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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beta_(minus)_i_beta_(plus)_raspad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_(minus)_i_beta_(plus)_raspad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beta (minus) i beta (plus) raspad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_(minus)_i_beta_(plus)_raspad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neutrino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svojstva_beta-čestica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svojstva_beta-čestica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Svojstva beta-čestica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Svojstva_beta-čestica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Svojstva beta-čestica</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Svojstva_beta-čestica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beta_(minus)_raspad_ili_elektronsko_zračenje_(β−)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_(minus)_raspad_ili_elektronsko_zračenje_(β−)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beta (minus) raspad ili elektronsko zračenje (β<sup>−</sup>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_(minus)_raspad_ili_elektronsko_zračenje_(β−)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_(plus)_raspad_ili_pozitronsko_zračenje_(β+)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_(plus)_raspad_ili_pozitronsko_zračenje_(β+)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Beta (plus) raspad ili pozitronsko zračenje (β<sup>+</sup>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_(plus)_raspad_ili_pozitronsko_zračenje_(β+)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronski_uhvat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronski_uhvat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Elektronski uhvat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronski_uhvat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primjena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primjena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Primjena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primjena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utjecaj_beta_raspada_na_žive_organizme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utjecaj_beta_raspada_na_žive_organizme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Utjecaj beta raspada na žive organizme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utjecaj_beta_raspada_na_žive_organizme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Utjecaj beta raspada na žive organizme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utjecaj_beta_raspada_na_žive_organizme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mjerne_jedinice_ionizirajućeg_zračenja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mjerne_jedinice_ionizirajućeg_zračenja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mjerne_jedinice_ionizirajućeg_zračenja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta raspad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 65 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaverval" title="Betaverval – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Betaverval" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3n_beta" title="Desintegración beta – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Desintegración beta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اضمحلال بيتا – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضمحلال بيتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emisi%C3%B3n_beta" title="Emisión beta – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emisión beta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="بتا پوزولوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بتا پوزولوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бэта-распад – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бэта-распад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета-разпад – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бета-разпад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="বিটা ক্ষয় – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিটা ক্ষয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3_%CE%B2" title="Desintegració β – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desintegració β" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betahenfald" title="Betahenfald – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betahenfald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betazerfall" title="Betazerfall – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betazerfall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Διάσπαση βήτα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάσπαση βήτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Beta decay" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-diseri%C4%9Do" title="Beta-diseriĝo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beta-diseriĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3n_beta" title="Desintegración beta – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desintegración beta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetalagunemine" title="Beetalagunemine – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beetalagunemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beta desintegrazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="واپاشی بتا – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واپاشی بتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetahajoaminen" title="Beetahajoaminen – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beetahajoaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_%CE%B2" title="Radioactivité β – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radioactivité β" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ite-mheath" title="Béite-mheath – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béite-mheath" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%90" title="קרינת בטא – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרינת בטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="बीटा क्षय – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीटा क्षय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ta-boml%C3%A1s" title="Béta-bomlás – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Béta-bomlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1-%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բետա-տրոհում – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բետա-տրոհում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peluruhan beta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betasundrun" title="Betasundrun – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Betasundrun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadimento_beta" title="Decadimento beta – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Decadimento beta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%8A" title="ベータ崩壊 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベータ崩壊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ბეტა-დაშლა – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტა-დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Бета-ыдырау – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бета-ыдырау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="베타 붕괴 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베타 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бета-ажыроо – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бета-ажыроо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_skilimas" title="Beta skilimas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beta skilimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93ta_sabruk%C5%A1ana" title="Bēta sabrukšana – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bēta sabrukšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета-распад – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бета-распад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereputan_beta" title="Pereputan beta – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pereputan beta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaverfall" title="Betaverfall – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Betaverfall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8taverval" title="Bètaverval – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bètaverval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betadesintegrasjon" title="Betadesintegrasjon – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Betadesintegrasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betahenfall" title="Betahenfall – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betahenfall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87" title="ਬੀਟਾ ਡਿਕੇ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਟਾ ਡਿਕੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpad_beta" title="Rozpad beta – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozpad beta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiss%C3%A3o_beta" title="Emissão beta – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emissão beta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta" title="Dezintegrare beta – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dezintegrare beta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета-распад – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бета-распад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_raspad" title="Beta raspad – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beta raspad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="බීටා ක්ෂය වීම – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බීටා ක්ෂය වීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beta decay" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_rozpad" title="Beta rozpad – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beta rozpad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razpad_beta" title="Razpad beta – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razpad beta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета распад – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бета распад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betas%C3%B6nderfall" title="Betasönderfall – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betasönderfall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="பீட்டா சிதைவு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டா சிதைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Бета-коҳиш – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бета-коҳиш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="การสลายให้อนุภาคบีตา – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสลายให้อนุภาคบีตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_bozunmas%C4%B1" title="Beta bozunması – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beta bozunması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Бета-таркалыш – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бета-таркалыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета-розпад – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бета-розпад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84" title="بیٹا تنزل – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیٹا تنزل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-yemirilish" title="Beta-yemirilish – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Beta-yemirilish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta" title="Phân rã beta – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân rã beta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Β衰变" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Β衰变" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="Beta 衰變 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Beta 衰變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q306786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Beta_raspad" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Beta-minus_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/250px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/375px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/500px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Beta (minus) raspad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/250px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/375px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/500px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Znak za opasnost od radioaktivnosti</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg/250px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg/375px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg/500px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Alfa-zračenje može zaustaviti papir; beta-zračenje može zaustaviti aluminijski lim debeo nekoliko milimetara; a većinu gama-zračenja može zaustaviti desetak centimetara debela olovna ploča.