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<li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-类别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#类别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>类别</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-类别-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关类别子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-类别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-特设多态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特设多态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>特设多态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特设多态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参数多态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参数多态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>参数多态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参数多态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子类型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子类型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>子类型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子类型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-实现角度类别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实现角度类别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>实现角度类别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实现角度类别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">多态 (计算机科学)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。41种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="تعددية الأشكال (علم الحاسوب) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعددية الأشكال (علم الحاسوب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="چوخ بیچیملیلیک (بیلگی سایار بیلیمی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چوخ بیچیملیلیک (بیلگی سایار بیلیمی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Палімарфізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палімарфізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Полиморфизъм (информатика) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полиморфизъм (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="পলিমরফিজম (কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পলিমরফিজম (কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfizam_(programiranje)" title="Polimorfizam (programiranje) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polimorfizam (programiranje)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfisme_(programaci%C3%B3)" title="Polimorfisme (programació) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polimorfisme (programació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorfismus_(programov%C3%A1n%C3%AD)" title="Polymorfismus (programování) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polymorfismus (programování)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphie_(Programmierung)" title="Polymorphie (Programmierung) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polymorphie (Programmierung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Πολυμορφισμός (υπολογιστές) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυμορφισμός (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polymorphism (computer science)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfismo_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Polimorfismo (informática) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polimorfismo (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCmorfism_(informaatika)" title="Polümorfism (informaatika) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polümorfism (informaatika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="چندریختی (برنامه‌نویسی) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندریختی (برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorfismi" title="Polymorfismi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polymorfismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphisme_(informatique)" title="Polymorphisme (informatique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polymorphisme (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91)" title="פולימורפיזם (מדעי המחשב) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולימורפיזם (מדעי המחשב)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="पोलिमोर्फ़िज्म (कंप्यूटर विज्ञान) – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलिमोर्फ़िज्म (कंप्यूटर विज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfizam_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Polimorfizam (računarstvo) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polimorfizam (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfizmus_(informatika)" title="Polimorfizmus (informatika) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polimorfizmus (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Պոլիմորֆիզմ (ծրագրավորում) – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլիմորֆիզմ (ծրագրավորում)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfismo_(informatica)" title="Polimorfismo (informatica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polimorfismo (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ポリモーフィズム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリモーフィズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90)" title="პოლიმორფიზმი (კომპიუტერული პროგრამირება) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიმორფიზმი (კომპიუტერული პროგრამირება)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%ED%98%95%EC%84%B1_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99)" title="다형성 (컴퓨터 과학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다형성 (컴퓨터 과학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfizmas_(programavime)" title="Polimorfizmas (programavime) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polimorfizmas (programavime)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfisms_(programm%C4%93%C5%A1ana)" title="Polimorfisms (programmēšana) – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polimorfisms (programmēšana)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="പോളിമോർഫിസം (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ശാസ്ത്രം) – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളിമോർഫിസം (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorfisme_(informatica)" title="Polymorfisme (informatica) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polymorfisme (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfizm_(informatyka)" title="Polimorfizm (informatyka) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polimorfizm (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfismo_(ci%C3%AAncia_da_computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Polimorfismo (ciência da computação) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polimorfismo (ciência da computação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfism_(inginerie_software)" title="Polimorfism (inginerie software) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polimorfism (inginerie software)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Полиморфизм (информатика) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полиморфизм (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimorfizmi_(shkenc%C3%AB_kompjuterike)" title="Polimorfizmi (shkencë kompjuterike) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polimorfizmi (shkencë kompjuterike)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Полиморфизам (рачунарство) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полиморфизам (рачунарство)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorfism_(objektorienterad_programmering)" title="Polymorfism (objektorienterad programmering) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polymorfism (objektorienterad programmering)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="பல்லுருத்தோற்றம் (கணிப்பொறி