CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Passion of Jesus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"563417c7-df32-41da-ad59-9f246165bf4e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Passion_of_Jesus","wgTitle":"Passion of Jesus","wgCurRevisionId":1256912541,"wgRevisionId":1256912541,"wgArticleId":150302, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Passion_of_Jesus","wgRelevantArticleId":150302,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym": "Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl", "autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat", "autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym": "татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym": "მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu" ,"hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh" ,"xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q623306","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles": "ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg/1200px-Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="817"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg/800px-Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="545"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg/640px-Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="436"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Passion of Jesus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Passion_of_Jesus rootpage-Passion_of_Jesus stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Passion+of+Jesus" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Passion+of+Jesus" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Passion of Jesus</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Passion_of_Jesus" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Passion+of+Jesus" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Passion of Jesus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Passion+of+Jesus%22">"Passion of Jesus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Passion+of+Jesus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Passion+of+Jesus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Passion+of+Jesus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Passion+of+Jesus%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Passion+of+Jesus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Passion (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> patior, "to suffer, bear, endure")<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is the short final period before the death of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>, described in the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>. It is commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> every year during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg/220px-Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg/330px-Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg/440px-Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1283"></a><figcaption>Christ Crowned with Thorns by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Stom" title="Matthias Stom">Matthias Stom</a> (c. 1633–1639) shows <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in his Passion as the "Lord of Patience" with the crown of thorns and scepter reed, being mocked by Roman soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> The Passion may include, among other events, Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">cleansing of the Temple</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">anointing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">agony</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrest</a>, his trials <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">before the Sanhedrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">before Pilate</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion and death</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">burial</a>. Those parts of the four canonical <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> that describe these events are known as the Passion narratives. In some Christian communities, commemoration of the Passion also includes remembrance of the sorrow of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary, the mother of Jesus</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Friday_of_Sorrows" title="Friday of Sorrows">Friday of Sorrows</a>. The word passion has taken on a more general application and now may also apply to accounts of the suffering and death of <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Christian martyrs</a>, sometimes using the Latin form passio.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Narratives_according_to_the_four_canonical_gospels">1 Narratives according to the four canonical gospels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Comprehensive_narrative">1.1 Comprehensive narrative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Differences_between_the_canonical_gospels">1.2 Differences between the canonical gospels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Narrative_according_to_the_Gospel_of_Peter">2 Narrative according to the Gospel of Peter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_trials_of_Jesus">3 The trials of Jesus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Biblical_prophecies">4 Biblical prophecies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Old_Testament_prophecy">4.1 Old Testament prophecy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#New_Testament_prophecy">4.2 New Testament prophecy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Liturgical_use">5 Liturgical use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Devotions">6 Devotions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_Stations_of_the_Cross">6.1 The Stations of the Cross</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#The_Passion_Offices">6.2 The Passion Offices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_Little_Office_of_the_Passion">6.3 The Little Office of the Passion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Acts_of_reparation">6.4 Acts of reparation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#In_the_arts">7 In the arts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Visual_art">7.1 Visual art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Music">7.2 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Drama_and_processions">7.3 Drama and processions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_Latin_America">7.3.1 In Latin America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#In_Spain">7.3.2 In Spain</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Film">7.4 Film</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Other_traditions">8 Other traditions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Passion_of_Jesus_in_botany">9 Passion of Jesus in botany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sources">11.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Narratives_according_to_the_four_canonical_gospels">Narratives according to the four canonical gospels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Narratives according to the four canonical gospels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Accounts of the Passion are found in the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>. Three of these, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, known as the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, give similar accounts. The Gospel of John account varies significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Puskas-4">[4]</a> Scholars do not agree on which events surrounding the death of Jesus should be considered part of the Passion narrative, and which ones merely precede and succeed the actual Passion narrative itself. For example, Puskas and Robbins (2011) commence the Passion after Jesus's arrest and before his resurrection, thus only including the trials, crucifixion and death of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Puskas-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_Holy_Week" title="Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week">Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week</a> (2011), the term Passion completely coincides with the crucifixion and death of Jesus; it does not include earlier events and specifically excludes the burial and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Others such as Matson and Richardson (2014) take a broader approach and consider the triumphal entry, the last supper, the trial before Pilate, the crucifixion, the burial, and the resurrection collectively as constituting the so-called "Passion Week".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comprehensive_narrative">Comprehensive narrative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comprehensive narrative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Taking an inclusive approach, the "Passion" may include:<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_(po%C4%8D._16._stol.),_Cheb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg/160px-Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg/160px-Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg/240px-Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg/320px-Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_%28po%C4%8D._16._stol.%29%2C_Cheb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>16th century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_z_Chebu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolestný Kristus z Chebu (page does not exist)">sculpture of suffering Christ</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolestn%C3%BD_Kristus_z_Chebu" class="extiw" title="cs:Bolestný Kristus z Chebu">cs</a>], <a href="/wiki/Cheb" title="Cheb">Cheb</a>, Czechia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a>: some people welcome Jesus when he enters Jerusalem.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>: Jesus expels livestock merchants and money-changers from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple of Jerusalem</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing of Jesus</a> by a woman during a meal a few days before Passover. Jesus says that for this she will always be remembered.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> shared by Jesus and his disciples in Jerusalem. Jesus gives final instructions, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_betrayal" title="Jesus predicts his betrayal">predicts his betrayal</a>, and tells them all to remember him.</li> <li>Jesus predicts the <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a>: on the path to <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> after the meal, Jesus tells the disciples they will all fall away that night. After <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> protests he will not, Jesus says Peter will deny him thrice before the cock crows.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a>: later that night at Gethsemane, Jesus prays while the disciples rest. <a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a> adds that Jesus was terrified, and sweating blood; however, the oldest manuscripts of the Gospel of Luke do not contain these two verses, the other three canonical gospels do not mention this event either, and various manuscripts contain these verses elsewhere, even in the Gospel of Matthew (suggesting repeated attempts at insertion); thus, most modern scholars consider this tradition a later <a href="/wiki/Christian_interpolation" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a>, probably to counter <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aland-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest of Jesus</a>: then <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> leads in either "a detachment of soldiers and some officials from the chief priests and <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>"<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (accompanied according to Luke's Gospel by the chief priests and elders),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or a "large crowd armed with swords and clubs, sent from the chief priests and elders of the people,"<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which arrests Jesus; all his disciples run away. During the arrest in Gethsemane, someone (Peter according to John) takes a sword and cuts off the ear of the high priest's servant, Malchus.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial of Jesus</a> at the high priest's palace, later that night. The arresting party brings Jesus to the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> (Jewish supreme court); according to Luke's Gospel, Jesus is beaten by his Jewish guards prior to his examination;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the court examines him, in the course of which, according to John's Gospel, Jesus is struck in the face by one of the Jewish officials;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> the court determine he deserves to die. According to Matthew's Gospel, the court then "<a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus#First_stage" title="Mocking of Jesus">spat in his face and struck him with their fists</a>."