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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_New_Deal_and_criticism_of_Roosevelt's_tax_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Criticism of the New Deal and criticism of Roosevelt's tax policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_New_Deal_and_criticism_of_Roosevelt's_tax_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_either_a_"socialist"_or_a_"communist"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_either_a_"socialist"_or_a_"communist""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism of Roosevelt as either a "socialist" or a "communist"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_either_a_"socialist"_or_a_"communist"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_a_"warmonger"" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="toc-Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_a_"fascist"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critics_on_the_left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics_on_the_left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Critics on the left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics_on_the_left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics_on_the_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics_on_the_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Critics on the right</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics_on_the_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historians_compare_the_New_Deal_to_policies_which_were_implemented_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians_compare_the_New_Deal_to_policies_which_were_implemented_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Historians compare the New Deal to policies which were implemented in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians_compare_the_New_Deal_to_policies_which_were_implemented_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friedrich_von_Hayek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Friedrich von Hayek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friedrich_von_Hayek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accusations of racism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accusations_of_racism-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-lynching_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-lynching_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Anti-lynching legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-lynching_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_of_Hugo_Black" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_of_Hugo_Black"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Nomination of Hugo Black</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_of_Hugo_Black-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_Anti-Semitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_Anti-Semitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Claims of Anti-Semitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_Anti-Semitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_insufficient_assistance_to_victims_of_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_insufficient_assistance_to_victims_of_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accusations of insufficient assistance to victims of the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_insufficient_assistance_to_victims_of_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Scholarly studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Popular attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Criticism surrounding Roosevelt's United States presidency</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Froosevelt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Froosevelt.jpeg/200px-Froosevelt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Froosevelt.jpeg/300px-Froosevelt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Froosevelt.jpeg/400px-Froosevelt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>As president from 1933 to 1945, Roosevelt was the target of sharp criticism from conservatives.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before, during and after his <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">presidential terms</a> and continuing today, there has been criticism of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1882–1945). His critics have questioned not only <a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">his policies and positions</a>, but also accused him of trying to centralize power in his own hands by controlling both the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. Many denounced his breaking of a long-standing tradition by <a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States" title="Term limits in the United States">running for a third term</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of his second term, much criticism of Roosevelt centered on fears that he was heading toward a dictatorship by attempting to seize control of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">court-packing</a> incident of 1937, attempting to eliminate dissent within the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> in the South during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1938">1938 mid-term elections</a> and by breaking the tradition established by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> of not seeking a third term when he again ran for re-election in 1940. As two historians explain: "In 1940, with the two-term issue as a weapon, anti-New Dealers [...] argued that the time had come to disarm the 'dictator' and to dismantle the machinery".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long after Roosevelt's death, new lines of attack opened to criticize his policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">incarcerating Japanese Americans on the West Coast in concentration camps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposing anti-lynching legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rejection_by_his_allies">Rejection by his allies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rejection by his allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of his one-time allies and appointees turned against Roosevelt,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (April 2017)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> such as Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a>, Brain truster <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moley" title="Raymond Moley">Raymond Moley</a>, Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/James_A._Farley" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Farley">James A. Farley</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph Kennedy</a> (JFK's father).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the administration prominent supporters who turned against Roosevelt included journalists <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kent" title="Frank Kent">Frank Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> was a major Roosevelt supporter in 1932, but turned his nationwide media chain against Roosevelt starting in 1934. Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> had supported Roosevelt in 1932, but he became the leader of isolationist intellectuals who opposed his foreign policy after 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt in the 1920s had been closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, the governor of New York. Roosevelt defeated Smith for the 1932 nomination and Smith became the leader of the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">Liberty League</a> of prominent businessmen opposing the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Roosevelt rejected the possibility of major war jobs for any of these men except <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Douglas">Lewis Douglas</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some appointees privately turned against the New Deal, but they kept quiet and stayed in the jobs, such as ambassador <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Claude Bowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_New_Deal_and_criticism_of_Roosevelt's_tax_policy"><span id="Criticism_of_the_New_Deal_and_criticism_of_Roosevelt.27s_tax_policy"></span>Criticism of the New Deal and criticism of Roosevelt's tax policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism of the New Deal and criticism of Roosevelt's tax policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Critics_of_the_New_Deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Critics of the New Deal">Critics of the New Deal</a></div> <p>Roosevelt was criticized by conservatives for his economic policies, especially the shift in tone from <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a> with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and regulation of the economy. Those criticisms continued decades after his death. One factor in the revisiting of these issues in later decades was the election of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in 1981 Reagan was quoted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> saying that <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> was admired by many New Dealers, he came under heavy criticism, for Reagan had greatly admired Roosevelt and was a leading New Dealer in Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most outspoken critics of the New Deal in the 1930s was the right-wing activist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Elizabeth Dilling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Powers-1998_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers-1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Roosevelt is criticized by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">libertarians</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a>. These critics often accuse his policies of prolonging what they believe would otherwise have been a much shorter recession. They claim that <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">government planning of the economy</a> was both unnecessary and counterproductive and that <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> policies would have ended the suffering much sooner. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a>, an adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School of economics</a>, said that Roosevelt "did not get us out of the Depression" or "save capitalism from itself" as generations of Americans have been taught.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, libertarian historian <a href="/wiki/Jim_Powell_(historian)" title="Jim Powell (historian)">Jim Powell</a> stated in his 2003 book <i>FDR's Folly</i> that the median joblessness rate throughout the New Deal was 17.2 percent and never went below 14 percent. However, Powell does not count government workers on the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA) as employed, even though they worked at full-time paid jobs, as wholly tax-funded positions cannot reasonably be stated to add to the economic health of a workforce<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (December 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>. Powell states the Depression was worsened and prolonged "by doubling taxes, making it more expensive for employers to hire people, making it harder for entrepreneurs to raise capital, demonizing employers, destroying food... breaking up the strongest banks, forcing up the cost of living, channeling welfare away from the poorest people and enacting labor laws that hit poor African Americans especially hard".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Liberal</a> historians reject Powell's charges and note that it was Hoover who raised taxes, not Roosevelt; and say that the New Deal did more for blacks than any administration before or since.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libertarian writers such as Burton Folsom believe that Social Security tax increases for middle-class workers exceeded government-mandated wage increases for them, thus leaving them with less current disposable income in exchange for eventual pensions. Roosevelt raised tax rates on the wealthy to a top marginal tax rate of 79%. However, wealthy citizens found tax shelters to reduce this rate. Libertarians also believe New Deal tax legislation curtailed private sector investment and job creation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2004 econometric study by Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian concluded that the "New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression as President Roosevelt and his economic planners had hoped", but that the "New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression". They believe that the "abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s".<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not credit Roosevelt for the remarkable prosperity of the 1940s. </p><p>New Deal defenders argue that the failure of industry to create new jobs in the 1930s was caused primarily by the lack of new technologies and new industries as apart from radio there were few growth industries that emerged in the 1930s compared to the 1920s, when automobiles and electricity created the demand for new products that in turn created many new jobs. By contrast, in the 1930s companies did not hire more workers because they could not sell the increased output that would result.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_either_a_"socialist"_or_a_"communist""><span id="Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_either_a_.22socialist.22_or_a_.22communist.22"></span>Criticism of Roosevelt as either a "socialist" or a "communist"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism of Roosevelt as either a "socialist" or a "communist""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Richard G. Powers, who studied <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> versions of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and studied how they interacted with real <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage</a> as well as false or inaccurate <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">red-baiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>, noted that FDR was frequently attacked by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> critics. Some hard-right critics in the 1930s claimed that Roosevelt was either a state socialist or a communist, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Elizabeth Dilling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a>. The accusations generally centered on the New Deal, but also included other alleged issues, such as claims that Roosevelt was "anti-God" by Coughlin. These conspiracy theories were grouped as the "red web" or "Roosevelt Red Record," based significantly on propaganda books by Dilling. There was significant overlap between these red-baiting accusations against Roosevelt and the isolationist <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>. Roosevelt was concerned enough about the accusations that in a September 29, 1936, speech in Syracuse, Roosevelt officially condemned <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Powers-1998_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers-1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this campaign another herring turns up. In former years it has been British and French- and a variety of other things. This year it is Russian. Desperate in mood, angry at failure, cunning in purpose, individuals and groups are seeking to make Communism an issue in an election where Communism is not a controversy between the two major parties. </p><p>[...] I repudiate the support of any advocate of Communism or of any other alien "ism" which would by fair means or foul change our American democracy. [...] </p><p>Communism is a manifestation of the social unrest which always comes with widespread economic maladjustment. We in the Democratic party have not been content merely to denounce this menace. We have been realistic enough to face it. We have been intelligent enough to do something about it. And the world has seen the results of what we have done. In the spring of 1933 we faced a crisis which was the ugly fruit of twelve years of neglect of the causes of economic and social unrest...<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The accusations of communism were widespread enough to misdirect from the real Soviet espionage that was occurring, leading the Roosevelt administration to miss the infiltration of various spy rings. Most of the Soviet spy rings actually sought to undermine the Roosevelt administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Powers-1998_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers-1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was also accused of "socialism" or "communism" by Republican representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Rich" title="Robert F. Rich">Robert F. Rich</a>, and senators <a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Simeon D. Fess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Schall" title="Thomas D. Schall">Thomas D. Schall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, whom Roosevelt succeeded as governor of New York, decried Roosevelt's New Deal policies as being <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>. In response to Smith's claims that the New Deal was socialist, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> described Roosevelt as a state capitalist, and he also stated that Roosevelt's New Deal policies were a poor imitation of the platform of the Socialist party, noting that while Roosevelt sought to regulate Wall Street, Thomas and the Socialist Party sought to abolish the system that Wall Street was a part of.<sup id="cite_ref-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was asked about his political philosophy at a press conference, Roosevelt stated: "Philosophy? I am a Christian and a Democrat. That is all."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_a_"warmonger""><span id="Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_a_.22warmonger.22"></span>Criticism of Roosevelt as a "warmonger"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism of Roosevelt as a "warmonger""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, Roosevelt was among those concerned at the growing strength of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> and he found ways to help Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalists">Chinese Nationalists</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in their struggle against them. His program of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> supplied military equipment to those powers despite the American government's official neutrality. This prompted several <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> leaders, including air hero <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>, to criticize him as a warmonger who was trying to push America into war with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. This criticism was largely silenced in the public arena after the Japanese attack on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, but some persisted in the belief that Roosevelt <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge debate">knew of the attack</a> beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_a_"fascist""><span id="Criticism_of_Roosevelt_as_a_.22fascist.22"></span>Criticism of Roosevelt as a "fascist"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism of Roosevelt as a "fascist""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1945, the term "fascist" conjured up images of <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi death camps</a>, but in the 1930s it had a very different connotation, meaning the centralization of political power as in <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s Italy and of a "<a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">third way</a>" between <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. While most American businessmen thought Roosevelt was hostile to them, critics on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> said he was too friendly. Comparisons of American domestic programs to fascist economics are not necessarily pejorative as one of the motives behind the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highway system">Interstate Highway System</a> was that <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a> was impressed by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">autobahn</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in Roosevelt's first term, supporters and critics alike found similarities between the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> (NRA) and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy_under_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Italy under fascism">Italian corporatism</a>. In 1935 and 1936, after <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italy invaded Ethiopia</a> and the Supreme Court struck down the NRA, contemporaries stopped comparing the NRA to Italian corporatism. Interest in the subject returned in 1973, when two prominent historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> wrote articles on resemblances between the New Deal and <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">fascist economics</a>. According to James Q. Whitman, by the late 1980s it was "almost routine" for New Deal historians to identify similarities between the New Deal and fascist economic programs.