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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkembangan_historis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Perkembangan historis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perkembangan_historis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_republik_parlementer_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_republik_parlementer_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Daftar republik parlementer modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_republik_parlementer_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Republik parlementer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 73 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarische_Republik" title="Parlamentarische Republik – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parlamentarische Republik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية برلمانية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية برلمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parllamentaria" title="República parllamentaria – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República parllamentaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentli_respublika" title="Parlamentli respublika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parlamentli respublika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламенцкая рэспубліка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парламенцкая рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парлямэнцкая рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парлямэнцкая рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентарна република – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парламентарна република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সংসদীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংসদীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlament%C3%A0ria" title="República parlamentària – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República parlamentària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentn%C3%AD_republika" title="Parlamentní republika – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parlamentní republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisk_republik" title="Parlamentarisk republik – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parlamentarisk republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarische_Republik" title="Parlamentarische Republik – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parlamentarische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyeto_parlamenter" title="Cumhuriyeto parlamenter – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyeto parlamenter" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parliamentary republic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamenta_respubliko" title="Parlamenta respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parlamenta respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlamentaria" title="República parlamentaria – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentaarne_vabariik" title="Parlamentaarne vabariik – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parlamentaarne vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errepublika_parlamentario" title="Errepublika parlamentario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errepublika parlamentario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمهوری پارلمانی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری پارلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentaarinen_tasavalta" title="Parlamentaarinen tasavalta – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parlamentaarinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_parlementaire" title="République parlementaire – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République parlementaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiche_parlament%C3%A2r" title="Republiche parlamentâr – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Republiche parlamentâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemint%C3%AAre_republyk" title="Parlemintêre republyk – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parlemintêre republyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlamentaria" title="República parlamentaria – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_pharlamaidagh" title="Pobblaght pharlamaidagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght pharlamaidagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רפובליקה פרלמנטרית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפובליקה פרלמנטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संसदीय गणतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संसदीय गणतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarna_republika" title="Parlamentarna republika – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parlamentarna republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament%C3%A1ris_k%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Parlamentáris köztársaság – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parlamentáris köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդարանական հանրապետություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորհրդարանական հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentario_a_republika" title="Parlamentario a republika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Parlamentario a republika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_parlamentare" title="Repubblica parlamentare – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="議会共和制 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="議会共和制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламенттік республика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парламенттік республика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C" title="의회공화제 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의회공화제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламенттик республика – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парламенттик республика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublica_parlamentaria" title="Respublica parlamentaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Respublica parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_parlamentaria" title="Repuvlika parlamentaria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Parlament%C3%A2" title="Repubbrica Parlamentâ – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Parlamentâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_parlamentar" title="Republega parlamentar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega parlamentar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republ%C3%ADki_ya_palem%C3%A1" title="Republíki ya palemá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Republíki ya palemá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentin%C4%97_respublika" title="Parlamentinė respublika – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parlamentinė respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament%C4%81ra_republika" title="Parlamentāra republika – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parlamentāra republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Парламентонь республикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Парламентонь республикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентарна република – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парламентарна република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbreca_parlamentare" title="Repubbreca parlamentare – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Repubbreca parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlementaire_republiek" title="Parlementaire republiek – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parlementaire republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisk_republikk" title="Parlamentarisk republikk – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parlamentarisk republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸੰਸਦੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਸਦੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_parlamentarna" title="Republika parlamentarna – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika parlamentarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlamentarista" title="República parlamentarista – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República parlamentarista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%C4%83_parlamentar%C4%83" title="Republică parlamentară – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republică parlamentară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентская республика – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парламентская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairlamentary_republic" title="Pairlamentary republic – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pairlamentary republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarna_republika" title="Parlamentarna republika – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parlamentarna republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parliamentary republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentn%C3%A1_republika" title="Parlamentná republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parlamentná republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kuvendore" title="Republika Kuvendore – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Kuvendore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентарна република – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парламентарна република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisk_republik" title="Parlamentarisk republik – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parlamentarisk republik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Ҷумҳурии порлумонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии порлумонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2" title="สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamenter_cumhuriyet" title="Parlamenter cumhuriyet – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parlamenter cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентська республіка – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парламентська республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_parlamentare" title="Repùblega parlamentare – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ngh%E1%BB%8B" title="Cộng hòa đại nghị – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa đại nghị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="议会共和制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="议会共和制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="議會共和制 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="議會共和制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Form_of_government_parliamentary.png/400px-Form_of_government_parliamentary.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Form_of_government_parliamentary.png/600px-Form_of_government_parliamentary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Form_of_government_parliamentary.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><b>Peta perbedaan sistem pemerintahan</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e75353; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">Monarki konstitusional</a>, yang dalam sistem ini kekuasaan ada pada parlemen.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a33; color:black;"> </span> <b>Republik parlementer</b> dengan sistem kepala pemerintahan terpisah dari kepala negara dan tunduk pada parlemen.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66bb66; color:black;"> </span> <b>Republik parlementer</b> dengan sistem presiden eksekutif dipilih oleh dan bertanggung jawab pada parlemen.</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Republik parlementer</b> atau <b>republik konstitusional parlementer</b> adalah suatu jenis <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> yang menjalankan pemerintahan dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">sistem parlementer</a>, yang dalam sistem ini <a href="/wiki/Eksekutif" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksekutif">eksekutif</a> (pemerintah) memperoleh <a href="/wiki/Legitimasi" title="Legitimasi">legitimasi</a> dari dan bertanggung jawab pada <a href="/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">legislatif</a> (parlemen). Ada beberapa variasi republik parlementer. Sebagian besar memiliki perbedaan yang paling jelas antara <a href="/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan">kepala pemerintahan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara">kepala negara</a>, dengan kepala pemerintahan memegang kekuasaan yang nyata, lebih seperti <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">monarki konstitusional</a>. Variasi lainnya adalah menyatukan peran kepala negara dan kepala pemerintahan, serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">sistem presidensial</a>, tetapi dengan ketergantungan pada kekuasaan parlemen. </p><p>Untuk kasus pertama yang disebutkan di atas, secara khusus, bentuk penataan eksekutif berbeda dari kebanyakan republik parlementer dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">semipresidensial</a> yang memisahkan kepala negara (biasanya dijalankan oleh "<a href="/wiki/Presiden" title="Presiden">presiden</a>") dari kepala pemerintahan (biasanya dijalankan oleh "<a href="/wiki/Perdana_menteri" title="Perdana menteri">perdana menteri</a>", "premier", atau "<a href="/wiki/Kanselir" title="Kanselir">kanselir</a>"). Kepala pemerintahan bergantung pada kepercayaan parlemen dan memiliki masa jabatan fleksibel, sementara kepala negara kurang bergantung pada parlemen dan menjalankan jabatan dengan mayoritas kekuasaan eksekutif. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kekuasaan">Kekuasaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Kekuasaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekuasaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Irlandia" title="Presiden Republik Irlandia">Presiden Irlandia</a> (1997–2011) dan <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Polandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presiden Polandia">Presiden Polandia</a> (1995–2005). Keduanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara">kepala negara</a> dari republik parlementer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kontras dengan republik <a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">sistem presidensial</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">semipresidensial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara">kepala negara</a> biasanya tidak memiliki kekuasaan eksekutif seluas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiden_eksekutif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiden eksekutif (halaman belum tersedia)">presiden eksekutif</a>, karena banyak dari kekuasaan tersebut diberikan pada <a href="/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan">kepala pemerintahan</a> (biasanya disebut <a href="/wiki/Perdana_menteri" title="Perdana menteri">perdana menteri</a>). </p><p>Namun, pada republik parlementer yang kedudukan kepala negaranya bergantung pada parlemen, kepala pemerintahan dan kepala negara dapat disatukan (seperti di <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Kepulauan Marshall">Kepulauan Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>), tetapi sang presiden umumnya tetap dipilih seperti perdana menteri yang kebanyakan dipilih berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Westminster" title="Sistem Westminster">sistem Westminster</a>. Ini berarti presiden biasanya adalah pemimpin partai atau koalisi partai terbesar di parlemen. </p><p>Dalam beberapa kasus, presiden dapat secara legal memiliki kekuasaan eksekutif, yang diberikan pada mereka, untuk menjalankan pemerintahan sehari-hari (seperti di <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), tetapi dengan konvensi mereka tidak menggunakan kekuasaan ini atau hanya menggunakan kekuasaan ini untuk memberikan efek pada saran parlemen atau kepala pemerintahan. Oleh karena itu, beberapa republik parlementer dapat terlihat mengikuti sistem semipresidensial, tetapi dijalankan dengan sistem parlementer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perkembangan_historis">Perkembangan historis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Perkembangan historis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perkembangan historis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biasanya, republik parlementer adalah negara-negara yang sebelumnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">monarki konstitusional</a> dengan sistem parlementer, dengan posisi kepala negara adalah penguasa monarki.