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dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f3e2a619" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div></div> 隐式（tacit）编程<a href="#cite_note-train-1">[1]</a>，或称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E7%BA%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数级编程">函数级编程</a>，是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%8C%83%E5%9E%8B" title="编程范型">编程范型</a>，也叫做无点（point-free）样式。其中函数定义不标示所要运算的被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9" title="点">点</a>”的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="参数 (程式设计)">参数</a>，转而函数定义只是其他函数的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="复合函数">复合</a>，比如那些操纵参数的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="组合子逻辑">组合子</a>。隐式编程有着理论价值，因为严格的使用复合导致程序适配于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等式逻辑（页面不存在）">等式推理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equational_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Equational logic">Equational logic</a>）<a href="#cite_note-cunha2005-2">[2]</a>。隐式编程是特定<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="编程语言">编程语言</a>的天然样式，这包括了<a href="/wiki/APL%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="APL语言">APL</a>的一些现代实现和方言<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="串接式编程语言">串接式语言</a>比如<a href="/wiki/Forth" title="Forth">Forth</a>。由于缺少参数命名，认为这种风格导致了不必要的晦涩难懂的人，给它起了个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B0%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="绰号">绰号</a>叫做“无意义”（pointless）风格<a href="#cite_note-cunha2005-2">[2]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="APL语言家族">APL语言家族</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：APL语言家族">编辑</a>]</div> 在一些<a href="/wiki/APL%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="APL语言">APL</a>方言中，允许将函数组合入服从几个规则的“列车”（train）；这允许建立复杂的派生函数，而不需要显式指定任何参数；实现了列车的APL方言包括：<tt><a href="/wiki/J%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="J语言">J</a></tt>语言、Dyalog APL、dzaima/APL、ngn/apl和NARS2000<a href="#cite_note-train-1">[1]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J语言"><tt>J</tt>语言</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：J语言">编辑</a>]</div> 在<tt><a href="/wiki/J%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="J语言">J</a></tt>语言中，下列在一个数值的列表（<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97" class="mw-redirect" title="陣列">阵列</a>）上计算平均值的函数采用了一种无参数样式代码： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-j mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>avg=: +/ % # </pre></div> <code>+/</code>通过将求和（<code>+</code>）插入（<code>/</code>）到一个阵列的所有元素之间来计算它们的合计值。<code>#</code>总计一个阵列的元素数目。<code>%</code>用<code>+/</code>这个阵列的结果值除以<code>#</code>这个阵列的结果值。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="欧拉公式">欧拉公式</a><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4907c0489ab08ce550c7700a1587d4634801dff8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:19.352ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x}">可隐式表达为： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-j mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>cos =: 2 o. ] sin =: 1 o. ] Euler =: ^@j. = cos j. sin </pre></div> 这里定义的函数<code>Euler</code>在任何输入值上都恒等于<code>1</code>，即这个等式永远为真。其中用到了一些原语（primitive）函数：<code>=:</code>表示全局定义；<code>o.</code>表示<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="圓函數">圆函数</a>，由左侧名词参数选择具体的函数；<code>]</code>不变动的返回右侧名词参数；<code>^</code>的一元定义为指数函数；<code>j.</code>的一元定义为<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%95%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="虚数单位">虚数单位</a><code>0j1</code>乘以右侧参数<code>y</code>，而它的二元定义为<code>x + 0j1*y</code>，即组合左侧参数<code>x</code>和右侧参数<code>y</code>成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="复数 (数学)">复数</a>，而二者分别是其实部和虚部；<code>@</code>表示数学<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="函数复合">函数复合</a>；<code>=</code>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="等于">等于</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" class="mw-disambig" title="布尔">布尔</a>运算，两侧参数相等返回<code>1</code>而不等返回<code>0</code>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyalog_APL">Dyalog APL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：Dyalog APL">编辑</a>]</div> 上述相同的隐式计算用<a href="/wiki/APL%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="APL语言">APL</a>的现代版本Dyalog APL<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>表达为： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>avg ← +⌿ ÷ ≢ cos ← 2 ○ ⊢ sin ← 1 ○ ⊢ j ← {⍺←0 ⋄ ⍺+0j1×⍵} ⍝ j函数的定义不是隐式的 Euler ← *∘j = cos j sin </pre></div> 这里采用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直接函数（页面不存在）">直接函数</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_function" class="extiw" title="en:Direct function">Direct function</a>）定义了<code>j</code>函数，其中在<code>{</code>与<code>}</code>之间由<code>⋄</code>分隔的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5" title="卫语句">守卫</a>的表达式序列（这里只有表达式），<code>⍺</code>指示左参数而<code>⍵</code>指示右参数，<code>⍺←</code>指示一元定义需要的缺省左参数。