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics_on_the_left">Critics on the left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critics on the left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA#The_CPUSA_constitution_and_program" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> (CPUSA) first charged Roosevelt with being <a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">fascist</a> less than two months after he took office. On May Day, 1933, the CPUSA ran a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing "the whole Roosevelt program of preparation for fascism and war" and calling Roosevelt a "fascist dictator". The ads' examples of alleged fascist activities included "forced labor for the unemployed" and harsh tactics against striking farm workers in California. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kengor" title="Paul Kengor">Paul Kengor</a> wrote that the charges were ridiculous.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> noted that critics from the left believed "that the NRA was a clear imitation of Mussolini's corporate state".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Left-liberal publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> worried that the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a>' (CCC) integration with the military could start a transformation to a fascistic society. While the CCC was operated by the military and had some militaristic aspects, the Roosevelt White House allayed these fears by emphasizing the CCC's civilian character. Unlike its German counterpart, the CCC was never a compulsory service.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not believing that Roosevelt was a fascist, Socialist Party leader Norman Thomas noted that the fascist leaders of Europe were state capitalists much like he claimed Roosevelt of being. Thomas also criticized Roosevelt for not coming to the aid of <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1934_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1934 California gubernatorial election">1934 California gubernatorial election</a> where Sinclair was subject to negative campaigns from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> funded by <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> movie moguls.<sup id="cite_ref-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics_on_the_right">Critics on the right</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critics on the right"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right (United States)</a></div> <p>Conservatives have made the most significant<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Dubious" title="Talk:Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">discuss</a></i>]</sup> criticisms of Roosevelt and have been keeping up with these criticisms for decades. They warned of "regimentation". They made cautionary comparisons of Roosevelt's economic programs to communism and socialist, to which Roosevelt responded in a June 1934 <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Chat">Fireside Chat</a> by saying that the critics were motivated by self-interest and that everything he did was within the United States' political tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was a pragmatist who had studied under <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> at Harvard College. As a pragmatist, Roosevelt was willing to consider various sources of ideas for social experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent of Roosevelt's critics in regards to fascism was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, who saw a connection between the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the "Swope Plan", named after <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Swope#The_Swope_Plan" title="Gerard Swope">Gerard Swope</a>. Hoover was an ardent supporter of trade associations, but saw the Swope Plan as fascistic because of its compulsory nature.<sup id="cite_ref-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a> argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unlike the "moderate," internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anti-collectivist, anti-Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Old Right emerged in opposition to the New Deal of President Roosevelt and Hoff says that "moderate Republicans and leftover Republican Progressives like Hoover composed the bulk of the Old Right by 1940, with a sprinkling of former members of the Farmer-Labor party, Non-Partisan League, and even a few midwestern prairie Socialists".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historians_compare_the_New_Deal_to_policies_which_were_implemented_in_Europe">Historians compare the New Deal to policies which were implemented in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historians compare the New Deal to policies which were implemented in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Swope#The_Swope_Plan" title="Gerard Swope">Swope Plan</a> was the starting point for the drafting of the NIRA and in no way was it modeled on policies which were implemented in Europe. Many prominent businessmen had participated in the writing of it. However, Hoover denounced the Swope plan as monopolistic and refused to support any proposal made by the Chamber of Commerce, though it was widely praised by American businessmen and academics.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swope Plan was <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a>, but far less extensive than fascist corporatism. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_A._Garraty" title="John A. Garraty">John A. Garraty</a> said that the NIRA was "similar to experiments being carried out by the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy and by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> in Hitler's Germany. It did not, of course, turn America into a fascist state, but it did herald an increasing concentration of economic power in the hands of interest groups, both industrialists' organizations and labor unions". Garraty said that another influence was the concept of the corporate state, where capitalists and workers, supervised by the government, worked out problems to avoid wasteful competition and dangerous social clashes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Ellis Hawley reviewed the legislative history of the NIRA. A key member of the Brains Trust, Raymond Moley, led efforts to review industrial recovery plans. Another significant influence was <a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a>, who drew on his experience with the war industries board.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular historian <a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Amity Shlaes</a> stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The NIRA was the consummation of a thousand articles and a thousand trends. It was the ideas of Moley, the trade unions, Stuart Chase, Tugwell, Stalin, Insull, Teddy Roosevelt, Henry Ford, and Mussolini's Italian model all rolled into one.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to comparative law scholar <a href="/wiki/James_Whitman" title="James Whitman">James Whitman</a>, it was not the NIRA statute that fueled suspicions of fascism. It was the leaders of the National Recovery Administration: Hugh Johnson, head of the NRA, openly admired Mussolini. Both Johnson and his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Richberg" title="Donald Richberg">Donald Richberg</a>, made disturbing statements indicating that they were hostile to parliamentary government. Richberg denied being a fascist, but described Roosevelt several times as a "Man of Action". Whitman said that there were "striking" differences between the ideology of Johnson and Richberg and fascist propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garraty suggested that there were some "striking" similarities between Roosevelt's programs and German anti-depression policies, but concluded that the New Deal did not have much in common with fascism in total because of the vast political differences between the two systems. Roosevelt expanded political participation for the less fortunate. Garraty stated that the main reason for the similarities was that both nations were dealing with problems that were unique in the industrial world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garraty stated that the New Deal lacked any consistent ideological base. While the Brains Trust got a lot of attention, theorists never had much impact on Roosevelt. He drew on populism, with its hostility to bankers and its willingness to inflate the currency; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a> in its dislike of competition and deemphasis on antitrust laws; and the ideas of social workers from the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> influenced Roosevelt on financial reforms. The War Labor Board from World War I influenced Roosevelt's labor policy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars had varying views on the relationship between the New Deal and fascist economics: </p> <ul><li>New Deal historian <a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">William Leuchtenburg</a> said in 1968 that "Mussolini's corporate state did not find [an] American following". Leuchtenburg said that if the New Deal had any foreign counterparts, it was in Scandinavia (see the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt was overall a net exporter of ideas. Arthur Schlesinger's conclusions were similar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Diggins" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Diggins">John P. Diggins</a> found only superficial similarities between the New Deal and Italian fascism. However, Diggins produced some quotations indicating that Roosevelt was interested in fascist economic programs and admired Mussolini.