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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="পানির বাষ্পীয় চাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানির বাষ্পীয় চাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_de_vapor_de_l%27aigua" title="Pressió de vapor de l'aigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pressió de vapor de l'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vands_damptryk" title="Vands damptryk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vands damptryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in gaseous form</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right"> <caption style="white-space:nowrap">Vapor pressure of water (0–100 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><i>T</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a></th> <th><i>T</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0F" class="mw-redirect" title="°F">°F</a></th> <th><i>P</i>, <a href="/wiki/KPa" class="mw-redirect" title="KPa">kPa</a></th> <th><i>P</i>, <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a></th> <th><i>P</i>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>32</td> <td>0.6113</td> <td>4.5851</td> <td>0.0060 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>41</td> <td>0.8726</td> <td>6.5450</td> <td>0.0086 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>50</td> <td>1.2281</td> <td>9.2115</td> <td>0.0121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>59</td> <td>1.7056</td> <td>12.7931</td> <td>0.0168 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>68</td> <td>2.3388</td> <td>17.5424</td> <td>0.0231 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>77</td> <td>3.1690</td> <td>23.7695</td> <td>0.0313 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>86</td> <td>4.2455</td> <td>31.8439</td> <td>0.0419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>95</td> <td>5.6267</td> <td>42.2037</td> <td>0.0555 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>104</td> <td>7.3814</td> <td>55.3651</td> <td>0.0728 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>113</td> <td>9.5898</td> <td>71.9294</td> <td>0.0946 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>122</td> <td>12.3440</td> <td>92.5876</td> <td>0.1218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>131</td> <td>15.7520</td> <td>118.1497</td> <td>0.1555 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>140</td> <td>19.9320</td> <td>149.5023</td> <td>0.1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>149</td> <td>25.0220</td> <td>187.6804</td> <td>0.2469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>158</td> <td>31.1760</td> <td>233.8392</td> <td>0.3077 </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>167</td> <td>38.5630</td> <td>289.2463</td> <td>0.3806 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>176</td> <td>47.3730</td> <td>355.3267</td> <td>0.4675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>185</td> <td>57.8150</td> <td>433.6482</td> <td>0.5706 </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>194</td> <td>70.1170</td> <td>525.9208</td> <td>0.6920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>203</td> <td>84.5290</td> <td>634.0196</td> <td>0.8342 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>212</td> <td>101.3200</td> <td>759.9625</td> <td>1.0000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>vapor pressure of water</b> is the pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in gaseous form (whether pure or in a mixture with other gases such as air). The <b>saturation vapor pressure</b> is the pressure at which <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> is <a href="/wiki/Saturated_vapor" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated vapor">in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state</a>. At pressures higher than saturation vapor pressure, <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a> would <a href="/wiki/Condense" class="mw-redirect" title="Condense">condense</a>, while at lower pressures it would <a href="/wiki/Evaporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporate">evaporate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimate</a>. The saturation vapor pressure of water increases with increasing <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and can be determined with the <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of water is the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure. Water <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> below its normal freezing point has a higher vapor pressure than that of ice at the same temperature and is, thus, unstable. </p><p>Calculations of the (saturation) vapor pressure of water are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>. The temperature-vapor pressure relation inversely describes the relation between the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of water and the pressure. This is relevant to both <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">pressure cooking</a> and cooking at high altitudes. An understanding of vapor pressure is also relevant in explaining high altitude <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approximation_formulas">Approximation formulas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Approximation formulas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many published approximations for calculating saturated vapor pressure over water and over ice. Some of these are (in approximate order of increasing accuracy): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Formula </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Eq. 1" (August equation) </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=\exp \left(20.386-{\frac {5132}{T}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>20.386</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>5132</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=\exp \left(20.386-{\frac {5132}{T}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c7c391e01a66ff47b295763e300773d42d24478" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.603ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=\exp \left(20.386-{\frac {5132}{T}}\right)}"></span> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> is the vapour pressure in <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> is the temperature in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>. Constants are unattributed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Antoine_equation" title="Antoine equation">Antoine equation</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{10}P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{10}P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c410f680f2c8c1448e11c5ea111ba2c7f819e8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:21.742ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{10}P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> is in <a href="/wiki/Degrees_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees Celsius">degrees Celsius</a> (°C) and the vapour pressure <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> is in <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a>. The (unattributed) constants are given as <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> </th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">B</span> </th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">C</span> </th> <th><span class="texhtml"><i>T</i><sub>min</sub></span>, °C </th> <th><span class="texhtml"><i>T</i><sub>max</sub></span>, °C </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>8.07131</td> <td>1730.63</td> <td>233.426</td> <td>1</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>8.14019</td> <td>1810.94</td> <td>244.485</td> <td>100</td> <td>374 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August-Roche-Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="August-Roche-Magnus">August-Roche-Magnus</a> (or Magnus-Tetens or Magnus) equation </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=0.61094\exp \left({\frac {17.625T}{T+243.04}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.61094</mn> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>17.625</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>243.04</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=0.61094\exp \left({\frac {17.625T}{T+243.04}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e992a28b0fbfc7da02da38d81d0fe927ce976604" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.598ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=0.61094\exp \left({\frac {17.625T}{T+243.04}}\right)}"></span> </td> <td>Temperature <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> is in °C and vapour pressure <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> is in <a href="/wiki/Kilopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilopascal">kilopascals</a> (kPa). The coefficients given here correspond to equation 21 in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996).<sup id="cite_ref-hswref_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hswref-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>See also <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation#Meteorology_and_climatology" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">discussion of Clausius-Clapeyron approximations used in meteorology and climatology</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetens_equation" title="Tetens equation">Tetens equation</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=0.61078\exp \left({\frac {17.27T}{T+237.3}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.61078</mn> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>17.27</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>237.3</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=0.61078\exp \left({\frac {17.27T}{T+237.3}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e352da17cda89eab7e69b722f766db26b437f7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.436ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=0.61078\exp \left({\frac {17.27T}{T+237.3}}\right)}"></span> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> is in °C and  <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> is in kPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Arden_Buck_equation" title="Arden Buck equation">Buck equation</a>. </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=0.61121\exp \left(\left(18.678-{\frac {T}{234.5}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{257.14+T}}\right)\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.61121</mn> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>18.678</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>T</mi> <mn>234.5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mn>257.14</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=0.61121\exp \left(\left(18.678-{\frac {T}{234.5}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{257.14+T}}\right)\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/305bc1d601a4199e351394afd746d06ebc52ff52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:54.26ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=0.61121\exp \left(\left(18.678-{\frac {T}{234.5}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{257.14+T}}\right)\right)}"></span> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> is in °C and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> is in kPa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Goff-Gratch_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Goff-Gratch equation">Goff-Gratch (1946) equation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2">(See article; too long) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accuracy_of_different_formulations">Accuracy of different formulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accuracy of different formulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here is a comparison of the accuracies of these different explicit formulations, showing saturation vapor pressures for liquid water in kPa, calculated at six temperatures with their percentage error from the table values of Lide (2005): </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> (°C)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Lide Table)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Eq 1)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Antoine)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Magnus)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Tetens)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Buck)</th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">P</span> (Goff-Gratch) </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td>0.6113</td> <td>0.6593 (+7.85%)</td> <td>0.6056 (-0.93%)</td> <td>0.6109 (-0.06%)</td> <td>0.6108 (-0.09%)</td> <td>0.6112 (-0.01%)</td> <td>0.6089 (-0.40%) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>20</td> <td>2.3388</td> <td>2.3755 (+1.57%)</td> <td>2.3296 (-0.39%)</td> <td>2.3334 (-0.23%)</td> <td>2.3382 (+0.05%)</td> <td>2.3383 (-0.02%)</td> <td>2.3355 (-0.14%) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>35</td> <td>5.6267</td> <td>5.5696 (-1.01%)</td> <td>5.6090 (-0.31%)</td> <td>5.6176 (-0.16%)</td> <td>5.6225 (+0.04%)</td> <td>5.6268 (+0.00%)</td> <td>5.6221 (-0.08%) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>50</td> <td>12.344</td> <td>12.065 (-2.26%)</td> <td>12.306 (-0.31%)</td> <td>12.361 (+0.13%)</td> <td>12.336 (+0.08%)</td> <td>12.349 (+0.04%)</td> <td>12.338 (-0.05%) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>75</td> <td>38.563</td> <td>37.738 (-2.14%)</td> <td>38.463 (-0.26%)</td> <td>39.000 (+1.13%)</td> <td>38.646 (+0.40%)</td> <td>38.595 (+0.08%)</td> <td>38.555 (-0.02%) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100</td> <td>101.32</td> <td>101.31 (-0.01%)</td> <td>101.34 (+0.02%)</td> <td>104.077 (+2.72%)</td> <td>102.21 (+1.10%)</td> <td>101.31 (-0.01%)</td> <td>101.32 (0.00%) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>A more detailed discussion of accuracy