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Elektroneneinfang_(2_Phasen).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Elektroneneinfang_%282_Phasen%29.png/250px-Elektroneneinfang_%282_Phasen%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Elektroneneinfang_%282_Phasen%29.png/375px-Elektroneneinfang_%282_Phasen%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Elektroneneinfang_%282_Phasen%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Elektronski uhvat</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Beta raspad</b> je vrsta <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnog</a> raspada <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomskih jezgara</a> izazvana utjecajem <a href="/wiki/Slaba_nuklearna_sila" title="Slaba nuklearna sila">slabe nuklearne sile</a>, pri kojem atomska jezgra zrači <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitron</a>, i ne dolazi do promjene <a href="/wiki/Relativna_atomska_masa" title="Relativna atomska masa">atomske mase</a>, već se samo <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a> poveća ili smanji za jedan, a to znači da atomska jezgra se pretvori (transmutira) u novi <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijski element</a>, koji je sljedeći ili prethodni redni broj u <a href="/wiki/Periodni_sustav_elemenata" title="Periodni sustav elemenata">periodnom sustavu elemenata</a>. Nestabilne atomske jezgre koje imaju višak neutrona mogu spontano ostvariti beta (minus) raspad, gdje se <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> raspada u <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, uz zračenje elektrona i <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">antineutrina</a> (elektronski antineutrino ili antičestica neutrina), s <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_poluraspada" title="Vrijeme poluraspada">vremenom poluraspada</a> od 10,3 minute. Nestabilne atomske jezgre koje imaju višak protona mogu spontano ostvariti beta (plus) raspad, gdje se proton raspada u neutron, uz zračenje pozitrona i neutrina (elektronski neutrino).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Već 1900. bilo je poznato da jedan dio <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnog</a> zračenja može skrenuti u <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskom polju</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> je na osnovu ispitivanja prolaza radioaktivnih zraka kroz tanke listiće <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminija</a> utvrdio da kod zračenja <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranijevih</a> spojeva postoje dvije vrste zraka. Onu vrstu zraka koje ne mogu da prođu kroz aluminijsku pločicu debljine 0,02 mm nazvao je alfa-česticama, a onu vrstu koja je prolazila i kroz deblje slojeve nazvao je <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-česticama</a>. Iste godine francuski znanstvenik <a href="/wiki/Paul_Villard" title="Paul Villard">Paul Villard</a> je otkrio i treću vrstu radioaktivnog zračenja, za koju se utvrdilo da ima veliku prodornu moć i da ne skreće u magnetskom polju, a nazvane su <a href="/wiki/Gama-%C4%8Destica" title="Gama-čestica">gama-česticama</a>. Na osnovu skretanja u magnetskom polju, utvrđeno je da alfa-čestice imaju pozitivni <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a>, a beta-čestice negativan električni naboj. </p><p>1908. su Rutherford i <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> mjerenjem utvrdili da alfa-čestice imaju dvostruki električni naboj, a da im je masa jednaka četverostrukoj masi atoma <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>. Kada alfa-čestica privuče dva elektrona, ona prelazi u atom <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a>. Iz toga je Rutherford zaključio da su alfa-čestice ustvari <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioni</a> helija ili samo <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomska jezgra</a> helija. Za beta-čestice se utvrdilo da se u magnetskom i električnom polju ponašaju isto kao i katodne zrake ili <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>. To znači da su beta-čestice ustvari elektroni velikih brzina, ali za razliku od elektrona u elektronskom omotaču atoma, nastaju iz atomske jezgre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_(minus)_i_beta_(plus)_raspad"><span id="Beta_.28minus.29_i_beta_.28plus.29_raspad"></span>Beta (minus) i beta (plus) raspad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Beta (minus) i beta (plus) raspad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Beta (minus) i beta (plus) raspad"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Za razliku od <a href="/wiki/Alfa_raspad" title="Alfa raspad">alfa raspada</a>, kod beta raspada, pri kojem atomska jezgra zrači elektron ili pozitron, ne dolazi do promjene <a href="/wiki/Relativna_atomska_masa" title="Relativna atomska masa">atomske mase</a>, već se samo <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a> poveća ili smanji za jedan ili atomska jezgra se pretvori (transmutira) u novi <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijski element</a>, koji je sljedeći ili prethodni redni broj u <a href="/wiki/Periodni_sustav_elemenata" title="Periodni sustav elemenata">periodnom sustavu elemenata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osim toga, <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksperiment">pokusi</a> su pokazali da elektroni koji nastaju prilikom beta raspada imaju različite <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzine</a>, od nule do određene maksimalne vrijednosti, a to znači da imaju neprekinutu ili kontinuiranu raspodjelu energije. Sličan neprekinuti <a href="/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika)">spektar</a> pokazuje i pozitron, koji nastaje kod beta (plus) raspada. Kada govorimo o beta-česticama, onda mislimo i na beta (minus) - čestice i beta (plus) – čestice. 