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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aktivnost_radioaktivnog_uzorka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aktivnost_radioaktivnog_uzorka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aktivnost radioaktivnog uzorka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aktivnost_radioaktivnog_uzorka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekspozicija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekspozicija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ekspozicija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekspozicija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apsorbirana_doza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apsorbirana_doza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Apsorbirana doza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apsorbirana_doza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekvivalentna_doza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekvivalentna_doza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekvivalentna doza</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekvivalentna_doza-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Ekvivalentna doza</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekvivalentna_doza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efektivna_ekvivalentna_doza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efektivna_ekvivalentna_doza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Efektivna ekvivalentna doza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efektivna_ekvivalentna_doza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 4 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation#Measurement" title="Ionizing radiation – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ionizing radiation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_unit%C3%A9s_de_mesure_de_radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Liste des unités de mesure de radioactivité – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des unités de mesure de radioactivité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռադիոակտիվության միավորներ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոակտիվության միավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3447572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/wiki/Datoteka:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/250px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/375px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/500px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Znak za opasnost od <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnosti</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Rd1503.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rd1503.jpg/250px-Rd1503.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rd1503.jpg/375px-Rd1503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rd1503.jpg/500px-Rd1503.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Primjer modernog osobnog <a href="/wiki/Dozimetar" title="Dozimetar">dozimetra</a> (Radex RD1503).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg/250px-Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg/375px-Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg/500px-Direct-reading_dosimeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Penkala <a href="/wiki/Dozimetar" title="Dozimetar">dozimetar</a> za direktno očitavanje.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja</b> su <a href="/wiki/Standard" title="Standard">standardne</a> <a href="/wiki/Mjerne_jedinice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mjerne jedinice">mjerne jedinice</a> za mjerenje <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajućeg zračenja</a>, ukljućujući mjerne jedinice za <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">aktivnost radioaktivnog uzorka</a>, kao i doze ionizirajućeg zračenja koje ozrači neku materiju, pogotovo ljude. Trenutno su važeće <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sustav_mjernih_jedinica" title="Međunarodni sustav mjernih jedinica">SI</a> mjerne jedinice zamijenile neke starije mjerne jedinice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aktivnost_radioaktivnog_uzorka">Aktivnost radioaktivnog uzorka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Aktivnost radioaktivnog uzorka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Aktivnost radioaktivnog uzorka"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Aktivnost_radioaktivnog_izvora" title="Aktivnost radioaktivnog izvora">Aktivnost radioaktivnog izvora</a></div></i></div> <p>Kada govorimo o aktivnosti radioaktivnog uzorka ili onda obično mislimo na ukupnu <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnost</a>, a ona je izražena brojem raspada <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> u jedinici <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" title="Vrijeme (fizika)">vremena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SI mjerna jedinica: 1 <a href="/wiki/Bekerel" title="Bekerel">bekerel</a> (Bq) = 1 raspad u sekundi </p><p>Mjerna jedinica izvan SI (starija): 1 <a href="/wiki/Kiri" title="Kiri">kiri</a> (Ci) = 3,7 10<sup>10</sup> raspada u sekundi </p><p>Pretvaranje: 1 Ci = 3,7 10<sup>10</sup> Bq </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekspozicija">Ekspozicija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Ekspozicija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekspozicija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Ekspozicija_(zra%C4%8Denje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspozicija (zračenje)">Ekspozicija (zračenje)</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Ekspozicija</b> je zbroj <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električnih naboja</a> svih <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> istog naboja stvorenih u jedinici <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">mase</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_tvar" title="Kemijska tvar">tvari</a> pri prolasku <a href="/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" title="Rendgenske zrake">rendgenskih</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Gama-%C4%8Destica" title="Gama-čestica">gama zraka</a>. Kratica za ekspoziciju je <i>X</i>. </p><p>Jedinica ekspozicije izvan SI sustava je <a href="/wiki/Rendgen" title="Rendgen">rendgen</a> (R); 1<a href="/wiki/Kulon" title="Kulon">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> = 3867 R. </p><p>Pretvaranje: 1 rendgen (R) = 258 mikrokulona po kilogramu (µC/kg) </p><p>ili 1C/kg = 3867 R </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apsorbirana_doza">Apsorbirana doza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Apsorbirana doza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Apsorbirana doza"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Apsorbirana_doza" title="Apsorbirana doza">Apsorbirana doza</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Apsorbirana doza</b> (skraćeno doza; D) je količina <a href="/wiki/Energije" class="mw-redirect" title="Energije">energije</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajućeg zračenja</a> koju apsorbira <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_tvar" title="Kemijska tvar">tvar</a> na koju zračenje djeluje. </p><p>SI mjerna jedinica: 1 <a href="/wiki/Grej" title="Grej">grej</a> (Gy) = 1 <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul" title="Džul">J</a>/kg; 1 grej (Gy) predstavlja 1 J (džul) energije koju je ionizirajuće zračenje predalo 1 kilogramu (kg) tvari. </p><p>Mjerna jedinica izvan SI (starija): 1 <a href="/wiki/Rad_(jedinica)" title="Rad (jedinica)">rad</a> = 0,01 Gy; prije uvođenja SI jedinica, jedinica za apsorbiranu dozu bila rad (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl</a>. <i>Radiation Absorbed Dose</i>). </p><p>Pretvaranje: 1 Gy = 100 rad ili 1 rad = 0,01 Gy </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekvivalentna_doza">Ekvivalentna doza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Ekvivalentna doza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekvivalentna doza"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentna_doza" title="Ekvivalentna doza">Ekvivalentna doza</a></div></i></div> <p>Kako apsorbirana doza, u različitim uvjetima, ne izražava dovoljno precizno težinu štetnih učinaka zračenja na <a href="/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam">organizam</a>, uveden je pojam ekvivalentne doze (ekvivalentan - jednakomjeran, istog značaja). <a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentna_doza" title="Ekvivalentna doza">Ekvivalentna doza</a> ili <b>dozni ekvivalent</b> (H, eng. RBE – <i>Relative Biological Effectiveness</i>) je jednaka umnošku apsorbirane doze (D), <b>faktora kvaliteta</b> (Q), i proizvoda ostalih čimbenika (N). </p><p>Jedinica za ekvivalentnu dozu je Sv (<a href="/wiki/Sivert" title="Sivert">sivert</a>, Sv = J/kg). </p><p>Dakle: </p> <dl><dd><b>H = D x Q x N</b></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>H</i> - ekvivalentna doza ili dozni ekvivalent u Sv (<a href="/wiki/Sivert" title="Sivert">sivert</a>; Sv = J/kg), <i>D</i> - <a href="/wiki/Apsorbirana_doza" title="Apsorbirana doza">apsorbirana doza</a> Gy (<a href="/wiki/Grej" title="Grej">grej</a>; Gy = J/kg), <i>Q</i> - faktor kvalitete je faktor kojim trebamo pomnožiti apsorbiranu dozu (D) kako bi saznali kolika je šteta nanesena ozračenim jedinkama bilo kojom vrstom <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajućeg zračenja</a>. <i>Q</i> ovisi o linearnom prijenosu energije (LPE) pojedinih vrsta zraka, <i>N</i> - proizvod svih ostalih modifikacijskih čimbenika, za sada se uzima <i>N</i> = 1. Vrijednosti <i>Q</i> iznose: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" title="Rendgenske zrake">rendgensko zračenje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gama-%C4%8Destica" title="Gama-čestica">gama zračenje</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-čestice</a>: Q = 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestice</a>: Q = 20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> nepoznate energije: Q = 10 (ako znamo energiju neutron, za više detalja vrijednosti Q treba pogledati u dokumentu 10 CFR 20.1004).</li></ul> <p>SI mjerna jedinica: 1 <a href="/wiki/Sivert" title="Sivert">sivert</a> (Sv) = 1 J/kg; 1 sivert predstavlja umnožak <a href="/wiki/Grej" title="Grej">grej</a> x Q </p><p>Mjerna jedinica izvan SI (starija): 1 <a href="/wiki/Rem_(jedinica)" title="Rem (jedinica)">rem</a> je umnožak <a href="/wiki/Rad_(jedinica)" title="Rad (jedinica)">rad</a> x Q, a sto puta je manja jedinica od Sv. </p><p>Pretvaranje: 1 Sv = 100 rem ili 1 rem = 0,01 Sv </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efektivna_ekvivalentna_doza">Efektivna ekvivalentna doza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Efektivna ekvivalentna doza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Efektivna ekvivalentna doza"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Efektivna ekvivalentna doza</b> ili <b>EED</b> (H = Σ W<sub>t</sub> H<sub>t</sub>) se odnosi za pojedina <a