அறிவியல்) – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்லுருத்தோற்றம் (கணிப்பொறி அறிவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87okbi%C3%A7imlilik" title="Çokbiçimlilik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çokbiçimlilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Поліморфізм (програмування) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліморфізм (програмування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_h%C3%ACnh_(khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh)" title="Đa hình (khoa học máy tính) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa hình (khoa học máy tính)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%85%8B_(%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8)" title="多態 (電腦科學) – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多態 (電腦科學)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3240252#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">多态</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#ddf;font-size:110%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="特设多态">特设多态</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8D%E8%BD%BD" title="函数重载">函数重载</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%BD%BD" title="运算符重载">运算符重载</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#ddf;font-size:110%"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="参数多态">參數多态</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="泛化函数">泛化函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="泛型编程">泛型编程</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#ddf;font-size:110%"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="子类型">子类型</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="虚函数">虛函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E6%B4%BE" title="动态分派">單一與動態分派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%86%E6%B4%BE" title="多分派">多分派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雙分派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Double dispatch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E5%88%86%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙分派（页面不存在）">雙分派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_dispatch" class="extiw" title="en:Double dispatch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Double dispatch</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="Template:多态"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="Template talk:多态"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:多态"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="编程语言">编程语言</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%BA" title="类型论">类型论</a>中，<b>多态</b>（英語：<span lang="en">polymorphism</span>）指为不同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="数据类型">数据类型</a>的实体提供统一的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88)" title="介面 (程式設計)">接口</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或使用一个单一的符号来表示多个不同的类型<sup id="cite_ref-Luca_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多态的最常见主要类别有： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="特设多态">特设多态</a>：为个体的特定类型的任意集合定义一个共同接口。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="参数多态">参数多态</a>：指定一个或多个类型不靠名字而是靠可以标识任何类型的抽象符号。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="子类型">子类型</a>（也叫做子类型多态或包含多态）：一个名字指称很多不同的类的实例，这些类有某个共同的超类<sup id="cite_ref-gbooch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbooch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在1967年，英国计算机科学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%A5%87" title="克里斯托弗·斯特雷奇">克里斯托弗·斯特雷奇</a>在他的讲义合集《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="编程语言中的基础概念" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="编程语言中的基础概念（页面不存在）">编程语言中的基础概念</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Concepts_in_Programming_Languages" class="extiw" title="en:Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》中<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，首次提出了特设多态和参数多态的概念。特设多态是<a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>的特征，而参数多态是<a href="/wiki/ML%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="ML语言">ML</a>在1975年介入的类型系统的核心特征<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1985年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·瓦格纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Wegner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·瓦格纳（页面不存在）">彼得·瓦格纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wegner" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Wegner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Wegner</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卢卡·卡代利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Luca Cardelli"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%A3%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢卡·卡代利（页面不存在）">卢卡·卡代利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Cardelli" class="extiw" title="en:Luca Cardelli"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Luca Cardelli</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>在论文中引入了术语「包含多态」来为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="子类型">子类型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="继承 (计算机科学)">继承</a>建模<sup id="cite_ref-Luca_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，引证1967年的<a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>为子类型和继承的最早的对应实现。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="类别"><span id=".E7.B1.BB.E5.88.AB"></span>类别</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：类别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="特设多态"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E8.AE.BE.E5.A4.9A.E6.80.81"></span>特设多态</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：特设多态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="特设多态">特设多态</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="名字修饰">名字修饰</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%A5%87" title="克里斯托弗·斯特雷奇">克里斯托弗·斯特雷奇</a>选择术语“特设多态”来指称一个多态函数可以应用于有不同类型的实际参数上，但是以来它们所应用到的实际参数类型而有不同的表现（也叫做为<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8D%E8%BD%BD" title="函数重载">函数重载</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%BD%BD" title="运算符重载">运算符重载</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-Strachey_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strachey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在这个上下文中术语“特设”（<a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a>）不意图表达贬义，它只是简单的指出这种多态不是类型系统的基本特征。在下面的<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (程式語言)">Pascal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>例子中，在查看<code>Add</code>函数的调用的时候，它好像通用的工作在各种类型之上，但编译器对所有意图和用途都把它们视为完全不同的两个函数: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pascal mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">program</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adhoc</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Integer</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Integer</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Writeln</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">(* 打印"3" *)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Writeln</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Hello, '</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Mammals!'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">(* 打印"Hello, Mammals!" *)</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">.</span> </pre></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="动态类型">动态类型</a>语言中情况可能更加复杂，因为需要调用的正确函数只能在运行时间确定。