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unix管道">Unix管道</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：Unix管道">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93_(Unix)" title="管道 (Unix)">管道 (Unix)</a></div> 在<a href="/wiki/Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">shell</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="脚本语言">脚本</a>中，命令是从<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E4%B8%B2%E6%B5%81" title="標準串流">标准输入</a>接收数据并发送结果至<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E4%B8%B2%E6%B5%81" title="標準串流">标准输出</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E6%BB%A4%E5%99%A8_(%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过滤器 (软件)（页面不存在）">过滤器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)" class="extiw" title="en:Filter (software)">Filter (software)</a>）。例如： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>sort | uniq -c | sort -rn </pre></div> 可以视为一个隐式或无点复合，它返回它的每个参数的计数和这些参数，并按照这个计数的递减次序来排序。命令<code>sort</code>和<code>uniq</code>相当于函数，而<code>-c</code>和<code>-rn</code>是控制这些函数的选项，但是不提及参数。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93_(%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6)" title="管道 (软件)">管道</a><code>|</code>相当于函数复合算子。下面是其用例： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ echo '2 4 3 1 3 12 2' | xargs -n1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn 2 3 2 2 1 4 1 12 1 1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Python">Python</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：Python">编辑</a>]</div> 如下<a href="/wiki/Python%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Python语言">Python</a>代码是对应上节示例中Unix管道中命令的函数定义和一序列的运算： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def sort(argv): return sorted(argv, key=str) def uniq_c(argv): counts = {} for i in argv: counts[str(i)] = counts.get(str(i), 0) + 1 return [(v, int(k)) for k , v in counts.items()] def sort_rn(argv): sort_rk2 = sorted(argv, key=lambda x:str(x[1]), reverse=True) return sorted(sort_rk2, key=lambda x:x[0], reverse=True) a = [2, 4, 3, 1, 3, 12, 2] b = sort_rn(uniq_c(sort(a))) </pre></div> 这里的<code>sort()</code>由于<code>uniq_c()</code>所采用的实现方法不再依赖于它而没有存在必要，只是为了与上节Unix示例保持一致。 基于标准库的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数式编程">函数式编程</a>工具<code>functools</code>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E4%BB%BD%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部份应用（页面不存在）">部份应用</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_application" class="extiw" title="en:Partial application">Partial application</a>）函数<code>partial()</code>和<a href="/wiki/Fold_(%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0)" title="Fold (高阶函数)">归约</a>函数<code>reduce()</code>，这个例子可以写为无点样式的没有参数的一序列函数的复合<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>from functools import partial, reduce def compose(*func_list): return partial(reduce, lambda argv,func:func(argv), func_list) pipeline = compose(sort, uniq_c, sort_rn) c = pipeline(a) assert b == c </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="jq语言">jq语言</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：jq语言">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jq%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Jq语言">jq</a>是面向<a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="纯函数式编程">纯函数式编程</a>语言，它使用<code>|</code>符号来连接过滤器形成流水线。例如： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ echo '[1,2]' | jq 'add/length' 1.5 $ jq -n '[1,2] | add/length' 1.5 </pre></div> 这里jq内的JSON阵列<code>[1,2]</code>是求值为阵列的一个jq过滤器。尽管类似于Unix流水线，jq流水线允许将到来数据，如同并行的发送到在<code>|</code>右手端的多于一个接收者。 上述Python章节中例子，在jq中等价的无点风格定义为： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def uniq_c: map(tostring) | reduce .[] as $i ({}; .[$i] += 1) | to_entries | map([.value, .key]); def sort_nr: sort | reverse | map([.[0], (.[1]|tonumber)]); [2, 4, 3, 1, 3, 12, 2] | sort | uniq_c | sort_nr </pre></div> 将这段代码保存入<code>pipeline.jq</code>文件中，下面是其执行结果： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ jq -nc -f ./pipeline.jq [[2,3],[2,2],[1,4],[1,12],[1,1]] </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="函数式编程语言">函数式编程语言</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：函数式编程语言">编辑</a>]</div> 下面是采用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="纯函数式编程">纯函数式编程</a>语言<a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>的一个简单例子，它在一个列表上作合计的函数。编程者可以使用“有点”（pointed）也称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BC%E7%BA%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="值级编程">值级编程</a>的方法，而递归的定义这个合计为： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>sum (x:xs) = x + sum xs sum [] = 0 </pre></div> 这是一种<a href="/wiki/Fold_(%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0)" title="Fold (高阶函数)">折叠</a>（fold）运算，编程者可以将它改写为： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>sum xs = foldr (+) 0 xs </pre></div> 这里的参数是不必须的，进而将它改写成如下“无点”也称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E7%BA%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数级编程">函数级编程</a>的样式： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>sum = foldr (+) 0 </pre></div> Haskell拥有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="函数复合 (计算机科学)（页面不存在）">函数复合</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition_(computer_science)" class="extiw" title="en:Function composition (computer science)">Function composition (computer science)</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90_(%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="算子 (编程)">算子</a>： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>(.) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c (.) f g = \x -> f (g x) </pre></div> 它有如下性质<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>f . g = f(g) f . g = (.) f g f . g = (f .) g f . g = (. g) f </pre></div> 这里的<code>(f .)</code>和<code>(. g)</code>，分别称为<code>.</code>的左“节”（section）和右“节”，是对这个中缀算子的左侧和右侧<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E4%BB%BD%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部份应用（页面不存在）">部份应用</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_application" class="extiw" title="en:Partial application">Partial application</a>）。<code>(f .) = ((.) f)</code>，本文采用后者形式。正如前面所说，在“无点”中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9" title="点">点</a>（point）指称参数，而非不使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="乘法">点号</a>（dot），这是常见误解<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。 下面的例子展示其用法，给出一个函数<code>p</code>的定义： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>p x y z = f (g x y) z </pre></div> 经过如下推导： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>p = \x -> \y -> \z -> f (g x y) z = \x -> \y -> \z -> (f ((g x) y)) z = \x -> \y -> f ((g x) y) = \x -> \y -> (f . (g x)) y = \x -> f . (g x) = \x -> ((.) f) (g x) = \x -> (((.) f) . g) x = ((.) f) . g </pre></div> 它可以归约成无点的等价定义： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>p = ((.) f) . g </pre></div> 下面是一个复杂一些的例子<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>，这里的<code>mf</code>是一个先做<a href="/wiki/Map_(%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0)" title="Map (高阶函数)">映射</a>（map）再加<a href="/wiki/Filter_(%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0)" title="Filter (高阶函数)">过滤器</a>（filter）的函数，它接受一个列表<code>list</code>，向它应用一个函数<code>operator</code>，接着基于一个准则<code>criteria</code>来过滤元素： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>mf criteria operator list = filter criteria (map operator list) </pre></div> 经过如下推导： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>mf = \x -> \y -> \z -> filter x (map y z) = \x -> \y -> \z -> (filter x) ((map y) z) = \x -> \y -> \z -> (filter x) . (map y) z = \x -> \y -> (filter x) . (map y) = \x -> \y -> ((.) (filter x)) (map y) = \x -> \y -> ((.) (filter x)) . map y = \x -> ((.) (filter x)) . map = \x -> (. map) ((.) (filter x)) = \x -> (. map) ((.) . filter x) = \x -> (. map) . ((.) . filter) x = (. map) . ((.) . filter) = (. map) . (.) . filter </pre></div> <code>mf</code>可以表达为无点样式： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>mf = (. map) . (.) . filter </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="串接式编程语言">串接式编程语言</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：串接式编程语言">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="串接式编程语言">串接式编程语言</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%A0%86%E6%A0%88%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="面向堆栈编程">面向堆栈编程</a>语言中，无点方法也很常用。例如，计算<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%B3%A2%E9%82%A3%E5%A5%91%E6%95%B0" title="斐波那契数">斐波那契数</a>的过程，在<a href="/wiki/Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix">Unix</a>的<a href="/wiki/Dc_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F)" title="Dc (程序)">dc</a>命令中可实现为： <div class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[d1<G]sF [d 1- lFx r 2- lFx +]sG lFx</pre></div> 下面是其用例： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ echo 7 | dc -e '? [d1<G]sF [d 1- lFx r 2- lFx +]sG lFx p' 13 </pre></div> 在<a href="/wiki/Factor%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Factor语言">Factor</a>中可与其等价的实现为<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>： <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-factor mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>: fib ( n -- Fn ) dup 1 > [ [ 1 - fib ] [ 2 - fib ] bi + ] when ; </pre></div> 在这两个例子中，递归调用函数的参数在堆栈中而没有被显式的命名。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="组合子逻辑">组合子逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="串接式编程语言">串接式编程语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E7%BA%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="函数级编程">函数级编程</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释和引用">注释和引用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：注释和引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-train-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-train_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-train_1-1">1.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720180701/https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Tacit_programming">Tacit programming</a>. 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[2020-04-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell-cafe/2006-September/017758.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-02-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&rft.btitle=pipermail&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskell.org%2Fpipermail%2Fhaskell-cafe%2F2006-September%2F017758.