href="/wiki/Tkivo" title="Tkivo">tkiva</a>. <i>H<sub>t</sub></i> je srednja ekvivalentna doza u tkivu <i>t</i>. Svatko tkivo ima svoju ekvivalentnu dozu. <i>W<sub>t</sub></i> je težinski faktor, odnosno faktor rizika za tkivo <i>t</i>. <i>W<sub>t</sub></i> predstavlja udio štetnosti stohastičkih učinaka koja se razvija u tkivu <i>t</i>, a u odnosu na cijeli organizam. Zračenje uz odmah vidljive učinke izaziva i kasne učinke koji se mogu iskazati i više godina nakon prestanka zračenja. To su stohastički učinci (eng. <i>stochastic</i> – koji se ne može predvidjeti) - kasne promjene nastale kao posljedica zračenja; <a href="/wiki/Karcinom" title="Karcinom">karcinomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukemija" title="Leukemija">leukemije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetske</a> promjene. Pri tome se ne radi o velikim dozama zračenja koje mogu izazvati vidljiva oštećenja, već o malim dozama. </p><p>Kada je ozračeno cijelo tijelo onda je rizik (štetnost) od stohastičkih učinaka 1 (100%). Faktor rizika – težinski faktor za pojedine dijelove tijela (ICRP 1977.): </p> <ul><li>cijelo <a href="/wiki/Tijelo_(biologija)" title="Tijelo (biologija)">tijelo</a>: W<sub>t</sub> =1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajnik" title="Jajnik">jajnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testis</a>: Wt = 0,25 (25%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tana_sr%C5%BE" title="Koštana srž">koštana srž</a>: W<sub>t</sub> = 0,12 (12%)</li> <li>površina <a href="/wiki/Kost" title="Kost">kostiju</a>: W<sub>t</sub> = 0,03 (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0titna_%C5%BElijezda" title="Štitna žlijezda">štitna žlijezda</a>: W<sub>t</sub> = 0,03 (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsni_ko%C5%A1" title="Prsni koš">prsni koš</a>: W<sub>t</sub> = 0,15 (15%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plu%C4%87a" title="Pluća">pluća</a>: W<sub>t</sub> = 0,12 (12%)</li> <li>ostala <a href="/wiki/Tkivo" title="Tkivo">tkiva</a>: W<sub>t</sub> = 0,30 (30%)</li></ul> <p>Na primjer ako cijelo tijelo (sva tkiva) budu kontaminirana zračenjem intenziteta 1 Sv, rizik od stohastičkih učinaka će biti 1 (100%). A, ako se čovjek pijući <a href="/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko">mlijeko</a> kontaminirao s <a href="/wiki/Jod" title="Jod">jodom</a>-131 i ako je samo štitna žlijezda primila ekvivalentnu dozu od 1 Sv, šteta (opasnost od štete) će biti takva kao da je cijeli organizam primio dozu od 0,03 Sv. Tu smo dozu dobili tako da dozu kontaminacije štitnjače pomnožimo s težinskim faktorom W<sub>t</sub>. </p><p>Za svaki organizam je potrebno izračunati ekvivalentnu dozu. Ekvivalentna doza potpunije pokazuje kolika je stvarna opasnost od šteta koje zračenje izaziva (ekvivalentna doza = doza zračenja x faktor kvalitete zračenja). Ekvivalentna doza se odnosi samo na vanjsko zračenje. ICRP (engl. <i>International Commission for Radioactivity Protection</i>) preporuke za granice ekvivalentnih doza na godinu:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>profesionalno ozračenje: 50 mSv</li> <li>ozračenje pojedinca: 5 mSv</li> <li>ozračenje stanovništva: 1 mSv</li></ul> <p>Efektivna ekvivalentna doza je veća jer se <a href="/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid">radionuklidi</a> unose u organizam <a href="/wiki/Hrana" title="Hrana">hranom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodom</a>, zrakom i ugrađuju se u tijelo. Neki radionuklidi se ugrade u kosti, neki u pluća; svaki dio tijela je ozračen, ali ne jednako. Postoji pravilnik o zaštiti od ionizacijskog zračenja koji je donijela ICRP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://personal.unizd.hr/~mdzela/nastava/KTF.pdf">[1]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705051127/http://personal.unizd.hr/~mdzela/nastava/KTF.pdf">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 5. srpnja 2010. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Ionizirajuće zračenje u biosferi", Mile Dželalija, Kemijsko-tehnološki fakultet, Sveučilište u Splitu, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.radiobiologija.vef.unizg.hr/skripta/RAD11-20.htm">[2]</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125114645/http://www.radiobiologija.vef.unizg.hr/skripta/RAD11-20.htm">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 25. studenoga 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "Jedinica radioaktivnosti", www.radiobiologija.vef.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fer.unizg.hr/_download/repository/UNE_compl_r1_-_ver_4_DF.pdf">[3]</a><sup>[<span style="color:#a44"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Provjerljivost" title="Wikipedija:Provjerljivost">neaktivna poveznica</a></i></span>]</sup> "Uvod u nuklearnu energetiku", prof. dr. sc. Danilo Feretić, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ionizirajućeg_zračenja&oldid=6411316">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mjerne_jedinice_ionizirajućeg_zračenja&oldid=6411316</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Mjerne_jedinice" title="Kategorija:Mjerne jedinice">Mjerne jedinice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Nuklearna_fizika" title="Kategorija:Nuklearna fizika">Nuklearna fizika</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrivena kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_s_neaktivnim_poveznicama" title="Kategorija:Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama">Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 13. lipnja 2022. u 17:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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