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="类型转换">隐式类型转换</a>也被定义为多态的一种形式，叫做“强迫多态”<sup id="cite_ref-Luca_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="参数多态"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E6.95.B0.E5.A4.9A.E6.80.81"></span>参数多态</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参数多态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81" title="参数多态">参数多态</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="泛型编程">泛型编程</a></div> <p>参数多态允许函数或数据类型被一般性的书写，从而它可以“统一”的处理值而不用依赖于它们的类型<sup id="cite_ref-bjpierce_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjpierce-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。参数多态是使语言更加有表现力而仍维持完全的静态<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="类型安全">类型安全</a>的一种方式。这种函数和数据类型被分别称为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="泛化函数">泛化函数</a>”和“泛化数据类型”从而形成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="泛型编程">泛型编程</a>的基础。 </p><p>例如，可以构造连接两个列表的一个函数<code>append</code>，它不关心元素的类型：它可以附加整数的列表、实数的列表、字符串的列表等等。设定“类型变量<code>a</code>”来指定这个列表中元素的类型。接着<code>append</code>可以确定类型： </p> <dl><dd><code>forall a. [a] × [a] -> [a]</code></dd></dl> <p>这里的<code>[a]</code>指示具有类型<code>a</code>的元素的列表类型。我们称对于<code>a</code>的所有的值，<code>append</code>的类型“由<code>a</code>参数化”。结果的列表必须由相同类型的元素组成。对于应用<code>append</code>的每个位置，都要为<code>a</code>确定一个值。 </p><p>参数多态的概念适用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="数据类型">数据类型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="子程序">函数</a>二者。可以被求值或应用于不同类型的值之上的函数叫做“多态函数”。看起来具有泛化类型性质的数据类型（比如具有任意类型的元素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="列表 (抽象数据类型)">列表</a>）被指认为“多态数据类型”，就像根据它来做特殊化的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="泛化">泛化</a>类型那样。 </p><p>参数多态在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数式编程">函数式编程</a>之中是普遍的，在这里它经常被简称为“多态”。下面的<a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>例子展示了参数化列表数据类型和在其上的两个参数多态函数： </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Nil</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Cons</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">::</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">-></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Integer</span> <span class="nf">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Nil</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="nf">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">Cons</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xs</span> <span class="nf">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">::</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">-></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">-></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">-></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="nf">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Nil</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Nil</span> <span class="nf">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">Cons</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Cons</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p>参数多态在很多<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="面向对象语言">面向对象语言</a>中也能获得到。例如，<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>和<a href="/wiki/D%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="D语言">D</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF_(C%2B%2B)" title="模板 (C++)">模板</a>，和在<a href="/wiki/C%E2%99%AF" title="C♯">C#</a>、<a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>和<a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>中所称谓的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B#Java_的泛型" title="泛型编程">泛型</a>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Node</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">length</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">B</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">B</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="John C. Reynolds" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John C. Reynolds"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Reynolds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Reynolds（页面不存在）">John C. Reynolds</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Reynolds" class="extiw" title="en:John C. Reynolds"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John C. Reynolds</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（和后来的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Jean-Yves Girard" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jean-Yves Girard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Yves_Girard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Yves Girard（页面不存在）">Jean-Yves Girard</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Yves_Girard" class="extiw" title="en:Jean-Yves Girard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jean-Yves Girard</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）正式的将这种多态概念发展为对lambda演算的扩展（叫做多态lambda演算或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9FF" title="系统F">系统F</a>）。任何参数多态函数都必然在能做什么上受到限制，工作在数据的形状而不是它的值之上，这导致了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="parametricity" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="parametricity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parametricity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parametricity（页面不存在）">parametricity</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parametricity" class="extiw" title="en:parametricity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">parametricity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的概念。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="子类型"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B"></span>子类型</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：子类型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="子类型">子类型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="虚函数">虚函数</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="面向对象程序设计">面向对象程序设计</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="计算机程序">计算机程序</a>執行時，相同的訊息可能會送給多個不同的類別之<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="对象 (计算机科学)">物件</a>，而系統可依據物件所屬類別，引發對應類別的方法，而有不同的行為。簡單來說，所謂多型意指相同的訊息給予不同的物件會引發不同的動作。比如有動物之<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="类 (计算机科学)">類別</a>，而且由動物<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="继承 (计算机科学)">繼承</a>出類別貓和類別狗，並對同一源自類別動物（父類別）之一訊息有不同的響應，如類別動物有「叫」之動作，而類別貓會「<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B5" title="喵">喵喵</a>」，類別狗則會「汪汪」，則稱之為多型態。 </p><p>在下面的这个例子中猫和狗都是动物的子类型。过程<code>letsHear()</code>接受一个动物，但在传递给它一个子类型的时候也能正确工作： </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">talk</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Cat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">talk</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Meow!"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Dog</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">talk</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Woof!"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">letsHear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">talk</span><span class="p">());</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">letsHear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Cat</span><span class="p">());</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">letsHear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dog</span><span class="p">());</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>多态可分为变量多态与函数多态。变量多态是指：基类型的变量（对于<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>是引用或指针）可以被赋值基类型对象，也可以被赋值派生类型的对象。函数多态是指，相同的函数调用界面（函数名与实参表），传送给一个对象变量，可以有不同的行为，这视该对象变量所指向的对象类型而定。多态也可定义为“一种将不同的特殊行为和单个泛化记号相关联的能力”，变量多态是函数多态的基础。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="实现角度类别"><span id=".E5.AE.9E.E7.8E.B0.E8.A7.92.E5.BA.A6.E7.B1.BB.E5.88.AB"></span>实现角度类别</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：实现角度类别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E8%B6%85%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B#靜態多型" class="mw-redirect" title="模板超編程">模板超編程 § 靜態多型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E6%B4%BE" title="动态分派">动态分派</a></div> <p>依据实现时做出的选择，多态可分为： </p> <ul><li>动态多态（dynamic polymorphism）:生效于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="运行期">运行期</a>。