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kiran Klaus Patel stated: "On the whole, there was a special closeness between the German Labor Service and the CCC, just as there was a whole series of similar measures in social, cultural, and economic policies in Nazi Germany and under the New Deal". Patel stated that the two nations' politics were obviously different, with the United States adopting reform while Germany adopted fascism. The main reasons for the economic similarities according to Patel was the growth in state interventionism along with the fact that Germany and the United States faced similar problems, particularly the need to reduce mass unemployment. To that end, both nations employed instruments of economic and social policy that were often strikingly similar. On that level, the crisis led to a limited degree of convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> wrote that the New Deal was a "replica" of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>'s social policies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> also said that <a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">Bismarck's Germany</a> influenced the New Deal. Friedman said that both Wilhelmine Germany's aristocratic and autocratic government and left-wing governments had a paternalistic philosophy. According to Friedman, other sources included Fabian England, Swedish and American universities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>James Q. Whitman said that in its day-to-day operations the NRA only had limited resemblance to fascist corporatism. American corporatism was of an indigenous nature that traced back to nineteenth century German theorists of corporatism. It was also built on the United States' World War I experience, which used corporatism to manage the economy. European corporatism was an ideology of political economy, built on conflicts between labor and capital. It appealed to "thuggish anti-parliamentarians who were the fascists". The United States' corporatism was only an economic ideology as Americans viewed Congress as a "place full of incompetents, not rogues". Whitman said that there were two main differences between the NRA's corporatism and European fascism. One was that in the United States class warfare never reached the level of intensity that it did in Europe. The other reason was that unlike Italy and Germany, the United States had a long tradition of representative government.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Q._Whitman_1991_pp._747-778_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Q._Whitman_1991_pp._747-778-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shlaes wrote that Roosevelt's policies were often inspired by socialist or fascist models abroad. She acknowledges that Hoover and Roosevelt may not have had better alternative as their policies may have spared America some facsimile of Mussolini's fascism or <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Communism</a>. Shlaes states: "The argument that democracy would have failed in the United States without the New Deal stood for seven decades, and has been made anew, by scholars of considerable quality, quite recently".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friedrich_von_Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Friedrich von Hayek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i>. Hayek focused mostly on Britain, but he also mentioned the New Deal and argued that the British and American governments had started to abandon their basic commitment to personal liberty through increasingly statist economic programs. Historian Alan Brinkley said that Hayek's work was influential because it expressed concerns that already existed. The biggest challenge to the New Deal was the fear that the expanding federal bureaucracy limited personal economic freedom and autonomy. According to Brinkley, liberals accused Hayek of attacking a straw man, but their criticism had a strongly defensive tone. Alvin Hansen wrote a scathing review, but said that <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> is "'good medicine but a bad diet.'" Stuart Chase acknowledged that Hayek provided "a useful warning [...] which every planner should paste under the glass top of his desk." <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> noted that <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>'s rise prompted the democracies to be apprehensive about collectivist solutions, stating that "a wise community will walk warily and test the effect of each new adventure before further adventures."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusations_of_racism">Accusations of racism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accusations of racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment_of_Japanese_Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internment of Japanese Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a>, which sent 120,000 Japanese expatriates and American citizens of Japanese ancestry to be confined at <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">internment camps</a>, was heavily motivated by a fear of Japanese Americans, following the December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor attack. At the time, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in <i><a href="/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" title="Korematsu v. United States">Korematsu v. United States</a></i> (1944). </p><p>According to a March 1942 poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Public_Opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="American Institute of Public Opinion">American Institute of Public Opinion</a>, 93% of Americans supported Roosevelt's decision on relocation of Japanese non-citizens from the Pacific Coast whereas only 1% opposed it. According to the same poll, 59% supported the relocation of Japanese who were born in the country and were United States citizens, whereas 25% opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_Jesse_Owens">Treatment of Jesse Owens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment of Jesse Owens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1936_Berlin_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Berlin Olympics">1936 Berlin Olympics</a>, only the white athletes were invited to see and meet Roosevelt. No such invitation was made to the black athletes, such as <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a>, who had won four gold medals. A widely believed myth about the 1936 games was that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> had snubbed Owens, an event that never occurred. Owens said that "Hitler didn't snub me—it was [Roosevelt] who snubbed me. The president didn't even send me a telegram".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hitler had left after Owens won his first gold medal, and did not meet with him. Subsequently, Hitler did not meet with any of the gold medalists. Owens lamented his treatment by Roosevelt, saying that he "wasn't invited to the White House to shake hands with the President".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-lynching_legislation">Anti-lynching legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anti-lynching legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roosevelt condemned <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, but in contrast to his wife <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor</a>, he did not support Republican proposals to classify it as a federal crime. Roosevelt made the following statement when he spoke to an advocate of federal anti-lynching legislation: "If I come out for the anti-lynching bill now, they [Southern Democratic senators] will block every bill I ask Congress to pass to keep America from collapsing. I just can't take that risk".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_of_Hugo_Black">Nomination of Hugo Black</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nomination of Hugo Black"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roosevelt nominated <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, despite the fact that Black was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in the 1920s. The nomination of Black was controversial because he was an ardent New Dealer with almost no judicial experience.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt and the members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> did not know of Black's previous KKK membership.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daniels2015_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, despite his past KKK membership, Black would often establish a voting record more favorable to civil rights in numerous cases in the years that followed, including <i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967), and <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education" title="Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education">Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education</a></i> (1969). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_Anti-Semitism">Claims of Anti-Semitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Claims of Anti-Semitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unz_Review" title="The Unz Review">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of Roosevelt's closest political associates were Jewish. Nevertheless, historians have accused Roosevelt of expressing anti-Semitic attitudes, both publicly and privately. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Medoff" title="Rafael Medoff">Rafael Medoff</a>, "Roosevelt’s unflattering statements about Jews consistently reflected one of several interrelated notions: that it was undesirable to have too many Jews in any single profession, institution, or geographic locale; that by nature, America was, and it should always continue to be, an overwhelmingly white, Protestant country; and on the whole, Jews possessed certain innate and distasteful characteristics.", arguing that Roosevelt establishing a quota for Jewish students in 1923, during his time as an administrator at Harvard, was aimed at restricting access, not ensuring it, to Jewish students. Medoff further alleged that in 1939, Roosevelt boasted to Montana Senator <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> that both men had no Jewish blood in their veins. Medoff also claimed that as a child, Roosevelt's grandson Curtis would often hear his grandfather telling stories in the White House with stereotypical Jewish characters, these Jewish characters being Lower East Side people with heavy accents.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being described as "little and late" compared with the Holocaust death toll, the <a href="/wiki/War_Refugee_Board" title="War Refugee Board">War Refugee Board</a> which Roosevelt created in January 1944 was acknowledged to have had a crucial role in the rescuing of tens of thousands Jews from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-wrb_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrb-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusations_of_insufficient_assistance_to_victims_of_the_Holocaust">Accusations of insufficient assistance to victims of the Holocaust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accusations of insufficient assistance to victims of the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1940s, Roosevelt was accused by critics of not acting decisively enough to prevent <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics cite instances such as the 1939 episode in which 936 Jewish refugees on the <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">MS <i>St. Louis</i></a> were denied asylum and not allowed into the United States because of strict laws passed by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Wyman" title="David Wyman">David Wyman</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personnel" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt administration</a> knew that the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> were systematically killing Jews and other minorities, but it adhered to a policy which prevented it from rescuing them.<sup id="cite_ref-failure_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-failure-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wyman, Roosevelt's record on Holocaust refugees and their rescue is very poor and one of the worst failures of his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-failure_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-failure-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Wyman's allegation, the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Museum">Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> has acknowledged that the War Refugee Board, which was created by Roosevelt in January 1944 on advice from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>, proved effective in rescuing tens of thousands of victims who were affected by the Holocaust, though even the board's first director John Pehle described it as "little and late" compared with the enormity of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-wrb_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrb-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defenders of Roosevelt, such as Robert N. Rosen, noted that Roosevelt made numerous attempts to allow Holocaust refugees to enter the United States and they argue that during periods when his presidency was weak, he simply did not have the political capital which would have enabled him to wage these battles.<sup id="cite_ref-saving_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saving-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosen argues that the mood in the country favored the strong desire to remain neutral regarding European affairs and distrust of anything that smacked of internationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-saving_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saving-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one point, Wyman and Rosen agree: that there were bitter divisions within numerous minority communities in America regarding whether to actively lobby for the rescue of their European counterparts from Nazi persecution, and that as a consequence, Roosevelt had limited political capital to initiate such an effort.<sup id="cite_ref-saving_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saving-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medoff claim that after the Allied conquest of North Africa in 1942, Roosevelt chose to retain the antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> leadership which was in power there, with Jews and many other victims remaining held in concentration camps, and discriminatory laws against minorities remained in effect. He claimed that, in private, Roosevelt stated that Jews and other minorities did not need the right to vote because no elections were expected to be held soon. According to Medoff, only after an outcry was made by Jewish organizations in the US that Roosevelt acted to help North African Jews, with anti-Jewish laws remaining in effect for 10 months after the US conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Wolfskill and John Allen Hudson. <i>All But the People: Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Critics, 1933–39</i> (1969). Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht. <i>Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term</i> (1968). p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitman" title="Richard Breitman">Richard Breitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_J._Lichtman" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan J. Lichtman">Allan J. Lichtman</a>. <i>FDR and the Jews</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Robinson. <i>A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America</i> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira Katznelson. <i>Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time</i> (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Spencer. "Loyal Democrats: John Cudahy, Jim Farley, and the Politics and Diplomacy of the New Deal Era, 1933–1941". <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i> (Spring 2011). 94#3. pp. 2–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. Beschloss. <i>Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance</i> (1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Krome. "From Liberal Philosophy to Conservative Ideology? Walter Lippmann's Opposition to the New Deal". <i>Journal of American Culture</i> (Spring 1987). 10#1. pp. 57–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene W. Goll. "Frank R. Kent's Opposition to Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal". <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i> (Summer 1968). 63#2. pp. 158–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Divine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902403">"Franklin D. Roosevelt and Collective Security, 1933"</a>. <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1961). 42–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan A. Schwarz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162631">"Al Smith in the Thirties"</a>. <i>New York History</i> (1964). 316–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly McMichael Stott. "FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the Raw Deal". <i>Historian</i> (Fall 2000). 63#1. pp. 105–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Beisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Beisner (page does not exist)">Robert L. Beisner</a>, <i>Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War</i> (2006) ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas T. Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27791892">"'Old' Democrats and New Deal Politics: Claude G. Bowers, James A. Farley, and the Changing Democratic Party, 1933–1940"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1996). 