eastern Europe, 2005 edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm">"Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080126112618/http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow%2C+Auschwitz+and+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricksteves.com%2Ftvr%2Fpolandrse310_details.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakow_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm">"Poland - Post Report"</a>. eDiplomat.com. 24 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720152835/http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eDiplomat.com&rft.atitle=Poland+-+Post+Report&rft.date=2003-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ediplomat.com%2Fnp%2Fpost_reports%2Fpr_pl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-architecture72-162"><a href="#cite_ref-architecture72_162-0">^</a> Jeffrey Zuehlke, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2005" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Jeffrey (15 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72">Poland in Pictures</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2676-6"><bdi>978-0-8225-2676-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+Pictures&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-2676-6&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolandinpictures0000zueh%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Krakow/images-videos">"Kraków (Poland) | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%28Poland%29+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKrakow%2Fimages-videos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz2006" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Michael J. (2006). America and the return of Nazi contraband. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+the+return+of+Nazi+contraband&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hejnal-165"><a href="#cite_ref-hejnal_165-0">^</a> O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013132011/http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/">"Hejnal Mariacki – The Kraków Bugle Call"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/">the original</a> on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hejnal+Mariacki+%E2%80%93+The+Krak%C3%B3w+Bugle+Call&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabel.hive.no%2Ftrumpet%2Farticles%2Fhejnal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPKelly-166"><a href="#cite_ref-JPKelly_166-0">^</a> The oldest mention of Kraków hejnał dates back to 1392 (see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórska" class="citation web cs1">Górska, Katarzyna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317062351/http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki">"Legenda o Hejnale Mariackim"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki/">the original</a> on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legenda+o+Hejnale+Mariackim&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.come2europe.eu%2Fo_miescie%2Flegendy%2Fhejnal-mariacki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988">) "... though there is probably no direct link (wrote Chris Hann) between this <a href="/wiki/Bugle_call" title="Bugle call">bugle call</a> and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today" (see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHann" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hann" title="Chris Hann">Hann, Chris</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html">"Discovering Social Anthropology in Galicia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021100011/http://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Social+Anthropology+in+Galicia&rft.aulast=Hann&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.era.anthropology.ac.uk%2FTeach-yourself%2Fchap3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-StatKraK_::_Kraków.:._Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy-167"><a href="#cite_ref-StatKraK_::_Kraków.:._Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMZBD_–_Miejski_Zarzd_Baz_Danych_–_Kraków" class="citation web cs1">MZBD – Miejski Zarzd Baz Danych – Kraków. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426043451/http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1">"StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy"</a>. Msip2.um.krakow.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1">the original</a> on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=StatKraK+%3A%3A+Krak%C3%B3w.%3A.+Liczby...Miasto...Mieszka%C5%84cy&rft.pub=Msip2.um.krakow.pl&rft.au=MZBD+%E2%80%93+Miejski+Zarzd+Baz+Danych+%E2%80%93+Krak%C3%B3w&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsip2.um.krakow.pl%2Fstatkrak%2Fview%2Fshow%2Fview3.asp%3Ftab%3De_dzieln_ao_f2%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow1-168"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow1_168-0">^</a> Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on 27 March 1991; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for 19 April 1995. Source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091205092607/http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112">"Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazeta+Urz%C4%99dowa+Miasta+Krakowa+Nr+10%2C+poz.+84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyfronet.krakow.pl%2Fmk%2Fbip%2Frada%2Fuchwaly%2Fshow_pdf.php%3Fid%3D2112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gosp-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gosp_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gosp_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gosp_169-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/en/gospodarka/html/rn_2005.pdf">Kraków Real Estate Market, 2005.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051326/http://www.krakow.pl/en/gospodarka/html/rn_2005.pdf">Archived</a> 24 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish and English) </li> <li id="cite_note-krakplgosp-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krakplgosp_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krakplgosp_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krakplgosp_170-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/english/5666,artykul,krakow_advantages.html">Economics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817235239/http://krakow.pl/english/5666,artykul,krakow_advantages.html">Archived</a> 17 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Magiczny Kraków </li> <li id="cite_note-capgemini-171"><a href="#cite_ref-capgemini_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818045018/http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland">"Capgemini offices in Poland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland/">the original</a> on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capgemini+offices+in+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capgemini.com%2Flocations%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_Sabre_Holdings-172"><a href="#cite_ref-About_Sabre_Holdings_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523201349/http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html">"About Sabre Holdings"</a>. sabre-holdings.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Sabre+Holdings&rft.pub=sabre-holdings.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabre-holdings.com%2FaboutUs%2Flocations%2Fpoland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-173"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_173-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/map-the-global-future-of-outsourcing/73/">The Global Future of Outsourcing.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311065436/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/map-the-global-future-of-outsourcing/73/">Archived</a> 11 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PBS Wide Angle, WNET.ORG, 13 September 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-PAIiIZ-174"><a href="#cite_ref-PAIiIZ_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paiz.gov.pl/20110726/unctad_world_investment_report_2011">UNCATD's World Investment Report 2011.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911192446/http://www.paiz.gov.pl/20110726/unctad_world_investment_report_2011">Archived</a> 11 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, 26 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow2-175"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow2_175-0">^</a> (in Polish) Biuro Informacji Publicznej (Office of Public Information). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta">"Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032938/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bud%C5%BCet+Miasta+Krakowa+na+rok+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2Fzalaczniki%2Fdokumenty%2Fn%2F75694%2Fkarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biuletyn_Statystyczny_Miasta_Krakowa-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Biuletyn_Statystyczny_Miasta_Krakowa_176-0">^</a> (in Polish) Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (Office of Public Information, Kraków). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234">"Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163607/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biuletyn+Statystyczny+Miasta+Krakowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2F%3Fid%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretan2020" class="citation web cs1">Bretan, Juliette (14 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/10/14/communist-era-skyscraper-completed-in-krakow-after-45-years/">"Communist-era skyscraper completed in Kraków after 45 years"</a>. Notes From Poland. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Poland&rft.atitle=Communist-era+skyscraper+completed+in+Krak%C3%B3w+after+45+years&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft.aulast=Bretan&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2020%2F10%2F14%2Fcommunist-era-skyscraper-completed-in-krakow-after-45-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowledge_and_Innovation_Community_EIT,_at-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Knowledge_and_Innovation_Community_EIT,_at_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328175502/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html">"Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at"</a>. Europa (web portal). 3 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eit.europa.eu/home.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft.atitle=Knowledge+and+Innovation+Community+EIT%2C+at&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feit.europa.eu%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa-179"><a href="#cite_ref-europa_179-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf">KIC InnoEnergy</a>. Designated Knowledge and Innovation Community, 16 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222225533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2024-08-28/bedzie-metro-w-krakowie-prezydent-miasta-podal-szczegoly/">"Metro nie tylko w Warszawie. "To kwestia rozwoju cywilizacyjnego""</a>. polsatnews.pl (in Polish). 28 August 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polsatnews.pl&rft.atitle=Metro+nie+tylko+w+Warszawie.+%22To+kwestia+rozwoju+cywilizacyjnego%22&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polsatnews.pl%2Fwiadomosc%2F2024-08-28%2Fbedzie-metro-w-krakowie-prezydent-miasta-podal-szczegoly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kr24.pl/krakow/metro-w-krakowie-miszalski-deklaruje-prace-rusza-w-2028-roku/">"Metro w Krakowie. Miszalski deklaruje: "prace ruszą w 2028 roku""</a>. kr24.pl (in Polish). 28 June 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kr24.pl&rft.atitle=Metro+w+Krakowie.+Miszalski+deklaruje%3A+%22prace+rusz%C4%85+w+2028+roku%22&rft.date=2024-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkr24.pl%2Fkrakow%2Fmetro-w-krakowie-miszalski-deklaruje-prace-rusza-w-2028-roku%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow._Varied_Means_of_Transportation-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakow._Varied_Means_of_Transportation_182-0">^</a> Marek Strzala, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm">"Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519013455/http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow.+Varied+Means+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Ftranspor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mimk.com.pl/">Działalność.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622124100/http://www.mimk.com.pl/">Archived</a> 22 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_railway_connections_from_Kraków-184"><a href="#cite_ref-International_railway_connections_from_Kraków_184-0">^</a> (in Polish) Magiczny Kraków, city's official website. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626153508/http://www.krakow.pl/turystyka/?id=praktyczne%2F12.html">"International railway connections from Kraków"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl//turystyka/?id=praktyczne/12.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+railway+connections+from+Krak%C3%B3w&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2F%2Fturystyka%2F%3Fid%3Dpraktyczne%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Mark (12 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seat61.com/stations/krakow-glowny.htm#Walking_to_&_from_the_old_town">"Krakow Glowny - a brief station guide"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow+Glowny+-+a+brief+station+guide&rft.date=2024-07-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seat61.com%2Fstations%2Fkrakow-glowny.htm%23Walking_to_%26_from_the_old_town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html">"101 travel ideas & more than 5.8 million passengers in 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094329/http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=101+travel+ideas+%26+more+than+5.8+million+passengers+in+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakowairport.pl%2Fen%2Fairport%2Cc94%2Fnews%2Cc120%2F101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017%2Ca2790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-krakow-187"><a href="#cite_ref-e-krakow_187-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-krakow.com/e-krakow/lotnisko-pyrzowice">"Lotnisko w Pyrzowicach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412123037/http://www.e-krakow.com/e-krakow/lotnisko-pyrzowice">Archived</a> 12 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on www.e-krakow.com (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731203715/http://bikeu.pl/o-nas">"BikeU"</a>. bikeu.