</li> <li>静态多态（static polymorphism）：将不同的特殊行为和单个泛化记号相关联，由于这种关联处理于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%9F" title="编译期">编译期</a>而非运行期，因此被称为“静态”。可以用来实现类型安全、运行高效的同质对象集合操作。C++ <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E5%BA%93" title="标准模板库">STL</a>不采用动态多态来实现就是个例子。</li></ul> <p>对于<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>语言，带变量的宏和函数重载机制也允许将不同的特殊行为和单个泛化记号相关联。然而，习惯上并不将这种函数多态、宏多态展现出来的行为称为多态（或静态多态），否则就连<a href="/wiki/C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="C语言">C语言</a>也具有宏多态了。谈及多态时，默认就是指动态多态，而静态多态则是指基于模板的多态。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="鸭子类型">鸭子类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9FF" title="系统F">系统F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB" title="类型类">类型类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%BA" title="类型论">类型论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF" title="虚继承">虚继承</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bjarne Stroustrup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/glossary.html#Gpolymorphism">Bjarne Stroustrup's C++ Glossary</a>. February 19, 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-06-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131717/http://www.stroustrup.com/glossary.html#Gpolymorphism">存档</a>于2018-06-29）. <q>polymorphism – providing a single interface to entities of different types.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81+%28%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%29&rft.au=Bjarne+Stroustrup&rft.btitle=Bjarne+Stroustrup%27s+C%2B%2B+Glossary&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2Fglossary.html%23Gpolymorphism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luca-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luca_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luca_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luca_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCardelliWegner1985" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Cardelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Cardelli（页面不存在）">Cardelli, Luca</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wegner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Wegner（页面不存在）">Wegner, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014052030/http://lucacardelli.name/Papers/OnUnderstanding.A4.pdf">On understanding types, data abstraction, and polymorphism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Surveys" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM Computing Surveys">ACM Computing Surveys</a> (New York, NY, USA: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>). December 1985, <b>17</b> (4): 471–523 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-06-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0360-0300</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F6041.6042"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1145/6041.6042</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucacardelli.name/Papers/OnUnderstanding.A4.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2019-10-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81+%28%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%29&rft.atitle=On+understanding+types%2C+data+abstraction%2C+and+polymorphism&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.aulast=Cardelli&rft.date=1985-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0360-0300&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=ACM+Computing+Surveys&rft.pages=471-523&rft.volume=17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flucacardelli.name%2FPapers%2FOnUnderstanding.A4.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F6041.6042&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>: "Polymorphic types are types whose operations are applicable to values of more than one type."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbooch-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbooch_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Booch, et al 2007 <i>Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications.</i> Addison-Wesley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Strachey, Christopher. Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher-Order_and_Symbolic_Computation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation（页面不存在）">Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation</a>. 2000, <b>13</b> (1/2): 11–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0557"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1573-0557</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010000313106"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1023/A:1010000313106</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81+%28%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%29&rft.atitle=Fundamental+Concepts+in+Programming+Languages&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Strachey&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1573-0557&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.jtitle=Higher-Order+and+Symbolic+Computation&rft.pages=11-49&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1010000313106&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milner, R., Morris, L., Newey, M. "A Logic for Computable Functions with reflexive and polymorphic types", <i>Proc. Conference on Proving and Improving Programs</i>, Arc-et-Senans (1975)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strachey-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strachey_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Christopher Strachey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.dk/courses/BPRD/E2009/fundamental-1967.pdf">Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. www.itu.dk (Kluwer Academic Publishers). <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812012310/http://www.itu.dk/courses/BPRD/E2009/fundamental-1967.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2017-08-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81+%28%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%29&rft.au=Christopher+Strachey&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Concepts+in+Programming+Languages&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.dk%2Fcourses%2FBPRD%2FE2009%2Ffundamental-1967.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Allen B. Tucker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IFMCsQJyscC&pg=SA91-PA5">Computer Science Handbook, Second Edition</a>. Taylor & Francis. 28 June 2004: 91– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-06</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58488-360-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58488-360-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-58488-360-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025117/https://books.google.com/books?id=9IFMCsQJyscC&pg=SA91-PA5">存档</a>于2017-03-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81+%28%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%29&rft.au=Allen+B.+Tucker&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+Handbook%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=2004-06-28&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58488-360-9&rft.pages=91-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IFMCsQJyscC%26pg%3DSA91-PA5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bjpierce-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bjpierce_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce, B. C. 2002 <i>Types and Programming Languages.