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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Towards Grandmaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_Grandmaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Title_Challenger_(1948–1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Title_Challenger_(1948–1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World Title Challenger (1948–1951)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Title_Challenger_(1948–1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951_World_Championship_match_against_Botvinnik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951_World_Championship_match_against_Botvinnik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1951 World Championship match against Botvinnik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951_World_Championship_match_against_Botvinnik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1953_Candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953_Candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1953 Candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953_Candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_after_1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_after_1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Career after 1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_after_1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and later years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and later years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Best_combination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_combination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Best combination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_combination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Bronstein</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ديفيد برونستاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد برونستاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Давид Бронщайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Давид Бронщайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bron%C5%A1tejn" title="David Bronštejn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Bronštejn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Ionowitsch_Bronstein" title="Dawid Ionowitsch Bronstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dawid Ionowitsch Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bron%C5%A1tein" title="David Bronštein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Bronštein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bron%C5%9Dtejn" title="David Bronŝtejn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Bronŝtejn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="داوید برونشتاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داوید برونشتاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="데이비드 브론스타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 브론스타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Դավիդ Բրոնշտեյն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դավիդ Բրոնշտեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ionovich_Bronshtein" title="David Ionovich Bronshtein – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Ionovich Bronshtein" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bron%C5%A1tejn" title="David Bronštejn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Bronštejn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דוד ברונשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוד ברונשטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81vids_Bron%C5%A1teins" title="Dāvids Bronšteins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dāvids Bronšteins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deividas_Bron%C5%A1teinas" title="Deividas Bronšteinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deividas Bronšteinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ionovics_Bronstejn" title="David Ionovics Bronstejn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Ionovics Bronstejn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="डेव्हिड ब्रॉन्स्टीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेव्हिड ब्रॉन्स्टीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ديفيد برونستاين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد برونستاين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Bronstein" title="Dawid Bronstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dawid Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бронштейн, Давид Ионович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронштейн, Давид Ионович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ionovi%C4%8D_Bron%C5%A1tejn" title="David Ionovič Bronštejn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Ionovič Bronštejn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bron%C5%A1tejn" title="David Bronštejn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Bronštejn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Давид Бронштајн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Давид Бронштајн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бронштейн Давид Іонович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронштейн Давид Іонович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ionovich_Bronstein" title="David Ionovich Bronstein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Ionovich Bronstein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Ionovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Bronstein</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">David Bronstein</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg/220px-David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg/330px-David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg/440px-David_Bronstein_in_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="566" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bronstein in 1954</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">Дави́д Ио́нович Бронште́йн<br />David Ionovich Bronstein</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr">Soviet Union → Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-02-19</span>)</span>February 19, 1924<br /><a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Bila Tserkva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 5, 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-12-05)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players_by_peak_FIDE_rating" title="List of chess players by peak FIDE rating">Peak rating</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2595 (May 1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak ranking</th><td class="infobox-data">No. 17 (July 1971)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Ionovich Bronstein</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Дави́д Ио́нович Бронште́йн</span>; February 19, 1924 – December 5, 2006) was a Soviet chess player. Awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/International_Grandmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="International Grandmaster">International Grandmaster</a> by <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> in 1950, he narrowly missed becoming <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951</a>. Bronstein was one of the world's strongest players from the mid-1940s into the mid-1970s, and was described by his peers as a creative genius and master of tactics. He was also a renowned chess writer; his book <i>Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953</i> is widely considered one of the greatest chess books ever written. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Bronstein was born in <a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Bila Tserkva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, to Jewish parents. Growing up in a poor family, he learned chess at the age of six from his grandfather. As a youth in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, he was trained by the renowned International Master <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konstantinopolsky" title="Alexander Konstantinopolsky">Alexander Konstantinopolsky</a>. He finished second in the Kiev Championship when he was only 15, and achieved the Soviet Master title at the age of 16 for his second-place result in the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Chess_Championship" title="Ukrainian Chess Championship">Ukrainian SSR Chess Championship</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky" title="Isaac Boleslavsky">Isaac Boleslavsky</a>, with whom he became close friends both on and off the chessboard. His first wife was <a href="/wiki/Olga_Ignatieva" title="Olga Ignatieva">Olga Ignatieva</a> one of the strongest female chess players of the 1950s. He went on to marry Boleslavsky's daughter, Tatiana, in 1984. </p><p>After completing high school in spring 1941, his plans to study mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Kiev University</a> were interrupted by the spread of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> throughout eastern Europe in the early 1940s. He had begun play in the 1941 semifinal of the Soviet Championship, but this event was cancelled as war began. Shortly after the war's conclusion, he began attending <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_St._Petersburg_Polytechnic_University" title="Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University">Leningrad Polytechnical Institute</a> where he studied for approximately one year. </p><p>Judged unfit for military service, Bronstein spent the war performing various jobs; this included doing some reconstruction of war-damaged buildings, and other jobs of a clerical or laboring nature. Also during the war, his father, Johonon, was unfairly imprisoned for several years in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> and was detained without substantial evidence of committing any crimes, it was later revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rumor that Bronstein was related to the former Soviet Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> (whose real family name was Bronstein), was treated as unconfirmed, but doubtful, by Bronstein in his book <i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i> (1995). This belief could have explained the imprisonment of Bronstein's father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_Grandmaster">Towards Grandmaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Towards Grandmaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the tide turning towards an eventual <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> war victory over the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> invaders, Bronstein was able to once again play some competitive chess. His first top-standard Soviet event was the 1944 <a href="/wiki/USSR_Chess_Championship" title="USSR Chess Championship">USSR Championship</a>, where he won his individual game against eventual winner (and soon-to-be world champion) <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>. Bronstein moved to Moscow as the war wound up. Then seen as a promising but essentially unproven young player, one of dozens in the deep Soviet vanguard, he raised his playing level dramatically to place third in the 1945 USSR Championship. This result earned him a place on the Soviet team; he won both his games played on board ten, helping the Soviet team achieve victory in the famous 1945 <a href="/wiki/US_vs._USSR_radio_chess_match_1945" title="US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945">US vs. USSR radio chess match</a>. He then competed successfully in several team matches, and gradually proved he belonged in the Soviet chess elite. Bronstein tied for first place in the Soviet Championships of both 1948 and 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Title_Challenger_(1948–1951)"><span id="World_Title_Challenger_.281948.E2.80.931951.29"></span>World Title Challenger (1948–1951)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World Title Challenger (1948–1951)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bronstein's first major international tournament success occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Saltsj%C3%B6baden" title="Saltsjöbaden">Saltsjöbaden</a> <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a> of 1948, which he won. His qualifying place in this event came through nominations from foreign chess federations. He earned his <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> title in 1950, when <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>, the World Chess Federation, formalized the process. His Interzonal win qualified him for the <a href="/wiki/Candidates%27_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates' Tournament">Candidates' Tournament</a> of 1950 in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. Bronstein became the eventual Candidates' winner over Boleslavsky in a (Moscow) 1950 playoff match, following two overtime match games, after the two had tied in Budapest, and then again remained level over the 12 scheduled match games. </p><p>The period 1945–1950 saw a meteoric rise in Bronstein's development, as he reached the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> challenge match, in 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1951_World_Championship_match_against_Botvinnik">1951 World Championship match against Botvinnik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1951 World Championship match against Botvinnik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bronstein is widely considered to be one of the greatest players not to have won the World Championship.