<sup id="cite_ref-arend_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arend-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chili#Kemerdekaan" title="Chili">Chili</a> menjadi republik parlementer pertama di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a> setelah perang sipil tahun 1891. Namun, menyusul kudeta yang terjadi tahun 1925 sistem ini digantikan dengan sistem <a href="/wiki/Chili#Abad_ke-20" title="Chili">presidensial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_republik_parlementer_modern">Daftar republik parlementer modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar republik parlementer modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar republik parlementer modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara </th> <th>Sebelumnya </th> <th>Penerapan republik parlementer </th> <th>Kepala negara dipilih oleh </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negara_satu-partai" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara satu-partai">Negara satu-partai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a>, lihat <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1945 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">Republik presidensial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991<sup id="cite_ref-A_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia dan Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td>Protektorat Britania (<a href="/wiki/Protektorat_Bechuanaland" title="Protektorat Bechuanaland">Protektorat Bechuanaland</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1989 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia"><img alt="Kroasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">Republik semipresidensial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko"><img alt="Ceko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua (sejak 2013; sebelumnya parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominika" title="Dominika"><img alt="Dominika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominika" title="Dominika">Dominika</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negara_asosiasi" title="Negara asosiasi">Negara asosiasi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan dua per tiga mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia"><img alt="Etiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan dua per tiga mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </td> <td>Yunta militer </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia"><img alt="Finlandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">Republik semipresidensial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2000<sup id="cite_ref-C_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman"><img alt="Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1949<sup id="cite_ref-D_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Majelis federal (delegasi parlemen dan negara bagian), berdasarkan mayoritas mutlak </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani"><img alt="Yunani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </td> <td>Yunta militer; <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">Monarki konstitusional</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1975 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidensial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidensial (halaman belum tersedia)">presidensial</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1970<sup id="cite_ref-E_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria"><img alt="Hungaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas mutlak </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia"><img alt="Islandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a> </td> <td>Sebelumnya bagian dari Denmark; Monarki konstitusional </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1944 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, berdasarkan suara mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> Britania) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1950 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen dan legislator negara bagian, dengan satu suara yang dapat dialihkan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak"><img alt="Irak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2005 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan dua per tiga mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia"><img alt="Republik Irlandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> Britania) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1949<sup id="cite_ref-F_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, dengan satu suara yang dapat dialihkan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>Protektorat (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Mandat_Britania_atas_Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandat Britania atas Palestina">Mandat Britania atas Palestina</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1948 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia"><img alt="Italia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan dua per tiga mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati"><img alt="Kiribati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </td> <td>Protektorat </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1979 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan"><img alt="Kirgizstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">Republik presidensial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>Protektorat (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon Besar">Lebanon Besar</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1941 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamahiriya">Jamahiriya</a> (sebelum 2011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara"><img alt="Makedonia Utara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Makedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Makedonia">Makedonia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Persemakmuran">wilayah Persemakmuran</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1974 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Kepulauan Marshall"><img alt="Kepulauan Marshall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Kepulauan Marshall">Kepulauan Marshall</a> </td> <td>Wilayah Perwalian PBB (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Perwalian_Kepulauan_Pasifik" title="Wilayah Perwalian Kepulauan Pasifik">Wilayah Perwalian Kepulauan Pasifik</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1979 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Persemakmuran">wilayah Persemakmuran</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Federasi_Mikronesia" title="Federasi Mikronesia"><img alt="Federasi Mikronesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Mikronesia" title="Federasi Mikronesia">Federasi Mikronesia</a> </td> <td>Wilayah Perwalian PBB (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Perwalian_Kepulauan_Pasifik" title="Wilayah Perwalian Kepulauan Pasifik">Wilayah Perwalian Kepulauan Pasifik</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1986 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, hingga 1990)<br />Republik parlementer transisi (1991-1994) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1994<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, dan setelah <a href="/wiki/Serbia_dan_Montenegro" title="Serbia dan Montenegro">Serbia dan Montenegro</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru"><img alt="Nauru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> </td> <td>Wilayah Perwalian Australia </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1968 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial">Presidensial</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">republik semispresidensial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2010<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen dan legislator negara bagian, dengan satu suara yang dapat dialihkan </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia"><img alt="Polandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/21px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/32px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/43px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> </td> <td>Kekaisaran Romawi </td> <td style="text-align:center;">301 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura"><img