CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c5e4d80d-9673-4b30-9a1c-8b80411cb15c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition","wgTitle":"Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition","wgCurRevisionId":1241044771,"wgRevisionId":1241044771,"wgArticleId":2183356,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","EngvarB from November 2017","Use dmy dates from November 2017","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition","1914 in Antarctica","1914 in science","1914 in the United Kingdom","1915 in Antarctica","1915 in science","1916 in Antarctica","1916 in science","1917 in Antarctica", "1917 in science","Antarctic expeditions","Ernest Shackleton","Expeditions from the United Kingdom","History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","United Kingdom and the Antarctic"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition","wgRelevantArticleId":2183356,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1162294","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/1200px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1660"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/800px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1107"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/640px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="885"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition rootpage-Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Imperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Imperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Imperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Imperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Preparations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shackleton's_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shackleton's_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Shackleton's plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shackleton's_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Expedition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expedition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weddell_Sea_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weddell_Sea_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Weddell Sea party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weddell_Sea_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyage_through_the_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyage_through_the_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Voyage through the ice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyage_through_the_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drift_of_Endurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drift_of_Endurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Drift of Endurance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drift_of_Endurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camping_on_the_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camping_on_the_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Camping on the ice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camping_on_the_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifeboat_journey_to_Elephant_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifeboat_journey_to_Elephant_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Lifeboat journey to Elephant Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifeboat_journey_to_Elephant_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyage_of_the_James_Caird"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Voyage of the James Caird </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyage_of_the_James_Caird-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Georgia_crossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Georgia_crossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 South Georgia crossing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Georgia_crossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Rescue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Elephant_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Elephant_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.8 On Elephant Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Elephant_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ross_Sea_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_Sea_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ross Sea Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_Sea_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_civilization,_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_civilization,_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Return to civilization, and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_civilization,_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="البعثة الإمبراطورية العابرة للقارة القطبية الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البعثة الإمبراطورية العابرة للقارة القطبية الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperial_Trans-Antarktika_ekspedisiyas%C4%B1" title="İmperial Trans-Antarktika ekspedisiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmperial Trans-Antarktika ekspedisiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Імперская трансантарктычная экспедыцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперская трансантарктычная экспедыцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3_Endurance" title="Expedició Endurance – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expedició Endurance" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackletonova_expedice" title="Shackletonova expedice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Shackletonova expedice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance-ekspeditionen" title="Endurance-ekspeditionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Endurance-ekspeditionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance-Expedition" title="Endurance-Expedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Endurance-Expedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Imperial_Transant%C3%A1rtica" title="Expedición Imperial Transantártica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición Imperial Transantártica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperia_Transantarkta_Ekspedicio" title="Imperia Transantarkta Ekspedicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperia Transantarkta Ekspedicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Antartika_Espedizio_Inperiala" title="Trans-Antartika Espedizio Inperiala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trans-Antartika Espedizio Inperiala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_Endurance" title="Expédition Endurance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition Endurance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Endurance" title="Expedición Endurance – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Expedición Endurance" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD_%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9_%ED%9A%A1%EB%8B%A8_%ED%83%90%ED%97%98%EB%8C%80" title="제국 남극 횡단 탐험대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제국 남극 횡단 탐험대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_Endurance" title="Spedizione Endurance – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione Endurance" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המשלחת הטראנס-אנטארקטית האימפריאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשלחת הטראנס-אנטארקטית האימפריאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იმპერიის ტრანსანტარქტიკული ექსპედიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპერიის ტრანსანტარქტიკული ექსპედიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance-expeditie" title="Endurance-expeditie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Endurance-expeditie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%A8%AA%E6%96%AD%E6%8E%A2%E6%A4%9C%E9%9A%8A" title="帝国南極横断探検隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="帝国南極横断探検隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance-ekspedisjonen" title="Endurance-ekspedisjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Endurance-ekspedisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance-ekspedisjonen" title="Endurance-ekspedisjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Endurance-ekspedisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialna_Wyprawa_Transantarktyczna" title="Imperialna Wyprawa Transantarktyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperialna Wyprawa Transantarktyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Transant%C3%A1rtica_Imperial" title="Expedição Transantártica Imperial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição Transantártica Imperial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C8%9Bia_Imperial%C4%83_Transantarctic%C4%83" title="Expediția Imperială Transantarctică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Expediția Imperială Transantarctică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Имперская трансантарктическая экспедиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имперская трансантарктическая экспедиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackletonin_Etel%C3%A4mantereen_ylitysretki" title="Shackletonin Etelämantereen ylitysretki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shackletonin Etelämantereen ylitysretki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mparatorluk_Trans-Antarktika_Seferi" title="İmparatorluk Trans-Antarktika Seferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İmparatorluk Trans-Antarktika Seferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Імперська трансантарктична експедиція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперська трансантарктична експедиція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%A9%AB%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="大英帝國橫越南極遠征 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大英帝國橫越南極遠征" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1162294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&oldid=1241044771" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&id=1241044771&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1162294" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1914–17 British Expedition led by Sir Ernest Shackleton</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1955–1958 expedition, see <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/220px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/330px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/440px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a> under sail, Antarctic Ocean, c. 1915 <a href="/wiki/Paget_process" title="Paget process">Paget colour photograph</a> by Frank Hurley</figcaption></figure> The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a>. Conceived by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Sir Ernest Shackleton</a>, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing of the Antarctic continent. After <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">South Pole expedition</a> in 1911, this crossing remained, in Shackleton's words, the "one great main object of Antarctic journeyings".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Shackleton's expedition failed to accomplish this objective but became recognized instead as an epic feat of endurance. Shackleton had served in the Antarctic on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery expedition</a> of 1901–1904 and had led the <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod expedition</a> of 1907–1909. In this new venture, he proposed to sail to the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> and to land a shore party near <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Bay" title="Vahsel Bay">Vahsel Bay</a>, in preparation for a transcontinental march via the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a>. A supporting group, the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a>, would meanwhile establish camp in <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a> and from there lay a series of supply depots across the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a> to the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Beardmore_Glacier" title="Beardmore Glacier">Beardmore Glacier</a>. These depots would be essential for the transcontinental party's survival, as the group would not be able to carry enough provisions for the entire crossing. The expedition required two ships: <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a> under Shackleton for the Weddell Sea party, and <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Aeneas Mackintosh</a>, for the Ross Sea party. Endurance became beset—trapped in the ice of the Weddell Sea—before it was able to reach Vahsel Bay. It drifted northward, held in the pack ice, throughout the Antarctic winter of 1915. Eventually the ice crushed the ship, and it sank, stranding its complement of 28 men on the ice. After months spent in makeshift camps as the ice continued its northwards drift, the party used lifeboats that had been salvaged from the ship to reach the inhospitable, uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a>. Shackleton and five other members of the group then made an 800-mile (1,300 km) open-boat journey in the <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a>, and were able to reach <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>. From there, Shackleton was eventually able to arrange a rescue of the men who had remained on Elephant Island and to bring them home without loss of life. The remarkably preserved <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)#Wreck" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">wreck of Endurance</a> was found on the seafloor in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> On the other side of the continent, the Ross Sea party overcame great hardships to fulfill its mission. Aurora was blown from her moorings during a gale and was unable to return, leaving the shore party stranded without proper supplies or equipment. Although the depots were still able to be laid, three people died before the party was eventually rescued. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outline of Antarctica coast, with different lines indicating the various journeys made by ships and land parties during the expedition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png/300px-Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png/450px-Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Voyage of the <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Drift of the Endurance in pack ice</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sea ice drift after the Endurance sinks</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Voyage of the James Caird</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Planned trans-Antarctic route</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Voyage of the <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a> to Antarctica</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Retreat of the Aurora</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Supply depot route</div></figcaption></figure> Despite the public acclaim that had greeted <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s achievements after the <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> in 1907–1909, the explorer was unsettled, becoming—in the words of British skiing pioneer Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Brittain" title="Harry Brittain">Harry Brittain</a>—"a bit of a floating gent".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> By 1912, his future Antarctic plans depended on the results of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a>, which had left <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> in July 1910, and on the concurrent <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Norwegian expedition</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>. The news of Amundsen's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> reached Shackleton on 11 March 1912, to which he responded: "The discovery of the South Pole will not be the end of Antarctic exploration".<a href="#cite_note-Huntford50-5">[5]</a> The next work, he said, would be "a transcontinental journey from sea to sea, crossing the pole".<a href="#cite_note-Huntford350-6">[6]</a> He was aware that others were in the field pursuing this objective. On 11 December 1911, a German expedition under <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Wilhelm Filchner</a> had sailed from <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>, intending to penetrate deep into the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> and establishing a base from which he would cross the continent to the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy87-7">[7]</a> In late 1912 Filchner returned to South Georgia, having failed to land and set up his base.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy87-7">[7]</a> However, his reports of possible landing sites in <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Bay" title="Vahsel Bay">Vahsel Bay</a>, at around 78° latitude, were noted by Shackleton, and incorporated into his developing expedition plans.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> News of the deaths of Scott and his companions on their return from the South Pole reached London in February 1913. Against this gloomy background Shackleton initiated preparations for his proposed journey.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He solicited financial and practical support from, among others, <a href="/wiki/Tryggve_Gran" title="Tryggve Gran">Tryggve Gran</a> of Scott's expedition, and the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a>, but received no help from either. Gran was evasive, and Rosebery blunt: "I have never been able to care one farthing about the Poles".<a href="#cite_note-Huntford355-10">[10]</a> Shackleton got support, however, from <a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">William Speirs Bruce</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish National Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1902–1904, who had harboured plans for an Antarctic crossing since 1908 but had abandoned the project for lack of funds. Bruce generously allowed Shackleton to adopt his plans,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> although the eventual scheme announced by Shackleton owed little to Bruce. On 29 December 1913, having acquired his first promises of financial backing—a £10,000 grant from the British government—Shackleton made his plans public in a letter to <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shackleton's_plan">Shackleton's plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shackleton's plan">edit</a>]</div> Shackleton called his new expedition the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, because he felt that "not only the people of these islands, but our kinsmen in all the lands under the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> will be willing to assist towards the carrying out of the ... programme of exploration."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> To arouse the interest of the general public, he issued a detailed programme early in 1914. The expedition was to consist of two parties and two ships. The Weddell Sea party would travel aboard Endurance and continue to the Vahsel Bay area, where 14 men would land, of whom six, under Shackleton, would form the transcontinental party. This group, with 69 dogs, two motor sledges, and equipment "embodying everything that the experience of the leader and his expert advisers can suggest",<a href="#cite_note-ShackletonPreface-14">[14]</a> would undertake the 1,800-mile (2,900 km) journey to the Ross Sea. The remaining eight shore party members would carry out scientific work, three going to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>, three to <a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a> and two remaining at base camp.<a href="#cite_note-ShackletonPreface-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> would set up its base in <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a>, on the opposite side of the continent. After landing they would lay depots on the route of the transcontinental party as far as the <a href="/wiki/Beardmore_Glacier" title="Beardmore Glacier">Beardmore Glacier</a>, hopefully meeting that party there and assisting it home. They would also make geological and other observations.<a href="#cite_note-ShackletonPreface-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg/190px-Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg/285px-Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg/380px-Aurora_1914_Sydney_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="3511" /></a><figcaption>Corporate sponsorship for the expedition; <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a> is loaded with paraffin provided by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>.</figcaption></figure> Shackleton estimated that he would need £50,000 (current value £6,061,000) to carry out the simplest version of his plan.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher306-15">[15]</a> He did not believe in appeals to the public: "(they) cause endless book-keeping worries".<a href="#cite_note-Huntford355-10">[10]</a> His chosen method of fundraising was to solicit contributions from wealthy backers, and he had begun this process early in 1913 with little initial success.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford355-10">[10]</a> The first significant encouragement came in December 1913, when the British government offered him £10,000, provided he could raise an equivalent amount from private sources.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher306-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> (RGS), from which he had expected nothing, gave him £1,000—according to Huntford, Shackleton, in a grand gesture, advised them that he would only need to take up half of this sum.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Lord Rosebery, who had previously expressed his lack of interest in polar expeditions, gave £50.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher306-15">[15]</a> In February 1914, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that playwright <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>—a close friend of Scott, who had become Shackleton's rival late in his career—had confidentially donated $50,000 (about £10,000). With time running out, contributions were eventually secured during the first half of 1914. <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Docker" title="Dudley Docker">Dudley Docker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">Birmingham Small Arms Company</a> gave £10,000, wealthy tobacco heiress <a href="/wiki/Janet_Stancomb-Wills" title="Janet Stancomb-Wills">Janet Stancomb-Wills</a> gave a "generous" sum (the amount was not revealed),<a href="#cite_note-Huntford375-17">[17]</a> and, in June, Scottish industrialist Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Key_Caird" class="mw-redirect" title="James Key Caird">James Key Caird</a> donated £24,000 (current value £2,910,000). Shackleton informed the <a href="/wiki/Morning_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Post">Morning Post</a> that "this magnificent gift relieves me of all anxiety".<a href="#cite_note-Huntford375-17">[17]</a> Shackleton now had the money to proceed. He acquired, for £14,000 (current value £1,700,000),<a href="#cite_note-Fisher_1957,_p._306-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> a 300-ton <a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">barquentine</a> called Polaris, which had been built for the Belgian explorer <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a> for an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>. This scheme had collapsed and the ship became available.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford370-20">[20]</a> Shackleton changed her name to <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a>, reflecting his family motto, "By endurance we conquer".<a href="#cite_note-Fisher306-15">[15]</a> For a further £3,200 (current value £388,000), he acquired <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>'s expedition ship <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a>, which was lying in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. This would act as the Ross Sea party's vessel.<a href="#cite_note-ShackletonPreface-14">[14]</a> How much money Shackleton raised to meet the total costs of the expedition (later estimated by the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> to be around £80,000)<a href="#cite_note-Fisher_1957,_p._306-18">[18]</a> is uncertain, since the size of the Stancomb-Wills donation is not known. Money was a constant problem for Shackleton, who as an economy measure halved the funding allocated to the Ross Sea party, a fact which the party's commander <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Aeneas Mackintosh</a> only discovered when he arrived in Australia to take up his duties.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Mackintosh was forced to haggle and plead for money and supplies to make his part of the expedition viable.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Shackleton had, however, realised the revenue-earning potential of the expedition. He sold the exclusive newspaper rights to the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Chronicle" title="Daily Chronicle">Daily Chronicle</a>, and formed the Imperial Trans Antarctic Film Syndicate to take advantage of the film rights.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Personnel_of_the_Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man with hair centre-parted, wearing high white collar with tie, and a dark jacket. His facial expression is serious" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg/170px-Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg/255px-Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg/340px-Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>, leader of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</figcaption></figure> According to legend, Shackleton posted an advertisement in a London paper, stating: "Men wanted for hazardous journey. Low wages, bitter cold, long hours of complete darkness. Safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in event of success." Searches for the original advertisement have proved unsuccessful, and the story is generally regarded as apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications for places on the expedition, including a letter from "three sporty girls" who suggested that if their feminine garb was inconvenient they would "just love to don masculine attire."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Eventually the crews for the two arms of the expedition were trimmed down to 28 apiece, including <a href="/wiki/William_Lincoln_Bakewell" title="William Lincoln Bakewell">William Bakewell</a>, who joined the ship in Buenos Aires; his friend <a href="/wiki/Perce_Blackborow" title="Perce Blackborow">Perce Blackborow</a>, who stowed away when his application was turned down;<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and several last-minute appointments made to the Ross Sea party in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A temporary crewman was Sir Daniel Gooch, grandson of the renowned railway pioneer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch" title="Daniel Gooch">Daniel Gooch</a>, who stepped in to help Shackleton as a dog handler at the last moment and signed up for an able seaman's pay.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Gooch agreed to sail with Endurance as far as South Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As his second-in-command, Shackleton chose <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a>, who had been with him on both the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> and Nimrod expeditions, and was one of the <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> party in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-TylerLewis21-31">[31]</a> Wild had just returned from Mawson's <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a>. To captain Endurance Shackleton had wanted <a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">John King Davis</a>, who had commanded Aurora during the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Davis refused, thinking the enterprise was "foredoomed",<a href="#cite_note-Huntford370-20">[20]</a> so the appointment went to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>, who claimed to have applied to the expedition after learning of it in a dream.