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href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crown of Thorns (disambiguation)">Crown of Thorns (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crowning with Thorns" redirects here. For the namesake plant, see <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_milii" title="Euphorbia milii">Crown-of-thorns</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Crowning_with_Thorns_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Crowning with Thorns (disambiguation)">The Crowning with Thorns</a>.</div> <p> According to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, a woven <b>crown of thorns</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:στέφανος">στέφανος</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CE%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἐξ">ἐξ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄκανθα">ἀκανθῶν</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(Ancient_Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephane (Ancient Greece)">stephanos</a> ex akanthōn</i></i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀκάνθινος">ἀκάνθινος</a> στέφανος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">akanthinos stephanos</i></span>) was placed on the head of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">events</a> leading up to his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>. It was one of the <a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">instruments of the Passion</a>, employed by Jesus' captors both to cause him pain and to <a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">mock</a> his <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">claim of authority</a>. It is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a>:29),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">Mark 15</a>:17)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">John 19</a>:2, 19:5),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often alluded to by the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and others, along with being referenced in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/220px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/330px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/440px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="2429"></a><figcaption>Christ carrying the cross with the crown of thorns, as painted by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580s</span></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg/220px-Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg/330px-Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg/440px-Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="708"></a><figcaption>A purported <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> of the Crown of Thorns, received by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French King</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> from <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Emperor Baldwin II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since at least around the year 400 AD, a <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> believed by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the crown of thorns has been <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerated</a>. In 1238, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II of Constantinople">Baldwin II of Constantinople</a> yielded the relic to French King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a>. It was kept in the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a> in Paris until 15 April 2019, when it was rescued from <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Paris fire">a fire</a> and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reproductions of the crown are available to tourists from shops in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-El_Mundo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Mundo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#As_a_relic"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">As a relic</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Jerusalem"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Jerusalem</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Constantinople"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Constantinople</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Third-class_relics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Third-class relics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Purported_remnants"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Purported remnants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Iconography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Iconography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Photo_gallery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Photo gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Criticism_of_the_veneration_of_the_crown_of_thorns"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism of the veneration of the crown of thorns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="As_a_relic">As a relic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As a relic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Research_paper plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">research paper or scientific journal</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit">help improve the section</a> by rewriting it in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style">encyclopedic style</a> and simplify <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">overly technical phrases</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jerusalem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The three Biblical gospels that mention the crown of thorns do not say what happened to it after the crucifixion. The oldest known mention of the crown already being venerated as a relic was made by <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola" title="Paulinus of Nola">Paulinus of Nola</a>, writing after 409,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who refers to the crown as a relic that was adored by the faithful (<i>Epistle Macarius</i> in <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Migne</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a></i></span>, LXI, 407). <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span>) speaks of the crown of thorns among other relics which were "the glory" of the city of Jerusalem. "There", he says, "we may behold the thorny crown, which was only set upon the head of Our Redeemer in order that all the thorns of the world might be gathered together and broken" (Migne, LXX, 621). When <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De gloria martyri</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> avers that the thorns in the crown still looked green, a freshness which was miraculously renewed each day, he does not much strengthen the historical authenticity of a relic he had not seen, but the <i><a href="/wiki/Breviary_of_Jerusalem" title="Breviary of Jerusalem">Breviary of Jerusalem</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Epitome&Breviarius_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome&Breviarius-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> (a short text dated to about 530 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome&Breviarius_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome&Breviarius-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iv">: iv </span></sup> and the <i>itinerary</i> of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_of_Piacenza_(pilgrim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoninus of Piacenza (pilgrim)">Antoninus of Piacenza</a> (6th century)<sup id="cite_ref-Antoninus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoninus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> clearly state that the crown of thorns was then shown in the "Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>," although there is uncertainty about the actual site to which the authors refer.