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came close to that goal when he tied the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951 World Championship match</a> 12–12 with Mikhail Botvinnik, the reigning champion. Each player won five games, and the remaining 14 games were drawn. </p><p>In a match where the lead swung back and forth several times, the two players tested each other in a wide variety of opening formations, and every game (except the 24th) was full-blooded and played hard to a clear finish. Bronstein often avoided lines he had favoured in earlier events, and frequently adopted Botvinnik's own preferred variations. This strategy seemed to catch Botvinnik by surprise; the champion had not played competitively for three years since winning the title in 1948. The quality of play was very high by both players, although Botvinnik would later complain of his own weak play. He only grudgingly acknowledged Bronstein's huge talent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronstein claimed four of his five match wins by deep combinational play, winning before adjournment in highly complex fashion. He led by one point with two games to go, but lost the 23rd game and <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">drew</a> the final (24th) game. Under <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> rules, the title remained with the holder, and Bronstein was never to come so close again. </p><p>Botvinnik wrote that Bronstein's failure was caused by a tendency to underestimate <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">endgame</a> technique, and a lack of ability in simple positions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botvinnik won four virtually level endgames after the adjournments, and his fifth win came in an endgame that Bronstein resigned at move 40. These adjourned games made up four of Botvinnik's five match wins; Botvinnik had no more than a minimal advantage in these games when they were adjourned at move 40. </p><p>Bronstein's father was sometimes secretly in the audience during the 1951 title match games, at a time when he was not officially permitted in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-Apprentice_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apprentice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1953_Candidates">1953 Candidates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1953 Candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bronstein challenged throughout at the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954" title="World Chess Championship 1954">1953 Candidates Tournament</a> in Switzerland and finished tied for second-through-fourth places, together with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a>, two points behind the winner <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>. Bronstein's book on the tournament is considered a classic. </p><p>It has been speculated that there was pressure on the Soviet players to collude, to ensure that a Soviet player would win. Even in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, however, Bronstein only partially confirmed these rumors in his public statements or writings, admitting only to 'strong psychological pressure' being applied, and that it was up to Bronstein himself whether to decide to give in to this pressure. In his final book <i>Secret Notes</i>, published in 2007, shortly after his death,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronstein went further and alleged that he and Keres were pressured to draw their games with Smyslov, in order to ensure that Smyslov would win ahead of Reshevsky (see <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954#Allegations_of_Soviet_collusion" title="World Chess Championship 1954">World Chess Championship 1954 § Allegations of Soviet collusion</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_after_1953">Career after 1953</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Career after 1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bronstein_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/David_Bronstein_1963.jpg/200px-David_Bronstein_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/David_Bronstein_1963.jpg/300px-David_Bronstein_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/David_Bronstein_1963.jpg/400px-David_Bronstein_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Bronstein in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1953 Candidates result qualified him directly for the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> Interzonal, which he won with an unbeaten score. From there it was on to another near miss in the 1956 Candidates' tournament in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where he wound up in a large tie for third through seventh places, behind winner Smyslov and runner-up Keres. </p><p>Bronstein had to qualify for the 1958 Interzonal, and did so by placing third at the USSR Championship, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, 1958. At the 1958 Interzonal in <a href="/wiki/Portoro%C5%BE" title="Portorož">Portorož</a>, Bronstein, who had been picked as clear pre-event favourite by <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>, missed moving on to the 1959 Candidates' by half a point, dropping a last-round game to the much weaker Filipino <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Tan_Cardoso" title="Rodolfo Tan Cardoso">Rodolfo Tan Cardoso</a>, when the electrical power failed due to a thunderstorm during the game, and he was unable to regain concentration. Bronstein missed qualification at the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Zonal_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonal (chess)">Zonal</a> stage for the 1962 cycle. Then at the Amsterdam 1964 Interzonal, Bronstein scored very well, but only three Soviets could advance, by a <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> rule, and he finished behind countrymen Smyslov, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a>, who finished as the joint winners, along with Larsen. His last Interzonal was at age 49 when he finished sixth at <a href="/wiki/Petropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petropolis">Petropolis</a> 1973. </p><p>Bronstein took many first prizes in tournaments, among the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Chess Championship">Soviet Chess Championships</a> of 1948 (jointly