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Tom Crean</a>, who had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal</a> for saving the life of Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">Edward Evans</a> on the Terra Nova Expedition, took leave from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to sign on as Endurance's second officer; another experienced Antarctic hand, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cheetham" title="Alfred Cheetham">Alfred Cheetham</a>, became third officer.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Two Nimrod veterans were assigned to the Ross Sea party: Mackintosh, who commanded it, and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Joyce" title="Ernest Joyce">Ernest Joyce</a>. Shackleton had hoped that Aurora would be staffed by a naval crew, and had asked the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> for officers and men, but was turned down.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After pressing his case, Shackleton was given one officer from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Orde-Lees" title="Thomas Orde-Lees">Thomas Orde-Lees</a>, who was superintendent of physical training at the marines' training depot.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The scientific staff of six accompanying Endurance comprised the two surgeons, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macklin" title="Alexander Macklin">Alexander Macklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_McIlroy_(surgeon)" title="James McIlroy (surgeon)">James McIlroy</a>; a geologist, <a href="/wiki/James_Wordie" title="James Wordie">James Wordie</a>; a biologist, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clark_(zoologist)" title="Robert Clark (zoologist)">Robert Clark</a>; a physicist, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">Reginald W. James</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hussey" title="Leonard Hussey">Leonard Hussey</a>, a meteorologist who would eventually edit Shackleton's expedition account South. The visual record of the expedition was the responsibility of its photographer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a> and its artist <a href="/wiki/George_Marston_(artist)" title="George Marston (artist)">George Marston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The final composition of the Ross Sea party was hurried. Some who left Britain for Australia to join Aurora resigned before it departed for the Ross Sea, and a full complement of crew was in doubt until the last minute.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Within the party only Mackintosh and Joyce had any previous Antarctic experience; Mackintosh had lost an eye as the result of an accident during the Nimrod expedition and had gone home early.<a href="#cite_note-TylerLewis21-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expedition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weddell_Sea_party">Weddell Sea party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weddell Sea party">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyage_through_the_ice">Voyage through the ice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Voyage through the ice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men with digging tools removing ice surrounding the ship's hull, creating an icy pool of water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg/310px-TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg/465px-TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg/620px-TryingToCutAWayForTheShip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Crew members working to free the ship from the ice</figcaption></figure> Endurance, without Shackleton (who was detained in England by expedition business), left <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> on 8 August 1914, heading first for <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. Here Shackleton, who had travelled on a faster ship, rejoined the expedition. Hurley also came on board, together with Bakewell and the stowaway, Blackborow, while several others left the ship or were discharged.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander15-38">[38]</a> On 26 October, the ship sailed for the South Atlantic, arriving in South Georgia on 5 November. Shackleton's original intention was that the crossing would take place in the first season, 1914–1915.<a href="#cite_note-ShackletonPreface-14">[14]</a> Although he soon recognised the impracticality of this, he neglected to inform Mackintosh and the Ross Sea party of his change of plan. According to the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Chronicle" title="Daily Chronicle">Daily Chronicle</a>'s correspondent Ernest Perris, a cable intended for Mackintosh was never sent.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> After a month-long halt in the <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a> whaling station on <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>, Endurance departed for the Antarctic on 5 December.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander15-38">[38]</a> Two days later, Shackleton was disconcerted to encounter <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a> as far north as 57° 26′S,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> forcing the ship to manoeuvre. During the following days there were more tussles with the pack, which, on 14 December, was thick enough to halt the ship for 24 hours. Three days later, the ship was stopped again. Shackleton commented: "I had been prepared for evil conditions in the Weddell Sea, but had hoped that the pack would be loose. What we were encountering was fairly dense pack of a very obstinate character".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Endurance's progress was frustratingly slow, until, on 22 December, leads opened up and the ship was able to continue steadily southward. This continued for the next two weeks, taking the party deep into the Weddell Sea.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Further delays then slowed progress after the turn of the year, before a lengthy run south during 7–10 January 1915 brought them close to the 100-foot (30 m) ice walls which guarded the Antarctic coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coats Land</a>. This territory had been discovered and named by William Speirs Bruce in 1904 during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On 15 January, Endurance came abreast of a great <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>, the edge of which formed a bay which appeared a good landing place. However, Shackleton considered it too far north of Vahsel Bay for a landing, "except under pressure of necessity"—a decision he would later regret.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton26-44">[44]</a> On 17 January, the ship reached a latitude of 76° 27′S, where land was faintly discernible. Shackleton named it <a href="/wiki/Caird_Coast" title="Caird Coast">Caird Coast</a>, after his principal backer. Bad weather forced the ship to shelter in the lee of a stranded <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">iceberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton26-44">[44]</a> Endurance was now close to <a href="/wiki/Luitpold_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Luitpold Land">Luitpold Land</a>, discovered by Filchner in 1912, at the southern end of which lay their destination, Vahsel Bay. Next day, the ship was forced north-westward for 14 miles (23 km), resuming in a generally southerly direction before being stopped altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton26-44">[44]</a> The position was 76° 34′S, 31° 30′W. After ten days of inactivity, Endurance's fires were banked to save fuel.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Strenuous efforts were made to release her; on 14 February, Shackleton ordered men onto the ice with ice-chisels, prickers, saws and picks to try to force a passage, but the labour proved futile. Shackleton did not at this stage abandon all hope of breaking free, but was now contemplating the "possibility of having to spend a winter in the inhospitable arms of the pack".<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton34-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drift_of_Endurance">Drift of Endurance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Drift of Endurance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in heavy clothing stand surrounded by mounds of ice which extend well above the height of their heads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg/220px-WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg/330px-WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg/440px-WildAndShackletonInTheHeavyPressure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Shackleton and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a> among the pressure ridges in the pack ice</figcaption></figure> On 22 February 1915, Endurance, still held fast, drifted to her most southerly latitude, 76° 58′S. Thereafter she began moving with the pack in a northerly direction.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On 24 February, Shackleton realised that they would be held in the ice throughout the winter and ordered ship's routine abandoned. The dogs were taken off board and housed in ice-kennels or "dogloos", and the ship's interior was converted to suitable winter quarters for the various groups of men—officers, scientists, engineers, and seamen. A <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> apparatus was rigged, but their location was too remote to receive or transmit signals.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton34-46">[46]</a> Shackleton was aware of the recent example of Filchner's ship, Deutschland, which had become icebound in the same vicinity three years earlier. After Filchner's attempts to establish a land base at Vahsel Bay failed, his ship was trapped on 6 March 1912, about 200 miles (320 km) off the coast of Coats Land. Six months later, at latitude 63° 37', the ship broke free, then sailed to South Georgia apparently none the worse for its ordeal. Shackleton thought that a similar experience might allow Endurance to make a second attempt to reach Vahsel Bay in the following Antarctic spring.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy87-7">[7]</a> In February and March, the rate of drift was very slow. At the end of March, Shackleton calculated that the ship had travelled a mere 95 miles (153 km) since 19 January.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton43-48">[48]</a> However, as winter set in the speed of the drift increased, and the condition of the surrounding ice changed. On 14 April, Shackleton recorded the nearby pack "piling and rafting against the masses of ice"—if the ship was caught in this disturbance "she would be crushed like an eggshell".<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton43-48">[48]</a> In May, as the sun set for the winter months, the ship was at 75° 23′S, 42° 14′W, still drifting northwards. It would be at least four months before spring brought the chance of an opening of the ice, and there was no certainty that Endurance would break free in time to attempt a return to the Vahsel Bay area.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Shackleton now considered the possibility of finding an alternative landing ground on the western shores of the Weddell Sea, if that coast could be reached. "In the meantime", he wrote, "we must wait".<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton43-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line of seated dogs looks at a wrecked tangle of masts, rigging and sails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg/170px-Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg/255px-Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg/340px-Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Dogs watching Endurance in the final stages of its drift, shortly before it sank to the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></figcaption></figure> In the dark winter months of May, June and July, Shackleton was concerned with maintaining fitness, training and morale. Although the scope for activity was limited, the dogs were exercised (and on occasion raced competitively), men were encouraged to take moonlight walks, and aboard ship there were attempted theatricals. Special occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Empire Day</a> were duly celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The first signs of the ice breaking up occurred on 22 July. On 1 August, in a south-westerly gale with heavy snow, the ice floe began to disintegrate all around the ship, the pressure forcing masses of ice beneath the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> and causing a heavy list to <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">port</a>. The position was perilous; Shackleton wrote: "The effects of the pressure around us was awe-inspiring. Mighty blocks of ice [...] rose slowly till they jumped like cherry-stones gripped between thumb and finger [...] if the ship was once gripped firmly her fate would be sealed".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This danger passed, and the succeeding weeks were quiet. During this relative lull the ship drifted into the area where, in 1823, Captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Benjamin Morrell</a> of the sealer Wasp reported seeing a coastline which he identified as "<a href="/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland">New South Greenland</a>". There was no sign of any such land; Shackleton concluded that Morrell had been deceived by the presence of large icebergs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On 30 September, the ship sustained what Shackleton described as "the worst squeeze we had experienced".<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton65-54">[54]</a> Worsley described the pressure as like being "thrown to and fro like a <a href="/wiki/Shuttlecock" title="Shuttlecock">shuttlecock</a> a dozen times".