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoninus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoninus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42 et seq.">: 42 et seq. </span></sup> From these fragments of evidence and others of later date (the "Pilgrimage" of the monk Bernard shows that the relic was still at Mount Zion in 870), it is shown that a purported crown of thorns was venerated at Jerusalem in the first centuries of the common era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantinople">Constantinople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constantinople" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some time afterwards, the crown was purportedly moved to Constantinople, the then capital of the Roman empire. Historian François de Mély supposed that the whole crown was transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinople not much earlier than 1063. In any case, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> is stated to have given a thorn to <a href="/wiki/Germain_of_Paris" title="Germain of Paris">Germain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Paris">Bishop of Paris</a>, which was long preserved at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Irene_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene (empress)">Empress Irene</a>, in 798 or 802, sent <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> several thorns which were deposited by him at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>. Eight of these are said to have been there at the consecration of the basilica of Aachen; the subsequent history of several of them can be traced without difficulty: four were given to Saint-Corneille of <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a> in 877 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>; Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, sent one to the Anglo-Saxon King <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> in 927, on the occasion of certain marriage negotiations, and it eventually found its way to <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Malmesbury Abbey</a>; another was presented to a Spanish princess about 1160; and again another was taken to <a href="/wiki/Andechs_Abbey" title="Andechs Abbey">Andechs Abbey</a> in Germany in the year 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1238, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II of Constantinople">Baldwin II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, anxious to obtain support for his tottering empire, offered the crown of thorns to <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>. It was then in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetians</a> as security for a great loan of 13,134 gold pieces, yet it was redeemed and conveyed to Paris where Louis IX built the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, completed in 1248, to receive it. The relic stayed there until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, when, after finding a home for a while in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="better check the Concordat's text (July 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> restored it to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and it was deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact plant species used to make the crown is not confirmed. The relic that the church received was examined in the nineteenth century, and it appeared to be a twisted circlet of <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rushes</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Juncus_balticus" title="Juncus balticus">Juncus balticus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cherry,_22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherry,_22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a plant native to maritime areas of northern Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, and Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantAtlas2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantAtlas2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-powo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thorns preserved in various other reliquaries appeared to be <i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_spina-christi" title="Ziziphus spina-christi">Ziziphus spina-christi</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cherry,_22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherry,_22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a plant native to Africa and Southern and Western Asia, and had allegedly been removed from the crown and kept in separate reliquaries since soon after they arrived in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Cherry,_22_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherry,_22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New reliquaries were provided for the relic, one commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, another, in jeweled <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crystal">rock crystal</a> and more suitably <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, was made to the designs of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>. In 2001, when the surviving treasures from the Sainte-Chapelle were exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, the chaplet was solemnly presented every Friday at Notre-Dame. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> it personally to Sainte-Chapelle during <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>. The relic can be seen only on the first Friday of every month, when it is exhibited for a special veneration Mass, as well as each Friday of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Crown_of_Thorns" title="Feast of the Crown of Thorns">Feast of the Crown of Thorns</a>). </p><p>Members of the Paris Fire Brigade saved the relic during the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Paris fire">Notre-Dame de Paris fire</a> of April 15, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Authorities are agreed that a sort of helmet of thorns must have been plaited by the Roman soldiers, this band of rushes being employed to hold the thorns together. It seems likely according to M. De Mély, that already at the time when the circlet was brought to Paris the sixty or seventy thorns, which seem to have been afterwards distributed by St. Louis and his successors, had been separated from the band of rushes and were kept in a different <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a>. None of these now remain at Paris. Some small fragments of rush are also preserved [...] at Arras and at Lyons. With regard to the origin and character of the thorns, both tradition and existing remains suggest that they must have come from the bush botanically known as <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i>, more popularly, the <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_thorn_jujube" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ's thorn jujube">jujube tree</a>. This reaches the height of fifteen or twenty feet and is found growing in abundance by the wayside around Jerusalem. The crooked branches of this shrub are armed with thorns growing in pairs, a straight spine and a curved one commonly occurring together at each point. The relic preserved in the Capella della Spina at <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, as well as that at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, which though their early history is doubtful and obscure, are among the largest in size, afford a good illustration of this peculiarity.