alt="Singapura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1965 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia"><img alt="Slowakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen (sebelum 1999)<br />Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua (sejak 1999) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td>Negara satu-partai (Bagian dari Yugoslavia) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung, hingga putaran kedua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>Pemerintahan transisi (setelah 1991)<br />Negara satu-partai (sebelum 1991) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan"><img alt="Afrika Selatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Persemakmuran">wilayah Persemakmuran</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>Kediktatoran militer </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1987 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_dan_Tobago" title="Trinidad dan Tobago">Trinidad dan Tobago</a> </td> <td>Monarki konstitusional (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Persemakmuran">wilayah Persemakmuran</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1976 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td>Republik semipresidensial (1956-2011)<br />Pemerintahan transisi (2011-2014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki"><img alt="Turki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negara_satu-partai" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara satu-partai">Negara satu-partai</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pemilihan langsung (sejak 2007, sebelumnya parlemen) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu"><img alt="Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondominium_(hukum_internasional)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondominium (hukum internasional) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kondominium</a> Britania-Prancis (<a href="/wiki/Hebrides_Baru" title="Hebrides Baru">Hebrides Baru</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Parlemen dan presiden-presiden dewan regional, berdasarkan mayoritas </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">Sistem parlementer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik konstitusional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikanisme" title="Republikanisme">Republikanisme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">sebelumnya republik parlementer antara 1971 dan 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estonia sebelumnya adalah republik parlementer antara 1919 dan 1934 ketika pemerintah dikudeta. Tahun 1938 Estonia menerapkan sistem presidensial dan pada Juni 1940 diduduki dan dikuasai oleh <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebelumnya republik semipresidensial, kini republik parlementer menurut David Arter, Profesor Politik di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Aberdeen" title="Universitas Aberdeen">Universitas Aberdeen</a>. Dalam bukunya "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revisi 2008), ia mengutip Jaakko Nousiainen dalam buku "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" (Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) pp. 95–109) sebagai berikut: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Kesimpulan Arter sendiri hanya sedikit lebih bernuansa: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". Berdasarkan Konstitusi Finlandia, presiden tidak mungkin memimpin pemerintahan tanpa persetujuan kementerian, dan tidak memiliki kekuasaan untuk membubarkan parlemen atas keinginannya sendiri. Finlandia pada kenyataannya direpresentasikan oleh perdana menterinya, dan bukan oleh presidennya, pada Dewan Kepala Negara dan Pemerintahan Uni Eropa. Konstitusi 2012 bahkan telah mengurangi kekuasaan presiden lebih banyak lagi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalam kasus berdirinya negara <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a>, termasuk yang sebelumnya <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Barat" title="Berlin Barat">Berlin Barat</a>, negara satu-partai terdahulu adalah <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a>. Tapi dalam kasus <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4nder_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Länder Baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Länder Baru</a> dan yang dahulu <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Timur" title="Berlin Timur">Berlin Timur</a>, negara terdahulunya adalah <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a>. Harap diperhatikan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Reunifikasi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunifikasi Jerman">reunifikasi Jerman</a> terjadi pada 3 Oktober 1990, ketika lima negara bagian dari Republik Demokratik Jerman (Jerman Timur) yang berdiri kembali bergabung dengan Republik Federal Jerman, dan Berlin disatukan menjadi satu negara bagian-kota. Oleh karena itu, tanggal ini menjadi tanggal pembentukan Republik Federal Jerman secara utuh, meskipun hingga 1990 wilayah Jerman Timur belum menjadi bagian dari republik parlementer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tahun 1980, secara resmi berubah menjadi kepala negara eksekutif, yang juga adalah kepala pemerintahan dikombinasi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepala_negara_Irlandia_dari_1936_hingga_1949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepala negara Irlandia dari 1936 hingga 1949 (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepala negara Irlandia dari 1936 hingga 1949</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latvia sebelumnya adalah republik parlementer antara 1921 dan 1934 ketika Perdana Menteri Kārlis Ulmanis mengambil alih kekuasaan melalui kudeta. Pada Juni 1940 Latvia diduduki dan dikuasai oleh <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemilihan parlementer pertama diadakan pada Februari dan Maret 1990, ketika Moldova masih menjadi <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Moldavia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Moldavia">bagian dari Uni Soviet</a>. Karena Partai Komunis Moldova adalah satu-satunya partai yang terdaftar, kandidat oposisi diperbolehkan maju secara individual. Tahun 1991, negara ini mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> dan, tahun 1994, diadakan pemilihan parlemen pertama untuk Moldova sebagai negara yang berdiri sendiri.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_parlementer&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-arend-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arend_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arend Lijphart, ed. (1992). <i>Parliamentary versus presidential government</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780198780434" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780198780434">9780198780434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+versus+presidential+government&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198780434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARepublik+parlementer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kiran Khalid, CNN (09-04-2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/">"Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers"</a>. CNN.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 14-04-2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+lawmakers+approve+weakening+of+presidential+powers&rft.chron=09-04-2010&rft.au=Kiran+Khalid%2C+CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F04%2F09%2Fpakistan.constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARepublik+parlementer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=, |date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/lahore/11-Apr-2010/18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>18th Amendment to restore Constitution<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Nation</i> (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris). Lahore: Nawaiwaqt Group of Newspapers. 11-04-2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=%2718th+Amendment+to+restore+Constitution%27&rft.chron=11-04-2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Flahore%2F11-Apr-2010%2F18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARepublik+parlementer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang 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