and considerations of the inaccuracy in temperature measurements is presented in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996). The analysis here shows the simple unattributed formula and the Antoine equation are reasonably accurate at 100 °C, but quite poor for lower temperatures above freezing. <a href="/wiki/Tetens_equation" title="Tetens equation">Tetens</a> is much more accurate over the range from 0 to 50 °C and very competitive at 75 °C, but Antoine's is superior at 75 °C and above. The unattributed formula must have zero error at around 26 °C, but is of very poor accuracy outside a narrow range. Tetens' equations are generally much more accurate and arguably more straightforward for use at everyday temperatures (e.g., in meteorology). As expected,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Arden_Buck_equation" title="Arden Buck equation">Buck's equation</a> for <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> > 0 °C is significantly more accurate than Tetens, and its superiority increases markedly above 50 °C, though it is more complicated to use. The Buck equation is even superior to the more complex <a href="/wiki/Goff%E2%80%93Gratch_equation" title="Goff–Gratch equation">Goff-Gratch equation</a> over the range needed for practical meteorology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerical_approximations">Numerical approximations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Numerical approximations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For serious computation, Lowe (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe1977_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed two pairs of equations for temperatures above and below freezing, with different levels of accuracy. They are all very accurate (compared to <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius-Clapeyron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goff%E2%80%93Gratch_equation" title="Goff–Gratch equation">Goff-Gratch</a>) but use nested polynomials for very efficient computation. However, there are more recent reviews of possibly superior formulations, notably Wexler (1976, 1977),<sup id="cite_ref-Wexler1976_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler1976-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wexler1977_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler1977-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported by Flatau et al. (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-Flatau1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flatau1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of modern use of these formulae can additionally be found in NASA's GISS Model-E and Seinfeld and Pandis (2006). The former is an extremely simple Antoine equation, while the latter is a polynomial.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 a new physics-inspired approximation formula was devised and tested by Huang <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also reviews other recent attempts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphical_pressure_dependency_on_temperature">Graphical pressure dependency on temperature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphical pressure dependency on temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vapor_Pressure_of_Water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vapor_Pressure_of_Water.png/600px-Vapor_Pressure_of_Water.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vapor_Pressure_of_Water.png/900px-Vapor_Pressure_of_Water.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Vapor_Pressure_of_Water.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Vapour pressure diagrams of water; data taken from <a href="/wiki/Dortmund_Data_Bank" title="Dortmund Data Bank">Dortmund Data Bank</a>. Graphics shows <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of water.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">Dew point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laws" title="Gas laws">Gas laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Kesler_method" title="Lee–Kesler method">Lee–Kesler method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLide2004" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R., ed. 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CRC Press. pp. 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pages=6-8&rft.edition=85th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDll8hA006AC%26pg%3DSA6-PA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hswref-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hswref_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlduchovEskridge1996" class="citation journal cs1">Alduchov, O.A.; Eskridge, R.E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc693874/">"Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapor pressure"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Meteorology</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 601–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApMe..35..601A">1996JApMe..35..601A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281996%29035%3C0601%3AIMFAOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0601:IMFAOS>2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Improved+Magnus+form+approximation+of+saturation+vapor+pressure&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=601-9&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0450%281996%29035%3C0601%3AIMFAOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JApMe..35..601A&rft.aulast=Alduchov&rft.aufirst=O.A.&rft.au=Eskridge%2C+R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc693874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goff, J.A., and Gratch, S. 1946. Low-pressure properties of water from −160 to 212 °F. <i>In</i> Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, pp 95–122, presented at the 52nd annual meeting of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe1977-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe1977_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1977" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, P.R. 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(1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312760">"Vapor pressure formulation for water in range 0 to 100°C. A revision"</a>. <i>Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A</i>. <b>80A</b> (5–6): 775–785. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.080a.071">10.6028/jres.080a.071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312760">5312760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32196299">32196299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards+Section+A&rft.atitle=Vapor+pressure+formulation+for+water+in+range+0+to+100%C2%B0C.