with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a>) and 1949 (jointly with Smyslov). He also tied for second place at the Soviet Championships of 1957 and 1964–65. He tied first with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Students%27_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Students' Championship (page does not exist)">World Students' Championship</a> in 1952 at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. Bronstein was also a six-time winner of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Chess_Championship" title="Moscow City Chess Championship">Moscow Championships</a>, and represented the USSR at the <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiads</a> of <a href="/wiki/10th_Chess_Olympiad" title="10th Chess Olympiad">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Chess_Olympiad" title="11th Chess Olympiad">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Chess_Olympiad" title="12th Chess Olympiad">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_Chess_Olympiad" title="13th Chess Olympiad">1958</a>, winning board prizes at each of them, and losing just one of his 49 games in those events. Along the way he won four Olympiad team gold medals. In the 1954 team match against the US (held in New York), Bronstein scored an almost unheard-of sweep at this level of play, winning all four of his games on second board. </p><p>Further major tournament victories were achieved at <a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings</a> 1953–54, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> 1954, <a href="/wiki/Gotha_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotha (town)">Gotha</a> 1957, Moscow 1959, <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a> 1966, <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> 1968, <a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnepropetrovsk">Dnepropetrovsk</a> 1970, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> 1971, <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a> 1976, <a href="/wiki/Iwonicz_Zdr%C3%B3j" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwonicz Zdrój">Iwonicz Zdrój</a> 1976, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> 1977, and <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a> 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_later_years">Legacy and later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-right algebraic-notation"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a> to describe chess moves.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bronstein_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/David_Bronstein_1968.jpg/210px-David_Bronstein_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/David_Bronstein_1968.jpg/315px-David_Bronstein_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/David_Bronstein_1968.jpg/420px-David_Bronstein_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Bronstein in 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>David Bronstein wrote many chess books and articles, and had a regular chess column in the Soviet newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> for many years. He was perhaps most highly regarded for his famous authorship of <i>Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953</i> (English translation 1979). This book was an enormous seller in the USSR, going through many reprints, and is regarded among the very best chess books ever written.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, he co-authored the autobiographical <i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i> (1995), with his friend Tom Fürstenberg. Both have become landmarks in chess publishing history; Bronstein sought to amplify the ideas behind the players' moves rather than burdening the reader with pages of analysis of moves that never made it onto the scoresheet. Bronstein's romantic vision of chess was shown with his very successful adoption of the rarely seen <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a> in top-level competition. His pioneering theoretical and practical work (along with Boleslavsky and <a href="/wiki/Efim_Geller" title="Efim Geller">Efim Geller</a>) in transforming the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a> from a distrusted, obscure variation into a popular major system should be remembered, and is evidenced in his key contribution to the 1999 book <i>Bronstein on the King's Indian</i>. Bronstein played an exceptionally wide variety of openings during his long career, on a scale comparable with anyone else who ever reached the top level. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg/200px-Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg/300px-Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg/400px-Grave_of_Bronstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bronstein's grave in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</figcaption></figure> <p>Two more variations are named after him. In the <a href="/wiki/Caro-Kann_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Caro-Kann Defence">Caro-Kann Defence</a>, the Bronstein–Larsen Variation goes 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ gxf6. In the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Defence">Scandinavian Defence</a>, the Bronstein Variation goes 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qd8. </p><p>Bronstein refused to sign a group letter denouncing the 1976 defection of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he paid a personal price for this independence, as his state-paid Master's stipend was suspended, and he was also barred from major tournaments for more than a year. He was virtually banned from high-class events for several years in the mid-1980s. </p><p>Bronstein was a chess visionary. He was an early advocate of speeding up competitive chess.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 he introduced the idea of adding a <a href="/wiki/Time_control#Compensation_(delay_or_increment_methods)" title="Time control">small time increment</a> for each move made,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variant of which has become very popular in recent years and is implemented on almost all <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">digital chess clocks</a>. He challenged computer programs at every opportunity, usually achieving good results.