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> They then send him to <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>. According to the synoptic gospels, the high priest who examines Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>; in John, Jesus is also interrogated by <a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a>, Caiaphas' father-in-law.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a> in the courtyard outside the high priest's palace, the same time. Peter has followed Jesus and joined the mob awaiting Jesus' fate; they suspect he is a sympathizer, so Peter repeatedly denies he knows Jesus. Suddenly, the cock crows and Peter remembers what Jesus had said.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's trial of Jesus</a>, early morning. <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the Roman governor of Judea, questions Jesus, but cannot find any fault with him (according to some gospels, Pilate explicitly declares Jesus's innocence); however, the Jewish leaders and the crowd demand Jesus' death; Pilate gives them the choice of saving <a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a>, a criminal, or saving Jesus. In response to the screaming mob Pilate sends Jesus out to be crucified.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Way of the Cross</a>: Jesus and two other convicts are forced to walk to their place of execution. According to the Synoptics, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> is forced to carry Jesus's cross, while John writes that Jesus carried his cross himself.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a>: Jesus and the two other convicts are nailed to crosses at <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>, a hill outside Jerusalem, later morning through mid afternoon. Various <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">sayings of Jesus on the cross</a> are recorded in the gospels before he dies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a>: the body of Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">taken down from the cross</a> and put in a tomb by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> according to John).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>: Jesus rises from the dead, leaving behind an <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">empty tomb</a> and reportedly <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">appearing to several of his followers</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_the_canonical_gospels">Differences between the canonical gospels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Differences between the canonical gospels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> states that Pilate sends Jesus to be judged by <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> because as a Galilean he is under his jurisdiction. Herod is excited at first to see Jesus and hopes Jesus will perform a miracle for him; he asks Jesus several questions but Jesus does not answer. Herod then <a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">mocks him</a> and sends him back to Pilate after giving him an "elegant" robe to wear.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> All the Gospels relate that a man named <a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> was released by Pilate instead of Jesus. Matthew, Mark and John have Pilate offer a choice between Jesus and Barabbas to the crowd; Luke lists no choice offered by Pilate, but represents the crowd demanding his release. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg/220px-Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg/220px-Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg/330px-Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg/440px-Jesus_in_Golgotha_by_Theophanes_the_Cretan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of the Passion, detail showing (left) the Flagellation and (right) Ascent to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Cretan" title="Theophanes the Cretan">Theophanes the Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavronikita" title="Stavronikita">Stavronikita</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>).</figcaption></figure> In all the Gospels, Pilate asks Jesus if he is <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">King of the Jews</a> and Jesus replies "So you say". Once condemned by Pilate, he was <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">flogged</a> before execution. The canonical gospels, except Luke, record that Jesus is then taken by the soldiers to the <a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">Praetorium</a> where, according to Matthew and Mark, the whole contingent of soldiers has been called together. They place a <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robe</a> on him, put a <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a> on his head, and according to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, put a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">rod</a> in his hand. They <a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus#Second_stage" title="Mocking of Jesus">mock him</a> by hailing him as "<a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">King of the Jews</a>", paying <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> and hitting him on the head with the rod. According to the Gospel of John, Pilate has Jesus brought out a second time, wearing the purple robe and the crown of thorns, in order to appeal his innocence before the crowd, saying <a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a>, ("Behold the man"). But, John represents, the priests urge the crowd to demand Jesus's death. Pilate resigns himself to the decision, washing his hands (according to Matthew) before the people as a sign that Jesus's blood will not be upon him. According to the Gospel of Matthew they replied, "<a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">His blood be on us and on our children!</a>"<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Mark and Matthew record that Jesus is returned his own clothes, prior to being led out for execution. According to the Gospel accounts he is forced, like other victims of crucifixion, to drag his own cross to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the location of the execution. The three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> refer to a man called <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>, who is made to carry the cross (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:21&version=nrsv">Mark 15:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:32&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:26&version=nrsv">Luke 23:26</a>), while in the Gospel of John (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:17&version=nrsv">19:17</a>), Jesus is made to carry his own cross. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> gives the names of Simon's children, Alexander and Rufus. However, the Gospel of Luke refers to Simon carrying the cross after Jesus, in that it states: "they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Luke adds that Jesus's female followers follow, mourning his fate, but that he responds by quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea+10%3A8&version=NIV">Hosea 10:8</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg/220px-Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="3776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg/220px-Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg/330px-Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg/440px-Albrecht_Altdorfer_016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Crucifixion by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Altdorfer" title="Albrecht Altdorfer">Albrecht Altdorfer</a> (c. 1526)</figcaption></figure> The Synoptic Gospels state that on arrival at Golgotha, Jesus is offered <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> laced with <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> to lessen the pain, but he refuses it. Jesus is then crucified, according to Mark, at "the third hour" (9 a.m.) the morning after the Passover meal, but according to John he is handed over to be crucified at "the sixth hour" (noon) the day before the Passover meal, although many resolve this by saying that the Synoptics use Jewish time, and that John uses Roman time. Pilate has a <a href="/wiki/Titulus_(inscription)" title="Titulus (inscription)">plaque</a> fixed to Jesus's cross inscribed, (according to John) in Hebrew, Greek and Latin – <a href="/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> meaning Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. Mark has the plaque say simply, King of the Jews. The Gospels then state that the soldiers divide Jesus's clothes among themselves, except for one garment for which they <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">cast lots</a>. The Gospel of John claims that this fulfills a prophecy from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2022:18&version=nrsv">Psalms 22:18</a>. Some of the crowd who have been following <a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus#Third_stage" title="Mocking of Jesus">taunt Jesus</a> by saying, "He trusts in God; let God deliver him now!" The statement suggests that Jesus might perform a <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a> to release himself from the cross. According to the Gospels, two <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">thieves</a> are also crucified, one on each side of him. According to Luke, one of the thieves reviles Jesus, while the other declares Jesus innocent and begs that he might be remembered when Jesus comes to his kingdom (see <a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief</a>). John records that Mary, his mother, and two other women stand by the cross as does a disciple, described as <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">the one whom Jesus loved</a>. Jesus commits his mother to this disciple's care. According to the synoptics, the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion eclipse">sky becomes dark at midday</a> and the darkness lasts for three hours, until the ninth hour when Jesus cries out Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?").<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The centurion standing guard, who has seen how Jesus has died, declares Jesus innocent (Luke) or the "Son of God" (Matthew, Mark). John says that, as was the custom, the soldiers come and break the legs of the thieves, so that they will die faster, but that on coming to Jesus they find him already dead. A soldier pierces his side with a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">spear</a>. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas, the betrayer, is filled with remorse and tries to return the money he was paid for betraying Jesus. When the high priests say that that is his affair, Judas throws the money into the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem temple">temple</a>, goes off, and hangs himself.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">1:18</a>, Judas was not remorseful, took the money and bought a field from it, whereupon he suddenly fell and died. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Narrative_according_to_the_Gospel_of_Peter">Narrative according to the Gospel of Peter</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Narrative according to the Gospel of Peter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veronicas_Svetteduk_av_Domenico_Fetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Veronicas_Svetteduk_av_Domenico_Fetti.jpg/220px-Veronicas_Svetteduk_av_Domenico_Fetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="369"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Veronicas_Svetteduk_av_Domenico_Fetti.jpg/220px-Veronicas_Svetteduk_av_Domenico_Fetti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Veronicas_Svetteduk_av_Domenico_Fetti.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica" title="Veil of Veronica">Veil of Veronica</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fetti" title="Domenico Fetti">Domenico Fetti</a> (c. 1620).</figcaption></figure> Further claims concerning the Passion are made in some non-canonical early writings. Another passion narrative is found in the fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, long known to scholars through references, and of which a fragment was discovered in Cairo in 1884. The narrative begins with Pilate washing his hands, as in Matthew, but the Jews and Herod refuse this. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, before Jesus has been crucified, asks for his body, and Herod says he is going to take it down to comply with the Jewish custom of not leaving a dead body hung on a tree overnight. Herod then turns Jesus over to the people who drag him, give him a purple robe, crown him with thorns, and beat and flog him. There are also two criminals, crucified on either side of him and, as in Luke, one begs Jesus for forgiveness. The writer says Jesus is silent as they crucify him, "...as if in no pain."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Jesus is labeled the <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">King of Israel</a> on his cross and his clothes are divided and gambled over. As in the canonical Gospels, darkness covers the land. Jesus is also given vinegar to drink. Peter has "My Power, My Power, why have you forsaken me?" as the last words of Jesus, rather than "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?" as quoted in Mark. He is then "taken up", possibly a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for death or maybe an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_403-26">[26]</a> Peter then has a resurrection, similar to the other books. <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Antioch" title="Serapion of Antioch">Serapion of Antioch</a> urged the exclusion of the Gospel of Peter from the Church because <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetists</a> were using it to bolster their <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> claims, which Serapion rejected.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Many modern scholars also reject this conclusion, as the statement about Jesus being silent "as if in no pain" seems to be based on Isaiah's description of the suffering servant, "as a sheep that before its shearers is silent, so he opened not his mouth." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1053.htm#7">Isaiah 53:7</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Miller_403-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="The_trials_of_Jesus">The trials of Jesus</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The trials of Jesus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The gospels provide differing accounts of the trial of Jesus. Mark describes two separate proceedings, one involving Jewish leaders and one in which the Roman prefect for Judea, Pontius Pilate, plays the key role. Both Matthew and John's accounts generally support Mark's two-trial version. Luke, alone among the gospels, adds yet a third proceeding: having Pilate send Jesus to Herod Antipas. The non-canonical Gospel of Peter describes a single trial scene involving Jewish, Roman, and Herodian officials.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Biblical_prophecies">Biblical prophecies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biblical prophecies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Passion of Jesus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament_prophecy">Old Testament prophecy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Old Testament prophecy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_lorenzetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Man_lorenzetti.jpg/220px-Man_lorenzetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="891"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Man_lorenzetti.jpg/220px-Man_lorenzetti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Man_lorenzetti.jpg/330px-Man_lorenzetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Man_lorenzetti.jpg/440px-Man_lorenzetti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Christ as <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows" title="Man of Sorrows">Man of Sorrows</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Lorenzetti" title="Pietro Lorenzetti">Pietro Lorenzetti</a>, c. 1330 (<a href="/wiki/Lindenau-Museum" title="Lindenau-Museum">Lindenau-Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a>)</figcaption></figure> Christians interpret at least three passages of the Old Testament as prophecies about Jesus' Passion. The first and most obvious is the one from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1052.htm#13">Isaiah 52:13–53:12</a> (either 8th or 6th century BC).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> This prophetic oracle describes a sinless man who will atone for the sins of his people. By his voluntary suffering, he will save sinners from the just punishment of God. The death of Jesus is said to fulfill this prophecy. For example, "He had no form or comeliness that we should look at him, and no beauty that we should desire him. He was despised and rejected by men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief; and as one from whom men hide their faces he was despised, and we esteemed him not. Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that made us whole, and with his stripes we are healed" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1053.htm#2">53:2–5</a>).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The second prophecy of Christ's Passion is the ancient text which Jesus himself quoted, while he was dying on the cross. From the cross, Jesus cried with a loud voice, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" which means, "My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?" These words of Jesus were a quotation of the ancient <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+&version=22">HE</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a> 22, foretold the sufferings of the messiah. For example, "I am a worm and no man, the reproach of men and the outcast of the people. All who see me, laugh me to scorn, they draw apart their lips, and wag their heads: 'He trusts in the Lord: let him free him, let him deliver him if he loves him.' Stand not far from me, for I am troubled; be thou near at hand: for I have no helper. ...Yea, dogs are round about me; a company of evildoers encircle me; they have pierced my hands and feet – I can count all my bones – they stare and gloat over me; they divide my garments among them, and for my raiment they cast lots" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2622.htm#7">Psalm 22:7–19</a>). The words "<a href="/wiki/They_have_pierced_my_hands_and_feet" class="mw-redirect" title="They have pierced my hands and feet">they have pierced my hands and feet</a>" are disputed, however.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The third main prophecy of the Passion is from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of the Wisdom of Solomon</a>. Protestant Christians place it in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> books. But it was written about 150 BC, and many have understood these verses (12–20 of chapter 2) as a direct prophecy of Jesus' Passion. For example, "Let us lie in wait for the just, because he is not for our turn. ...He boasteth that he hath the knowledge of God, and calleth himself the son of God ... and glorieth that he hath God for his father. Let us see then if his words be true. ...For if he be the true son of God, he will defend him, and will deliver him from the hands of his enemies. Let us examine him by outrages and tortures. ...Let us condemn him to a most shameful death. ...These things they thought, and were deceived, for their own malice blinded them" (Wisdom 2:12–20). In addition to the above, it deserves to be mentioned that at least three other, less elaborate messianic prophecies were fulfilled in Jesus' crucifixion, namely, the following Old Testament passages: "Many are the afflictions of the just man; but the Lord delivers him from all of them. He guards all his bones: not even one of them shall be broken" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2634.htm#20">Psalm 34:20</a>). "And they gave me gall for my food, and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2669.htm#21">Psalm 69:21</a>). "And they shall look upon me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him as one mourneth for an only son; and they shall grieve over him, as the manner is to grieve for the death of the firstborn" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2312.htm#10">Zechariah 12:10</a>).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_prophecy">New Testament prophecy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Testament prophecy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stolb2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stolb2.jpg/220px-Stolb2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 378px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stolb2.jpg/220px-Stolb2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="378" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Stolb2.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fragment of the Pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">Flagellation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_George,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St George, Istanbul">Hagios Georgios</a> Patriarchal Church, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Gospel explains how these old prophecies were fulfilled in Jesus' crucifixion. "So the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first, and of the other who had been crucified with Jesus; but when they came to Jesus and saw that he was already dead, they did not break his legs. But one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and at once there came out blood and water. ...For these things took place that the scripture might be fulfilled, 'Not a bone of him shall be broken.' And again another scripture says, 'They shall look on him whom they have pierced'" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:32" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 19:32–37</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, Jesus is described as prophesying his own Passion and his Resurrection three times: <ul><li>On the way to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Caesarea Philippi</a>, predicting that the Son of Man will be killed and rise within three days.</li> <li>After the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration of Jesus</a>, again predicting that the Son of Man will be killed and rise within three days.</li> <li>On the way to Jerusalem, predicting that the Son of Man will be delivered to the leading <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, be condemned to death, delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>, mocked, scourged, killed, and rise within three days.</li></ul> Christians argue that these are cases of genuine and fulfilled <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> and many scholars see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic features and tradition</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#9:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 9:31</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg/220px-The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg/220px-The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg/330px-The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg/440px-The_Scourging_of_Christ_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, The Scourging of Christ, circa 1511.</figcaption></figure> After the third prophecy, the Gospel of Mark states that the brothers <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> ask Jesus to be his left and right hand men, but Jesus asks if they can drink from the "cup" he must drink from. They say that they can do this. Jesus confirms this, but says that the places at his right and left hand are reserved for others. Many Christian see this as being a reference to the two criminals at Jesus's crucifixion, thus relating to the Passion. The "cup" is sometimes interpreted as the symbol of his death, in the light of Jesus's prayer at Gethsemane "Let this cup be taken from me!"<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Liturgical_use">Liturgical use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liturgical use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg/220px-Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2244"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg/220px-Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg/330px-Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg/440px-Arma_Christi_1468_Wald_am_Arlberg_VLM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a> on the back of an Austrian <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpiece</a> of 1468.