<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton65-54">[54]</a> On 24 October, the starboard side was forced against a large floe, increasing the pressure until the hull began to bend and splinter, so that water from below the ice began to pour into the ship. When the timbers broke they made noises which sailors later described as being similar to the sound of "heavy fireworks and the blasting of guns".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The supplies and three lifeboats were transferred to the ice, while the crew attempted to shore up the ship's hull and pump out the incoming sea. However, after a few days, on 27 October 1915, and in freezing temperatures below −15 °F (−26 °C), Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship. The position at abandonment was 69° 05′S, 51° 30′W.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The wreckage remained afloat, and over the following weeks the crew salvaged further supplies and materials, including Hurley's photographs and cameras that had initially been left behind. From around 550 plates, Hurley chose the best 120, the maximum that could be carried, and smashed the rest.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camping_on_the_ice">Camping on the ice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Camping on the ice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurley_and_Shackleton,_Antarctic_Ice_Flow,_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hurley_and_Shackleton%2C_Antarctic_Ice_Flow%2C_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg/220px-Hurley_and_Shackleton%2C_Antarctic_Ice_Flow%2C_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hurley_and_Shackleton%2C_Antarctic_Ice_Flow%2C_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg/330px-Hurley_and_Shackleton%2C_Antarctic_Ice_Flow%2C_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hurley_and_Shackleton%2C_Antarctic_Ice_Flow%2C_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg/440px-Hurley_and_Shackleton%2C_Antarctic_Ice_Flow%2C_1914-1915_State_Library_NSW_a423023h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hurley and Shackleton</figcaption></figure> With the loss of Endurance the transcontinental plans were abandoned, and the focus shifted to that of survival. Shackleton's intention now was to march the crew westward, to one or other of several possible destinations. His first thought was for <a href="/wiki/Paulet_Island" title="Paulet Island">Paulet Island</a>, where he knew there was a hut containing a substantial food depot, because he had ordered it 12 years earlier while organising relief for <a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">Otto Nordenskjöld</a>'s stranded Swedish expedition.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton75-58">[58]</a> Other possibilities were <a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill_Island" title="Snow Hill Island">Snow Hill Island</a>, which had been Nordenskjöld's winter quarters and which was believed to contain a stock of emergency supplies,<a href="#cite_note-Huntford456-59">[59]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Island" title="Robertson Island">Robertson Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander95-60">[60]</a> Shackleton believed that from one of these islands they would be able to reach and cross Graham Land and get to the whaling outposts in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Bay" title="Wilhelmina Bay">Wilhelmina Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford456-59">[59]</a> He calculated that on the day Endurance was abandoned they were 346 miles (557 km) from Paulet Island.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton75-58">[58]</a> Worsley calculated the distance to Snow Hill Island to be 312 miles (500 km), with a further 120 miles (190 km) to Wilhelmina Bay.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford456-59">[59]</a> He believed the march was too risky; they should wait until the ice carried them to open water, and then escape in the boats. Shackleton over-ruled him.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford456-59">[59]</a> Before the march could begin, Shackleton ordered the weakest animals to be shot, including the carpenter <a href="/wiki/Harry_McNish" title="Harry McNish">Harry McNish</a>'s cat, <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Chippy" title="Mrs Chippy">Mrs Chippy</a>, and a pup which had become a pet of the surgeon Macklin.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The company set out on 30 October 1915, with two of the ship's lifeboats carried on <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledges</a>. Problems quickly arose as the condition of the sea ice around them worsened. According to Hurley the surface became "a labyrinth of hummocks and ridges" in which barely a square yard was smooth.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander95-60">[60]</a> In three days, the party managed to travel barely two miles (3.2 km), and on 1 November, Shackleton abandoned the march; they would make camp and await the break-up of the ice.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> They gave the name "Ocean Camp" to the flat and solid-looking floe on which their aborted march had ended, and settled down to wait. Parties continued to revisit the Endurance wreck, which was still drifting with the ice a short distance from the camp. More of the abandoned supplies were retrieved until, on 21 November, the ship finally slipped beneath the ice.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The final resting place of Endurance would remain a mystery for nearly 107 years, until the wreckage was discovered on 5 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drift_of_the_Endurance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old chart showing incomplete Antarctia coastline. The chart indicates the line of Endurance's 1915 drift, also the earlier drift of Filchner's Deutschland and the line of James Weddell's 1823 voyage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Drift_of_the_Endurance.png/240px-Drift_of_the_Endurance.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Drift_of_the_Endurance.png/360px-Drift_of_the_Endurance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Drift_of_the_Endurance.png/480px-Drift_of_the_Endurance.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption>Path of Endurance's drift and the escape route to Elephant Island</figcaption></figure> The ice was not drifting fast enough to be noticeable, although by late November the speed was up to seven miles (11 km) a day.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> By 5 December, they had passed 68°S, but the direction was turning slightly east of north.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford468-66">[66]</a> This was taking the transcontinental party to a position from which it would be difficult to reach Snow Hill Island, although Paulet Island, further north, remained a possibility.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford468-66">[66]</a> Paulet Island was about 250 miles (400 km) away, and Shackleton was anxious to reduce the length of the lifeboat journey that would be necessary to reach it. Therefore, on 21 December he announced a second march, to begin on 23 December.<a href="#cite_note-Huntford473-67">[67]</a> Conditions, however, had not improved since the earlier attempt. Temperatures had risen and it was uncomfortably warm, with men sinking to their knees in soft snow as they struggled to haul the boats through the pressure ridges. On 27 December, McNish rebelled and refused to work,<a href="#cite_note-Huntford473-67">[67]</a> arguing that <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a> had lapsed since Endurance's sinking and that he was no longer under orders. Shackleton's firm remonstrance finally brought the carpenter to heel, but the incident was never forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Two days later, with only seven and a half miles (12.1 km) progress achieved in seven back-breaking days, Shackleton called a halt, observing: "It would take us over three hundred days to reach the land".<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton106-69">[69]</a> The crew put up their tents and settled into what Shackleton called "Patience Camp", which would be their home for more than three months.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton106-69">[69]</a> Supplies were now running low. Hurley and Macklin were sent back to Ocean Camp to recover food that had been left there to lighten the sledging teams’ burden. On 2 February 1916, Shackleton sent a larger party back to recover the third lifeboat.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton107-70">[70]</a> Food shortages became acute as the weeks passed, and <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">seal meat</a>, which had added variety to their diet, now became a staple as Shackleton attempted to conserve the remaining packaged rations. In January, all but two teams of the dogs (whose overall numbers had been depleted by mishaps and illness in the preceding months) were shot on Shackleton's orders, because the dogs' requirements for seal meat were excessive.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton107-70">[70]</a> The final two teams were shot on 2 April, by which time their meat was a welcome addition to the rations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Meanwhile, the rate of drift became erratic; after being held at around 67° for several weeks, at the end of January there was a series of rapid north-eastward movements which, by 17 March, brought Patience Camp to the latitude of Paulet Island, but 60 nm (111 km) to its east. "It might have been six hundred for all the chance we had of reaching it across the broken sea-ice", Shackleton recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton116-72">[72]</a> The party now had land more or less continuously in sight. The peak of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Haddington" title="Mount Haddington">Mount Haddington</a> on <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_Island" title="James Ross Island">James Ross Island</a> remained in view as the party drifted slowly by.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> They were too far north for Snow Hill or Paulet Island to be accessible, and Shackleton's chief hopes were now fixed on two remaining small islands at the northern extremity of Graham Land. These were <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Clarence Island (South Shetland Islands)">Clarence Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a>, around 100 nautical miles (185 km) due north of their position on 25 March.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton116-72">[72]</a> He then decided <a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a> might be a better target destination. This lay far to the west, toward the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, but Shackleton thought it might be attainable by island-hopping. Its advantage was that it was sometimes visited by <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whalers</a> and might contain provisions, whereas Clarence Island and Elephant Island were desolate and unvisited.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton119-74">[74]</a> To reach any of these destinations would require a perilous journey in the lifeboats once the floe upon which they were drifting finally broke up. Earlier, the lifeboats had been named after the expedition's three chief financial sponsors: James Caird, Dudley Docker and Stancomb Wills.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lifeboat_journey_to_Elephant_Island">Lifeboat journey to Elephant Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lifeboat journey to Elephant Island">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition,_map_and_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition%2C_map_and_timeline.svg/350px-Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition%2C_map_and_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition%2C_map_and_timeline.svg/525px-Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition%2C_map_and_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition%2C_map_and_timeline.svg/700px-Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition%2C_map_and_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Paths taken from Endurance's beset to the final rescue</figcaption></figure> The end of Patience Camp was signalled on the evening of 8 April, when the floe suddenly split. The camp now found itself on a small triangular raft of ice; a break-up of this would mean disaster, so Shackleton readied the lifeboats for the party's enforced departure.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton121-76">[76]</a> He had now decided they would try, if possible, to reach the distant Deception Island because a small wooden church had been reportedly erected for the benefit of whalers. This could provide a source of timber that might enable them to construct a seaworthy boat.<a href="#cite_note-Shackleton121-76">[76]</a> At 1 p.m. on 9 April, the Dudley Docker was launched, and an hour later all three boats were away. Shackleton himself commanded the James Caird, Worsley the Dudley Docker, and navigating officer <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hudson" title="Hubert Hudson">Hubert Hudson</a> was nominally in charge of the Stancomb Wills, though because of his precarious mental state the effective commander was Tom Crean.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The boats were surrounded by ice, dependent upon leads of water opening up, and progress was perilous and erratic. Frequently the boats were tied to floes, or dragged up onto them, while the men camped and waited for conditions to improve.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Shackleton was wavering again between several potential destinations, and on 12 April rejected the various island options and decided on <a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a>, at the very tip of Graham Land. However, conditions in the boats, in temperatures sometimes as low as −20 °F (−29 °C), with little food and regular soakings in icy seawater, were wearing the men down, physically and mentally. Shackleton therefore decided that Elephant Island, the nearest of the possible refuges, was now the most practical option.