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronstein enjoyed experimenting with unusual and offbeat openings such as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Gambit" title="Latvian Gambit">Latvian Gambit</a>; however, he generally did not play them in serious games. Like most grandmasters of the 1950s–1960s, he favoured <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">e4 openings</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a>. Although he had an extensive knowledge of openings and opening theory, his endgame technique was considered less reliable. </p><p>In later years Bronstein continued to stay active in tournament play, often in Western Europe after the breakup of the USSR. He maintained a very good standard (jointly winning the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings</a> Swiss of 1994–95 at the age of 70), wrote several important chess books, and inspired young and old alike with endless simultaneous displays, a warm, gracious attitude, and glorious tales of his own rich chess heritage. Bronstein died on December 5, 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus, of complications from <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>. </p><p>His final book, nearly complete when he died, was published in 2007: <i>Secret Notes</i>, by David Bronstein and Sergei Voronkov, Zürich 2007, Edition Olms, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00464-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00464-4">978-3-283-00464-4</a>. In its introduction, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, a fervent admirer of Bronstein's chess contributions, offers his opinion that Bronstein, based on his play, should have won the 1951 match against Botvinnik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Chess Struggle in Practice: Lessons from the Famous Zurich Candidates Tournament of 1953</i>, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679130642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679130642">978-0679130642</a></li> <li><i>200 Open Games</i>, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486268576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486268576">978-0486268576</a></li> <li><i>The Modern Chess Self-Tutor</i>, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857441369" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857441369">978-1857441369</a></li> <li><i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i>, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857441512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857441512">978-1857441512</a></li> <li><i>Bronstein on the King's Indian</i>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857442656" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857442656">978-1857442656</a></li> <li><i>Secret Notes</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3283004644" title="Special:BookSources/978-3283004644">978-3283004644</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_combination">Best combination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Best combination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1962 Moscow vs. Leningrad Match Bronstein played the top board for the Moscow team. With the white pieces he defeated <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a> in a game that ended with a tactic he later described as "one of the best combinations in my life, if not the best".<sup id="cite_ref-newinchess2007/1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newinchess2007/1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b8 white queen"><img alt="b8 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/22px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/33px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/44px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black pawn"><img alt="g7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 black king"><img alt="g6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h6 white rook"><img alt="h6 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g4 white pawn"><img alt="g4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b3 black pawn"><img alt="b3 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 black queen"><img alt="f3 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/22px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/33px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/44px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 black rook"><img alt="d2 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h2 white king"><img alt="h2 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Final position after 39.Rxh6+ </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 6.d4 b5 7.Bb3 d5 8.dxe5 Be6 9.c3 Be7 10.Bc2 0-0 11.Qe2 f5 12.exf6 Bxf6 13.Nbd2 Bf5 14.Nxe4 Bxe4 15.Bxe4 dxe4 16.Qxe4 Qd7 17.Bf4 Rae8 18.Qc2 Bh4 19.Bg3 Bxg3 20.hxg3 Ne5 21.Nxe5 Rxe5 22.Rfe1 Rd5 23.Rad1 c5 24.a4 Rd8 25.Rxd5 Qxd5 26.axb5 axb5 27.Qe2 b4 28.cxb4 cxb4 29.Qg4 b3 30.Kh2 Qf7 31.Qg5 Rd7 32.f3 h6 33.Qe3 Rd8 34.g4 Kh8 35.Qb6 Rd2 36.Qb8+ Kh7 37.Re8 Qxf3 38.Rh8+ Kg6 39.Rxh6+ (<em>diagram</em>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Bronstein:<sup id="cite_ref-newinchess2007/1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newinchess2007/1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <blockquote><p>Korchnoi remained unruffled. He wrote down my move on his scoresheet and began carefully studying the position. I think it seemed incredible to him that White could sacrifice his last rook (I myself could not believe my eyes!). And only when he had convinced himself, did he stop the clocks. These are the variations: A) 39...Kf7 40.Qc7+ Kg8 41.Qc8+ Kf7 42.Qe6+ Kf8 43.Rh8 mate; B) 39...Kg5 40.Qe5+ Kxg4 41.Rg6+ Kh4 42.Qg5 mate; C) 39...gxh6 40.Qg8+ Kf6 41.Qf8+; D) 39...Kxh6 40.Qh8+ Kg6 41.Qh5+ Kf6 42.g5+!</p></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#1–0" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">1–0</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_games">Notable games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033554,">Sergei Belavenets vs. Bronstein, USSR Championship semifinal, Rostov-on-Don 1941, King's Indian Defence, Fianchetto Variation (E67), 0–1</a> The 17-year-old Bronstein meets the Chairman of the USSR Classification Committee, who had just awarded him the title of Master.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033633,">Ludek Pachman vs. Bronstein, tt Prague 1946, King's Indian Defence, Fianchetto Variation (E67), 0–1</a> A stunning original tactical onslaught which attracted worldwide acclaim.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033780,">Bronstein vs. Isaac Boleslavsky, Candidates' Playoff Match, Moscow 1950, game 1, Grunfeld Defence (D89), 1–0</a> Bronstein offers a far-seeing <a href="/wiki/Exchange_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange sacrifice">exchange sacrifice</a>, which ties Black up, leading to a beautiful strategical win.