92#1. pp. 26–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffery O. Nelson, eds. <i>American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia</i> (2006). pp. 619–621, 645–646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/23/us/no-headline-143644.html">"Reagan says many New Dealers wanted fascism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 22, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers-1998-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powers-1998_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers-1998_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers-1998_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPowers1998" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Richard Gid (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_LbUSH0N1sC"><i>Not without honor : the history of American anticommunism</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 130, 136, 170–173, 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07470-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07470-0"><bdi>0-300-07470-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39245533">39245533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+without+honor+%3A+the+history+of+American+anticommunism&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=130%2C+136%2C+170-173%2C+195&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39245533&rft.isbn=0-300-07470-0&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_LbUSH0N1sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson, Christine K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27557195">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I have Not had One Fact Disproven": Elizabeth Dilling's Crusade against Communism in the 1930s"</a>. <i>Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 473–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875802006928">10.1017/S0021875802006928</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758">0021-8758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27557195">27557195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145511537">145511537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%22I+have+Not+had+One+Fact+Disproven%22%3A+Elizabeth+Dilling%27s+Crusade+against+Communism+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=473-489&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0021-8758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145511537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27557195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875802006928&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Christine+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27557195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas DiLorenzo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301082408/https://mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=515&sortorder=articledate">The New Deal Debunked</a></i> (November 2004). <i>The Free Market</i>. 24#11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Jim. <i>FDR's Folly: How Franklin Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression</i>, Random House, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard Sitkoff, ed. <i>Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated</i> (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_W._Folsom2008" class="citation book cs1">Burton W. Folsom (2008). <i>New Deal or Raw Deal? How FDR's Economic Legacy Has Damaged America</i>. Threshold Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Deal+or+Raw+Deal%3F+How+FDR%27s+Economic+Legacy+Has+Damaged+America&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Burton+W.+Folsom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.hawaii.edu/research/seminars/02-03/02-21.pdf"><i>New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis</i></a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517195012/http://www.economics.hawaii.edu/research/seminars/02-03/02-21.pdf">Archived</a> May 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Szostak. <i>Technological Innovation and the Great Depression</i> (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-democratic-state-convention-syracuse-ny">"Address at the Democratic State Convention, Syracuse, N.Y. | The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Address+at+the+Democratic+State+Convention%2C+Syracuse%2C+N.Y.+%7C+The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Faddress-the-democratic-state-convention-syracuse-ny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2009/sep/22/barack-obama/obama-roosevelt-socialist-communist/">"PolitiFact – Obama right that Roosevelt was called a socialist and a communist"</a>. <i>Politifact</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309155725/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2009/sep/22/barack-obama/obama-roosevelt-socialist-communist/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politifact&rft.atitle=PolitiFact+%E2%80%93+Obama+right+that+Roosevelt+was+called+a+socialist+and+a+communist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ffactchecks%2F2009%2Fsep%2F22%2Fbarack-obama%2Fobama-roosevelt-socialist-communist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Is_the_New_Deal_Socialism_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Is the New Deal Socialism?", by Norman Thomas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope; Jonathan Alter, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Steele, "The Great Debate: Roosevelt, the Media, and the Coming of the War, 1940–1941." <i>Journal of American History</i> 71.1 (1984): 69–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899834">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Ambrose. <i>Eisenhower the President, Volume Two</i> (1984). New York. Simon & Schuster. p. 250. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-60565-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-60565-8">0-671-60565-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Q._Whitman_pp._747-778_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Q. Whitman. "Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal". <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i> (1991). 39#4. pp. 747–778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_A._Garraty_1973_pp._907-944_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty. "The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression". <i>The American Historical Review</i> (October 1973). 78#4. pp. 907–944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kengor. <i>Dupes: How America's Adversaries Have Manipulated Progressives for a Century</i> (2010). Wilmington, Delaware. ISI Books. pp. 23, 113–118. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935191-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935191-75-9">978-1-935191-75-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hofstadter1955" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hofstadter (1955). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreformbyric0000unse"><i>The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.</i></a></span>. Vintage Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreformbyric0000unse/page/327">327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307809643" title="Special:BookSources/9780307809643"><bdi>9780307809643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reform%3A+From+Bryan+to+F.D.R.&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780307809643&rft.au=Richard+Hofstadter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofreformbyric0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiran Klaus Patel. <i>Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945</i> (2005). New York. Cambridge University Press. p. 152–154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16866-3">978-0-521-16866-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1992" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1992). Buhite, Russell D.; Levy, David W. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrsfiresidechat0000roos"><i>FDR's Fireside Chats</i></a></span>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrsfiresidechat0000roos/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806123702" title="Special:BookSources/0806123702"><bdi>0806123702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%27s+Fireside+Chats&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0806123702&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+Delano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdrsfiresidechat0000roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his diary entry for October 5, 1933, Ickes wrote: "He said that what we were doing in this country were some of the things that were being done in Russia and even some of the things that were being done under Hitler in Germany. But we were doing them in an orderly way". Lewis S. Feuer. "American Travelers to the Soviet Union 1917–32: A Component of New Deal Ideology". <i>American Quarterly</i> (Summer 1962). 14#2. part I. pp. 119–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George H. Nash. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2702450">"The Republican Right from Taft to Reagan"</a>. <i>Reviews in American History</i> (1984). 12#2. pp. 261–265. Nash references David W. Reinhard. <i>The Republican Right since 1945</i> (1983). University Press of Kentucky.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Hoff1975" class="citation book cs1">Joan Hoff (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwl3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Herbert Hoover, forgotten progressive</i></a>. Little, Brown. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316944168" title="Special:BookSources/9780316944168"><bdi>9780316944168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover%2C+forgotten+progressive&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780316944168&rft.au=Joan+Hoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgwl3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis W. Hawley. <i>The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly</i> (1966). pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Hess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/keyserl1.htm">"Oral History Interview with Leon H. Keyserling"</a> (May 3, 1971). Harry S. Truman Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty. <i>The American Nation: A History of the United States Since 1865 (Volume Two)</i> (1979). New York. Harper & Row. p. 656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis Wayne Hawley. <i>The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly</i> (1966). p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amity Shlaes. <i>The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression</i> (2007). New York. HarperCollins. p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1858346">"The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression"</a>.<i>The American Historical Review</i> (1973). 78#4. pp. 907–944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty. <i>The American Nation: A History of the United States Since 1865 (Volume Two)</i> (1979). p. 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Leuchtenburg, "The New Deal" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Vann_Woodward1968" class="citation book cs1">C. Vann Woodward, ed. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXLLTjRoGrYC&pg=PA306"><i>The Comparative Approach to American History</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535461-4"><bdi>978-0-19-535461-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Approach+to+American+History&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535461-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXLLTjRoGrYC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early in 1933, Roosevelt told a White House correspondent: "I don't mind telling you in confidence that I am keeping in fairly close touch with that admirable Italian gentleman". In June 1933, Roosevelt wrote to Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Breckinridge Long</a> in Italy about Mussolini: "There seems no question that he is really interested in what we are doing and I am much interested and deeply impressed by what he has accomplished and by his evidenced honest purpose of restoring Italy and to prevent general European trouble". John P. Diggins. <i>Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America</i> (1972). Princeton University Press. pp. 279–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiran Klaus Patel. <i>Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945</i> (2005). New York. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16866-3">978-0-521-16866-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig von Mises. <i>Liberalism: In the Classic Tradition</i> (2002). San Francisco. Cobden Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930439-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-930439-23-6">0-930439-23-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton and Rose Friedman. <i>Free to Choose</i> (1980). New York. Avon Books. pp. 83–84, 88–89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-52548-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-52548-8">0-380-52548-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Q._Whitman_1991_pp._747-778-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Q._Whitman_1991_pp._747-778_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Q. Whitman. "Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal". <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i> (Autumn 1991). 39#4. pp. 747–778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amity Shlaes. <i>The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression</i> (2007). New York. HarperCollins. pp. 6–7, 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621170-1">978-0-06-621170-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Brinkley. <i>The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War</i> (1995). New York. Vintage Books. 3387–3460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/main/us-public-opinion-on-japanese-internment-1942">"Public Opinion Poll on Japanese Internment – Americans and the Holocaust"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Museum&rft.atitle=Public+Opinion+Poll+on+Japanese+Internment+%E2%80%93+Americans+and+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.ushmm.org%2Famericans-and-the-holocaust%2Fmain%2Fus-public-opinion-on-japanese-internment-1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Schapp. <i>Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympic</i> (2007). Mariner Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Schwartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016393.html">"Owens pierced a myth"</a> (2005). <i>SportsCentury</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurine_Hoffman_Beasley_et_al._eds.2001" class="citation book cs1">Maurine Hoffman Beasley et al. eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5p9GIzyk0XgC&pg=PA29"><i>The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313301810" title="Special:BookSources/9780313301810"><bdi>9780313301810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eleanor+Roosevelt+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313301810&rft.au=Maurine+Hoffman+Beasley+et+al.+eds.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5p9GIzyk0XgC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Leuchtenburg, "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black." <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i> 41 (1973): 1+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3788&context=uclrev">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/pc/pc0054.pdf">"FDR Press Conference #398"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 14, 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214010126/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/pc/pc0054.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span> – via FDR Presidential Library & Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FDR+Press+Conference+%23398&rft.date=1937-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2F_resources%2Fimages%2Fpc%2Fpc0054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels2015-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniels2015_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Daniels2015" class="citation book cs1">Roger Daniels (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJWJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT381"><i>Franklin D. Roosevelt: Road to the New Deal, 1882–1939</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09762-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09762-1"><bdi>978-0-252-09762-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218141116/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJWJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT381">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%3A+Road+to+the+New+Deal%2C+1882%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09762-1&rft.au=Roger+Daniels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJWJCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What FDR said about Jews in private; Rafael Medoff, April 7, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A grandson who exposed the president's antisemitism; Rafael Medoff, Jewish Ledger, October 13, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medoff, "Antisemitism in the White House." in <i>From Antisemitism to Anti-Zionism</i> (Academic Studies Press, 2017) pp. 70–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrb-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrb_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrb_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-war-refugee-board">"The War Refugee Board"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+Refugee+Board&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-war-refugee-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In works such as Arthur Morse's <i>While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy</i> (New York, 1968), David S. Wyman's <i>Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941</i> (1968) and Henry L. Feingold's <i>The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938–1945</i> (1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Feingold (1970) pp. 66, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-failure-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-failure_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-failure_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.current.org/1994/05/fdr-defenders-enlist-tv-critics-refute-holocaust-film/">"FDR defenders enlist TV critics to refute Holocaust film"</a>. Current.org. May 9, 1994. Retrieved August 21, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurel_Leff,_Rafael_Medoff_and_David_S._Wyman2004" class="citation web cs1">Laurel Leff, Rafael Medoff and David S. Wyman (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913013500/http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2004-04-fdrdocs.php">"New Documents Shed More Light on FDR's Holocaust Failure"</a>. Institute for Holocaust Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2004-04-fdrdocs.php">the original</a> on September 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Documents+Shed+More+Light+on+FDR%27s+Holocaust+Failure&rft.pub=Institute+for+Holocaust+Studies&rft.date=2004-04&rft.au=Laurel+Leff%2C+Rafael+Medoff+and+David+S.+Wyman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wymaninstitute.org%2Farticles%2F2004-04-fdrdocs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saving-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saving_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saving_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saving_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_N._Rosen" class="citation web cs1">Robert N. Rosen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savingthejews.com/">"Saving the Jews"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Jews&rft.au=Robert+N.+Rosen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savingthejews.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafael Medoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/opinion/fdr-the-nazis-and-the-jews-of-morocco-a-troubling-episode/">FDR, the Nazis, and the Jews of Morocco: A troubling episode</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scholarly studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Monroe Lee Billington. "New Mexico Clergymen's Perceptions of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal". <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i> (fall 2009). 84#4. pp. 521–544; most of the clergy were favorable and criticisms focused on relief programs and agricultural policies.</li> <li>Campbell Craig. "The Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard". <i>Diplomatic History</i> (Spring 2001). 25#2; historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> accused Roosevelt of unnecessary provocation of Japan and deceiving the American people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Garraty" title="John A. Garraty">John A. Garraty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1858346">"The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression"</a>. <i>American Historical Review</i> (1973). 78#4. pp. 907–944.</li> <li>William E. Leuchtenburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/fdryears.htm"><i>The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy</i></a> (1997). chap. 1. Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Lynn Y. Weiner and Ronald D. Tallman; Nancy Beck Young et al. eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XQ7ObCF4i8C&pg=PA9">"The Popular Iconography of FDR"</a>. <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shaping of American Political Culture</i> (2001). pp. 9–18; reviews the overwhelmingly favorable popular images of Roosevelt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitman" title="James Whitman">James Q. Whitman</a>. "Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal". <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i> (Autumn 1991). 