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On 14 April, the boats lay off the south-east coast of Elephant Island, but could not land as the shore consisted of perpendicular cliffs and glaciers. Next day the James Caird rounded the eastern point of the island to reach the northern lee shore, and discovered a narrow shingle beach. Soon afterwards, the three boats, which had been separated during the previous night, were reunited at this landing place. It was apparent from high tide markings that this beach would not serve as a long-term camp,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> so the next day Wild and a crew set off in the Stancomb Wills to explore the coast for a safer site. They returned with news of a long spit of land, seven miles (11 km) to the west. With minimum delay the men returned to the boats and transferred to this new location, which they later christened Cape Wild.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyage_of_the_James_Caird">Voyage of the James Caird</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voyage of the James Caird">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">Voyage of the James Caird</a></div> Elephant Island was remote, uninhabited, and rarely visited by whalers or any other ships. If the party was to return to civilization it would be necessary to summon help. The only realistic way this could be done was to adapt one of the lifeboats for an 800-mile (1,300 km) voyage across the Southern Ocean, to South Georgia. Shackleton had abandoned thoughts of taking the party on the less dangerous journey to Deception Island,<a href="#cite_note-Fisher371-82">[82]</a> because of the poor physical condition of many of his party. <a href="/wiki/Port_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Stanley">Port Stanley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> was closer than South Georgia but could not be reached, as this would require sailing against the strong prevailing winds.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Shackleton selected the boat party: himself, Worsley, Crean, McNish, and sailors <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(sailor)" title="John Vincent (sailor)">John Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McCarthy_(sailor)" title="Timothy McCarthy (sailor)">Timothy McCarthy</a>. On instructions from Shackleton, McNish immediately set about adapting the James Caird, improvising tools and materials.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Wild was to be left in charge of the Elephant Island party, with instructions to make for Deception Island the following spring should Shackleton not return.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher371-82">[82]</a> Shackleton took supplies for only four weeks, judging that if land had not been reached within that time the boat would be lost.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The 22.5-foot (6.9 m) James Caird was launched on 24 April 1916. The success of the voyage depended on the pin-point accuracy of Worsley's navigation, using observations that would have to be made in the most unfavourable of conditions.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The prevailing wind was helpfully north-west, but the heavy sea conditions quickly soaked everything in icy water. Soon ice settled thickly on the boat, making her ride sluggishly. On 5 May, a north-westerly gale almost caused the boat's destruction as it faced what Shackleton described as the largest waves he had seen in 26 years at sea.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On 8 May, South Georgia was sighted, after a 14-day battle with the elements that had driven the boat party to their physical limits. Two days later, after a prolonged struggle with heavy seas and hurricane-force winds to the south of the island, the party struggled ashore at <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_Bay" title="King Haakon Bay">King Haakon Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Georgia_crossing">South Georgia crossing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Georgia crossing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of icy mountain-tops and valleys, water in foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg/390px-PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg/585px-PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg/780px-PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>The interior of South Georgia photographed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a></figcaption></figure> The arrival of the James Caird at King Haakon Bay was followed by a period of rest and recuperation, while Shackleton pondered the next move. The populated whaling stations of South Georgia lay on the northern coast. To reach them would mean either another boat journey around the island, or a land crossing through its unexplored interior. The condition of the James Caird, and the physical state of the party, particularly Vincent and McNish, meant that the crossing was the only realistic option.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher383-91">[91]</a> After five days, the party took the boat a short distance eastwards, to the head of a deep bay which would be the starting point for the crossing. Shackleton, Worsley and Crean would undertake the land journey, the others remaining at what they christened "<a href="/wiki/Peggotty_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggotty Camp">Peggotty Camp</a>", to be picked up later after help had been obtained from the whaling stations. A storm on 18 May delayed their start, but by two o'clock the following morning the weather was clear and calm, and an hour later the crossing party set out.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher383-91">[91]</a> The party's destination was the whaling station at <a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a>, which had been Endurance's last <a href="/wiki/Port#Port_of_call" title="Port">port of call</a> on their outbound journey. This was roughly 26 miles (40 km) away, across the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a>. Another whaling station was known to be at <a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Harbour" title="Prince Olav Harbour">Prince Olav Harbour</a>, just six miles (10 km) north of Peggotty Camp over easier terrain, but as far as the party was aware, this was only inhabited during the summer months. Shackleton and his men did not know that during their two-year absence in Antarctica, the station's owners had begun year-round operations.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Without a map, the route the party chose was largely conjectural. By dawn they had ascended to 3,000 feet (910 m) and could see the northern coast. They were above <a href="/wiki/Possession_Bay" title="Possession Bay">Possession Bay</a>, which meant they would need to move eastward to reach Stromness. This meant the first of several backtrackings that would extend the journey and frustrate the men. At the close of that first day, needing to descend to the valley below them before nightfall, they risked everything by sliding down a mountainside on a makeshift rope sledge.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> They travelled without rest on by moonlight, moving upwards towards a gap in the next mountainous ridge. Early next morning, 20 May, seeing <a href="/wiki/Husvik_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Husvik Harbour">Husvik Harbour</a> below them, the party knew that they were on the right path. At seven o'clock in the morning, they heard a steam whistle sound from Stromness, "the first sound created by an outside human agency that had come to our ears since we left Stromness Bay in December 1914".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> After a difficult descent, which involved passage down through a freezing waterfall, they at last reached safety.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Shackleton wrote afterwards: "I have no doubt that <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Providence</a> guided us ... I know that during that long and racking march of 36 hours over the unnamed mountains and glaciers it seemed to me often that we were four, not three".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> This image of a fourth traveller was echoed in the accounts of Worsley and Crean and later influenced <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> in the writing of his poem <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This phenomenon has been reported by other adventurers and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_man_factor" title="Third man factor">third man factor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rescue">Rescue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rescue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AllSafeAllWell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AllSafeAllWell.jpg/220px-AllSafeAllWell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AllSafeAllWell.jpg/330px-AllSafeAllWell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AllSafeAllWell.jpg/440px-AllSafeAllWell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>The departure of the James Caird</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_(London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_%28London%29.jpg/220px-19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_%28London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_%28London%29.jpg/330px-19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_%28London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_%28London%29.jpg/440px-19160602_Sir_E._Shackleton_Safe_-_The_Times_%28London%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Shackleton's safe return was reported on 2 June 1916 in The Times (shown here) and The Manchester Guardian (<a href="/wiki/File:19160602_The_Story_of_Shackleton%27s_Expedition_-_The_Manchester_Guardian.png" title="File:19160602 The Story of Shackleton's Expedition - The Manchester Guardian.png">full article</a>) after Shackleton's report from the Falkland Islands some 12 days after he had reached Stromness station.</figcaption></figure> Shackleton's first task, on arriving at the Stromness station, was to arrange for his three companions at Peggotty Camp to be picked up. A whaler was sent round the coast, with Worsley aboard to show the way, and by the evening of 21 May all six of the James Caird party were safe.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It took four attempts before Shackleton was able to return to Elephant Island to rescue the party stranded there. He first left South Georgia a mere three days after he had arrived in Stromness, after securing the use of a large whaler, The Southern Sky, which was laid up in Husvik Harbour. Shackleton assembled a volunteer crew, which had it ready to sail by the morning of 22 May. As the vessel approached Elephant Island they saw that an impenetrable barrier of pack ice had formed, some 70 miles (110 km) from their destination. The Southern Sky was not built for ice breaking, and retreated to Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On reaching Port Stanley, Shackleton informed London by cable of his whereabouts and requested that a suitable vessel be sent south for the rescue operation. He was informed by the Admiralty that nothing was available before October, which in his view was too late. Then, with the help of the British Minister in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Shackleton obtained from the Uruguayan government the loan of a tough trawler, Instituto de Pesca No. 1, which started south on 10 June. Again the pack thwarted them. In search of another ship, Shackleton, Worsley and Crean travelled to <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a>, where they met Allan MacDonald, the British owner of the schooner Emma. McDonald equipped this vessel for a further rescue attempt, which left on 12 July, but with the same negative result—the pack defeated them yet again.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Shackleton later named a glacier after McDonald on the <a href="/wiki/Brunt_Ice_Shelf" title="Brunt Ice Shelf">Brunt Ice Shelf</a> in the Weddell Sea. After problems arose in identifying this glacier, a nearby <a href="/wiki/Ice_rise" title="Ice rise">ice rise</a> was renamed the <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Ice_Rumples" title="McDonald Ice Rumples">McDonald Ice Rumples</a>. By now it was mid-August, more than three months since Shackleton had left Elephant Island. Shackleton begged the Chilean Navy to lend him <a href="/wiki/Yelcho_(1906)" title="Yelcho (1906)">Yelcho</a>, a small steam tug that had assisted Emma during the previous attempt. They agreed; on 25 August, Yelcho—captained by captain of Chilean Navy <a href="/wiki/Luis_Pardo" title="Luis Pardo">Luis Pardo</a>—set out for Elephant Island. This time, as Shackleton recorded, providence favoured them. The seas were open, and the ship was able to approach close to the island in thick fog. At 11:40 a.m. on 30 August, the fog lifted, the camp was spotted and, within an hour, all the Elephant Island party were safely aboard, bound for Punta Arenas.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_Elephant_Island">On Elephant Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: On Elephant Island">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_island_party_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men sitting closely packed together in heavy winter clothes and hats. Snow and ice surrounds them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Elephant_island_party_%28cropped%29.jpg/410px-Elephant_island_party_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="410" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Elephant_island_party_%28cropped%29.jpg/615px-Elephant_island_party_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Elephant_island_party_%28cropped%29.jpg/820px-Elephant_island_party_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a> party. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Hurley</a>. Not shown: <a href="/wiki/Perce_Blackborow" title="Perce Blackborow">Blackborow</a>.