</i> MIT Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="契约式设计">契约式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="代理人導向編程">面向代理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数式编程">函数式</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="纯函数式编程">纯函数式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="强函数式编程">全函数式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="隐式编程">隐式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E7%BA%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数级编程">函数级</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="数据流程编程">数据流程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="同步式编程">同步式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="响应式编程">响应式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数式响应式编程">函数式响应</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93_(%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6)" title="管道 (软件)">管道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%B5%81%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="串流處理">串流处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="基于流程编程">基于流程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E5%BC%8F%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="宣告式編程">宣告式</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="邏輯編程">逻辑式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E7%AD%94%E9%9B%86%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="回答集编程">回答集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数式逻辑编程">函数式逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%9F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="约束编程">约束式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="查詢語言">数据查询</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD)" title="框架 (人工智能)">框架</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="本体语言">本体</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="元编程">元编程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E9%9B%86" title="巨集">宏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E5%85%83%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="模板元編程">模板</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="反射式编程">反射式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%83%8F%E6%80%A7" title="同像性">同像性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1" title="元对象">元对象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B1%BB" title="元类">元类</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="面向特性编程">面向特性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="面向语言的程序设计">面向语言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="并发计算">并发</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="并行编程模型">并行</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%A8%8B" title="协程">协程</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B)" title="生成器 (计算机编程)">生成器</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future%E4%B8%8Epromise" title="Future与promise">future/promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%91%98%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="演员模型">演员模型</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E_(%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94)" title="訊息傳遞 (軟體)">消息传递</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B" title="通信顺序进程">通信顺序进程</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93_(%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B)" title="通道 (编程)">通道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%8F%89%E4%BC%9A%E5%90%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="分叉会合模型">分叉会合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="整体同步并行">整体同步</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="分区全局地址空间">PGAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他范型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B5%E5%88%97%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="阵列编程">阵列</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="面向表达式编程语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Expression-oriented programming language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="面向表达式编程语言（页面不存在）">面向表达式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression-oriented_programming_language" class="extiw" title="en:Expression-oriented programming language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Expression-oriented programming language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%8C%96%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="模块化编程">模块化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%82%B9%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="关注点分离">关注分离</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%88%87%E9%9D%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="面向切面的程序设计">面向方面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="数据驱动编程">数据驱动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E9%A9%85%E5%8B%95%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="事件驅動程式設計">事件驱动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="串接式编程语言">串接式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%A0%86%E6%A0%88%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="面向堆栈编程">面向堆栈</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="自动机编程">基于自动机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="可微分编程">可微分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="概率编程">概率式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><tt> 关键特征</tt></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%97_(%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B)" title="块 (编程)">块</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嵌套函数" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nested function"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B5%8C%E5%A5%97%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嵌套函数（页面不存在）">嵌套函数</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_function" class="extiw" title="en:Nested function"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nested function</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="回调函数">回调函数</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="递归 (计算机科学)">递归</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%AD%89%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6" title="頭等物件">头等对象</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E7%AD%89%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="头等函数">头等函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="闭包 (计算机科学)">闭包</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%8C%96" title="实化">实化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%AD%E4%BD%93" title="续体">续体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">多态</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%BD%BD" title="运算符重载">运算符重载</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="泛型编程">泛型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%86%E6%B4%BE" title="多分派">多分派</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D" title="模式匹配">模式匹配</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="列表推导式">推导式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%A5" title="抽象資料型別">抽象数据类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="代数数据类型">代数数据类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="递归数据类型">递归数据类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E5%80%BC%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="求值策略">求值策略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="非确定性编程">非确定性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多范型语言比较" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E8%8C%83%E5%9E%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多范型语言比较（页面不存在）">多范型语言比较</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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