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></div> Most Christian denominations will read one or more narratives of the Passion during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, especially on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the Catholic Church, a large cross depicting the crucified Christ is brought out into the church and each of the faithful come forward to <a href="/wiki/Venerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerate">venerate</a> the cross. Rather than having the Gospel read solely by the priest, whole congregations participate in the reading of the Passion Gospel during the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> Mass and the Good Friday service. These readings have the Priest read the part of Christ, a narrator read the narrative, other reader(s) reading the other speaking parts, and either the choir or the congregation reading the parts of crowds (i.e.: when the crowd shouts "Crucify Him! Crucify Him!").<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> of the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> service for Good Friday is called Matins of the Twelve Passion Gospels, and is notable for the interspersal of twelve readings from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> detailing chronologically the events of the Passion – from the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> to the burial in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">tomb</a> – during the course of the service. The first of these twelve readings is the longest Gospel reading of the entire <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>. In addition, every Wednesday and Friday throughout the year is dedicated in part to the commemoration of the Passion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>/<a href="/wiki/Passion_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion Week">Passion Week</a> Congregations of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herrnhut" title="Herrnhut">Herrnhuter</a> Bruedergemeine) read the entire story of Jesus's final week from a Harmony of the Gospels prepared for that purpose since 1777. Daily meetings are held, some times two or three times a day, to follow the events of the day. During the course of the reading, the Congregation sings hymn verses to respond to the events of the text. Most liturgical churches hold some form of commemoration of the Crucifixion on the afternoon of Good Friday. Sometimes, this will take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a> from noon to 3:00 pm, the approximate time that Jesus hung on the cross. Sometimes there will be a reenactment of the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a>; for instance, at <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> in the Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic) tradition. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/220px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="2429"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/220px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/330px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg/440px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross_1580.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>'s Jesus Carrying the Cross, 1580.</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Devotions">Devotions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Devotions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Several non-liturgical devotions have been developed by Christian faithful to commemorate the Passion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Stations_of_the_Cross">The Stations of the Cross</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Stations of the Cross" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a></div> The Stations of the Cross are a series of religious reflections describing or depicting <a href="/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">Christ carrying the cross</a> to <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his crucifixion</a>. Most Catholic churches, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> parishes, contain Stations of the Cross, typically placed at intervals along the sidewalls of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>; in most churches, they are small plaques with <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> or paintings, although in others they may be simple crosses with a numeral in the center.<a href="#cite_note-ChryssidesWilkins2014-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMEC-39">[39]</a> The tradition of moving around the Stations to commemorate the Passion of Christ began with <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> and extended throughout the Catholic Church in the medieval period. It is most commonly done during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, especially on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, but it can be done on other days as well, especially Wednesdays and Fridays. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Passion_Offices">The Passion Offices</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Passion Offices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Passion Offices were the special prayers said by various Catholic communities, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Passionist_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionist fathers">Passionist fathers</a> to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Little_Office_of_the_Passion">The Little Office of the Passion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Little Office of the Passion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Little_Office_of_the_Passion" title="Little Office of the Passion">Little Office of the Passion</a></div> Another devotion is the Little Office of the Passion created by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> (1181/82–1226). He ordered this office around the medieval association of five specific moments in Jesus's Passion with specific hours of the day. Having then attributed these to hours of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Divine Office</a>, he arrived at this schema:<a href="#cite_note-Hugo-41">[41]</a> <ul><li>Compline – 21:00 – Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Arrest</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a></li> <li>Matins – 00:00 – Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_Trial_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus">Trial</a> before the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li>Prime – 06:00 – "an interlude celebrating Christ as the light of the new day"<a href="#cite_note-Hugo-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Terce – 09:00 – Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate's Court">Trial</a> before <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li>Sext – 12:00 – Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li>None – 15:00 – Jesus's Death</li> <li>Vespers – 18:00 – "recalling and celebrating the entire daily cycle"<a href="#cite_note-Hugo-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts_of_reparation">Acts of reparation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Acts of reparation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as "<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">acts of reparation</a>" for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his Passion. These "<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ">acts of reparation to Jesus Christ</a>" do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to repair the sins against Jesus. Some such prayers are provided in the <a href="/wiki/Raccolta" title="Raccolta">Raccolta</a> Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1898) which also includes prayers as <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Miserentissimus_Redemptor" title="Miserentissimus Redemptor">Miserentissimus Redemptor</a> on reparations, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> called acts of reparation to Jesus Christ a duty for Catholics and referred to them as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> referred to acts of reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Visual art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Passion of Jesus">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg/330px-Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="845"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg/330px-Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg/495px-Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg/660px-Normandie_Manche_Avranches3_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A set of the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> in painted <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a>.</figcaption></figure> Each episode of the Passion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">Flagellation of Christ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Entombment_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Entombment of Christ">Entombment of Christ</a>, has been represented thousands of times and has developed its own <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographic</a> tradition; the Crucifixion is much the most common and important of these subjects. The Passion is often covered by a cycle of depictions; <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">print</a> cycles were so popular that he produced three different versions. <a href="/wiki/Andachtsbilder" title="Andachtsbilder">Andachtsbilder</a> is a term for devotional subjects such as the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows" title="Man of Sorrows">Man of Sorrows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a>, that may not precisely represent a moment in the Passion but are derived from the Passion story. The <a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a>, or "Instruments of the Passion" are the objects associated with Jesus's Passion, such as the cross, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Spear of Longinus</a>. Each of the major Instruments has been supposedly recovered as <a href="/wiki/Relics_attributed_to_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics attributed to Jesus">relics</a> which have been an object of veneration among many Christians, and have been depicted in art. <a href="/wiki/Veronica%27s_Veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronica's Veil">Veronica's Veil</a> is also often counted among the Instruments of the Passion; like the <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo" title="Sudarium of Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a> it is a cloth relic supposed to have touched Jesus. In the Catholic Church, the Passion story is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> (via crucis, also translated more literally as "Way of the Cross"). These 14 stations depict the Passion from the sentencing by Pilate to the sealing of the tomb, or with the addition of a 15th, the resurrection. Since the 16th-century representations of them in various media have decorated the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">naves</a> of most Catholic churches. The Way of the Cross is a devotion practiced by many people on Fridays throughout the year, most importantly on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>. This may be simply by going round the Stations in a church, or may involve large-scale re-enactments, as in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy">Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy</a> are similar schemes on a far larger scale than church Stations, with chapels containing large sculpted groups arranged in a hilly landscape; for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> to tour the chapels typically takes several hours. They mostly date from the late 16th to the 17th century; most depict the Passion, others different subjects as well.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Passion of Jesus">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passion (music)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG/220px-St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG/220px-St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG/330px-St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG/440px-St_John_the_Baptist_church_frescoes.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fresco depicting the trial and beating of Jesus (17th century, <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Church,_Yaroslavl" title="St. John the Baptist Church, Yaroslavl">St. John the Baptist Church, Yaroslavl</a>, Russia).