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bikeu.pl/o-nas">the original</a> on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bikeu.pl&rft.atitle=BikeU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbikeu.pl%2Fo-nas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-189"><a href="#cite_ref-stat_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm">"GUS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r"</a> (in Polish). Stat.gov.pl. 10 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUS+%E2%80%93+G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+%E2%80%93+Stan+i+struktura+ludno%C5%9Bci+oraz+ruch+naturalny+w+przekroju+terytorialnym.+Stan+w+dniu+31+XII+2010+r&rft.pub=Stat.gov.pl&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fgus%2F5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kras-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Kras_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKras2012" class="citation web cs1">Kras, Pawel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56">"Kraków. Introduction"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043157/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w.+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kras&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396584%2Fobo-9780195396584-0026.xml%3Bjsessionid%3DE4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keene-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Keene_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2008" class="citation book cs1">Keene, Derek (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154">"England and Poland: Medieval Metropolises Compared"</a>. Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 by Richard Unger and Jakub Basista. BRILL. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16623-3"><bdi>978-90-04-16623-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210052/https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154#v=snippet&q=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=England+and+Poland%3A+Medieval+Metropolises+Compared&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Poland-Lithuania%3A+Contact+and+Comparison+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+1795+by+Richard+Unger+and+Jakub+Basista&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16623-3&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVB51DPui-TsC%26q%3Dkrakow%2Bpopulation%2B%2B10%252C000%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110">"Towns and Townspeople"</a>. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500. Vol. 3. University of Washington Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6"><bdi>978-0-295-97291-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210104/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=Cracow&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towns+and+Townspeople&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97291-6&rft.aulast=Sedlar&rft.aufirst=Jean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o5lrvuwOVwC%26q%3DCracow%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labno-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Labno_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabno2011" class="citation book cs1">Labno, Door Jeannie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19">"Commemorating the Polish Renaissance"</a> (Google books). Shifting Boundaries and Conceptual Identities. Ashgate Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6825-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6825-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6825-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210104/https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19#v=snippet&q=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commemorating+the+Polish+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Shifting+Boundaries+and+Conceptual+Identities&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6825-1&rft.aulast=Labno&rft.aufirst=Door+Jeannie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrW7QEmWtFSsC%26q%3Dkrakow%2Bpopulation%2B%2B10%252C000%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyklopedia-194"><a href="#cite_ref-encyklopedia_194-0">^</a> See "Ludność" "Population" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Kraków: PWN, 2000 (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232900/http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls">"Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku"</a>. old.stat.gov.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls">the original</a> on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Deklaracje+narodowo%C5%9Bciowe+w+gminach+w+2002+roku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2Fnsp2002_tabl4.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html">"Już 10 procent krakowian to cudzoziemcy. Wśród nich: Ukraińcy, Białorusini, Włosi i inni"</a>. krakow.wyborcza.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829104958/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakow.wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Ju%C5%BC+10+procent+krakowian+to+cudzoziemcy.+W%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+nich%3A+Ukrai%C5%84cy%2C+Bia%C5%82orusini%2C+W%C5%82osi+i+inni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrakow.wyborcza.pl%2Fkrakow%2F7%2C44425%2C24626716%2Cjuz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/">"Polska"</a>. migracje.gov.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416223805/https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=migracje.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Polska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmigracje.gov.pl%2Fstatystyki%2Fzakres%2Fpolska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x">"2022 Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego"</a>. <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Urz%C4%85d_Statystyczny" class="mw-redirect" title="Główny Urząd Statystyczny">Główny Urząd Statystyczny</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516212122/https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.atitle=2022+Tablice+z+ostatecznymi+danymi+w+zakresie+przynale%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci+narodowo-etnicznej%2C+j%C4%99zyka+u%C5%BCywanego+w+domu+oraz+przynale%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci+do+wyznania+religijnego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fspisy-powszechne%2Fnsp-2021%2Fnsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne%2Ftablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego%2C10%2C1.html%3Ffbclid%3DIwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diecezja-199"><a href="#cite_ref-diecezja_199-0">^</a> Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228090310/http://diecezja.pl/index.php?page=jswronski">Kościoły Krakowa (The churches of Kraków).</a> Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved 23 December 2012. (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings">"Meetings :: Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. apps.jw.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.jw.org&rft.atitle=Meetings+%3A%3A+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.jw.org%2Fui%2FE%2Fmeeting-search.html%23%2Fweekly-meetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/">"Katowice Poland District of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"</a>. ldschurchtemples.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116024610/https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ldschurchtemples.com&rft.atitle=Katowice+Poland+District+of+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchofjesuschristtemples.org%2Fstatistics%2Funit%2Fkatowice-poland-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadzik2019" class="citation web cs1">Padzik, Paulina (12 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533">"Małopolanie przodują w pobożności w kraju"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Krakowska" title="Gazeta Krakowska">Gazeta Krakowska</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117022337/https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Krakowska&rft.atitle=Ma%C5%82opolanie+przoduj%C4%85+w+pobo%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci+w+kraju&rft.date=2019-01-12&rft.aulast=Padzik&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetakrakowska.pl%2Fmalopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju%2Far%2F13802533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dylewski-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Dylewski_203-0">^</a> Adam Dylewski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow">Where the Tailor Was a Poet...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162337/http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow/">Archived</a> 12 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website created under the aegis of the Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Warsaw; chief editor: Piotr M. A. Cywinski. Editorial assistance: Anna Marta Szczepan-Wojnarska, and Kaja Wieczorek from Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw </li> <li id="cite_note-D-H-204"><a href="#cite_ref-D-H_204-0">^</a> Devorah Hakohen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70">Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185009/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2969-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2969-9">0-8156-2969-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewish-guide-205"><a href="#cite_ref-jewish-guide_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir">"CASIMIR / KAZIMIERZ / CASIMIRUS"</a>. jewish-guide.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812075522/https://jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewish-guide.pl&rft.atitle=CASIMIR+%2F+KAZIMIERZ+%2F+CASIMIRUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewish-guide.pl%2Fsites%2Fcasimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211231758/http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/">"Study in Krakow, city of colours"</a>. krakow.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/">the original</a> on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+in+Krakow%2C+city+of+colours&rft.pub=krakow.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.study-krakow.com%2Fabout_krakow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THES-207"><a href="#cite_ref-THES_207-0">^</a> Times Higher Education Supplement (THES). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202104733/http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf">"Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jagiellonian+University+ranking+among+world+universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ui.ac.id%2Findonesia%2Fextra%2Ftabelqs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jagiellonian_University_ranking_among_world_universities-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Jagiellonian_University_ranking_among_world_universities_208-0">^</a> QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> Higher Education Supplement. QS <a href="/wiki/World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="World University Rankings">World University Rankings</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825194905/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100">"Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100">the original</a> on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jagiellonian+University+ranking+among+world+universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fworlduniversityrankings%2Fresults%2F2006%2Frankings_1520%2F%3Fstart%3D201%26end%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history">"History – UJ"</a>. www.en.uj.edu.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002519/https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.en.uj.edu.pl&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+UJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.uj.edu.pl%2Fen_US%2Fabout-university%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jagiellonian-210"><a href="#cite_ref-jagiellonian_210-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/historia/kalendarium.jsp&lang=en">Jagiellonian University (homepage), "Calendar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114000129/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fkalendarium.jsp&lang=en">Archived</a> 14 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treasures_of_the_Jagiellonian_Library-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Treasures_of_the_Jagiellonian_Library_211-0">^</a> Jagiellonian University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/o_bib/skarby_BJ_en_.php">"Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library"</a>. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+Jagiellonian+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bj.uj.edu.pl%2Fo_bib%2Fskarby_BJ_en_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Wislawa_Szymborska,_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature_1996-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Wislawa_Szymborska,_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature_1996_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996, Wisława Szymborska - Biographical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NobelPrize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NobelPrize.org">NobelPrize.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630085425/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1996/szymborska/biographical/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1996%2C+Wis%C5%82awa+Szymborska+-+Biographical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1996%2Fszymborska-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGH-UST_staff_and_students,_introduction-213"><a href="#cite_ref-AGH-UST_staff_and_students,_introduction_213-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="AGH University of Science and Technology">AGH University of Science and Technology</a> homepage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161808/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php">"AGH-UST staff and students, introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php">the original</a> on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGH-UST+staff+and+students%2C+introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agh.edu.pl%2Fenglish%2FStaff.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agh-214"><a href="#cite_ref-agh_214-0">^</a> Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (Polish edition), 22 March 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html">"Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627102511/http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uczelnie+w%2Fg+typu.+Politechniki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agh.edu.pl%2Fdokumenty%2Fkomunikaty%2Franking%2Franking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_AGH-UST-215"><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_AGH-UST_215-0">^</a> Antoni S. Kleczkowski, <a href="/wiki/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="AGH University of Science and Technology">AGH University of Science and Technology</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161914/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php">"History of AGH-UST"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php">the original</a> on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+AGH-UST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agh.edu.pl%2Fenglish%2Fhistoria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_the_Akademia_Muzyczna-216"><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_the_Akademia_Muzyczna_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/">"History of the Akademia Muzyczna"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317131701/http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Akademia+Muzyczna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amuz.krakow.pl%2Fen%2F%3Fweb%3Dhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_University_of_Economics_homepage-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_University_of_Economics_homepage_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001246/http://www.ae.krakow.pl/">"Kraków University of Economics homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ae.krakow.pl/">the original</a> on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w+University+of+Economics+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ae.krakow.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akademia_Pedagogiczna_w_Krakowie,_homepage-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Akademia_Pedagogiczna_w_Krakowie,_homepage_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520074046/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/">"Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/">the original</a> on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akademia+Pedagogiczna+w+Krakowie%2C+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.krakow.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akademia_Rolnicza,_homepage-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Akademia_Rolnicza,_homepage_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070508055226/http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm">"Akademia Rolnicza, homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akademia+Rolnicza%2C+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ar.krakow.pl%2Findex1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow4-220"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow4_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp">"Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210001616/http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pa%C5%84stwowa+Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Teatralna%2C+homepage.+Historical+outline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwst.krakow.pl%2Fhistoria.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papieska_Akademia_Teologiczna,_homepage_in_English-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Papieska_Akademia_Teologiczna,_homepage_in_English_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422142838/http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/">"Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/">the original</a> on 22 April 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papieska+Akademia+Teologiczna%2C+homepage+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pat.krakow.pl%2Feng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Capital_of_Culture_in_Poland_again-222"><a href="#cite_ref-European_Capital_of_Culture_in_Poland_again_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193">"European Capital of Culture in Poland again"</a>. opinia.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201174844/http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Capital+of+Culture+in+Poland+again&rft.pub=opinia.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinia.co.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D323%3Aeuropean-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again%26catid%3D50%3Anewsculture%26Itemid%3D193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow-info-223"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow-info_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/sights.htm">"Krakow Landmarks | Historical monuments in Krakow"</a>. krakow-info.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122072855/http://krakow-info.com/sights.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow+Landmarks+%26%23124%3B+Historical+monuments+in+Krakow&rft.pub=krakow-info.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fsights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage_Team-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Team_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Team_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Team_224-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Team_224-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Team_224-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Team_224-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage_Team2023" class="citation web cs1">Heritage Team (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krakowheritage.com/en/intangible-heritage/media-arts/museums/">"Museums"</a>. krakowheritage.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202152109/https://krakowheritage.com/en/intangible-heritage/media-arts/museums/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakowheritage.com&rft.atitle=Museums&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Heritage+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrakowheritage.com%2Fen%2Fintangible-heritage%2Fmedia-arts%2Fmuseums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mkidn.gov.pl-225"><a href="#cite_ref-mkidn.gov.pl_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Heritage_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)">Ministry of Culture</a> (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410171206/http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php">"Otwarcie Europeum – Ośrodek Kultury Europejskiej nowego oddziału Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie"</a> [Centre of European Culture, new branch of National Museum opened]. Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php">the original</a> on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otwarcie+Europeum+%E2%80%93+O%C5%9Brodek+Kultury+Europejskiej+nowego+oddzia%C5%82u+Muzeum+Narodowego+w+Krakowie&rft.pub=Ministerstwo+Kultury+i+Dziedzictwa+Narodowego&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkidn.gov.pl%2Fpages%2Fposts%2Fotwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyspiański-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wyspiański_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyspiański_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyspiański_226-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm">"Krakow – Specialty Museums"</a>. krakow-info.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802232548/http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakow-info.com&rft.atitle=Krakow+%E2%80%93+Specialty+Museums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-info.com%2Fmuseums2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czapski-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Czapski_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081019023412/http://muzeum.dev.softhis.com/O-muzeum.88.0.html?L=1">"Muzeum im. Emeryka Hutten-Czapskiego: About the museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzeum.dev.softhis.com/O-muzeum.88.0.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muzeum+im.+Emeryka+Hutten-Czapskiego%3A+About+the+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzeum.dev.softhis.com%2FO-muzeum.88.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229155832/http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1">"Szlak turystyczny po podziemiach Rynku Głównego w Krakowie"</a>. podziemiarynku.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1">the original</a> on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=podziemiarynku.com&rft.atitle=Szlak+turystyczny+po+podziemiach+Rynku+G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego+w+Krakowie.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodziemiarynku.com%2Findex.php%3Fdzial%3Doszlaku%26tekst%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laskowska-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Laskowska_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaskowska2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laskowska, Karolina (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turystyka.wp.pl/najciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a">"Najciekawsze muzea iluzji w Polsce. Może się w nich zakręcić w głowie"</a>. wp.pl (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150950/https://turystyka.wp.pl/najciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wp.pl&rft.atitle=Najciekawsze+muzea+iluzji+w+Polsce.+Mo%C5%BCe+si%C4%99+w+nich+zakr%C4%99ci%C4%87+w+g%C5%82owie&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Laskowska&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturystyka.wp.pl%2Fnajciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrescherHinsonDonaldson2018" class="citation web cs1">Drescher, Cynthia; Hinson, Tamara; Donaldson, Tara (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-aviation-museums/index.html">"20 best aviation museums around the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edition.cnn.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Edition.cnn.com">edition.cnn.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509075104/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-aviation-museums/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=20+best+aviation+museums+around+the+world&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.aulast=Drescher&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Hinson%2C+Tamara&rft.au=Donaldson%2C+Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fbest-aviation-museums%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629043631/http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102">"Announcements on the Polish Aviation Museum website"</a>. muzeumlotnictwa.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102">the original</a> on 29 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muzeumlotnictwa.pl&rft.atitle=Announcements+on+the+Polish+Aviation+Museum+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumlotnictwa.pl%2Faktualnosci_archiwum.php%3Fid%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajewska" class="citation web cs1">Gajewska, Edyta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222213104/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article">"Małopolska Cultural Heritage Days"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Warsaw_Voice" title="The Warsaw Voice">The Warsaw Voice</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article">the original</a> on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Warsaw+Voice&rft.atitle=Ma%C5%82opolska+Cultural+Heritage+Days&rft.aulast=Gajewska&rft.aufirst=Edyta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2FWVpage%2Fpages%2FarticlePrint.php%2F5774%2Farticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stary_Teatr_w_Krakowie,_homepage_in_Polish-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Stary_Teatr_w_Krakowie,_homepage_in_Polish_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/">"Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510072119/http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stary+Teatr+w+Krakowie%2C+homepage+in+Polish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stary-teatr.krakow.