1934. <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> su bombardirali atomske jezgre <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminija</a> s <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-česticama</a>: 4He + 27Al → 30P + n, te su primijetili da <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>-30 zrači pozitrone, čestice koje je primijetio i <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a> 1932., promatrajući <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičke zrake</a>. Tada je prvi puta pozitron dobiven u labaratoriju. </p><p>Budući da, prema kvantnoj teoriji, atomska jezgra ima određene razine energije ili <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvante</a> energije, onda bi i beta-čestice trebale imati određenu razinu ili kvant energije, a ne neprekinuti spektar energija. Iz toga možemo zaključiti da energija beta-čestica ne nastaje zbog prelaza iz jedne energetske razine u drugu. Prema tome, beta raspad ne udovoljava <a href="/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije" title="Zakon očuvanja energije">zakonu o očuvanju energije</a>, a pokusi su pokazali da i ne zadovoljava <b>zakon o očuvanju momenta količine gibanja</b>. Pokusi su doveli u sumnju osnovne zakone gradnje atomskog jezgra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrino">Neutrino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Neutrino" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Neutrino"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> je došao do zaključka da bi trebalo pretpostaviti postojanje jedne nove <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">neutralne čestice</a>, koja bi zajedno zračila s elektronom pri beta (minus) raspadu, čija je masa manja od mase elektrona u stanju mirovanja. Ovu česticu je Wolfgang Pauli nazvao <b>neutrino</b>, što na <a href="/wiki/Talijanski_jezik" title="Talijanski jezik">talijanskom jeziku</a> znači nešto što je malo i neutralno. Prema ovoj pretpostavci izlazi da je nastala energija pri beta raspadu raspodjeljena na elektron i <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>, tako da bi bio zadovoljen zakonu o očuvanju energije. Pretpostavka je bila i da neutrino odnosi i <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> od 1/2, tako da i ukupna vrijednost momenta količine gibanja bi bila jednaka 0 ili, čime bi bio zadovoljen i zakon o očuvanju momenta količine gibanja. </p><p>Na osnovu pretpostavki Wolfganga Paulija, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> je razradio <b>teoriju beta raspada</b>. Po njoj <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomska jezgra</a> ne sadrži slobodne elektrone i pozitrone, već samo <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protone</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleoni</a>). Elektroni i pozitroni koje emitira atomska jezgra, nastaju jedino kod beta raspada, zbog pretvorbe neutrona u protone i protona u neutrone, slično kao što u atomu nema <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a>, nego oni nastaju samo prilikom prelaska atoma iz jednog energetskog stanja u drugo. Mogućnost nastanka beta-čestica je uslovljeno stabilnošću atomske jezgre. Energija koja nastaje prilikom beta raspada rasporeduje se na beta-čestice i elektrone, odnosno pozitrone. Po toj teoriji postoje dvije vrste neutrina: neutrino i <b>antineutrino</b>. </p><p>Neutrino je otkriven tek 1956., a otkrio ga je <a href="/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Sjedinjene Američke Države">američki</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičar</a> Clyde Cowan, prilikom proučavanja <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_reakcija" title="Nuklearna reakcija">nuklearnih reakcija</a> u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearni_reaktor" title="Nuklearni reaktor">nuklearnom reaktoru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanci" title="Japanci">Japanski</a> fizičar <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukava" title="Hideki Jukava">Hideki Jukava</a> sa suradnicima je predvidio 1936., da atomi bogati protonima u atomskom jezgru, mogu uhvatiti elektron iz prve K-ljuske elektronskog omotača, čime bi se proton promijenio u neutron, uz istovremeno zračenje neutrina, što se naziva <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_uhvat" title="Elektronski uhvat">elektronski uhvat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svojstva_beta-čestica"><span id="Svojstva_beta-.C4.8Destica"></span>Svojstva beta-čestica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Svojstva beta-čestica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Svojstva beta-čestica"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">Brzina</a> beta-čestica je različita za radioaktivne elemente ili <a href="/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid">radionuklide</a>, a može iznositi od 75 000 do 298 000 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">km</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sekunda" title="Sekunda">s</a>, a to znači od 25% do 99% <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzine svjetlosti</a>. Najveća brzina je izmjerena kod beta raspada <a href="/wiki/Radij" title="Radij">radija</a>-226 i iznosi 99% brzine svjetlosti. Kako se brzina nekih beta-čestica približava brzinama svjetlosti, tako im se i <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> povećava prema <a href="/wiki/Posebna_teorija_relativnosti" title="Posebna teorija relativnosti">posebnoj teoriji relativnosti</a>. Pokusi su pokazali da masa elektrona postaje to veća, kako im se brzina povećava, ili da su mase brzih elektrona veće od njihovih masa u mirovanju. To je bio ujedno i dokaz posebne teorije relativnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">Energije</a> beta-čestica daju neprekinuti ili kontinuirani spektar energija i iznose od 0,025 do 3,15 M<a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a>. Postoji i manji dio beta-čestica koje nastaju naknadnim djelovanjem u elektronskom omotaču elektrona i one daju linijski spektar energije. Istraživanja su pokazala da beta-čestice imaju puno manju sposobnost <a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizacija">ionizacije</a> plinova od <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestica</a>, ali su im dometi puno veći, i do nekoliko metara (alfa-čestice imaju domet nekoliko centimetara). Beta-čestice mogu prodrijeti kroz <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olovni</a> lim