</figcaption></figure> The main traditional types of <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a> sung during Holy Week are <a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passions</a>, musical settings of the Gospel narratives, both a Catholic and Lutheran tradition, and settings of the readings and responses from the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a> services, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_of_Jeremiah_the_Prophet" title="Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet">Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet</a>. The many settings of the <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musical_settings_of_sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross">musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross</a> are also commonly performed. The reading of the Passion section of one of the Gospels during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> dates back to the 4th century. It began to be intoned (rather than just spoken) in the Middle Ages, at least as early as the 8th century. Ninth-century manuscripts have "litterae significativae" indicating interpretive chant, and later manuscripts begin to specify exact notes to be sung. By the 13th century, different singers were used for different characters in the narrative, a practice which became fairly universal by the 15th century, when <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic">polyphonic</a> settings of the turba passages began to appear also. (Turba, while literally meaning "crowd", is used in this case to mean any passage in which more than one person speaks simultaneously.) In the later 15th century a number of new styles began to emerge: <ul><li>Responsorial Passions set all of Christ's words and the turba parts polyphonically.</li> <li>Through-composed Passions were entirely polyphonic (also called motet Passions). <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a> wrote the earliest extant example of this type.</li> <li>Summa Passionis settings were a synopsis of all four Gospels, including the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Last_Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Last Words">Seven Last Words</a> (a text later set by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Dubois" title="Théodore Dubois">Théodore Dubois</a>). These were discouraged for church use but circulated widely nonetheless.</li></ul> In the 16th century, settings like these, and further developments, were created for the Catholic Church by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Gallus" title="Jacobus Gallus">Jacobus Gallus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cypriano_de_Rore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriano de Rore">Cypriano de Rore</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg/220px-Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg/220px-Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg/330px-Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg/440px-Russia-Moscow-Kremlin_Museums_Exhibitions-5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the Passion with scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>, symbolizing how all are called to enter into the Passion (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> wrote, "The Passion of Christ should not be acted out in words and pretense, but in real life." Despite this, sung Passion performances were common in Lutheran churches right from the start, in both Latin and German, beginning as early as <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a> (three weeks before Easter) and continuing through Holy Week. Luther's friend and collaborator Johann Walther wrote responsorial Passions which were used as models by Lutheran composers for centuries, and "summa Passionis" versions continued to circulate, despite Luther's express disapproval. Later 16th-century passions included choral "exordium" (introduction) and "conclusio" sections with additional texts. In the 17th century came the development of <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> passions which led to Johann Sebastian Bach's <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">Passions</a>, accompanied by instruments, with interpolated texts (then called "madrigal" movements) such as <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">sinfonias</a>, other Scripture passages, Latin <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>, chorale arias, and more. Such settings were created by <a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Gesius" title="Bartholomäus Gesius">Bartholomäus Gesius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>. Thomas Strutz wrote a Passion (1664) with arias for Jesus himself, pointing to the standard <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a>, and others, although these composers seem to have thought that putting words in Jesus' mouth was beyond the pale. The practice of using <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> for the Evangelist (rather than plainsong) was a development of court composers in northern Germany and only crept into church compositions at the end of the 17th century. A famous musical reflection on the Passion is <a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_II" title="Messiah Part II">Part II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a>, an oratorio by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, though the text here draws from Old Testament prophecies rather than from the gospels themselves. The best known Protestant musical settings of the Passion are by Bach, who wrote <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Bach)" title="Passions (Bach)">several Passions</a>, of which two have survived completely, one based on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (the <a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a>), the other on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> (the <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a>). His <a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247" title="St Mark Passion, BWV 247">St Mark Passion</a> was reconstructed in various ways. The Passion continued to be very popular in Protestant Germany in the 18th century, with Bach's second son <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel</a> composing <a href="/wiki/The_Passions_of_C.P.E._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="The Passions of C.P.E. Bach">over twenty settings.</a> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_Homilius" title="Gottfried August Homilius">Gottfried August Homilius</a> composed at least one cantata Passion and four <a href="/wiki/Passions_(Homilius)" title="Passions (Homilius)">oratorio Passions</a> after all four Evangelists. Many of C. P. E. Bachs performances were in fact works by Homilius. In the 19th century, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/John_Stainer" title="John Stainer">John Stainer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Crucifixion_(Stainer)" title="The Crucifixion (Stainer)">The Crucifixion</a> (1887), Passion settings were less popular, but in the 20th century they have again come into fashion. Two notable settings are the <a href="/wiki/St._Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Luke Passion (Penderecki)">St. Luke Passion</a> (1965) by <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a> (1982) by <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>. Recent examples include The Passion According to St. Matthew (1997), by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Alburger" title="Mark Alburger">Mark Alburger</a>, and The Passion According to the Four Evangelists, by Scott King. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar" title="Jesus Christ Superstar">Jesus Christ Superstar</a> (book and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rice" title="Tim Rice">Tim Rice</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (composer)">Stephen Schwartz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a> both contain elements of the traditional passion accounts. Choral meditations on aspects of the suffering of Jesus on the cross include arrangements such as Buxtehude's <a href="/wiki/Membra_Jesu_Nostri" title="Membra Jesu Nostri">Membra Jesu Nostri</a>, a 1680 set of seven <a href="/wiki/Passion_cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion cantata">Passion cantatas</a>, and the first such Lutheran treatment, incorporating lyrics excerpted from a medieval Latin poem and featuring Old Testament verses that prefigure the Messiah as <a href="/wiki/Suffering_Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering Servant">suffering servant</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama_and_processions">Drama and processions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drama and processions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Passion of Jesus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart_2009_040_(RaBoe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg/170px-Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg/170px-Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg/255px-Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg/340px-Stuttgart_2009_040_%28RaBoe%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Christian Easter passion <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> in Stuttgart, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem,_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg/170px-5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="976"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg/170px-5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg/255px-5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg/340px-5_010_Via_Dolorosa-_Walk_in_Jerusalem%2C_with_Jesus_Christ-Actor_and_Press.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Reenacting the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>.</figcaption></figure> Non-musical settings of the Passion story are generally called <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">Passion plays</a>; these have been very widely performed in traditionally Catholic countries, often in churches as <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">liturgical dramas</a> – for versions with musical settings, see the previous section. One famous cycle is performed at intervals at <a href="/wiki/Oberammergau" title="Oberammergau">Oberammergau</a> Germany, another in <a href="/wiki/Sordevolo" title="Sordevolo">Sordevolo</a> one of the most important in Italy, and another in the Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> uses what is considered the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jerusalem theater">largest open-air theater</a> in the world. The Passion figures among the scenes in the English <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mystery plays</a> in more than one cycle of dramatic vignettes. In the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Mystery_Plays" title="Chester Mystery Plays">Chester Mystery Plays</a>' portrayal of Christ's Passion, specifically his humiliation before his sentence to crucifixion, the accounts of the Gospels concerning the physical violence visited on Jesus during his trial before the Sanhedrin, and the humiliating crowning of thorns visited upon him in Pilate's palace (or by Herod's soldiers, according to Luke), is further confused by showing both actions as being carried out by jeering Jews.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Processions on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> commonly re-enact to some degree the entry of Jesus to Jerusalem, traditional ones often using special wooden <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> on wheels. <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Spain" title="Holy Week in Spain">Holy Week in Spain</a> retains more traditional public processions than other countries, with the most famous, in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Seville" title="Holy Week in Seville">Seville</a>, featuring floats with carved tableaux showing scenes from the story. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Latin_America">In Latin America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the Passion week many towns in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> have a representation of the passion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Spain">In Spain</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the Passion week many cities and towns in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> have a representation of the Passion. Many Passion poems and prose text circulated in the fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, among which there were the first modern translations of earlier Latin Passion texts and <a href="/wiki/Vita_Christi" title="Vita Christi">Vitae Christi</a>, and also a popular Monotessaron or Pasión de l'eterno principe Jesucristo attributed to a pseudo-Gerson. It was most likely written by Thomas à Kempis, whose <a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_of_Christ#Criticisms" title="The Imitation of Christ">Imitation of Christ</a> mentions the Passion a few times, uniquely when talking about the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Film" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There have also been a number of <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_portrayals_of_Jesus%27_death_and_resurrection" title="Category:Film portrayals of Jesus' death and resurrection">films telling the passion story</a>, with a prominent example being <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>'s 2004 <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Passion of Jesus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The sons of Simon of Cyrene are named as if they might have been early Christian figures known to Mark's intended audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990628-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> also lists a Rufus in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=52&chapter=16&version=31">16:13</a>.