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KP-234"><a href="#cite_ref-KP_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html">"Krakow Philharmonic"</a>. Filharmonia Krakowska. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091011111005/http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow+Philharmonic&rft.pub=Filharmonia+Krakowska&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filharmonia.krakow.pl%2Findex_en_no.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow.pl-1-235"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow.pl-1_235-0">^</a> Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find">"Calendar of Annual Events, 2007"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161826/http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+Annual+Events%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fen%2Fkalendarium%2F%3FMODE%3Dkalim%26TYPE%3Dfind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakowski_Festiwal_Filmowy-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakowski_Festiwal_Filmowy_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054811/http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu">"Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy"</a>. krakowfilmfestival.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu">the original</a> on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakowski+Festiwal+Filmowy&rft.pub=krakowfilmfestival.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakowfilmfestival.pl%2Fo_festiwalu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ain-Krupa-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Ain-Krupa_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAin-Krupa2010" class="citation book cs1">Ain-Krupa, Julia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HunEEAAAQBAJ&dq=wajda+polanski+lived+krakow&pg=PA10">Roman Polanski: a life in exile</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 10, 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37781-5"><bdi>978-0-313-37781-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Polanski%3A+a+life+in+exile&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=10%2C+11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37781-5&rft.aulast=Ain-Krupa&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHunEEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwajda%2Bpolanski%2Blived%2Bkrakow%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakowska-238"><a href="#cite_ref-krakowska_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opera.krakow.pl/">"Opera Krakowska"</a>. opera.krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109135440/http://www.opera.krakow.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opera.krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Opera+Krakowska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opera.krakow.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opera_Rara_–_Kraków_–_8_December_2011-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Opera_Rara_–_Kraków_–_8_December_2011_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operarara.pl/en">"Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011"</a>. Operarara.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201054959/http://www.operarara.pl/en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opera+Rara+%E2%80%93+Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+8+December+2011&rft.pub=Operarara.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operarara.pl%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-misteriapaschalia-240"><a href="#cite_ref-misteriapaschalia_240-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.misteriapaschalia.pl/en">Misteria Paschalia festival, trademark of Kraków as the city of early music.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828151649/http://www.misteriapaschalia.pl/en/">Archived</a> 28 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Homepage. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mwsk.eu/mwsk_2023_o_festiwalu.htm">"MUZYKA W STARYM KRAKOWIE - O FESTIWALU"</a>. Capella Cracoviensis Foundation. 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capella+Cracoviensis+Foundation&rft.atitle=MUZYKA+W+STARYM+KRAKOWIE+-+O+FESTIWALU&rft.date=2024-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwsk.eu%2Fmwsk_2023_o_festiwalu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_–_Krakow_Music_Academy-242"><a href="#cite_ref-History_–_Krakow_Music_Academy_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/">"History – Krakow Music Academy"</a>. Amuz.krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109083109/http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Krakow+Music+Academy&rft.pub=Amuz.krakow.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amuz.krakow.pl%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow_fil-243"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow_fil_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1">"Home – Filharmonia Krakowska im. Karola Szymanowskiego"</a>. filharmonia.krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202001819/http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filharmonia.krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Filharmonia+Krakowska+im.+Karola+Szymanowskiego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filharmonia.krakow.pl%2Findex.php%3FPID%3D1%26m%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graczyński-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graczyński_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graczyński_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraczyński" class="citation news cs1">Graczyński, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html">"Ponad 14 milionów turystów odwiedziło Kraków"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803042508/https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ponad+14+milion%C3%B3w+turyst%C3%B3w+odwiedzi%C5%82o+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.aulast=Graczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Faktualnosci%2F235436%2C26%2Ckomunikat%2Cponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rp.pl/398262-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rp.pl/398262_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp.pl/398262_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁosińska2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Łosińska, Ewa (27 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125846/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html">"Turyści nie oszczędzali na Krakowie"</a>. Kraków " Podróże (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a> OnLine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%22+Podr%C3%B3%C5%BCe&rft.atitle=Tury%C5%9Bci+nie+oszcz%C4%99dzali+na+Krakowie&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft.aulast=%C5%81osi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fartykul%2F398262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intur.com-246"><a href="#cite_ref-intur.com_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoszewicz2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartoszewicz, Witold (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820225104/http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm">"Klasyfikacja obiektów noclegowych"</a> (in Polish). Instytut Turystyki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm">the original</a> on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klasyfikacja+obiekt%C3%B3w+noclegowych&rft.pub=Instytut+Turystyki&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bartoszewicz&rft.aufirst=Witold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intur.com.pl%2Fbaza.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow_Day_Trips-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakow_Day_Trips_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips">"Krakow Day Trips"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031004155/http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krakow+Day+Trips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracow-life.com%2Fpoland%2Fkrakow-day-trips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_10_things_to_do_in_Kraków-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Top_10_things_to_do_in_Kraków_248-0">^</a> Starwood, "Explore Krakow". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129205545/http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm">"Top 10 things to do in Kraków"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+things+to+do+in+Krak%C3%B3w&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com%2Fkrakow_must_do.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/10/europes-top-city-break-destinations-revealed-384050/">Top city-break destinations 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101212236/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/10/europes-top-city-break-destinations-revealed-384050/">Archived</a> 1 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Which.co.uk. </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow_Sport_Information_Guide-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakow_Sport_Information_Guide_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport">"Krakow Sport Information Guide"</a>. Cracow Life. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014232256/http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cracow+Life&rft.atitle=Krakow+Sport+Information+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracow-life.com%2Fpoland%2Fkrakow-sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisła-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Wisła_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164653/http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21">"General info, history and successes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+info%2C+history+and+successes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wislaportal.pl%2Finfo.php%3Fid%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czarni_Pogoń-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Czarni_Pogoń_252-0">^</a> (in Polish) List of oldest Polish <a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">sports clubs</a> featured in a newspaper retrospective. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChmielewski2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chmielewski, Zbigniew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html">"Obok Czarnych znak Pogoni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polityka" title="Polityka">Polityka</a>. 2414 (33). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031026091710/http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2003. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polityka&rft.atitle=Obok+Czarnych+znak+Pogoni&rft.volume=2414&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chmielewski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwow.home.pl%2Fsport%2Fsport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skwk.pl-253"><a href="#cite_ref-skwk.pl_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrycja2012" class="citation web cs1">Patrycja (2 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123832/http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html">"Wiślackie Kalendarium: pierwsze mistrzostwo, pierwszy puchar"</a>. skwk.pl. Stowarzyszenie Kibiców Wisły Kraków. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skwk.pl&rft.atitle=Wi%C5%9Blackie+Kalendarium%3A+pierwsze+mistrzostwo%2C+pierwszy+puchar&rft.date=2012-09-02&rft.au=Patrycja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskwk.pl%2Fwislackie-kalendarium%2F2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-footballderbies.com-254"><a href="#cite_ref-footballderbies.com_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914185815/http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122">"Święta Wojna (The Holy War)"</a>. Wisla Kraków – Cracovia Kraków. Footballderbies.com. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122">the original</a> on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisla+Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Cracovia+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta+Wojna+%28The+Holy+War%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footballderbies.com%2Fhonours%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marathon-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Marathon_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044611/http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=3fa449987ac268e46c75ced0763d7a8e">"History of "Cracovia Marathon""</a>. Urząd Miasta Krakowa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=ecb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254">the original</a> on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+%22Cracovia+Marathon%22&rft.pub=Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+Krakowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracoviamaraton.pl%2Fsubp.php%3Fidp%3Dp2%26id%3D7%26tpl%3Dtxt%26PHPSESSID%3Decb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-about_us-256"><a href="#cite_ref-about_us_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. TAURON Arena Kraków. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191329/http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TAURON+Arena+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tauronarenakrakow.pl%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907124124/http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html">"Kraków Arena | References"</a>. colosseoeas.com. <a href="/wiki/ColosseoEAS" title="ColosseoEAS">ColosseoEAS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html">the original</a> on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colosseoeas.com&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+Arena+%7C+References&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colosseoeas.com%2Fen%2Freferences%2Fkrakow-arena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aktualnosci_2014-258"><a href="#cite_ref-aktualnosci_2014_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html">"Kraków as the European City of Sports 2014"</a>. krakow.pl. 9 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523070858/http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krakow.pl&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+as+the+European+City+of+Sports+2014&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fsport%2Faktualnosci%2F18421%2C202%2Ckomunikat%2Ckrakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/26/krakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid/9588543/">"Krakow withdraws 2022 Winter Olympics bid"</a>. USA TODAY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112704/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/26/krakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid/9588543/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Krakow+withdraws+2022+Winter+Olympics+bid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2014%2F05%2F26%2Fkrakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid%2F9588543%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-games.org/the-games/who-we-are/">"Who we are"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320191138/https://european-games.org/the-games/who-we-are/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-games.org%2Fthe-games%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat//otwarty_na_swiat/2645,artykul,konsulaty.html">"Konsulaty"</a> (in Polish). Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konsulaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2645%2Cartykul%2Ckonsulaty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow5-262"><a href="#cite_ref-krakow5_262-0">^</a> Andrzej Chwalba. Krakow w latach 1939–1945 (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203151743/http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html">"Cracow under German Occupation, 1939-1945"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cracow+under+German+Occupation%2C+1939-1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fletters.krakow.pl%2Fbooks%2Fcracow_german_occupation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_263-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html">"Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie"</a> [Kraków – Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miejska+Platforma+Internetowa+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Miasta+Partnerskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_twins-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_twins_264-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702022307/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C6%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html">"Kraków – Miasta Bliźniacze"</a> [Kraków – Twin Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miejska+Platforma+Internetowa+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Miasta+Bli%C5%BAniacze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C6%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_honorary_twins-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_honorary_twins_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_honorary_twins_265-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_honorary_twins_265-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_honorary_twins_265-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,7,miasta_partnerskie.html">"Kraków – Honorowe Miasta Bliźniacze"</a> [Kraków – Honorary Twin Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702003953/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C7%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miejska+Platforma+Internetowa+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Honorowe+Miasta+Bli%C5%BAniacze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C7%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bratislawa-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Bratislawa_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns">"Bratislava City – Twin Towns"</a>. 2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns">the original</a> on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bratislava+City+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=2003%E2%80%932008+Bratislava-City.sk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bratislava-city.sk%2Fbratislava-twin-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dept-267"><a href="#cite_ref-dept_267-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597">"A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630122217/http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Also in: Richard Thompson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full">"Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Boston Globe, 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-cuidadhermanas-268"><a href="#cite_ref-cuidadhermanas_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6">"Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities)"</a> (in Spanish). Municipalidad del Cusco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6">the original</a> on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ciudades+Hermanas+%28Sister+Cities%29&rft.pub=Municipalidad+del+Cusco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.municusco.gob.pe%2Fver.php%3Fid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edinburgh-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities">"Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities"</a>. 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities">the original</a> on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+%E2%80%93+Twin+and+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=2008+The+City+of+Edinburgh+Council%2C+City+Chambers%2C+High+Street%2C+Edinburgh%2C+EH1+1YJ+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Finternet%2Fcity_living%2FCEC_twin_and_partner_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edinburgh_twinning-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_twinning_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3">"Twin and Partner Cities"</a>. City of Edinburgh Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3">the original</a> on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+and+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Edinburgh+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F695%2Fcouncil_information_performance_and_statistics%2F685%2Feuropean_international_and_parliamentary_relations%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankfurt-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Frankfurt_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645">"Frankfurt -Partner Cities"</a>. Stadt Frankfurt am Main. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645">the original</a> on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankfurt+-Partner+Cities&rft.pub=Stadt+Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankfurt.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D502645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guadalajara_sisters-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Guadalajara_sisters_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html">"Sister Cities, Public Relations"</a>. Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities%2C+Public+Relations&rft.pub=Guadalajara+municipal+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guadalajara.gob.mx%2Fdependencias%2Frelacionespublicas%2Fversioningles%2Fsistercities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leipzig-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Leipzig_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/">"Leipzig – International Relations"</a>. 2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/">the original</a> on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+%E2%80%93+International+Relations&rft.pub=2009+Leipzig+City+Council%2C+Office+for+European+and+International+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fint%2Fen%2Fint_messen%2Fpartnerstaedte%2Fkrakow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milan-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Milan_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate">"Milano – Città Gemellate"</a>. 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate">the original</a> on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milano+%E2%80%93+Citt%C3%A0+Gemellate&rft.pub=2008+Municipality+of+Milan+%28Comune+di+Milano%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.milano.it%2Fportale%2Fwps%2Fportal%2FCDM%3FWCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT%3D%252Fwps%252Fwcm%252Fconnect%252FContentLibrary%252FIn%2520Comune%252FIn%2520Comune%252FCitt%2520Gemellate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROCSisters-275"><a href="#cite_ref-ROCSisters_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230448/http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076">"Rochester's Sister Cities"</a>. City of Rochester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076">the original</a> on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Rochester&rft.atitle=Rochester%27s+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofrochester.gov%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D8589938076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twin-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twin_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twin_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16">"Kraków otwarty na świat"</a>. krakow.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813032716/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w+otwarty+na+%C5%9Bwiat&rft.pub=krakow.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F%3FLANG%3DUK%26MENU%3Dl%26TYPE%3DART%26ART_ID%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CloseRelations-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CloseRelations_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CloseRelations_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html">"Foreign co-operation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215030234/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+co-operation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fen%2Fmiasto%2Fwizytowka%2F%3Fid%3Dwspolpraca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> from the municipality official website </li> <li id="cite_note-Zagreb_Twinning-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Zagreb_Twinning_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200910/http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html">"Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb"</a>. 2006–2009 City of Zagreb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intercity+and+International+Cooperation+of+the+City+of+Zagreb&rft.pub=2006%E2%80%932009+City+of+Zagreb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.zagreb.hr%2Fmms%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_C._DeanMel_HeckerGeoffrey_P._Megargee2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Dean" title="Martin C. Dean">Martin C. Dean</a>; Mel Hecker; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Geoffrey P. Megargee</a> (2012). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a>, Volume II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35599-7"><bdi>978-0-253-35599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum.+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%2C+Volume+II%3A+Ghettos+in+German-Occupied+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35599-7&rft.au=Martin+C.+Dean&rft.au=Mel+Hecker&rft.au=Geoffrey+P.+Megargee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7201-2231-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7201-2231-7">0-7201-2231-7</a>.</li> <li>Edward Hartwig, Kraków, with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-217-2321-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-217-2321-7">83-217-2321-7</a>.</li> <li>Bolesław T. Łaszewski, Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>), 132 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912757-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-912757-08-6">0-912757-08-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust – The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+%E2%80%93+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, Kraków: The Guide. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-87037-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-87037-28-1">83-87037-28-1</a>.</li> <li>Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, Krakow. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84306-308-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84306-308-5">1-84306-308-5</a>. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.</li> <li>Scott Simpson, Krakow. Published 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Group" title="Thomas Cook Group">Thomas Cook Publishing</a>, 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84157-187-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84157-187-3">1-84157-187-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Simpson69" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Scott; Zukowska, Helena (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXlPGgAACAAJ">Travellers Kraków, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide</a> (fourth ed.). Peterborough, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Group" title="Thomas Cook Group">Thomas Cook Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84157-901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84157-901-6"><bdi>978-1-84157-901-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travellers+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+3rd%3A+Guides+to+Destinations+Worldwide&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Thomas+Cook+Publishing&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84157-901-6&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Zukowska%2C+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXlPGgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, Krakow. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-00-5930-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-00-5930-4">963-00-5930-4</a>.</li> <li>Richard Watkins, Best of Kraków, Published 2006, by <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>, 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-822-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-822-2">1-74104-822-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Krak%C3%B3w" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kraków">Kraków</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w#Q31487" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Kraków">Kraków</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Kraków">Kraków</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Cracow" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cracow">Cracow</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cracow">"Cracow" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 359–360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cracow&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=359-360&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715123616/http://www.protectkrakowheritage.com/">Protect Kraków Heritage Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakowmiasto.pl/">krakowmiasto.pl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330202833/http://www.krakowmiasto.pl/">Archived</a> 30 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/krakow/">Jewish Community in Kraków</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314140001/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/krakow/">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Virtual Shtetl</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-510625">Kraków, Poland</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=110492122926717540230.00047c4b8af2b0a68cde9&ll=50.05273,19.937954&spn=0.075281,0.107632&z=13">Map: Kraków Heritage Under Threat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908133300/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=110492122926717540230.00047c4b8af2b0a68cde9&ll=50.05273,19.937954&spn=0.075281,0.107632&z=13">Archived</a> 8 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124074039/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/">Municipal spatial information system</a> – <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> maps of Kraków (in Polish) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201134725/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/index.html?extent=7422685.943158247,5546699.421707404,7425112.177177381,5548210.195562285&blv=1,0,0,0,0,0&opl=Plan%20Krakowa%201979:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201947:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201944:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201939:0%7CPlan%20wielkiego%20Krakowa%201912:0%7CKrak%C3%B3w%20TMHiZK%201899:0%7CPlan%20z%20atlasu%20Kummerer%201855:0%7CPlan%20Pruski%201794:0%7CPlan%20Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85tajowski%201785:0%7CPlan%20K.B%C4%85kowskiego%20stan%20ok%201730:0%7CZabytki%20miasta%20Krakowa:1:3,4,5,6,7&config=config_historia.xml">Cultural heritage of Kraków</a> (in yellow on city map)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201134722/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/index.html?extent=7422580.273636602,5546787.998030763,7425146.737102862,5548298.7718856465&blv=1,0,0,0,0,0&opl=Plan%20Krakowa%201979:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201947:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201944:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201939:0%7CPlan%20wielkiego%20Krakowa%201912:0%7CKrak%C3%B3w%20TMHiZK%201899:0%7CPlan%20z%20atlasu%20Kummerer%201855:0%7CPlan%20Pruski%201794:0%7CPlan%20Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85tajowski%201785:1%7CPlan%20K.B%C4%85kowskiego%20stan%20ok%201730:0%7CZabytki%20miasta%20Krakowa:0:3,4,5,6,7&config=config_historia.xml">Kraków old map</a> from 1785 year</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.pl/en/article/beatniks-and-beyond-an-alternative-guide-to-krakow">Beatniks and Beyond: An Alternative Guide to Kraków</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029205149/http://culture.pl/en/article/beatniks-and-beyond-an-alternative-guide-to-krakow">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/">Things to do in Kraków</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914072549/http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/">Archived</a> 14 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityon.pl/krakow">Interesting places to visit in Kraków</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924113806/https://cityon.pl/krakow">Archived</a> 24 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studies.pl/10-must-see-things-in-krakow/">10 must-see things in Krakow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704122228/https://studies.pl/10-must-see-things-in-krakow/">Archived</a> 4 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krakow.wiki/">Krakow.wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311104351/https://krakow.wiki/">Archived</a> 11 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – biggest knowledge base about Krakow in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rosotravel.com/tours/krakow-tours/">Must See Attractions & Activities in Krakow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614150636/https://www.rosotravel.com/tours/krakow-tours/">Archived</a> 14 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Kraków" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Kraków" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Kraków</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kraków" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krak%C3%B3w" title="Template:Kraków"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krak%C3%B3w" title="Template talk:Kraków"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krak%C3%B3w" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kraków"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kraków" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Districts of Kraków">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica_I_Stare_Miasto" title="Dzielnica I Stare Miasto">Stare Miasto</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzeg%C3%B3rzki_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzegórzki (Kraków)">Grzegórzki</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85dnik_Czerwony" title="Prądnik Czerwony">Prądnik Czerwony</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85dnik_Bia%C5%82y" title="Prądnik Biały">Prądnik Biały</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krowodrza" title="Krowodrza">Krowodrza</a> (V)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronowice_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronowice (Kraków)">Bronowice</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwierzyniec_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwierzyniec (Kraków)">Zwierzyniec</a> (VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bniki_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dębniki (Kraków)">Dębniki</a> (VIII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81agiewniki-Borek_Fa%C5%82%C4%99cki" title="Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki">Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki</a> (IX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swoszowice_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swoszowice (Kraków)">Swoszowice</a> (X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze_Duchackie" title="Podgórze Duchackie">Podgórze Duchackie</a> (XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%BCan%C3%B3w-Prokocim" title="Bieżanów-Prokocim">Bieżanów-Prokocim</a> (XII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a> (XIII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czy%C5%BCyny" title="Czyżyny">Czyżyny</a> (XIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistrzejowice" title="Mistrzejowice">Mistrzejowice</a> (XV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%84czyce_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bieńczyce (Kraków)">Bieńczyce</a> (XVI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rza_Krzes%C5%82awickie" title="Wzgórza Krzesławickie">Wzgórza Krzesławickie</a> (XVII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a> (XVIII) <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleparz" title="Kleparz">Kleparz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielany,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Bielany, Kraków">Bielany</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/60px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/90px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/120px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Kraków">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="National Museum in Kraków">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund (bell)">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukiennice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukiennice">Sukiennice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">Basilica of Saint Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss_altarpiece_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Veit Stoss altarpiece in Kraków">Veit Stoss altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków">Saints Peter and Paul Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Maius,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Collegium Maius, Kraków">Collegium Maius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Category:Museums in Kraków">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Historical Museum of Kraków">Historical Museum of Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggha" title="Manggha">Manggha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Insurances_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Insurances in Kraków">Museum of Insurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archaeological Museum of Kraków">Archaeological Museum of Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocesal_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków">Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Independence_Movement_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Independence Movement in Kraków">Museum of Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Armed_Act" title="Museum of the Armed Act">Museum of the Armed Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Ethnographic Museum of Kraków">Ethnographic Museum of Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_museum,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Geological museum, Kraków">Geomogical museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Photography,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Museum of the History of Photography, Kraków">Museum of the History of Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Municipal_Engineering_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Municipal Engineering in Kraków">Museum of Municipal Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Cathedral_Museum" title="John Paul II Cathedral Museum">John Paul II Cathedral Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Kraków">National Museum, Kraków</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum" title="Czartoryski Museum">Czartoryski Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko_Manor_House" title="Jan Matejko Manor House">Jan Matejko Manor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukiennice_Museum" title="Sukiennice Museum">Sukiennice Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Aviation_Museum" title="Polish Aviation Museum">Polish Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa Museum in Kraków">Armia Krajowa Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_Jewish_Museum" title="Galicia Jewish Museum">Galicia Jewish Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="History of Kraków">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Timeline of Kraków">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="History of the Jews in Kraków">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaica_Foundation_%E2%80%93_Center_For_Jewish_Culture" title="Judaica Foundation – Center For Jewish Culture">Judaica Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_capitals_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_capitals_of_Poland" title="Template:Historical capitals of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_capitals_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Historical capitals of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_capitals_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical capitals of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_capitals_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical capitals of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Gniezno_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/POL_Gniezno_COA.svg/18px-POL_Gniezno_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/POL_Gniezno_COA.svg/27px-POL_Gniezno_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/POL_Gniezno_COA.svg/36px-POL_Gniezno_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="757" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> (10th