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032212,">Mikhail Botvinnik vs. Bronstein, World Championship Match, Moscow 1951, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Rubinstein Variation (E47), 0–1</a> Although Bronstein had a slight minus record against Botvinnik, he beat Botvinnik several times with the black pieces. Here's one of his wins from their 1951 World Championship match.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032210,">Bronstein vs. Mikhail Botvinnik, World Championship Match, Moscow 1951, game 22, Dutch Defence, Stonewall Variation (A91), 1–0</a> A very deep <a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">combination</a> exploits Black's back-rank weakness, giving Bronstein a one-game lead with two to play.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033870,">Samuel Reshevsky vs. Bronstein, Zurich Candidates' 1953, King's Indian, Fianchetto Variation (E68), 0–1</a> Beforehand, Bronstein was ordered by Soviet chess authorities to win this crucial game, in order to stop Reshevsky's chances of winning the tournament. He gives it everything he has, and triumphs over stout defense. This game was chosen by Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Andersson" title="Ulf Andersson">Ulf Andersson</a> as his favourite game by another player and he analyses it in the book <i>Learn from the Grandmasters</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033895,">Bronstein vs. Paul Keres, Goteborg Interzonal 1955, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Rubinstein Variation (E41), 1–0</a> A dramatic game between two attacking geniuses.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033948,">Itzak Aloni vs. Bronstein, Moscow Olympiad 1956, King's Indian Defence, Saemisch Variation (E85), 0–1</a> This virtuoso game sees Bronstein sacrifice three pawns to open queenside lines into Aloni's king position.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1238081,">Bronstein vs. M-20(Computer), Moscow Mathematics Institute 1963, King's Gambit: Accepted, Schallop Defense (C34), 1–0</a> The oldest-known game between a grandmaster and a computer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1262289,">Stefan Brzozka vs. Bronstein, USSR 1963, Dutch Defence, Leningrad Variation (A88), 0–1</a> A surprising and deep positional breakthrough. The most interesting part of the game starts with White's 42nd move, trying to sacrifice an exchange in order to achieve a seemingly sterile blocked position.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1034538,">Lev Polugaevsky vs. Bronstein, USSR 1971, English Opening, Symmetrical Variation (A34), 0–1</a> Bronstein offers an original, problematic pawn sacrifice, which Polugaevsky accepts, leaving him tied up for the rest of the game; Bronstein converts his positional advantage with deep tactics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1034661,">Bronstein vs. Ljubomir Ljubojevic, Petropolis Interzonal 1973, Alekhine's Defence, Four Pawns' Attack (B03), 1–0</a> A long-range rook sacrifice eventually brings home the point in scintillating style to win the First Brilliancy Prize.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1034937,">Bronstein vs. Viktor Kupreichik, USSR Championship semifinal, Minsk 1983, King's Indian Defence (E90), 1–0</a> Kupreichik goes toe-to-toe with Bronstein in the King's Indian, and the old master shows the young one a trick or two!</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1034951,">Bronstein vs. Ivan Sokolov, Pancevo 1987, Grunfeld Defence, Russian Variation (D98), 1–0</a> Another young master experiences Bronstein's aging yet potent chess powers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1034995,">Stuart Conquest vs. Bronstein, London 1989, CaroKann Defence (B10), 0–1</a> A dazzling tactical display leaves White helpless in only 26 moves.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1035015,">Bronstein vs. Walter Browne, Reykjavik 1990, Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation (B99), 1–0</a> In a very deep theoretical variation, Bronstein comes up with some new ideas, and even Najdorf-guru Browne, a six-time U.S. champion, can't find his way.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Game clock</a> – for the Bronstein delay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_chess_players" title="List of Jewish chess players">List of Jewish chess players</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i>, by Bronstein and Fuerstenberg, 1995, London, Cadogan Chess; copies of the relevant documents for Johonon Bronstein's case are reproduced in this volume, both in the original Russian language and in English translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronstein & Fürstenberg, p. 4 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i>, by Bronstein and Fürstenberg, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970</i>, by Mikhail Botvinnik; Botvinnik's post-match statements from 1951 are quoted in this book's introduction, written by Victor Baturinsky, Batsford Publishers, London 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apprentice-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apprentice_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i> by Bronstein and Fürstenberg, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Secret Notes</i>, by David Bronstein and Sergey Voronkov, Zurich 2007, Edition Olms, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00464-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00464-4">978-3-283-00464-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Scimia" class="citation web cs1">Edward Scimia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414122939/http://chess.about.com/od/chessbooksandequipment/fr/Zurich-1953-15-Contenders-For-The-World-Chess-Championship-By-Miguel-Najdorf.htm">"Zurich 1953 - 15 Contenders for the World Chess Championship - Miguel Najdorf"</a>. <i>About.com Home</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess.about.com/od/chessbooksandequipment/fr/Zurich-1953-15-Contenders-For-The-World-Chess-Championship-By-Miguel-Najdorf.htm">the original</a> on April 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Home&rft.atitle=Zurich+1953+-+15+Contenders+for+the+World+Chess+Championship+-+Miguel+Najdorf&rft.au=Edward+Scimia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess.about.com%2Fod%2Fchessbooksandequipment%2Ffr%2FZurich-1953-15-Contenders-For-The-World-Chess-Championship-By-Miguel-Najdorf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronstein & Fürstenberg, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronstein & Fürstenberg, pp. 332–333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronstein & Fürstenberg, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronstein & Fürstenberg, p. 342ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newinchess2007/1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newinchess2007/1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newinchess2007/1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_In_Chess" title="New In Chess">New In Chess</a>, 2007/1. For the Love of the Game, pp. 56–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1034174">"David Bronstein vs. Viktor Korchnoi (1962)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=David+Bronstein+vs.