debljine 1 mm, ali ih <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminijski</a> lim debljine 3 mm upija (apsorbira). Kod prolaza beta-čestica kroz neku tvar može nastati i <a href="/wiki/Zako%C4%8Dno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Zakočno zračenje">zakočno</a> <a href="/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" title="Rendgenske zrake">rendgensko zračenje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik">njem</a>. <i>bremsstrahlung</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_(minus)_raspad_ili_elektronsko_zračenje_(β−)"><span id="Beta_.28minus.29_raspad_ili_elektronsko_zra.C4.8Denje_.28.CE.B2.E2.88.92.29"></span>Beta (minus) raspad ili elektronsko zračenje (β<sup>−</sup>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Beta (minus) raspad ili elektronsko zračenje (β−)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Beta (minus) raspad ili elektronsko zračenje (β−)"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nestabilne <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> koje imaju višak <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> mogu spontano ostvariti beta (minus) raspad, gdje se neutron raspada u proton, uz zračenje elektrona i <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">antineutrina</a> (elektronski antineutrino ili antičestica neutrina): </p> <dl><dd>n → p + e<sup>-</sup> + ν<sub>e</sub>'</dd></dl> <p>Beta (minus) raspad nastaje zbog djelovanja <a href="/wiki/Slaba_nuklearna_sila" title="Slaba nuklearna sila">slabe nuklearne sile</a>. Taj postupak se obično javlja u nuklearnim reaktorima, ako u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearno_gorivo" title="Nuklearno gorivo">nuklearnom gorivu</a> ima nestabilnih atomskih jezgri s viškom neutrona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_(plus)_raspad_ili_pozitronsko_zračenje_(β+)"><span id="Beta_.28plus.29_raspad_ili_pozitronsko_zra.C4.8Denje_.28.CE.B2.2B.29"></span>Beta (plus) raspad ili pozitronsko zračenje (β<sup>+</sup>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Beta (plus) raspad ili pozitronsko zračenje (β+)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Beta (plus) raspad ili pozitronsko zračenje (β+)"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nestabilne atomske jezgre koje imaju višak <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> mogu spontano ostvariti beta (plus) raspad, gdje se proton raspada u neutron, uz zračenje pozitrona i neutrina (elektronski neutrino ili antičestica neutrina): </p> <dl><dd>p → n + e<sup>+</sup> + ν<sub>e</sub></dd></dl> <p>Beta (plus) raspad se može dogoditi samo unutar atomskog jezgra, kojem je <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_energija_vezanja" title="Nuklearna energija vezanja">nuklearna energija vezanja</a> novonastalog kemijskog elementa ili <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a> veća od nuklearne energije vezanja kemijskog elementa iz kojeg je radioaktivni raspad započeo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronski_uhvat">Elektronski uhvat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Elektronski uhvat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Elektronski uhvat"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ponekad se u beta raspad svrstava i <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_uhvat" title="Elektronski uhvat">elektronski uhvat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukava" title="Hideki Jukava">Hideki Jukava</a> sa suradnicima je predvidio 1936. da <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomi</a> bogati <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonima</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomskom jezgru</a>, mogu uhvatiti <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> iz prve K-ljuske elektronskog omotača, čime bi se proton promijenio u neutron, uz istovremeno zračenje neutrina, što se naziva elektronski uhvat: </p> <dl><dd>energija + p + e<sup>-</sup> → n + ν<sub>e</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primjena">Primjena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Primjena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Primjena"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta raspad se može koristiti za liječenje <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">očiju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rak_(bolest)" title="Rak (bolest)">raka kostiju</a>. Beta-čestice se najčešće dobivaju iz izotopa <a href="/wiki/Stroncij" title="Stroncij">stroncija</a>-90. U ispitivanju materijala koriste se i za mjerenje debljine tankih materijala, kao što je <a href="/wiki/Papir" title="Papir">papir</a>. Beta-čestice se koriste i za stvaranje <a href="/wiki/Beta_svjetlost" title="Beta svjetlost">beta svjetlosti</a>, koja nastaje ozračivanjem <a href="/wiki/Tricij" title="Tricij">tricija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija">fluorescentne</a> tvari. Beta (plus) raspad se koristi u <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalna_tomografija" title="Računalna tomografija">tomografiji</a> pozitronskim zračenjem (engl. <b>positron emission tomography</b> - PET scan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utjecaj_beta_raspada_na_žive_organizme"><span id="Utjecaj_beta_raspada_na_.C5.BEive_organizme"></span>Utjecaj beta raspada na žive organizme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Utjecaj beta raspada na žive organizme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Utjecaj beta raspada na žive organizme"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svijet u kojem živimo <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivan</a> je od svog postanka. Postoji oko 60 <a href="/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid">radionuklida</a> (radioaktivnih elemenata), koje možemo pronaći u tlu, zraku, vodi, hrani, a time i u svim živim bićima. Po tome kako su nastali dijele se na one koji su oduvijek prisutni na Zemlji, one koji nastaju kao posljedica djelovanja <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičkih zraka</a>, te one koji su posljedica ljudske <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologije</a>. </p><p>U prvoj su skupini radioaktivni elementi poput <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranija</a>-235, uranija-238, <a href="/wiki/Torij" title="Torij">torija</a>-232, <a