century–1038)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/18px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/27px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/36px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (10th century–1038)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/18px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/27px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/36px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a> (1038-1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg/18px-POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg/27px-POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg/36px-POL_P%C5%82ock_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="981" /></a> <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a> (1079-1138)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/18px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/27px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/36px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a> (1138-1290) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/18px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/27px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/36px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (1290-1296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/18px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/27px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/36px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a> (1296-1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/18px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/27px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/36px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (1596-1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/18px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/27px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/36px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (since 1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/18px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/27px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/36px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (1807-1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/18px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/27px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/36px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="672" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> (1809)1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">De facto capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg/18px-POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg/27px-POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg/36px-POL_%C5%81owicz_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81owicz" title="Łowicz">Łowicz</a> (1572-1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Lublin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/POL_Lublin_COA.svg/18px-POL_Lublin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/POL_Lublin_COA.svg/27px-POL_Lublin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/POL_Lublin_COA.svg/36px-POL_Lublin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> (1944-1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg/18px-POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg/27px-POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg/36px-POL_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="611" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> (1945-1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 temporary capital</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland#Cities" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">750,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">250,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaworzno" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków Trybunalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrowiec_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski" title="Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski">Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabianice" title="Pabianice">Pabianice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%82k" title="Ełk">Ełk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielec" title="Mielec">Mielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalowa_Wola" title="Stalowa Wola">Stalowa Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Świdnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgierz" title="Zgierz">Zgierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionowo" title="Legionowo">Legionowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejherowo" title="Wejherowo">Wejherowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie" title="Zawiercie">Zawiercie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skierniewice" title="Skierniewice">Skierniewice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starachowice" title="Starachowice">Starachowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg" title="Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsko" title="Radomsko">Radomsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwock" title="Otwock">Otwock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna" title="Skarżysko-Kamienna">Skarżysko-Kamienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno" title="Kutno">Kutno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdu%C5%84ska_Wola" title="Zduńska Wola">Zduńska Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec" title="Bolesławiec">Bolesławiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l" title="Nowa Sól">Nowa Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knur%C3%B3w" title="Knurów">Knurów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Poland" title="Mayor">city mayor</a> (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) · <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">Cities with powiat rights</a> are in italics · Voivodeship cities are in bold</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties_of_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Template:Lesser Poland Voivodeship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Template talk:Lesser Poland Voivodeship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lesser Poland Voivodeship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counties_of_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland Voivodeship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lesser Poland Voivodeship"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lesser Poland Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg/50px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg/75px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg/100px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="821" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochnia_County" title="Bochnia County">Bochnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brzesko_County" title="Brzesko County">Brzesko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrzan%C3%B3w_County" title="Chrzanów County">Chrzanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_County" title="Dąbrowa County">Dąbrowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice_County" title="Gorlice County">Gorlice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Kraków County">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limanowa_County" title="Limanowa County">Limanowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miech%C3%B3w_County" title="Miechów County">Miechów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%9Blenice_County" title="Myślenice County">Myślenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_County" title="Nowy Sącz County">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Targ_County" title="Nowy Targ County">Nowy Targ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkusz_County" title="Olkusz County">Olkusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County" title="Oświęcim County">Oświęcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proszowice_County" title="Proszowice County">Proszowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucha_County" title="Sucha County">Sucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w_County" title="Tarnów County">Tarnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatra_County" title="Tatra County">Tatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadowice_County" title="Wadowice County">Wadowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_County" title="Wieliczka County">Wieliczka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Hall_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Centennial Hall (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall, Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a> in Jawor and Świdnica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Historic Centre of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park">Kalwaria Zebrzydowska</a>: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Krakow's Historic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzemionki" title="Krzemionki">Krzemionki</a> Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Town_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Medieval Town of Toruń">Medieval Town of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskau_Park" title="Muskau Park">Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87)" title="Old City (Zamość)">Old City of Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Silver_Mine_in_Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bochnia_Salt_Mine" title="Bochnia Salt Mine">Bochnia</a> Royal Salt Mines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_of_Southern_Lesser_Poland" title="Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland">Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Tserkvas_of_the_Carpathian_Region_in_Poland_and_Ukraine" title="Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine">Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bieszczady_National_Park" title="Bieszczady National Park">Bieszczady National Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest / Belovezhskaya Pushcha</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 shared with Germany</li> <li>2 shared with Ukraine</li> <li>3 shared with 17 other countries</li> <li>4 shared with Belarus</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kraków_County" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Template:Kraków County"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Template talk:Kraków County"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kraków County"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kraków_County" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Kraków County">Kraków County</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban-rural gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Krzeszowice" title="Gmina Krzeszowice">Gmina Krzeszowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Ska%C5%82a" title="Gmina Skała">Gmina Skała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Skawina" title="Gmina Skawina">Gmina Skawina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_S%C5%82omniki" title="Gmina Słomniki">Gmina Słomniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tniki_G%C3%B3rne" title="Gmina Świątniki Górne">Gmina Świątniki Górne</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg/50px-POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg/75px-POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg/100px-POL_powiat_krakowski_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="888" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Czernich%C3%B3w,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Gmina Czernichów, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Gmina Czernichów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Igo%C5%82omia-Wawrze%C5%84czyce" title="Gmina Igołomia-Wawrzeńczyce">Gmina Igołomia-Wawrzeńczyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Iwanowice" title="Gmina Iwanowice">Gmina Iwanowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Jerzmanowice-Przeginia" title="Gmina Jerzmanowice-Przeginia">Gmina Jerzmanowice-Przeginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Kocmyrz%C3%B3w-Luborzyca" title="Gmina Kocmyrzów-Luborzyca">Gmina Kocmyrzów-Luborzyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Liszki" title="Gmina Liszki">Gmina Liszki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Micha%C5%82owice,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Gmina Michałowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Gmina Michałowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Mogilany" title="Gmina Mogilany">Gmina Mogilany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Su%C5%82oszowa" title="Gmina Sułoszowa">Gmina Sułoszowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Wielka_Wie%C5%9B" title="Gmina Wielka Wieś">Gmina Wielka Wieś</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Zabierz%C3%B3w" title="Gmina Zabierzów">Gmina Zabierzów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Zielonki" title="Gmina Zielonki">Gmina Zielonki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seat (not part of the county)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1985</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt>2016</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt>2018</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt>2019</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt>2020-April 2021</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt>2022</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt>2024</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt>2026</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt>2027</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in smallcaps.