+Viktor+Korchnoi+%281962%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1034174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarden1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Barden" title="Leonard Barden">Barden, Leonard</a> (1980), <i>Play better CHESS with Leonard Barden</i>, Octopus Books Limited, p. 49, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7064-0967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7064-0967-1"><bdi>0-7064-0967-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Play+better+CHESS+with+Leonard+Barden&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Octopus+Books+Limited&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7064-0967-1&rft.aulast=Barden&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrace1977" class="citation cs2">Brace, Edward R. (1977), <i>An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess</i>, Hamlyn Publishing Group, pp. 66–67, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55521-394-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55521-394-4"><bdi>1-55521-394-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Chess&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Hamlyn+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=1-55521-394-4&rft.aulast=Brace&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronstein1956" class="citation cs2">Bronstein, David (1956), <i>Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953</i>, English Translation Dover (1979)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zurich+International+Chess+Tournament+1953&rft.pub=English+Translation+Dover+%281979%29&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Bronstein&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronstein1973" class="citation cs2">Bronstein, David (1973), <i>200 Open Games</i>, Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+Open+Games&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Bronstein&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronsteinTom_Fürstenberg1995" class="citation cs2">Bronstein, David; Tom Fürstenberg (1995), <i>The Sorcerer's Apprentice</i>, New In Chess (2nd edition 2009)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorcerer%27s+Apprentice&rft.pub=New+In+Chess+%282nd+edition+2009%29&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bronstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Tom+F%C3%BCrstenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper,_DavidWhyld,_Kenneth1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1984), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a></i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Hooper%2C+David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazic1974" class="citation cs2">Kazic (1974), <i>International Championship Chess</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Championship+Chess&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Kazic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks1970" class="citation cs2">Sunnucks (1970), <i>The Encyclopaedia of Chess</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Chess&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Sunnucks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyld,_Kenneth1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1986), <i>(Guinness) Chess; The Records</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Guinness%29+Chess%3B+The+Records&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernev1995" class="citation cs2">Chernev, Irving (1995), <i>Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games</i>, New York: Dover, pp. 29–42, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28674-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-28674-6"><bdi>0-486-28674-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Great+Chess+Players+and+Their+Best+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29-42&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-486-28674-6&rft.aulast=Chernev&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosonko2017" class="citation cs2">Sosonko, Genna (2017), <i>The Rise and Fall of David Bronstein</i>, Russia: Elk and Ruby Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-950-04331-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-950-04331-4"><bdi>978-5-950-04331-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+David+Bronstein&rft.place=Russia&rft.pub=Elk+and+Ruby+Publishing+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-950-04331-4&rft.aulast=Sosonko&rft.aufirst=Genna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bronstein" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bronstein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:David_Bronstein" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.365chess.com/players/David_Bronstein">David Bronstein</a> chess games at 365Chess.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16521">David Bronstein</a> player profile and games at <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olimpbase.org/players/02oqcsug.html">David Bronstein</a> Chess Olympiad record at OlimpBase.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/player/Bronstein,%20David%20I.">David Bronstein</a> FIDE rating history at OlimpBase.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,1965858,00.html">Obituary by Leonard Barden</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian Unlimited</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3525">Obituary by Frederic Friedel</a> at <a href="/wiki/ChessBase" title="ChessBase">ChessBase</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425234311/http://chess.indiavoice.info/books/biography-and-games-of-david-bronstein-2011111613223/">Download all games of David Bronstein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoUo9N4IKW4"><span class="plainlinks">GM Yasser Seirawan interview praising Bronstein in great detail and telling an anecdote about him</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_grandmasters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of youngest grandmasters">Youngest chess grandmaster ever</a> </b><br />1950–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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