<hr /></li><li>Back row: <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Greenstreet" title="Lionel Greenstreet">Greenstreet</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McIlroy_(surgeon)" title="James McIlroy (surgeon)">McIlroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Marston_(artist)" title="George Marston (artist)">Marston</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wordie" title="James Wordie">Wordie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holness" title="Ernest Holness">Holness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hudson" title="Hubert Hudson">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson_(sailor)" title="William Stephenson (sailor)">Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McLeod_(sailor)" title="Thomas McLeod (sailor)">McLeod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clark_(zoologist)" title="Robert Clark (zoologist)">Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Orde-Lees" title="Thomas Orde-Lees">Orde-Lees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerr" title="Alexander Kerr">Kerr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macklin" title="Alexander Macklin">Macklin</a></li><li>Front row: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(cook)" title="Charles Green (cook)">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_How" title="Walter How">How</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cheetham" title="Alfred Cheetham">Cheetham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hussey" title="Leonard Hussey">Hussey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Rickinson" title="Lewis Rickinson">Rickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lincoln_Bakewell" title="William Lincoln Bakewell">Bakewell</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> After Shackleton left with the James Caird, Wild took command of the Elephant Island party, some of whom were in a low state, physically or mentally: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Rickinson" title="Lewis Rickinson">Lewis Rickinson</a> had suffered a suspected heart attack; <a href="/wiki/Perce_Blackborow" title="Perce Blackborow">Perce Blackborow</a> was unable to walk, due to <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbitten</a> feet; <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hudson" title="Hubert Hudson">Hubert Hudson</a> was depressed.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The priority for the party was a permanent shelter against the rapidly approaching southern winter. On the suggestion of Marston and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Greenstreet" title="Lionel Greenstreet">Lionel Greenstreet</a>, a hut—nicknamed the "Snuggery"—was improvised by upturning the two boats and placing them on low stone walls, to provide around five feet (1.5 m) of headroom. By means of canvas and other materials the structure was made into a crude but effective shelter.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Wild initially estimated that they would have to wait one month for rescue, and refused to allow long-term stockpiling of seal and penguin meat because this, in his view, was defeatist.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This policy led to sharp disagreements with Orde-Lees, the storekeeper, who was not a popular man and whose presence apparently did little to improve the morale of his companions, unless it was by way of being the butt of their jokes.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> As the weeks extended well beyond his initial optimistic forecast, Wild established and maintained routines and activities to relieve the tedium. A permanent lookout was kept for the arrival of the rescue ship, cooking and housekeeping rotas were established, and there were hunting trips for seal and penguin.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Concerts were held on Saturdays and anniversaries were celebrated, but there were growing feelings of despondency as time passed with no sign of rescue. The toes on Blackborow's left foot became <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrenous</a> from frostbite and, on 15 June, had to be amputated by surgeons Macklin and McIlroy in the candle-lit hut. Using the last of the <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> in their medical supplies, the whole procedure took 55 minutes and was a complete success.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> By 23 August, it seemed that Wild's no-stockpiling policy had failed. The surrounding sea was dense with pack ice that would halt any rescue ship, food supplies were running out and no penguins were coming ashore. Orde-Lees wrote: "We shall have to eat the one who dies first [...] there's many a true word said in jest".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Wild's thoughts were now seriously turning to the possibility of a boat trip to Deception Island—he planned to set out on 5 October, in the hope of meeting a whaling ship—<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> when, on 30 August 1916, the ordeal ended suddenly with the appearance of Shackleton and Yelcho.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ross_Sea_Party">Ross Sea Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ross Sea Party">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeneas_Mackintosh_crop_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man, fresh-faced with dark, brushed-back hair, seated among a group. He is wearing a naval officer's uniform with a high, stiff collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aeneas_Mackintosh_crop_3.jpg/220px-Aeneas_Mackintosh_crop_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Aeneas_Mackintosh_crop_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Aeneas Mackintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> commander</figcaption></figure> Aurora left Hobart on 24 December 1914, having been delayed in Australia by financial and organizational problems. The arrival in McMurdo Sound on 15 January 1915 was later in the season than planned, but the party's commander, Aeneas Mackintosh, made immediate plans for a depot-laying journey on the Ross Ice Shelf, since he understood that Shackleton hoped to attempt the crossing during that first season.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Neither the men nor the dogs were acclimatised, and the party was, as a whole, very inexperienced in ice conditions. The first journey on the ice resulted in the loss of ten of the party's 18 dogs and a frostbitten and generally demoralised shore party; a single, incomplete depot was their only achievement.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On 7 May, Aurora, anchored at the party's <a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a> headquarters, was wrenched from her moorings during a gale and carried with drifting ice far out to sea. Unable to return to McMurdo Sound, she remained captive in the ice for nine months until on 12 February 1916, having travelled a distance of around 1,600 miles (2,600 km), she reached open water and limped to New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Aurora carried with her the greater part of the shore party's fuel, food rations, clothing and equipment, although the sledging rations for the depots had been landed ashore. To continue with its mission the stranded shore party had to re-supply and re-equip itself from the leftovers from earlier expeditions, notably Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, which had been based at Cape Evans a few years earlier. They were thus able to begin the second season's depot-laying on schedule, in September 1915.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In the following months, the required depots were laid, at one-degree intervals across the Ross Ice Shelf to the foot of the Beardmore Glacier.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On the return journey from the glacier the party contracted <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Spencer-Smith" title="Arnold Spencer-Smith">Arnold Spencer-Smith</a>, the expedition's chaplain and photographer, collapsed and died on the ice. The remainder of the party reached the temporary shelter of Hut Point, a relic of the Discovery Expedition at the southern end of McMurdo Sound, where they slowly recovered.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On 8 May 1916, Mackintosh and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hayward" title="Victor Hayward">Victor Hayward</a> decided to walk across the unstable sea ice to Cape Evans, were caught in a blizzard and were not seen again.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The survivors eventually reached Cape Evans, but then had to wait for eight further months. Finally, on 10 January 1917, the repaired and refitted Aurora, whose departure from New Zealand had been delayed by lack of money, arrived to transport them back to civilization.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Shackleton accompanied the ship as a supernumerary officer, having been denied command by the governments of New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain, who had jointly organised and financed the Ross Sea party's relief.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_civilization,_and_aftermath">Return to civilization, and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Return to civilization, and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The rescued party, having had its last contact with civilization in 1914, was unaware of the course of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a>. News of Shackleton's safe arrival in the Falklands briefly eclipsed war news in the British newspapers on 2 June 1916.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yelcho_(1906)" title="Yelcho (1906)">Yelcho</a> had a "triumphal" welcome in <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a> after its successful mission. The rescuees were then moved to the port of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Chile" title="Central Chile">Central Chile</a> where they had again a warm welcome, from there they were repatriated.<a href="#cite_note-Emolpardo-121">[121]</a> The expedition returned home in piecemeal fashion, at a critical stage in the war, without the normal honours and civic receptions. When Shackleton himself finally arrived in England on 29 May 1917, after a short American lecture tour, his return was barely noticed.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Despite McNish's efforts in preparing and sailing on the James Caird voyage, his prior insubordination meant that, on Shackleton's recommendation, he was one of four men denied the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Medal" title="Polar Medal">Polar Medal</a>; the others whose contributions fell short of Shackleton's expected standards were <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(sailor)" title="John Vincent (sailor)">John Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson_(sailor)" title="William Stephenson (sailor)">William Stephenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holness" title="Ernest Holness">Ernest Holness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Most of the members of the expedition returned to take up immediate active military or naval service. Before the war ended, two—Tim McCarthy of the open boat journey and the veteran Antarctic sailor Alfred Cheetham—had been killed in action, and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wild" title="Ernest Wild">Ernest Wild</a>, Frank's younger brother and member of the Ross Sea party, had died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> while serving in the Mediterranean. Several others were severely wounded, and many received decorations for gallantry.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Following a propaganda mission in Buenos Aires, Shackleton was employed during the last weeks of the war on special service in <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, with the army rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> This occupied him until March 1919. He thereafter organised one final Antarctic expedition, the <a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> on <a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a>, which left London on 17 September 1921. From the Endurance crew, Wild, Worsley, Macklin, McIlroy, Hussey, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerr" title="Alexander Kerr">Alexander Kerr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McLeod_(sailor)" title="Thomas McLeod (sailor)">Thomas McLeod</a> and cook <a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(cook)" title="Charles Green (cook)">Charles Green</a> all sailed with Quest.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Shackleton died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> on 5 January 1922, while Quest was anchored at South Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> After his death the original programme, which had included an exploration of Enderby Land,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> was abandoned. Wild led a brief cruise which brought them into sight of Elephant Island. They anchored off Cape Wild and were able to see the old landmarks, but sea conditions made it impossible for them to land.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> It would be more than forty years before the first crossing of Antarctica was achieved, by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a>, 1955–1958. This expedition set out from <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Bay" title="Vahsel Bay">Vahsel Bay</a>, the same bay Shackleton was in sight of when the Endurance became trapped in ice. They followed a route which avoided the <a href="/wiki/Beardmore_Glacier" title="Beardmore Glacier">Beardmore Glacier</a> altogether, and bypassed much of the Ross Ice Shelf, reaching McMurdo Sound via a descent of the <a href="/wiki/Skelton_Glacier" title="Skelton Glacier">Skelton Glacier</a>. The entire journey took 98 days.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> For Chile, the rescue marked the beginning of the country's official operations in Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-Emolpardo-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexw2022" class="citation news cs1">Alexw (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found">"Endurance is Found"</a>. Endurance22. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endurance22&rft.atitle=Endurance+is+Found&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.au=Alexw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fendurance22.org%2Fendurance-is-found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2022" class="citation web cs1">Fountain, Henry (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html">"At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+the+Bottom+of+an+Icy+Sea%2C+One+of+History%27s+Great+Wrecks+Is+Found&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Fclimate%2Fendurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford50-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Huntford50_5-0">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford350-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Huntford350_6-0">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy87-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy87_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy87_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy87_7-2">c</a> Murphy pp. 87–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Smith 2015, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford355-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford355_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford355_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford355_10-2">c</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 355–358. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 362–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-ShackletonPreface-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShackletonPreface_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackletonPreface_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackletonPreface_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackletonPreface_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackletonPreface_14-4">e</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. xii–xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher306-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher306_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher306_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher306_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher306_15-3">d</a> Fisher 1957, pp. 306–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford375-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford375_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford375_17-1">b</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 375–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_1957,_p._306-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_1957,_p._306_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_1957,_p._306_18-1">b</a> Fisher 1957, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford370-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford370_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford370_20-1">b</a> Huntford 1975, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 41–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Alexander 1998, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Smith 2015, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/shackleton-probably-never-took-out-an-ad-seeking-men-for-a-hazardous-journey-5552379/">Shackleton Probably Never Took Out an Ad Seeking Men for a Hazardous Journey</a> (Smithsonian Magazine) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 383–384. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 50–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Smith 2015, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-TylerLewis21-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TylerLewis21_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TylerLewis21_31-1">b</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 370–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Fisher 1957, pp. 311–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 48–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander15-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander15_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander15_38-1">b</a> Alexander 1998 pp. 15–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 12–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton26-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton26_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton26_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton26_44-2">c</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 26–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton34-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton34_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton34_46-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 34–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton43-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton43_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton43_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton43_48-2">c</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 43–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Alexander 1998, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 50–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton65-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton65_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton65_54-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 74–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton75-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton75_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton75_58-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford456-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford456_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford456_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford456_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford456_59-3">d</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 456–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander95-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander95_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander95_60-1">b</a> Alexander 1998, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Alexander 1998, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/travel/2022/03/09/endurance-shackleton-ship-antarctic-lon-orig-tp.cnn">"Video: HMS Endurance, Ernest Shackleton's ship found in Antarctic after 107 years - CNN Video"</a>. CNN. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Video%3A+HMS+Endurance%2C+Ernest+Shackleton%27s+ship+found+in+Antarctic+after+107+years+-+CNN+Video&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Ftravel%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Fendurance-shackleton-ship-antarctic-lon-orig-tp.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford468-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford468_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford468_66-1">b</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 468–469. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntford473-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford473_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntford473_67-1">b</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 473–476. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> White, pp. 305–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton106-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton106_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton106_69-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton107-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton107_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton107_70-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton116-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton116_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton116_72-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton119-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton119_74-0">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton121-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton121_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton121_76-1">b</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 508–512. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 509–513. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 142–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Smith 2015, pp. 328–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher371-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher371_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher371_82-1">b</a> Fisher 1957, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Alexander 1998, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Alexander 1998, pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 563. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Fisher 1957, pp. 378–382. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 175–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher383-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher383_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher383_91-1">b</a> Fisher 1957, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Worsley 1933, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 696–697. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Shackleton 1919, p. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 210–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 214–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 218–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 533. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Mills 1999, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Mills 1999, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Mills 1999, pp. 242–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Mills 1999, pp. 250–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 532–533. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 541. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Alexander 1998, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Mills 1999, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Fisher 1957, pp. 397–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 69–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 307–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 128–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 145–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 176–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 195–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 222–227, 234–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Tyler-Lewis 2006, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Huntford 1975, pp. 605–606. </li> <li id="cite_note-Emolpardo-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emolpardo_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emolpardo_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírez2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramírez, N. (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emol.com/noticias/Tendencias/2022/03/09/1048836/la-hazana-del-piloto-pardo.html">"La hazaña del marino chileno que rescató a los náufragos del 'Endurance' en la Antártica en una pequeña nave a vapor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">Emol</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emol&rft.atitle=La+haza%C3%B1a+del+marino+chileno+que+rescat%C3%B3+a+los+n%C3%A1ufragos+del+%27Endurance%27+en+la+Ant%C3%A1rtica+en+una+peque%C3%B1a+nave+a+vapor&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emol.com%2Fnoticias%2FTendencias%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2F1048836%2Fla-hazana-del-piloto-pardo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 647. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Huntford 1975, p. 656. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Shackleton 1919, pp. 339–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Fisher 1957, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Smith 2015, pp. 402–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Smith 2015, pp. 410–411. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Mills 1999, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Mills 1999, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Fuchs & Hillary 1958, p. 293. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1998" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, C. (1998). The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition. New York: <a href="/wiki/Knopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375404030" title="Special:BookSources/9780375404030"><bdi>9780375404030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+Legendary+Antarctic+Expedition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780375404030&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherFisher1957" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, M.; Fisher, J. (1957). Shackleton. London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/696046516">696046516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Barrie&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F696046516&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchsHillary1958" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, V.; Hillary, H. (1958). The Crossing of Antarctica. London: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Cassell & Co.">Cassell & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/901555407">901555407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossing+of+Antarctica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F901555407&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Hillary%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntford1985" class="citation book cs1">Huntford, Roland (1985). Shackleton. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786705443" title="Special:BookSources/9780786705443"><bdi>9780786705443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780786705443&rft.aulast=Huntford&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1999" class="citation book cs1">Mills, L. (1999). Frank Wild. Whitby: Caedmon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905355481" title="Special:BookSources/9780905355481"><bdi>9780905355481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Wild&rft.place=Whitby&rft.pub=Caedmon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780905355481&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, D. (2002). German Exploration of the Polar World. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803232051" title="Special:BookSources/9780803232051"><bdi>9780803232051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Exploration+of+the+Polar+World&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780803232051&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1919" class="citation book cs1">Shackleton, E. (1919). <a href="/wiki/South_(book)" title="South (book)">South</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/W._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Heinemann">W. Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715091038">715091038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715091038&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1916" class="citation news cs1">Shackleton, Ernest (2 June 1916). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:19160602_The_Story_of_Shackleton%27s_Expedition_-_The_Manchester_Guardian.png">"The Story of Shackleton's Expedition"</a>. The Manchester Guardian. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Shackleton%27s+Expedition&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1916-06-02&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A19160602_The_Story_of_Shackleton%2527s_Expedition_-_The_Manchester_Guardian.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M. (2015). Shackleton: By Endurance We Conquer. London: <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780747071" title="Special:BookSources/9781780747071"><bdi>9781780747071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%3A+By+Endurance+We+Conquer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781780747071&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler-Lewis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Tyler-Lewis" title="Kelly Tyler-Lewis">Tyler-Lewis, K.</a> (2006). The Lost Men: The harrowing saga of Shackleton's Ross Sea party. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143038511" title="Special:BookSources/9780143038511"><bdi>9780143038511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Men%3A+The+harrowing+saga+of+Shackleton%27s+Ross+Sea+party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780143038511&rft.aulast=Tyler-Lewis&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiennes2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes, Ranulph</a> (2021). Shackleton: A Biography. London: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_(publisher)" title="Michael Joseph (publisher)">Michael Joseph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241356715" title="Special:BookSources/9780241356715"><bdi>9780241356715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780241356715&rft.aulast=Fiennes&rft.aufirst=Ranulph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansing2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lansing" title="Alfred Lansing">Lansing, A.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enduranceshackl000lans">Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786706211" title="Special:BookSources/9780786706211"><bdi>9780786706211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+Incredible+Voyage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780786706211&rft.aulast=Lansing&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenduranceshackl000lans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan2006" class="citation book cs1">McKernan, V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shackletonsstowa00mcke">Shackleton's Stowaway</a>. New York: Knopf Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375826917" title="Special:BookSources/9780375826917"><bdi>9780375826917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%27s+Stowaway&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780375826917&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshackletonsstowa00mcke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamiko2001" class="citation book cs1">Tamiko, R., ed. (2001). South with Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743222921" title="Special:BookSources/9780743222921"><bdi>9780743222921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+with+Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+Antarctic+Expedition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780743222921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Worsley, F. A.</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enduranceepicofp00wors_0">Endurance: An Epic of Polar Adventure</a>. London: P. Allan & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503849175">503849175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endurance%3A+An+Epic+of+Polar+Adventure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=P.+Allan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503849175&rft.aulast=Worsley&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenduranceepicofp00wors_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley1933" class="citation book cs1">Worsley, F. A. (1933). Shackleton's Boat Journey. London: P. Allan & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/771921764">771921764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%27s+Boat+Journey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=P.+Allan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F771921764&rft.aulast=Worsley&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Trans-Antarctic+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Endurance_Expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Endurance Expedition">Endurance Expedition</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template talk:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora%27s_drift" title="SY Aurora's drift">Drift of the Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">Voyage of the James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelcho_(1906)" title="Yelcho (1906)">Rescue by the Yelcho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Pardo" title="Luis Pardo">Luis Pardo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caird_Coast" title="Caird Coast">Caird Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave Cove">Cave Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_Bay" title="King Haakon Bay">King Haakon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Ice_Rumples" title="McDonald Ice Rumples">McDonald Ice Rumples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Worsley" title="Mount Worsley">Mount Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggotty_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggotty Bluff">Peggotty Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_Bay" title="Stromness Bay">Stromness Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personnel_of_the_Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Atkin</li> <li>d'Anglade</li> <li>Donnelly</li> <li>Downing</li> <li>Glidden</li> <li>Grady</li> <li>Hooke</li> <li>Kavanagh</li> <li>Larkman</li> <li>Maugher</li> <li>Mugridge</li> <li>Ninnis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Paton_(seaman)" title="James Paton (seaman)">Paton</a></li> <li>Shaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stenhouse" title="Joseph Stenhouse">Stenhouse</a></li> <li>Thompson</li> <li>Warren</li> <li>Wise</li> <li> Shore party: Cope</li> <li>Gaze</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hayward" title="Victor Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keith_Jack" title="Andrew Keith Jack">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Joyce" title="Ernest Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Richards" title="Richard W. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Spencer-Smith" title="Arnold Spencer-Smith">Spencer-Smith</a></li> <li>Stevens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wild" title="Ernest Wild">Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lincoln_Bakewell" title="William Lincoln Bakewell">Bakewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perce_Blackborow" title="Perce Blackborow">Blackborow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cheetham" title="Alfred Cheetham">Cheetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Selbie_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Selbie Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(cook)" title="Charles Green (cook)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Greenstreet" title="Lionel Greenstreet">Greenstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holness" title="Ernest Holness">Holness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_How" title="Walter How">How</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hudson" title="Hubert Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hussey" title="Leonard Hussey">Hussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerr" title="Alexander Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macklin" title="Alexander Macklin">Macklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marston_(artist)" title="George Marston (artist)">Marston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McCarthy_(sailor)" title="Timothy McCarthy (sailor)">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McIlroy_(surgeon)" title="James McIlroy (surgeon)">McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McLeod_(sailor)" title="Thomas McLeod (sailor)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_McNish" title="Harry McNish">McNish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Chippy" title="Mrs Chippy">Mrs Chippy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Orde-Lees" title="Thomas Orde-Lees">Orde-Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Rickinson" title="Lewis Rickinson">Rickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson_(sailor)" title="William Stephenson (sailor)">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(sailor)" title="John Vincent (sailor)">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wordie" title="James Wordie">Wordie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Worsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Category:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162294#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124288074">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1409297/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7577761-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99001019">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007378623&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9071047">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007380655505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65x6m9f">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/17802">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&oldid=1241044771">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&oldid=1241044771</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Category:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1914 in Antarctica">1914 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_in_science" title="Category:1914 in science">1914 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:1914 in the United Kingdom">1914 in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1915 in Antarctica">1915 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_in_science" title="Category:1915 in science">1915 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1916_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1916 in Antarctica">1916 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1916_in_science" title="Category:1916 in science">1916 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1917 in Antarctica">1917 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_in_science" title="Category:1917 in science">1917 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctic_expeditions" title="Category:Antarctic expeditions">Antarctic expeditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ernest_Shackleton" title="Category:Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expeditions_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Expeditions from the United Kingdom">Expeditions from the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Category:History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:United Kingdom and the Antarctic">United Kingdom and the Antarctic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_November_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from November 2017">EngvarB from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2017">Use dmy dates from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 August 2024, at 00:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-rw2qx","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.164","walltime":"1.470","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14176,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":188968,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6644,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128435,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1198.844 1 -total"," 30.36% 363.929 1 Template:Polar_exploration"," 30.09% 360.694 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 24.56% 294.496 4 Template:Navbox"," 14.64% 175.474 38 Template:Ship"," 12.98% 155.638 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.33% 111.866 3 Template:Cite_news"," 6.98% 83.703 4 Template:Inflation"," 6.41% 76.793 15 Template:Cite_book"," 6.38% 76.447 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.553","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9883075,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-dnxtv","timestamp":"20241126182715","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1162294","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1162294","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-06T23:42:06Z","dateModified":"2024-08-19T00:36:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg","headline":"research expedition to Antarctica, led by Ernest Shackleton"}</script> </body> </html>