</li> <li>Most garments of the region were made of woven strips of material that were about eight inches wide and included decorative braids from two to four inches (102 mm) wide. The garments could be disassembled and the strips of cloth were frequently recycled. A single garment might hold sections of many different dates. However, in Damascus and Bethlehem cloth was woven on wider looms, some Damascene being 40 inches (1,000 mm) wide. Traditional Bethlehem cloth is striped like pajama material.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> It would thus appear that Jesus's "<a href="/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus" title="Seamless robe of Jesus">seamless robe</a>" was made of cloth from either Bethlehem or Damascus.</li> <li>A tradition linked to <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of Jesus holds that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Veronica" title="Saint Veronica">Veronica</a> was a pious woman of Jerusalem who then gave <a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica" title="Veil of Veronica">her kerchief</a> to him to wipe his forehead. When he handed it back to her, the image of his face was miraculously impressed upon it.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Passion_of_Jesus_in_botany">Passion of Jesus in botany</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Passion of Jesus in botany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG/150px-Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG/150px-Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG/225px-Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG/300px-Passiflora_%C3%97_decaisneana_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Passiflora</div></figcaption></figure> The tropical plant <a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">passiflora</a>, introduced to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, got its name from the Jesuit F B Ferrari, who saw in its flower an emblem containing the instruments of the Passion of Christ. The 3 <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">stigmas</a> represent three nails, a circle of <a href="/wiki/Perianth#Corona" title="Perianth">radial filaments</a> - a bloody <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>, a stalk fruit grower - the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>, five anthers - five wounds of the Savior, a three-bladed leaf - <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">holy Lance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendrils</a> represent the <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whips</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">flagellation of Christ</a>, attachments (antennae) - lashes, white - the Savior's innocence, etc.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ">Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Jesus at Herod's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_cantata" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion cantata">Passion cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy">Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of the Passion">Instruments of the Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_drama" title="Christian drama">Christian tragedy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J. R. V., & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.396 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921093246/https://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/judas.shtml">"BBC - The Passion - Articles - Judas"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/judas.shtml">the original</a> on 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2023-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+The+Passion+-+Articles+-+Judas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fthepassion%2Farticles%2Fjudas.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheingorn1995" class="citation book cs1">Sheingorn, Pamela (1 January 1995). The Book of Sainte Foy. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1512-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1512-5"><bdi>0-8122-1512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Sainte+Foy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=0-8122-1512-5&rft.aulast=Sheingorn&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puskas-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puskas_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puskas_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuskasRobbins2011" class="citation book cs1">Puskas, Charles B.; Robbins, C. Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYlJAwAAQBAJ">An Introduction to the New Testament, Second Edition</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 122, 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-331-8"><bdi>978-1-62189-331-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407153810/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYlJAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=122%2C+129&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-331-8&rft.aulast=Puskas&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft.au=Robbins%2C+C.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYlJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XVI2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI, Pope</a> (2011). "Chapter 8: Crucifixion and Burial of Jesus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9IwDwAAQBAJ">Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week: From the Entrance Into Jerusalem To The Resurrection</a>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68149-276-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68149-276-6"><bdi>978-1-68149-276-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407153804/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9IwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Crucifixion+and+Burial+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+Holy+Week%3A+From+the+Entrance+Into+Jerusalem+To+The+Resurrection&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-68149-276-6&rft.aulast=Benedict+XVI&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9IwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsonRichardson2014" class="citation book cs1">Matson, David Lertis; Richardson, K.C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTtgBQAAQBAJ">One in Christ Jesus: Essays on Early Christianity and "All That Jazz," in Honor of S. Scott Bartchy</a>. Wipf and Stock Publisher. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-174-8"><bdi>978-1-62564-174-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407153811/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTtgBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+in+Christ+Jesus%3A+Essays+on+Early+Christianity+and+%22All+That+Jazz%2C%22+in+Honor+of+S.+Scott+Bartchy&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publisher&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-174-8&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=David+Lertis&rft.au=Richardson%2C+K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTtgBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aland-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Aland_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlandAland1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland, Kurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Aland, Barbara</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt">The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism</a>. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt/page/n332">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Critical+Editions+and+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Modern+Textual+Criticism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Aland%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextnewtestament00kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a>, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 2005), p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 1993), pp. 187–194 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:3&version=nrsv">John 18:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:52&version=nrsv">Luke 22:52</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:48&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:43&version=nrsv">Mark 14:43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:63&version=nrsv">Luke 22:63</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:22&version=nrsv">John 18:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:67&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:67</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2023:8%E2%80%9312">Luke 23:8–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Bar-abbas means son of Abbas, the Lord. Some manuscripts of Matthew say "Jesus Barabbas", suggesting that an early version of the story contrasted the fate of two men both named Jesus </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:25&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The meaning of Golgotha is "place of a skull." </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%2023:26-23:26&version=9">"Bible gateway Luke 23:26"</a>. Biblegateway.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407153822/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%2023:26-23:26&version=KJV">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2012-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+gateway+Luke+23%3A26&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Dluke%252023%3A26-23%3A26%26version%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The original Greek of the Gospels reads Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος ὁ Bασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, "Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews". </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Mark reports Jesus says Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>; Matthew reports Eli, Eli.... </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027&version=nrsv">Matthew 27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1994">Miller 1994</a>, p. 403. This is the passage that was condemned as possibly leading to <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_403-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_403_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_403_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1994">Miller 1994</a>, p. 403 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1917" class="citation journal cs1">Easton, Burton Scott (1917). Husband, Richard Wellington (ed.). "The Trial of Jesus". The American Journal of Theology. 21 (3): 462–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F479863">10.1086/479863</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-3283">1550-3283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3155531">3155531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+Jesus&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=462-464&rft.date=1917&rft.issn=1550-3283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3155531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F479863&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Burton+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024060904/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/how-did-jesus-final-days-unfold-scholars-are-still-debating">"How did Jesus' final days unfold? Scholars are still debating"</a>. History. 2022-04-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/how-did-jesus-final-days-unfold-scholars-are-still-debating">the original</a> on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=How+did+Jesus%27+final+days+unfold%3F+Scholars+are+still+debating&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-magazine%2Farticle%2Fhow-did-jesus-final-days-unfold-scholars-are-still-debating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert L. (2021). Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian and Medieval Commentators (The Church's Bible). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7981-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-7981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaiah%3A+Interpreted+by+Early+Christian+and+Medieval+Commentators+%28The+Church%27s+Bible%29&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7981-3&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/prophecy-of-isaias-12347">"The Prophecy of Isaias | EWTN"</a>. EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024060907/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/prophecy-of-isaias-12347">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN+Global+Catholic+Television+Network&rft.atitle=The+Prophecy+of+Isaias+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fprophecy-of-isaias-12347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckler1938" class="citation journal cs1">Buckler, F. W. (1938). "'Eli, Eli, Lama Sabachthani?'". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 55 (4): 378–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Famerjsemilanglit.55.4.3088119">10.1086/amerjsemilanglit.55.4.3088119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-0516">1062-0516</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088119">3088119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170741787">170741787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=%27Eli%2C+Eli%2C+Lama+Sabachthani%3F%27&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=378-391&rft.date=1938&rft.issn=1062-0516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170741787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Famerjsemilanglit.55.4.3088119&rft.aulast=Buckler&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/wisdom-of-solomon-12472">"Wisdom of Solomon | EWTN"</a>. EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024060908/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/wisdom-of-solomon-12472">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN+Global+Catholic+Television+Network&rft.atitle=Wisdom+of+Solomon+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fwisdom-of-solomon-12472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost" class="citation web cs1">Most, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/messianic-prophecies-lectures-12401">"Messianic Prophecies Lectures | EWTN"</a>. EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024060909/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/messianic-prophecies-lectures-12401">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN+Global+Catholic+Television+Network&rft.atitle=Messianic+Prophecies+Lectures+%7C+EWTN&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fmessianic-prophecies-lectures-12401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Today's Missal: Holy Week – Pentecost, March 14 – May 17, 2008, Oregon Catholic Press </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolof1962" class="citation book cs1">Sokolof, <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a> D. (1962). A Manual of the Orthodox Church's Divine Services. 3rd printing (re-edited). <a href="/wiki/Jordanville,_N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanville, N.Y.">Jordanville, N.Y.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Monastery_(Jordanville,_New_York)" title="Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)">Holy Trinity Monastery</a> (published 2001). p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Orthodox+Church%27s+Divine+Services&rft.place=Jordanville%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=3rd+printing+%28re-edited%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Holy+Trinity+Monastery&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Sokolof&rft.aufirst=Archpriest+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChryssidesWilkins2014-38"><a href="#cite_ref-ChryssidesWilkins2014_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesWilkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D.; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (11 September 2014). Christians in the Twenty-First Century. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54557-6"><bdi>978-1-317-54557-6</bdi></a>. <q>Most churches in the Roman Catholic, High Anglican and Lutheran traditions have the stations of the cross displayed pictorially or in bas-relief form around their interior walls, and thus the stations can be used locally for devotion, without the necessity of visiting a place of pilgrimage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54557-6&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Margaret+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMEC-39"><a href="#cite_ref-SMEC_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217004848/http://st-michaels-episcopal.org/episcopalian-beliefs/stations-of-the-cross/">"Stations of the Cross"</a>. St. Michael's Episcopal Church. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-michaels-episcopal.org/episcopalian-beliefs/stations-of-the-cross/">the original</a> on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015. <q>Eventually fixed at fourteen, the Stations soon became a familiar feature in Catholic; Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist churches. The object of the Stations is to help the faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage of prayer, by meditating upon the chief scenes of Christ's sufferings and death, and is often performed in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during His Passion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stations+of+the+Cross&rft.pub=St.+Michael%27s+Episcopal+Church&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fst-michaels-episcopal.org%2Fepiscopalian-beliefs%2Fstations-of-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Passion_Offices">"Passion Offices" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Passion+Offices&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHugo2011">Hugo 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Slater, T. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12775a.htm">"Reparation"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829184715/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12775a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019 – via New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reparation&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12775a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Delany, F. X. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12620a.htm">"Raccolta"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607020201/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12620a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019 – via New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raccolta&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=F.+X.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12620a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Joseph P. Christopher et al., 2003 The Raccolta St Athanasius Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9706526-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9706526-6-9">978-0-9706526-6-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Miserentissimus_Redemptor" title="Miserentissimus Redemptor">Miserentissimus Redemptor</a> Encyclical of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812031528/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici.html">"Letter Of The Holy Father John Paul II To Cardinal Fiorenzo Angelini For The 50th Anniversary Of The Benedictine Sisters Of Reparation Of The Holy Face"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 September 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306164452/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+Of+The+Holy+Father+John+Paul+II+To+Cardinal+Fiorenzo+Angelini+For+The+50th+Anniversary+Of+The+Benedictine+Sisters+Of+Reparation+Of+The+Holy+Face&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2000-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fletters%2F2000%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/passion-as-christian-artwork-4189">"The Passion as Christian Artwork | EWTN"</a>. EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024060906/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/passion-as-christian-artwork-4189">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN+Global+Catholic+Television+Network&rft.atitle=The+Passion+as+Christian+Artwork+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fpassion-as-christian-artwork-4189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314010356/http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_16.html">"The Chester Cycle Play XVI (16) – The Passion of Christ – Annas and Caiphas"</a>. From Stage to Page. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_16.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chester+Cycle+Play+XVI+%2816%29+%E2%80%93+The+Passion+of+Christ+%E2%80%93+Annas+and+Caiphas&rft.pub=From+Stage+to+Page&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umm.maine.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fnecastro%2Fdrama%2Fchester%2Fplay_16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Delbrugge2011" class="citation book cs1">Laura Delbrugge (3 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">A scholarly edition of Andrés de Li's Thesoro de la passion (1494)</a>. Medieval and early modern Iberian world. Vol. 41. Boston: Brill. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20120-0"><bdi>978-90-04-20120-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884810931">884810931</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190728112916/https://books.google.it/books?id=yOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=%22circulated+in+both+Latin+and+vernacular+translations%22&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-i4KbwdfjAhWCaVAKHUPbCi4Q6AEIKzAA%23v=onepage&q=%22circulated%20in%20both%20Latin%20and%20vernacular%20translations%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+scholarly+edition+of+Andr%C3%A9s+de+Li%27s+Thesoro+de+la+passion+%281494%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Medieval+and+early+modern+Iberian+world&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884810931&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20120-0&rft.au=Laura+Delbrugge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOF5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990628-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990628_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990">Brown, Fitzmyer & Murphy 1990</a>, p. 628. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, exhibition notes </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЧуб_В.Лезина_К.2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Чуб В.; Лезина К. (2000). <bdi lang="ru">Комнатные растения</bdi>. Moscow: ЭКСМО-Пресс. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=%D0%AD%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9C%D0%9E-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1+%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_L._Hammer2015" class="citation book cs1">Roger L. Hammer (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-S0aBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">Everglades Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Wildflowers of the Historic Everglades, including Big Cypress, Corkscrew, and Fakahatchee Swamps</a>. Falcon Guides. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1459-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-1459-0"><bdi>978-1-4930-1459-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everglades+Wildflowers%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+Wildflowers+of+the+Historic+Everglades%2C+including+Big+Cypress%2C+Corkscrew%2C+and+Fakahatchee+Swamps&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-1459-0&rft.au=Roger+L.+Hammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-S0aBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0">An Introduction to the New Testament</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2"><bdi>0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roland_E._Murphy" title="Roland E. Murphy">Murphy, Roland E.