<sup id="cite_ref-thurston1908_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurston1908-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Third-class_relics">Third-class relics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third-class relics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="2319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_Silver_Medal_Jesus_by_Valentin_Maler_ND%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> 16th-century silver medal of Jesus Christ with a crown of thorns by Valentin Maler.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all of the reputed holy thorns are considered to be "first-class" relics (relics held to be of the original crown). In Roman Catholic tradition, a relic of the first class is a part of the body of a saint or, in this case, any of the objects used in the Crucifixion that carried the blood of Christ; a relic of the second class is anything known to have been touched or used by a saint; a relic of the third class is a devotional object touched to a first-class relic and, usually, formally blessed as a sacramental. </p><p>M. de Mély was able to enumerate more than 700 holy thorns relics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement in one medieval obituary that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_de_Aveiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter de Aveiro (page does not exist)">Peter de Aveiro</a> gave to the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Angers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Angers">cathedral of Angers</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"unam de spinis quae fuit apposita coronae spinae nostri Redemptoris"</i></span> ("one of the spines which were attached to the thorny crown of our Redeemer")<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates that many of the thorns were <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the third class—objects touched to a relic of the first class, in this case some part of the crown itself. Again, even in comparatively modern times, it is not always easy to trace the history of these objects of devotion, as first-class relics were often divided and any number of authentic third-class relics may exist. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Purported_remnants">Purported remnants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Purported remnants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solario,_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg/220px-Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg/220px-Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg/330px-Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Solario%2C_Andrea-Christ_portant_sa_croix-1513-Nantes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Christ Carrying the Cross</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Solario" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Solario">Andrea Solario</a>, 1513, portrays the crown of thorns</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Merisi,_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5256" data-file-height="3987"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Caravaggio - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowning_with_Thorns_(Caravaggio,_Vienna)" title="The Crowning with Thorns (Caravaggio, Vienna)">The Crowning with Thorns</a></i>, 1603</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> bought from <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Baldwin II of Constantinople</a> what was venerated as Jesus' Crown of Thorns. It is kept in Paris to this day, in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>. Individual thorns were given by the French monarch to other European royals: the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, for example, containing a single thorn, was made in the 1390s for the French prince <a href="/wiki/Jean,_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean, duc de Berry">Jean, duc de Berry</a>, who is documented as receiving more than one thorn from Charles V and VI, his brother and nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherry201022–23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherry201022%E2%80%9323-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two "holy thorns" were venerated, one at St. Michael's church in Ghent, the other at <a href="/wiki/Stonyhurst_College" title="Stonyhurst College">Stonyhurst College</a>, both professing to be thorns given by <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_7th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland">Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Morris_1881_pp._126-131_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Morris_1881_pp._126-131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thurston1908_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurston1908-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Gazetteer of Relics and Miraculous Images" lists the following, following Cruz 1984: </p> <ul><li>Belgium: Parochial Church of <a href="/wiki/Wevelgem" title="Wevelgem">Wevelgem</a>: a portion of the crown of thorns (since 1561)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, St. Michael's Church: A thorn from the crown of thorns.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Morris_1881_pp._126-131_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Morris_1881_pp._126-131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a>: A thorn of the crown of thorns, in the cross at the top of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Saint_Wenceslas" title="Crown of Saint Wenceslas">Crown of Saint Wenceslas</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemian Crown Jewels">Bohemian Crown Jewels</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>: The crown of thorns brought from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> by Louis IX in the 13th century, from which individual thorns have been given by the French monarchs to other European royals; it is displayed the first Friday of each month and all Fridays in Lent (including Good Friday)</li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>: A portion of the crown of thorns, brought to the site by Louis IX.