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in italics.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde (Darłowo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp (Słupsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau (Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat (Tartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing (Elbląg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cracow (Kraków)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval (Tallinn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga (Rīga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn (Toruń)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>2 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitten</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li>2 The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vistula_River" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vistula" title="Template:Vistula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vistula" title="Template talk:Vistula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vistula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vistula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vistula_River" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_(river)" title="Brda (river)">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzura" title="Bzura">Bzura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drw%C4%99ca" title="Drwęca">Drwęca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunajec" title="Dunajec">Dunajec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nida_(river)" title="Nida (river)">Nida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilica_(river)" title="Pilica (river)">Pilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wda" title="Wda">Wda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieprz" title="Wieprz">Wieprz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka" title="Wisłoka">Wisłoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable crossings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Anna Jagiellon Bridge, Warsaw">Anna Jagiellon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-City_Bridge" title="Cross-City Bridge">Cross-City Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bridge" title="Gdańsk Bridge">Gdańsk Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Stefan_Grot-Rowecki_Bridge" title="General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge">General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Bridge,_Pu%C5%82awy" title="John Paul II Bridge, Puławy">John Paul II Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Bridge" title="Łazienki Bridge">Łazienki Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_Bridge" title="Poniatowski Bridge">Poniatowski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siekierki_Bridge" title="Siekierki Bridge">Siekierki Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian%E2%80%93D%C4%85browa_Bridge" title="Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge">Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Bridge" title="Solidarity Bridge">Solidarity Bridge</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Świętokrzyski Bridge">Świętokrzyski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_John_Paul_II_Bridge" title="Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge">Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels and artificial waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_Canal" title="Augustów Canal">Augustów Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przekop_Wis%C5%82y" title="Przekop Wisły">Przekop Wisły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Spit_canal" title="Vistula Spit canal">Vistula Spit canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Canal" title="Bydgoszcz Canal">Bydgoszcz Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical and prehistoric inhabitants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">Vistula delta Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula,_Indiana" title="Vistula, Indiana">Vistula, Indiana</a> (likely named after the Vistula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Spit" title="Vistula Spit">Vistula Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_University" title="Vistula University">Vistula University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121518106">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125421472">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206748/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtTMWWQM37yGc7FvptV83">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073760-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79125145">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866004r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866004r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129668&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000131091&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810558183005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552515305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615056206706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e82975d0-7258-4e4c-9c56-6e1deea8ad4c">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027251012">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=2698">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kraków&oldid=1260130290">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kraków&oldid=1260130290</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Krak%C3%B3w" title="Category:Kraków">Kraków</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_counties_of_Poland" title="Category:City counties of Poland">City counties of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Category:Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_capitals_of_Poland" title="Category:Former capitals of Poland">Former capitals of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_Jewish_communities" title="Category:Historic Jewish communities">Historic Jewish communities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites in Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League" title="Category:Members of the Hanseatic League">Members of the Hanseatic League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magdeburg_rights" title="Category:Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_locations_in_Poland" title="Category:Holocaust locations in Poland">Holocaust locations in Poland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ukrainian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ukrainian IPA">Pages with Ukrainian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2010" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2010">Articles with dead external links from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_demonym_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Finnish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text">Articles containing Finnish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Yiddish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Yiddish-language text">Articles containing Yiddish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2023">Articles with dead external links from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 01:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-vs62s","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.732","walltime":"4.368","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37346,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":921181,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":130775,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1084194,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3671.427 1 -total"," 40.63% 1491.864 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.23% 889.407 194 Template:Cite_web"," 16.06% 589.761 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 15.75% 578.403 3 Template:Infobox"," 5.93% 217.544 42 Template:Cite_book"," 4.94% 181.432 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.71% 172.745 36 Template:Flagicon"," 4.63% 170.075 13 Template:Navbox"," 3.78% 138.734 26 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.040","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27411192,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAGH\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAin-Krupa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartoszewicz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBujakRożek1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChmielewski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCresswell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrescherHinsonDonaldson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgoshin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischingerBanachSmólski1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranaszek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrandsen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrucht2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGajewska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraczyński\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGressorCook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGórska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeritage_Team2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourihane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeene2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKengorClark_Doerner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolodziejczyk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraków2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKras2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuchcikBłażejczykSzmydMilewski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabno2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaskowska2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMZBD_–_Miejski_Zarzd_Baz_Danych_–_Kraków\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsiPop2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_C._DeanMel_HeckerGeoffrey_P._Megargee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMałecki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMałota\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilewski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabrdalikSantora2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNungovitch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadzik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrycja2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosikUrbańczyk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedlar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikora2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinnreich2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobecki2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrasz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzala\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTraczykGruszecka-Kosowska2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwardoszNiedźwiedźŁupikasza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyrmand2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbankowski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_DongenVan_Dongen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiewióra2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodwardCooke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuehlke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŁosińska2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽivkovićCrnčevićBulić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Simpson69\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Airport codes\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 194,\n [\"Cities of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Collier's poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 30,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Designation list\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"European Capital of Culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 36,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Hanseatic League\"] = 1,\n [\"Height\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical capitals of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-pl\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 16,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 15,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"JewishGen-LocalityPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Kraków\"] = 1,\n [\"Kraków County\"] = 1,\n [\"Kraków districts\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 25,\n [\"Langr\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 8,\n [\"Lesser Poland Voivodeship\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"POL\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Title language\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vistula\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 40,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Poland\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","23.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.7"],["[others]","760","33.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-cgnpp","timestamp":"20241130105815","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Krak\u00f3w","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krak%C3%B3w","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q31487","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q31487","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-08T18:36:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T01:23:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Krakow_Rynek_Glowny_panorama_2.jpg","headline":"capital city of Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland"}</script> </body> </html>