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence#Factor">Rosetta Code — Fibonacci sequence</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&rft.btitle=Rosetta+Code+%E2%80%94+Fibonacci+sequence&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosettacode.org%2Fwiki%2FFibonacci_sequence%23Factor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://function-level.github.io/">From Function-Level Programming to Pointfree Style</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=114065&dl=GUIDE&coll=GUIDE">Pure Functions in APL and J</a> How to use tacit programming in any APL-like language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dirkgerrits.com/publications/john-backus.pdf#section.8">Closed applicative languages 1971 - 1976 ff</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200207055523/http://dirkgerrits.com/publications/john-backus.pdf#section.8">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, in John W. 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<li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B" title="通信顺序进程">通信顺序进程</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93_(%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B)" title="通道 (编程)">通道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%8F%89%E4%BC%9A%E5%90%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="分叉会合模型">分叉会合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="整体同步并行">整体同步</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="分区全局地址空间">PGAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他范型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B5%E5%88%97%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="阵列编程">阵列</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="面向表达式编程语言（页面不存在）">面向表达式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression-oriented_programming_language" class="extiw" title="en:Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented programming language</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%8C%96%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="模块化编程">模块化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%82%B9%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="关注点分离">关注分离</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%88%87%E9%9D%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="面向切面的程序设计">面向方面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="数据驱动编程">数据驱动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E9%A9%85%E5%8B%95%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="事件驅動程式設計">事件驱动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="串接式编程语言">串接式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%A0%86%E6%A0%88%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="面向堆栈编程">面向堆栈</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="自动机编程">基于自动机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="可微分编程">可微分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="概率编程">概率式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><tt> 关键特征</tt></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%97_(%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B)" title="块 (编程)">块</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B5%8C%E5%A5%97%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嵌套函数（页面不存在）">嵌套函数</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_function" class="extiw" title="en:Nested function">Nested function</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="回调函数">回调函数</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="递归 (计算机科学)">递归</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%AD%89%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6" title="頭等物件">头等对象</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E7%AD%89%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="头等函数">头等函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="闭包 (计算机科学)">闭包</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%8C%96" title="实化">实化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%AD%E4%BD%93" title="续体">续体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="多态 (计算机科学)">多态</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%BD%BD" title="运算符重载">运算符重载</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="泛型编程">泛型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%86%E6%B4%BE" title="多分派">多分派</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D" title="模式匹配">模式匹配</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="列表推导式">推导式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%A5" title="抽象資料型別">抽象数据类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="代数数据类型">代数数据类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="递归数据类型">递归数据类型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E5%80%BC%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="求值策略">求值策略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="非确定性编程">非确定性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E8%8C%83%E5%9E%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多范型语言比较（页面不存在）">多范型语言比较</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=隐式编程&oldid=86105033">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=隐式编程&oldid=86105033</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="Category:编程范式">编程范式</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a 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