</li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Trier">Cathedral of Trier</a>: A thorn from the crown of thorns</li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolumba" title="Kolumba">Kolumba</a>: A thorn from the crown of thorns, given by Louis IX to the Dominicans of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, and a second thorn from the treasure of <a href="/wiki/St._Kolumba,_Cologne" title="St. Kolumba, Cologne">St. Kolumba, Cologne</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Elchingen" title="Elchingen">Elchingen</a>: Church of the former Benedictine Abbey <a href="/wiki/Kloster_Elchingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kloster Elchingen">Kloster Elchingen</a>: a thorn brought to the church in 1650/51<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a>: Two thorns from the crown of thorns.</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">Santa Prassede</a>: A small portion of the crown of thorns</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_di_Santa_Chiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiesa di Santa Chiara (page does not exist)">Chiesa di Santa Chiara</a>: A branch with thorns from the crown of thorns</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Incoronata,_Naples" title="Santa Maria Incoronata, Naples">Santa Maria Incoronata</a>: A fragment of the crown of thorns</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Irpino" title="Ariano Irpino">Ariano Irpino</a>, Cathedral: Two Thorns from the crown of thorns</li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Museum of St. Roque, SCML, Reliquary of the Holy Thorn</li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Cathedral: Five thorns (formerly eight) from the crown of thorns</li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Cathedral: A thorn from the crown of thorns</li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Iglesia de la Anunciación (Hermandad del Valle): A thorn from the crown of thorns</li> <li>United Kingdom: British Museum: Holy Thorn Reliquary (see above), Salting Reliquary, each with a thorn</li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Stanbrook_Abbey" title="Stanbrook Abbey">Stanbrook Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>: A thorn from the crown of thorns</li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Stonyhurst_College" title="Stonyhurst College">Stonyhurst College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>: A thorn from the crown of thorns.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Morris_1881_pp._126-131_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Morris_1881_pp._126-131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony%27s_Chapel_(Pittsburgh)" title="Saint Anthony's Chapel (Pittsburgh)">St. Anthony's Chapel</a>, Pittsburgh: A thorn from the crown of thorns</li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, St. Prophet Elijah Monastery: A fragment of a thorn of the crown of thorns</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iconography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The appearance of the crown of thorns in art, notably upon the head of Christ in representations of the Crucifixion or the subject <i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo">Ecce Homo</a></i>, arises after the time of St. Louis and the building of the Sainte-Chapelle. The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> reported that some archaeologists had professed to discover a figure of the crown of thorns in the circle which sometimes surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Chi-rho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi-rho">chi-rho</a> emblem on early Christian <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a>, but the compilers considered that it seemed to be quite as probable that this was only meant for a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a>. </p><p>The image of the crown of thorns is often used symbolically to contrast with earthly monarchical crowns. In the symbolism of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_King_Charles_the_Martyr" title="Society of King Charles the Martyr">King Charles the Martyr</a>, the executed English King Charles I is depicted putting aside his earthly crown to take up the crown of thorns, as in <a href="/wiki/William_Marshall_(illustrator)" title="William Marshall (illustrator)">William Marshall</a>'s print <a href="/wiki/Eikon_Basilike" title="Eikon Basilike">Eikon Basilike</a>. This contrast appears elsewhere in art, for example in Frank Dicksee's painting <i>The Two Crowns</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic missionaries likened several parts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora</a></i> plant to elements of the Passion: the flower's <a href="/wiki/Perianth#Corona" title="Perianth">radial filaments</a>, which can number more than a hundred and vary from flower to flower, represent the crown of thorns.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation">Carnations</a> symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">passion</a> as they represent the crown of thorns. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Photo_gallery">Photo gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Photo gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reliquary made in 1806, commissioned by Napoleon, preserved at Notre-Dame Cathedral."><noscript><img alt="Reliquary made in 1806, commissioned by Napoleon, preserved at Notre-Dame Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG/86px-Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="2219"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG/86px-Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG" data-alt="Reliquary made in 1806, commissioned by Napoleon, preserved at Notre-Dame Cathedral." data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG/129px-Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG/173px-Late_19th_Century_Reliquary.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reliquary made in 1806, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, preserved at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HolyCrown.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A second reliquary from 1862, designed by Viollet-le-Duc preserved at Notre-Dame Cathedral."><noscript><img alt="A second reliquary from 1862, designed by Viollet-le-Duc preserved at Notre-Dame Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HolyCrown.JPG/73px-HolyCrown.JPG" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="2380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 73px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HolyCrown.JPG/73px-HolyCrown.JPG" data-alt="A second reliquary from 1862, designed by Viollet-le-Duc preserved at Notre-Dame Cathedral." data-width="73" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HolyCrown.JPG/110px-HolyCrown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HolyCrown.JPG/146px-HolyCrown.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A second reliquary from 1862, designed by <a href="/wiki/Viollet-le-Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a> preserved at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the 1862 reliquary."><noscript><img alt="Detail of the 1862 reliquary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg/90px-Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg/90px-Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg" data-alt="Detail of the 1862 reliquary." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg/135px-Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg/180px-Detail_of_Crown_Reliquary.