39#4. pp. 747–778.</li> <li>George Wolfskill and John Allen Hudson. <i>All But the People: Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Critics, 1933–39</i> (1969). Macmillan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_attacks">Popular attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Popular attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John T. Flynn. <i>The Roosevelt Myth</i> (1953).</li> <li>Bruce S. Jansson. <i>The Sixteen-Trillion-Dollar Mistake: How the US bungled its national priorities from the New Deal to the present</i> (2001).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Powell_(historian)" title="Jim Powell (historian)">Jim Powell</a>. <i>FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression</i> (2007). Crown.</li> <li>Jim Powell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-29-03.html"><i>How FDR's New Deal Harmed Millions of Poor People</i></a> (2003). CATO.</li> <li>Burt Solomon. <i>FDR v. the Constitution: the Court-packing Fight and the Triumph of Democracy</i> (2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Woods,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E. Woods, Jr.">Thomas E. Woods, Jr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.aspx?control=355"><i>The Truth About FDR</i></a>.</li> <li>Felix Wittmer. <i>The Yalta betrayal: data on the decline and fall of Franklin Delano Roosevelt</i> (1953). Caxton Printers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/books/01roos.html"><i>Roosevelt and the Jews: A Debate Rekindled</i></a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 30, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Template:Franklin D. 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Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">32nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1929–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1913–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_senators" title="List of New York state senators">New York State Senator</a> (1911–1913)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">4th)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">First and second terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Third and fourth terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal">overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933" title="National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933">National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Monetary gold ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6814" title="Executive Order 6814">Silver seizure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_civil_rights" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights">Record on civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_8802" title="Executive Order 8802">Defense industry non-discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Orders 9066,</a><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9102" title="Executive Order 9102"> 9102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German-American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian-American internment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Committee" title="Brownlow Committee">Brownlow Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States#History" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Monument" title="Four Freedoms Monument">Four Freedoms Monument</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Court-Packing Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">Federal Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_"Brain_Trust"" title="Brain trust">"Brain Trust"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Modern_Oval_Office:_1934–present" title="Oval Office">Modern Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Special_(automobile)" title="Sunshine Special (automobile)">Official car</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidential<br />foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">1940 Selective Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Munitions_Assignments_Board" title="Combined Munitions Assignments Board">Combined Munitions Assignments Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations (1942)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">World War II conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Roosevelt's_support_for_the_plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention#Roosevelt's_acceptance_speech" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Acceptance speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_Address" title="Commonwealth Club Address">Commonwealth Club Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Madison_Square_Garden_speech" title="1936 Madison Square Garden speech">Madison Square Garden speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Inaugural_address" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">"...is fear itself"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">Fireside chats</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_to_Norway" title="Look to Norway">Look to Norway</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine_Speech" title="Quarantine Speech">Quarantine Speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_More_Abundant_Life" title="The More Abundant Life">The More Abundant Life</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1938 State of the Union Address">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1939 State of the Union Address">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1940 State of the Union Address">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">1941 (Four Freedoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">1944 (Second Bill of Rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1945 State of the Union Address">1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Early_life_and_marriage" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life, education, career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District" title="Warm Springs Historic District">Warm Springs Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governorship of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zangara#Assassination_attempt" title="Giuseppe Zangara">Assassination attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_York_state_election" title="1928 New York state election">1928 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_New_York_state_election" title="1930 New York state election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention#Impact" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again#In_popular_culture" title="Happy Days Are Here Again">theme song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personal_life" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life and education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FDR_Suite_at_Adams_House,_Harvard_University" title="FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University">FDR Suite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Paralytic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Cottage" title="Top Cottage">Top Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of statues of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Foundation" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Four Freedoms Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Institute for American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(CV-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)">USS <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(Rockwell)" title="Four Freedoms (Rockwell)"><i>Four Freedoms</i> paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_portrait_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"><i>Unfinished portrait</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_dime" title="Roosevelt dime">Roosevelt dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27d_Rather_Be_Right" title="I'd Rather Be Right"><i>I'd Rather Be Right</i> 1937 musical</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Roosevelt Story"><i>The Roosevelt Story</i> 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> 1976,</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>The White House Years</i> 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> 1979 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II:_When_Lions_Roared" title="World War II: When Lions Roared"><i>World War II: When Lions Roared</i> 1997 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)"><i>Warm Springs</i> 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson"><i>Hyde Park on Hudson</i> 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> 2014 documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> 2022 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> 2023 miniseries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">Other namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family<br />(<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Delano_family" title="Delano family">Delano</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Roosevelt Halsted</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_I" title="James Roosevelt I">James Roosevelt I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Ann Delano</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt Roosevelt">James Roosevelt Roosevelt</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roosevelt_(businessman)" title="Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)">Isaac Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Delano_Jr." title="Warren Delano Jr.">Warren Delano Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Major (Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog)">Major</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">← Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Franklin D. 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