</a>, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newjeromebiblica0000unse/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater">The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0"><bdi>0-13-614934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Jerome+Biblical+Commentary&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-13-614934-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewjeromebiblica0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo2011" class="citation book cs1">Hugo, William R. (2011). Studying the Life of Saint Francis of Assisi: A Beginner's Workbook. New City Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56-548397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56-548397-2"><bdi>978-1-56-548397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Life+of+Saint+Francis+of+Assisi%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Workbook&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56-548397-2&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgallen1989" class="citation book cs1">Kilgallen, John J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefcommentaryo00kilg">A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3059-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3059-9"><bdi>0-8091-3059-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Commentary+on+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8091-3059-9&rft.aulast=Kilgallen&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefcommentaryo00kilg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1994" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert J., ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegospels00robe">The Complete Gospels</a>. Polebridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065587-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-065587-9"><bdi>0-06-065587-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gospels&rft.pub=Polebridge+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-06-065587-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletegospels00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Passion_of_Jesus_Christ" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Passion of Jesus Christ">Passion of Jesus Christ</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/parallels3.html#sect16">Gospel parallels citing verses for each Passion incident</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040814055505/http://slate.msn.com/id/2096041/">MSN article – "Why is it called the Passion?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblical-art.com/biblicalsubject2.asp?id_biblicalsubject=405">"Passion" at Biblical Art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514040126/http://www.biblical-art.com/biblicalsubject2.asp?id_biblicalsubject=405">Archived</a> 2013-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MuNbmoT4So">"Chanting of the Passion Narrative according to Saint John"</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&oldid=1256912541">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&oldid=1256912541</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 12 November 2024, at 05:00 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="آلام المسيح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلام المسيح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="যীশুর দুঃখভোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যীশুর দুঃখভোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Мукі Хрыстовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мукі Хрыстовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasyon_ni_Hesus" title="Pasyon ni Hesus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pasyon ni Hesus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Страстите Христови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Страстите Христови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasion_Jezuz" title="Pasion Jezuz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pasion Jezuz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passi%C3%B3_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Passió de Jesús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Passió de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Христос чун хавалĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Христос чун хавалĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1ije" title="Pašije – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pašije" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_Jesu" title="Passion Jesu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Passion Jesu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passioon" title="Passioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Passioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B7" title="Άγια Πάθη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγια Πάθη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasi%C3%B3n_de_Cristo" title="Pasión de Cristo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pasión de Cristo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasiono_(kristanismo)" title="Pasiono (kristanismo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pasiono (kristanismo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekaldia" title="Nekaldia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nekaldia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مصائب عیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصائب عیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_du_Christ" title="Passion du Christ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Passion du Christ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ph%C3%A1is_(An_Chr%C3%ADosta%C3%ADocht)" title="An Pháis (An Chríostaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pháis (An Chríostaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paix%C3%B3n_de_Cristo" title="Paixón de Cristo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paixón de Cristo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%82%9C" title="수난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="यीशु का दुःखभोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यीशु का दुःखभोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusov_kri%C5%BEni_put" title="Isusov križni put – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isusov križni put" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesengsaraan_Yesus" title="Kesengsaraan Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesengsaraan Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_de_Christo" title="Passion de Christo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Passion de Christo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passione_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Passione di Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Passione di Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="הפסיון של ישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפסיון של ישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Пассионарлық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пассионарлық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passio_Christi" title="Passio Christi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Passio Christi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijalian%27_i_Jesoa" title="Fijalian' i Jesoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fijalian' i Jesoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="الام المسيح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الام المسيح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passio_Christi" title="Passio Christi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Passio Christi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passie_(Jezus_Christus)" title="Passie (Jezus Christus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Passie (Jezus Christus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E9%9B%A3" title="受難 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="受難" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjon_(kristendom)" title="Pasjon (kristendom) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pasjon (kristendom)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidingssoga" title="Lidingssoga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lidingssoga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_J%C3%A9sus" title="Passion Jésus – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Passion Jésus" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasja" title="Pasja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paix%C3%A3o_(cristianismo)" title="Paixão (cristianismo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paixão (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patimile" title="Patimile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patimile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Страсти Христовы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Страсти Христовы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1ie" title="Pašie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pašie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezusovo_trpljenje" title="Jezusovo trpljenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezusovo trpljenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradanje_Isusa" title="Stradanje Isusa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stradanje Isusa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristuksen_k%C3%A4rsimyskertomus" title="Kristuksen kärsimyskertomus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristuksen kärsimyskertomus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionshistorien" title="Passionshistorien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Passionshistorien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasyon_(Kristiyanismo)" title="Pasyon (Kristiyanismo) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pasyon (Kristiyanismo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இயேசுவின் பாடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயேசுவின் பாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9" title="พระทรมานของพระเยซู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระทรมานของพระเยซู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ile_(Hristiyanl%C4%B1k)" title="Çile (Hristiyanlık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çile (Hristiyanlık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Страсті Христові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Страсті Христові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_kh%C3%B3_c%E1%BB%A7a_Gi%C3%AAsu" title="Cuộc thương khó của Giêsu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc thương khó của Giêsu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E5%8F%97%E9%9B%A3" title="耶穌受難 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶穌受難" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E5%8F%97%E9%9B%A3" title="耶穌受難 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶穌受難" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 05:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion_of_Jesus&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-jsjlv","wgBackendResponseTime":319,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.202","walltime":"1.483","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5559,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":372665,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2565,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":202652,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1100.387 1 -total"," 31.35% 344.951 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.43% 125.801 24 Template:Navbox"," 10.16% 111.813 10 Template:Cite_web"," 9.92% 109.106 1 Template:Lang"," 8.24% 90.623 4 Template:More_citations_needed"," 8.08% 88.940 1 Template:Gospel_Jesus"," 8.07% 88.775 16 Template:Cite_book"," 8.05% 88.578 6 Template:Ambox"," 7.80% 85.817 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.666","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27127426,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlandAland1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedict_XVI2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckler1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChryssidesWilkins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelany1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgallen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Delbrugge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsonRichardson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMost\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuskasRobbins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_L._Hammer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheingorn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokolof1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilken2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFЧуб_В.Лезина_К.2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bible verse\"] = 4,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 18,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 3,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Easter\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of John\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Luke\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Matthew\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-nr7wb","timestamp":"20241128021706","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Passion of Jesus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Passion_of_Jesus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q623306","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q623306","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-23T21:57:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T05:00:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1d\/Matthias_Stom_-_Christ_Crowned_with_Thorns.jpg","headline":"final period in the life of Jesus, before his crucifixion"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>