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the 1862 reliquary.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SteChapelle_von_N.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sainte-Chapelle, built to house the Passion Relics."><noscript><img alt="The Sainte-Chapelle, built to house the Passion Relics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/106px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1644"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 106px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/106px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG" data-alt="The Sainte-Chapelle, built to house the Passion Relics." data-width="106" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/159px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/213px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, built to house the Passion Relics.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mater Dolorosa and bust of crown of thorns (Santa Monica Parish Church, Philippines)"><noscript><img alt="Mater Dolorosa and bust of crown of thorns (Santa Monica Parish Church, Philippines)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG/90px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG/90px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG" data-alt="Mater Dolorosa and bust of crown of thorns (Santa Monica Parish Church, Philippines)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG/135px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG/180px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Churcjf3437_08.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mater_Dolorosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater Dolorosa">Mater Dolorosa</a> and bust of crown of thorns (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Parish_Church_(Minalin)" title="Santa Monica Parish Church (Minalin)">Santa Monica Parish Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eikon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="William Marshall's print depicting King Charles I taking up the crown of thorns"><noscript><img alt="William Marshall's print depicting King Charles I taking up the crown of thorns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eikon.png/120px-Eikon.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eikon.png/120px-Eikon.png" data-alt="William Marshall's print depicting King Charles I taking up the crown of thorns" data-width="120" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eikon.png/180px-Eikon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eikon.png/240px-Eikon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Marshall_(illustrator)" title="William Marshall (illustrator)">William Marshall's</a> print depicting <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> taking up the crown of thorns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze bust of Jesus with in the Monumental cemetery of Brescia."><noscript><img alt="Bronze bust of Jesus with in the Monumental cemetery of Brescia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg/120px-Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8272" data-file-height="6200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg/120px-Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg" data-alt="Bronze bust of Jesus with in the Monumental cemetery of Brescia." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg/180px-Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg/240px-Cimitero_Vantiniano_busto_di_Cristo_Brescia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bronze bust of Jesus with in the Monumental cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Christ by Johann Baptist Walpoth 1932."><noscript><img alt="Bust of Christ by Johann Baptist Walpoth 1932." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg/93px-C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4209" data-file-height="5420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg/93px-C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg" data-alt="Bust of Christ by Johann Baptist Walpoth 1932." data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg/140px-C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg/186px-C%C3%AB_de_gips_Berstott_Lenert_a_Urtij%C3%ABi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of Christ by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Walpoth" title="Johann Baptist Walpoth">Johann Baptist Walpoth</a> 1932.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_veneration_of_the_crown_of_thorns">Criticism of the veneration of the crown of thorns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism of the veneration of the crown of thorns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>A critique of the adoration of the crown of thorns was set forth in 1543 by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> in the work <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Relics" title="Treatise on Relics">Treatise on Relics</a></i>. He described numerous parts of the crown of thorns known to him, located in different cities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a large number of parts of the crown of thorns, Calvin wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>In regard to the Crown of thorns, it would seem that its twigs had been planted that they might grow again. Otherwise I know not how it could have attained to such a size. First, a third part of it is at Paris, in the Holy Chapel, and then at Rome there are three thorns in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce</a>, and some portion also in <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">St. Eustathius</a>. At Sienna, I know not how many thorns, at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a> one, at <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> five, at <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Cathedral" title="Besançon Cathedral">church of St. John</a>, three, and as many at Koenigsberg. At the <a href="/wiki/Oviedo_Cathedral" title="Oviedo Cathedral">church of St. Salvator</a>, in Spain, are several, but how many I know not; at <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Compostella</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral" title="Santiago de Compostela Cathedral">church of St. Jago</a>, two; in <a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a>, three; also at <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mascon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charroux_Abbey" title="Charroux Abbey">Charrox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poictou</a>, St. Clair, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanflor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanflor (page does not exist)">Sanflor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume" title="Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume">San Maximin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, in the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Selles-sur-Cher" title="Selles-sur-Cher">Selles</a>, and also in the church of St. Martin at <a href="/wiki/Noyon" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>, each place having a single thorn. But if diligent search were made, the number might be increased fourfold. It is most evident that there must here be falsehood and imposition. How will the truth be ascertained? It ought, moreover, to be observed, that in the ancient Church it was never known what had become of that crown. Hence it is easy to conclude, that the first twig of that now shown grew many years after our Saviour's death.