href="/wiki/Radij" title="Radij">radija</a>-226, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radona</a>-222 ili <a href="/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij">kalija</a>-40. Oni potječu još iz vremena stvaranja Zemlje, a karakterizira ih vrlo dugo vrijeme poluraspada, čak i do milijardu godina (iznimka je plin radon, čiji je poluživot 3,8 dana). Kozmičko zračenje nas neprestano pogađa. Izvor mu je uglavnom izvan našeg <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sustav" title="Sunčev sustav">Sunčevog sustava</a>, a sastoji se od raznih oblika zračenja: od vrlo brzih teških čestica, pa do visokoenergijskih <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">miona</a>. Ono međudjeluje s atomima u gornjim slojevima atmosfere i tako proizvodi radionuklide, koji su najčešće kraćih vremena poluživota. To su, na primjer, <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-14" title="Ugljik-14">ugljik-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricij" title="Tricij">tricij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berilij" title="Berilij">berilij</a>-7 i drugi. </p><p>Ljudi su svojim djelovanjem, poglavito razvojem nuklearnih reaktora i testiranjem nuklearnog oružja, stvorili još neke radioaktivne elemente, poput <a href="/wiki/Stroncij" title="Stroncij">stroncija</a>-90, <a href="/wiki/Jod" title="Jod">joda</a>-129, joda-131, <a href="/wiki/Cezij" title="Cezij">cezija</a>-137, <a href="/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij">plutonija</a>-239 itd.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mjerne_jedinice_ionizirajućeg_zračenja"><span id="Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju.C4.87eg_zra.C4.8Denja"></span>Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja">Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja</a></div></i></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">Aktivnost radioaktivnog uzorka</a> mjeri se u <a href="/wiki/Bekerel" title="Bekerel">bekerelima</a> (Bq). Aktivnost od 1 Bq znači jedan raspad <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> u sekundi. Kako su aktivnosti uzoraka često vrlo velike u upotrebi je i veća jedinica, <a href="/wiki/Kiri" title="Kiri">kiri</a> (Ci). 1 Ci iznosi 3,7 • 10<sup>10</sup> Bq. </p><p>Da bi se mjerila <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a>, koju putem zračenja apsorbira određena tvar, koristi se jedinica <a href="/wiki/Grej" title="Grej">grej</a> (Gy). Omjer te energije i mase tijela koje ju apsorbira zove se <a href="/wiki/Apsorbirana_doza" title="Apsorbirana doza">apsorbirana doza</a>. Ako se <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> od 1 <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul" title="Džul">J</a> apsorbira u 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> tvari govorimo o apsorbiranoj dozi od 1 Gy. Ovako definirana doza ne govori ništa o biološkim učincima apsorbiranog zračenja. Svaka vrsta zračenja (α, β, γ) ima drugačiji utjecaj na žive stanice, koji se opisuje <b>faktorom Q</b>. Zato se definira <a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentna_doza" title="Ekvivalentna doza">ekvivalentna doza</a>, koju dobijemo tako da apsorbiranu dozu pomnožimo faktorom Q. Jedinica za ekvivalentnu dozu je <a href="/wiki/Sivert" title="Sivert">sivert</a> (Sv).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://chem.grf.unizg.hr/media/download_gallery/2.predavanje_09..pdf">[1]</a><sup>[<span style="color:#a44"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Provjerljivost" title="Wikipedija:Provjerljivost">neaktivna poveznica</a></i></span>]</sup> "Kemija I", chem.grf.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nek.si/hr/o_nuklearnoj_tehnologiji/nuklearno_gorivo/od_rude_do_zutog_kolaca/">[2]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731082259/http://www.nek.si/hr/o_nuklearnoj_tehnologiji/nuklearno_gorivo/od_rude_do_zutog_kolaca/">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 31. srpnja 2017. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Od rude do žutog kolača", Nuklearna elektrana Krško, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://eskola.hfd.hr/fiz_sva_stva/nek/fisija.html">[3]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205224130/http://eskola.hfd.hr/fiz_sva_stva/nek/fisija.html">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 5. veljače 2017. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "4.1 FIZIKA NEK-a - Fisija", Nuklearna elektrana Krško, e-škola, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fer.unizg.hr/_download/repository/UNE_compl_r1_-_ver_4_DF.pdf">[4]</a><sup>[<span style="color:#a44"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Provjerljivost" title="Wikipedija:Provjerljivost">neaktivna poveznica</a></i></span>]</sup> "Uvod u nuklearnu energetiku", Prof. dr. sc. Danilo Feretić, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.radiobiologija.vef.unizg.hr/skripta/RAD11-20.htm">[5]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125114645/http://www.radiobiologija.vef.unizg.hr/skripta/RAD11-20.htm">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 25. studenoga 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Jedinica radioaktivnosti", www.radiobiologija.vef.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://personal.unizd.hr/~mdzela/nastava/KTF.pdf">[6]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705051127/http://personal.unizd.hr/~mdzela/nastava/KTF.pdf">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 5. srpnja 2010. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Ionizirajuće zračenje u biosferi", Mile Dželalija, Kemijsko-tehnološki fakultet, Sveučilište u Splitu, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&oldid=6604076">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_raspad&oldid=6604076</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Nuklearna_fizika" title="Kategorija:Nuklearna fizika">Nuklearna fizika</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrivena kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_s_neaktivnim_poveznicama" title="Kategorija:Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama">Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 13. ožujka 2023. u 14:02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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