+A+revision&rft.volume=80A&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=775-785&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312760%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32196299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2Fjres.080a.071&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexler1977-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wexler1977_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wexler, A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295832">"Vapor pressure formulation for ice"</a>. <i>Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A</i>. <b>81A</b> (1): 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.081a.003">10.6028/jres.081a.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295832">5295832</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards+Section+A&rft.atitle=Vapor+pressure+formulation+for+ice&rft.volume=81A&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5295832%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2Fjres.081a.003&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5295832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flatau1992-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flatau1992_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatauWalkoCotton1992" class="citation journal cs1">Flatau, P.J.; Walko, R.L.; Cotton, W.R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1507%3APFTSVP%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Polynomial fits to saturation vapor pressure"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Meteorology</i>. <b>31</b> (12): 1507–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JApMe..31.1507F">1992JApMe..31.1507F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1507%3APFTSVP%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1507:PFTSVP>2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Polynomial+fits+to+saturation+vapor+pressure&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1507-13&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1507%3APFTSVP%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JApMe..31.1507F&rft.aulast=Flatau&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=Walko%2C+R.L.&rft.au=Cotton%2C+W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0450%25281992%2529031%253C1507%253APFTSVP%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemenzi" class="citation web cs1">Clemenzi, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mc-computing.com/Science_Facts/Water_Vapor/Formulas.html">"Water Vapor - Formulas"</a>. <i>mc-computing.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mc-computing.com&rft.atitle=Water+Vapor+-+Formulas&rft.aulast=Clemenzi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmc-computing.com%2FScience_Facts%2FWater_Vapor%2FFormulas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Jianhua (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26500764">"A Simple Accurate Formula for Calculating Saturation Vapor Pressure of Water and Ice"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 1265–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+and+Climatology&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Accurate+Formula+for+Calculating+Saturation+Vapor+Pressure+of+Water+and+Ice&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1265-72.&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26500764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/seawater/">"Thermophysical properties of seawater"</a>. <i>Matlab, EES and Excel VBA library routines</i>. MIT. 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matlab%2C+EES+and+Excel+VBA+library+routines&rft.atitle=Thermophysical+properties+of+seawater&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fseawater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnettAndertonGarnett1997" class="citation book cs1">Garnett, Pat; Anderton, John D; Garnett, Pamela J (1997). <i>Chemistry Laboratory Manual For Senior Secondary School</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-86764-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-86764-2"><bdi>978-0-582-86764-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+Laboratory+Manual+For+Senior+Secondary+School&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-582-86764-2&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Anderton%2C+John+D&rft.au=Garnett%2C+Pamela+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyKoop2005" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, D.M.; Koop, T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1236243">"Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society</i>. <b>131</b> (608): 1539–65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QJRMS.131.1539M">2005QJRMS.131.1539M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1256%2Fqj.04.94">10.1256/qj.04.94</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122365938">122365938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+vapour+pressures+of+ice+and+supercooled+water+for+atmospheric+applications&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=608&rft.pages=1539-65&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122365938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1256%2Fqj.04.94&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005QJRMS.131.1539M&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Koop%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1236243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeight2004" class="citation book cs1">Speight, James G. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langeshandbookof70edlang"><i>Lange's Handbook of Chemistry</i></a></span> (16th ed.). McGraw-Hil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071432207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071432207"><bdi>978-0071432207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lange%27s+Handbook+of+Chemistry&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hil&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0071432207&rft.aulast=Speight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flangeshandbookof70edlang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_pressure_of_water&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVömel2016" class="citation web cs1">Vömel, Holger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623040102/http://cires1.colorado.edu/~voemel/vp.html">"Saturation vapor pressure formulations"</a>. Boulder CO: Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cires1.colorado.edu/~voemel/vp.html">the original</a> on June 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturation+vapor+pressure+formulations&rft.place=Boulder+CO&rft.pub=Earth+Observing+Laboratory%2C+National+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6mel&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcires1.colorado.edu%2F~voemel%2Fvp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/epz/wxcalc_vaporpressure">"Vapor Pressure Calculator"</a>. National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vapor+Pressure+Calculator&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fepz%2Fwxcalc_vaporpressure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapour+pressure+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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