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Sponge" title="Holy Sponge">Holy Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_of_Longinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance of Longinus">Lance of Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">Titulus Crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_with_the_Crown_of_Thorns" title="Angel with the Crown of Thorns">Angel with the Crown of Thorns</a> – Sculpture by Gianlorenzo Bernini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Christ Crowned with Thorns (disambiguation)">Christ Crowned with Thorns (disambiguation)</a> – Several works of art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_milii" title="Euphorbia milii">Euphorbia milii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">Jesus, King of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows" title="Man of Sorrows">Man of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliurus_spina-christi" title="Paliurus spina-christi">Paliurus spina-christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant crown">Radiant crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">Solar symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrowful_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorrowful Mysteries">Sorrowful Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorncrown_Chapel" title="Thorncrown Chapel">Thorncrown Chapel</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:29&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:17&version=nrsv">Mark 15:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:2&version=nrsv">John 19:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:5&version=nrsv">John 19:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Richard1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Cassels" title="Walter Richard Cassels">Walter Richard</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQtKAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Gospel According to Peter: A Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longmans, Green</a>. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Peter%3A+A+Study&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Walter+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQtKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davisson, Darrell D (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). <i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939294" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939294"><bdi>9780415939294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=955&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415939294&rft.aulast=Davisson&rft.aufirst=Darrell+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClicquot2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clicquot, Athénaïs (9 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.aleteia.org/2019/09/09/notre-dame-la-couronne-depines-a-nouveau-presentee-a-la-veneration-des-fideles/">"Notre-Dame: la couronne d'épines à nouveau présentée à la vénération des fidèles"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>Al salir del Santo Sepulcro, la iglesia de referencia del cristianismo, el 'president' ha fotografiado a Carod-Rovira con una corona de espinas de una tienda para turistas.</q> [After leaving the Holy Sepulchre, the church of reference for Christianity, the president has photographed Carod-Rovira with a crown of thorns from a tourist shop.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.elmundo.es&rft.atitle=Carod-Rovira+consigue+que+retiren+la+bandera+espa%C3%B1ola+en+un+acto+de+la+Generalitat+en+Israel&rft.date=2005-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2005%2F05%2F20%2Fespana%2F1116591114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2016" class="citation book cs1">Wall, J. Charles (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxJ6CwAAQBAJ&q=%22crown+of+thorns%22+relic+earliest+mention&pg=PA95"><i>Relics from the Crucifixion: Where They Went and How They Got There</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Institute_Press" title="Sophia Institute Press">Sophia Institute Press</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781622823277" title="Special:BookSources/9781622823277"><bdi>9781622823277</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics+from+the+Crucifixion%3A+Where+They+Went+and+How+They+Got+There&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Sophia+Institute+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781622823277&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=J.+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxJ6CwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522crown%2Bof%2Bthorns%2522%2Brelic%2Bearliest%2Bmention%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published in <i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">Monumenta Germaniae Historica</a></i>: Scriptores Merovingenses", I, 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome&Breviarius-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome&Breviarius_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome&Breviarius_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p2libraryofpales01paleuoft"><i>The Epitome of S. Eucherius About Certain Holy Places: And the Breviary or Short Description of Jerusalem</i></a>. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epitome+of+S.+Eucherius+About+Certain+Holy+Places%3A+And+the+Breviary+or+Short+Description+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palestine+Pilgrims%27+Text+Society&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fp2libraryofpales01paleuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antoninus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antoninus_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antoninus_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartWilson1896" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Aubrey; Wilson, CW, eds. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p2libraryofpales01paleuoft/page/viii"><i>Of the Holy Places Visited by Antoninus Martyr (Circ. 560–570 A.D.)</i></a>. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+the+Holy+Places+Visited+by+Antoninus+Martyr+%28Circ.+560%E2%80%93570+A.D.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palestine+Pilgrims%27+Text+Society&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fp2libraryofpales01paleuoft%2Fpage%2Fviii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2019/04/history-of-relic-of-crown-of-thorns.html">History and Authenticity of the Relic of the Crown of Thorns</a> (2019). Mystogogy Resource Center.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorsights.com/2016/07/jesus-crown-of-thorns-paris.html">"France: Kissing the original Crown of Thorns worn by Jesus"</a>. <i>Minor Sights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stroh; T. A. Humphrey; R.J. Burkmar; O.L. Pescott; D.B. Roy; K.J. Walker (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.yp8">"<i>Juncus balticus</i> Willd"</a>. <i>BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSBI+Online+Plant+Atlas+2020&rft.atitle=Juncus+balticus+Willd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplantatlas2020.org%2Fatlas%2F2cd4p9h.yp8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:324783-2">"<i>Juncus balticus</i> Willd"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Juncus+balticus+Willd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A324783-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorsights.com/2016/07/jesus-crown-of-thorns-paris.html">"France: Kissing the original Crown of Thorns"</a>. <i>Minor Sights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Sights&rft.atitle=France%3A+Kissing+the+original+Crown+of+Thorns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorsights.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fjesus-crown-of-thorns-paris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-cause-computer-glitch-rector-today-2019-04-19-live-updates/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Computer glitch" may be behind Notre Dame Cathedral fire, rector says - live updates"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 19 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=%22Computer+glitch%22+may+be+behind+Notre+Dame+Cathedral+fire%2C+rector+says+-+live+updates&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Flive-news%2Fnotre-dame-cathedral-fire-cause-computer-glitch-rector-today-2019-04-19-live-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thurston1908-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thurston1908_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thurston1908_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Crown of Thorns"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Crown_of_Thorns">"Crown of Thorns" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augsburger+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Glaube%3A+Der+Dorn+und+die+Bruderschaft&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.aulast=Deger&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augsburger-allgemeine.de%2Fneu-ulm%2FDer-Dorn-und-die-Bruderschaft-id16436761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205072146/http://www.artmagick.com/archive/artists/dicksee/pic/10049.aspx"><i>The Two Crowns</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer2015-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2015_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_L._Hammer2015" class="citation book cs1">Roger L. Hammer (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-S0aBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206"><i>Everglades Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Wildflowers of the Historic Everglades, including Big Cypress, Corkscrew, and Fakahatchee Swamps</i></a>. Falcon Guides. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1459-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1459-0"><bdi>978-1-4930-1459-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everglades+Wildflowers%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+Wildflowers+of+the+Historic+Everglades%2C+including+Big+Cypress%2C+Corkscrew%2C+and+Fakahatchee+Swamps&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-1459-0&rft.au=Roger+L.+Hammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-S0aBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullett2011" class="citation book cs1">Mullett, Michael (19 May 2011). <i>John Calvin</i>. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415476980" title="Special:BookSources/9780415476980"><bdi>9780415476980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Calvin&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.isbn=9780415476980&rft.aulast=Mullett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1844" class="citation cs1">Calvin, John (1844). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:en:An Admonition showing, the Advantages which Christendom might derive from an Inventory of Relics"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:An_Admonition_showing,_the_Advantages_which_Christendom_might_derive_from_an_Inventory_of_Relics"><i>An Admonition showing, the Advantages which Christendom might derive from an Inventory of Relics</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Admonition+showing%2C+the+Advantages+which+Christendom+might+derive+from+an+Inventory+of+Relics&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span>, translated by Henry Beveridge</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry2010" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, John (2010). <i>The Holy Thorn reliquary</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714128207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714128207"><bdi>978-0714128207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Thorn+reliquary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0714128207&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Westerson, Jeri (2009). <i>Serpent in the Thorns; A Medieval Noir</i>. New York: Minotaur Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312649449" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312649449"><bdi>978-0312649449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serpent+in+the+Thorns%3B+A+Medieval+Noir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Minotaur+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0312649449&rft.aulast=Westerson&rft.aufirst=Jeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span> (Fiction referencing the crown of thorns.)</li></ul> <hr> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1908). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Crown_of_Thorns" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crown+of+Thorns&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+of+thorns" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_thorns&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style 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href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D" title="כתר הקוצים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתר הקוצים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ეკლის გვირგვინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკლის გვირგვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83" title="اكليل الشوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكليل الشوك" 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lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristi tornekrone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_cierniowa" title="Korona cierniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korona cierniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_de_espinhos" title="Coroa de espinhos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coroa de espinhos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroana_de_Spini" title="Coroana de Spini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coroana de Spini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Терновый венец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терновый венец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crown of thorns" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="முள்முடி சூட்டப்படுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முள்முடி சூட்டப்படுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikenli_ta%C3%A7" title="Dikenli taç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dikenli taç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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